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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Machining. Metals Fiber-reinforced plastics"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 10 de febrero de 2022

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1

Horváth, Richárd, Róbert Gábor Stadler y Kristóf Andrásfalvy. "Investigation of Milling of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic". Acta Materialia Transylvanica 2, n.º 2 (1 de octubre de 2019): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.33924/amt-2019-02-06.

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Abstract The use of fiber-reinforced plastics has increased significantly in the past decades. Consequently, the demand for finishing and machining of such materials has also escalated. During machining, the fiber-reinforced materials exhibit machining problems dissimilar to the problems of metals. These are fiber pull-out, fiber breakage in the cutting zone, matrix smearing and delamination. The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the characteristics of the resultant force (Fe) dur-ing the milling of carbon fiber reinforced plastic as a function of input machining parameters. For the force measurements, CFR with perpendicular (0°-90°) fiber orientation was machined. The experimental design involved the central composite design method. To analyze and evaluate the measurements, we applied the response surface methodology.

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2

Sha, Zhi Hua, Fang Wang y Sheng Fang Zhang. "Drilling Simulation of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic Composites Based on Finite Element Method". Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (mayo de 2013): 2519–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.2519.

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Carbon fiber reinforced plastics are widely used in aerospace and aircraft industries because of their remarkable advantages such as lightweight and high strength. However, as their properties are different with metals, those materials are difficult to machine in conventional ways, the machining defects may appear and the machining accuracy and surface quality are difficult to guarantee. Oriented to drilling of carbon fiber reinforce plastics, a machining model based on finite element method are presented in this paper, the drilling simulation of carbon fiber reinforced plastics using Deform-3D are realized, and the factors which influence the machining quality of the hole are analyzed in-depth. It shows the simulation results are accord with the results from the literatures and experiments and can used as evidence in drilling parameters optimizing and drilling quality improving.

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3

John, KM, S. Thirumalai Kumaran, Rendi Kurniawan, Ki Moon Park y JH Byeon. "Review on the methodologies adopted to minimize the material damages in drilling of carbon fiber reinforced plastic composites". Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 38, n.º 8 (17 de diciembre de 2018): 351–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684418819822.

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The applications of carbon fiber reinforced plastic materials have increased widely in the fields of aerospace, automotive, maritime, and sports equipment because of their excellent mechanical properties. Machining of carbon fiber reinforced plastics has a considerably more complex effect on drilling qualities than machining of conventional metals and their alloys due to the nonlinear, inhomogeneous, and abrasive nature of CFRPs. This article addresses the methodologies that have been adopted to minimize the material damages in drilling of polymeric composite materials. Key papers are reviewed with respect to tool types, materials, geometry and coatings, back-up plate, coolants, environment, unconventional machining, and high-speed drilling methodologies, which influence the hole qualities of delamination, burr, surface roughness, cylindricity, diameter error, and thermal damage with the effect of cutting variables (spindle speed and feed rate). In addition, some deburring strategies are also reviewed and discussed.

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4

Hocheng, H. y H. Y. Puw. "Machinability of Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastics in Drilling". Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 115, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1993): 146–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2902148.

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Polymer-based composite materials are used in a variety of industry. Recently, thermoplastic polymer suitable for the resinous matrix in carbon fiber-reinforced composites has been introduced for lower material and processing costs, improved damage tolerance and higher moisture resistance. The successful use of this material requires sophisticated production technology, however little reference of machining of thermoplastics composites can be found. The existing published results are almost exclusively for epoxy-based composite materials showing difficulty in avoiding poor finish, serious tool wear and delamination at hole entrance and exit due to the brittle material response to machining. Thermoplastics-based composite materials possesses better machinability. The current work reveals the machinability of an example of carbon fiber-reinforced ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) in drilling compared to representative metals and thermoset-based composites. The observation of chips reveals that considerable plastic deformation is involved. Compared to the chip formation of thermoset plastics, it contributes to the improved edge quality in drilling. The edge quality is generally fine except in the case of concentrated heat accumulation at tool lips, which is generated by high cutting speed and low feed rate. Plastics tend to be extruded out of the edge rather than neatly cut. The average surface roughness along hole walls in commonly below one micron for all sets of cutting conditions in the experiment, values between 0.3 and 0.6 microns are typical. The high speed steel drill presents only minor tool wear during the tests. Based on these results, one concludes that the carbon fiber-reinforced ABS demonstrates good machinability in drilling.

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5

An, Qinglong, Jie Chen, Xiaojiang Cai, Tingting Peng y Ming Chen. "Thermal characteristics of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced polymer laminates during orthogonal cutting". Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 37, n.º 13 (8 de abril de 2018): 905–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684418768892.

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Carbon fiber reinforced polymer has been used as a major material for primary load-bearing structural components in aviation industry. But its poor heat resistance is an important factor affecting the machining performance, because high cutting temperature above glass transition temperature of resin matrix (normally 300°C or below) may lead to the degradation of the resin matrix. In this study, orthogonal machining experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of cutting parameters, cutting tool geometric parameters, and material parameters on cutting temperature, and the prediction model of cutting temperature about fiber orientation angle ( θ) was built. Cutting temperature was measured by semiartificial thermocouple method. The experimental results revealed that the influence of cutting parameters on cutting temperature was not affected by fiber orientation angle of carbon fiber reinforced polymer. Cutting tool geometric parameters have little effect on cutting temperature. Unlike metal materials, cutting temperature was greatly influenced by θ. Cutting temperature for θ < 90° was significantly higher than that for θ > 90°. The maximum temperature occurred at θ = 90°. The influence of fiber orientation angle was shown in two aspects: changing the springback of unidirectional-carbon fiber reinforced polymer laminates in cutting process, changing material removal mechanism, which affected cutting temperature eventually.

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6

Häusler, Andreas, Kim Torben Werkle, Walther Maier y Hans-Christian Möhring. "Design of Lightweight Cutting Tools". International Journal of Automation Technology 14, n.º 2 (5 de marzo de 2020): 326–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2020.p0326.

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Taking into account the growing demand for sophisticated cutting tools in terms of their performance, new approaches, besides the development of the tool’s cutting edge, have to be investigated and validated by physical tests. In this study, methods of topology optimization and hybrid design are adopted for cutting tools. After a quick overview of its motivations, reduction of mass, the design of load paths, and beneficial functions within tool bodies, a structured method and its application on a long shell end mill for metal cutting is described as part of a holistic approach at the system and component levels. The manufacturing of the resulting geometry is examined for additive manufacturing. The optimized structures reduce the spindle power required, especially for acceleration to the desired speed; this, in turn, decreases the energy consumption of the process. Besides bearing static and dynamic loads, composites provide the adjustable option in process-stabilizing damping. In the field of wood cutting, the cutting forces are lower than those in the machining of metals. Here, we describe a planing tool with a large overhang and the first step in its development. The finite element analysis within the software Ansys Workbench and CompositePrep/Post (ACP), the special tool for modeling reinforced structures, are utilized for preparing the layout of the tool. To ensure the structural integrity of fiber reinforced plastic (FRP), the failure criteria proposed by Puck are applied. The overhanging planing tool is clamped on one side. It shows the principles for the development of a prototype and forms the basis for tools with even larger diameters and benefits. The underlying concept of the planing tool prototype is an innovative sandwich concept, wherein sleeves are used to join metal with carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) in a micro-forming process. Besides the abovementioned advantages, the reduction of acoustic emissions in the very noisy field of wood machining is a promising application.

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7

Nomura, Kosaku, Naoya Takeuchi y Hiroyuki Sasahara. "Oscillating Finish Grinding of CFRP with Woven Metal Wire Tool Utilizing Plunger Pump Pulsation". International Journal of Automation Technology 12, n.º 6 (5 de noviembre de 2018): 940–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2018.p0940.

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Delamination or fiber out often occurs when machining carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRPs) with conventional cutting tools. Moreover, the tool life is short. As a new machining strategy for peripheral finishing of CFRP plates, an oscillating finish grinding process with a woven metal wire (WMW) tool utilizing plunger pump pulsation is proposed in this study. A WMW tool is a type of core drill, but the tool body is made of woven metal wire. A wire mesh and grinding fluid supplied from the inner side of the wire netting are expected to prevent the clogging of CFRP chips on the tool surface. However, the surface machined by the side face of the WMW tool becomes wavy as the wavy side surface of the WMW tool is copied to the machined surface when the rotating tool moves vertically to the tool axis. To overcome this limitation, a tool oscillation mechanism utilizing plunger pump pulsation action was newly developed and applied for finish grinding. As a result, it was demonstrated that the machined surface roughness of the CFRPs was improved through axial oscillation of the WMW tool.

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8

Furuki, Tatsuya, Toshiki Hirogaki, Eiichi Aoyama, Keiji Ogawa, Kiyofumi Inaba y Kazuna Fujiwara. "Investigation of cBN Electroplated End-Mill Shape for CFRP Machining". Materials Science Forum 874 (octubre de 2016): 463–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.874.463.

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Currently, carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) are being increasingly adopted in various fields. Thus, machining CFRP with high accuracy and high efficiency is required. In addition, machining stack materials composed of CFRP and titanium alloys is required. Therefore, in this study, a novel end-mill electroplated with a cubic boron nitride (cBN) abrasive, which has high thermal resistance, is proposed. In order to evaluate the influence of the base metal shape of the proposed end-mill on the machining process, several cBN-electroplated end-mills with different rake angles or chamfers were fabricated and used to cut CFRP. In addition, in order to evaluate the abrasive shape, a blocky abrasive was also electroplated on the end-mill. The results indicate that the negative rake angle is useful to restrain the progression of tool wear. However, in order to obtain the element of cutting and grinding, it is required that the rake angle should be positive. Moreover, the reasonable width of chamfer is effective for restraining the increase in CFRP temperature. Further, a sharp shaped abrasive can more effectively generate a CFRP with a sharp edge compared with a blocky shape abrasive.

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9

Kumar, Dhiraj y Suhasini Gururaja. "Abrasive waterjet machining of Ti/CFRP/Ti laminate and multi-objective optimization of the process parameters using response surface methodology". Journal of Composite Materials 54, n.º 13 (5 de noviembre de 2019): 1741–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998319884611.

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In present work, abrasive waterjet machining has been used to machine adhesively bonded titanium-carbon fiber-reinforced plastics-titanium hybrid laminate with varying traverse speed, jet pressure, and stand-off distance. The effect of varying abrasive waterjet machining parameters on cut quality has been quantified by material removal rate, metal composite interface damage factor, taper ratio ( T r), and surface roughness (Ra). Response surface methodology along with central composite design has been used to analyze the influence of process parameters on output responses. Additionally, analysis of variance was performed to identify the significant parameters on the output responses. For better abrasive waterjet cut quality, the optimal values of process parameters obtained were 200 MPa jet pressure, 237.693 mm/min traverse speed, and 1 mm stand-off distance. The corresponding material removal rate, metal composite interface damage factor, taper ratio, and surface roughness are 5.388 mm3/s, 1.41, 1.16, and 3.827 µm, respectively. Furthermore, validation tests have been performed with obtained optimal parameters that deliver satisfactory outcomes with an error of 5.35%, 3.07%, 2.29%, and 0.39% for material removal rate, metal composite interface damage factor, taper ratio, and surface roughness, respectively.

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10

Ashrafi, Sina Alizadeh, Safian Sharif, Yahya Mohd Yazid y Ali Davoudinejad. "Assessment of Hole Quality and Thrust Force when Drilling CFRP/Al Stack Using Carbide Tools". Applied Mechanics and Materials 234 (noviembre de 2012): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.234.28.

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Drilling composite materials is challenging due to the anisotropic and non-homogenous structure of composites. In fabrication works, metals are joined to composites to form a hybrid strengthened structures, and this posed a great problem during drilling, due to the dissimilar drilling conditions for each material and also sharp metal chips effect on the quality of hole on composite plates. This paper evaluates the experimental results on the machining performance of coated and uncoated 4 facet carbide drills when dry drilling stack of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) and aluminum. Drilling trials were carried out on CFRP/Al2024/CFRP stack at constant cutting speed of 37 m/min with three feed rates within 0.03-0.25 mm/rev. Results revealed that 4 facet coated drills performed better than uncoated drills in terms of delamination. It was found that hole entry delamination increases with increasing feed rate, however uncut fibers which were dominant at low feeds on hole exit, disappears with increasing feed rate. It was also found that thrust force for coated tools were quite higher than uncoated tools.

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11

Xu, Ying, Xiaohong Zhan, Hongyan Yang, Hengchang Bu y Feiyun Wang. "Comparative study on interface morphology and tensile property of CFRTP/Ti6Al4V laser joining joint under various groove dimensions". Journal of Polymer Engineering 41, n.º 6 (12 de mayo de 2021): 442–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2021-0005.

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Abstract Laser joining merges as a novel technique for the connection of carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastics composite (CFRTP) and metal. Besides, machining grooves on the metal surface presents a surface pre-treating method to enhance the strength of laser joining joint between CFRTP and metal. In this study, the laser joining of CFRTP and Ti6Al4V alloy is performed with different groove dimensions. The effect of groove dimension on interface morphology and failure load is analyzed. In addition, the formation mechanism of the interface and the fracture mode of the joint are further elucidated. The results indicate that the structurally sound connection and maximum failure load are attained with an appropriate groove dimension (groove width: 0.7 mm, groove depth: 0.25 mm, and aspect ratio: 0.36). At a narrower groove, the bubbles inside the resin caused by thermal decomposition of the matrix resin are obtained, while at a deeper groove, the gaps and holes are observed in the interface of the joint, both resulting in a lower failure load.

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12

Astarita, Antonello, Silvio Genna, Claudio Leone, Fabrizio Memola Capece Minutolo, Valentino Paradiso y Antonino Squillace. "Laser Cutting of Aluminium Sheets with a Superficial Cold Spray Titanium Coating". Key Engineering Materials 611-612 (mayo de 2014): 794–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.611-612.794.

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In the manufacturing of metal components both wear and corrosion have to be considered. In particular, corrosion is a primary problem in the aeronautic field, where the aluminium alloys are affected by several corrosion typologies. Furthermore, nowadays carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP) are finding an increasing use, but they can induce galvanic corrosion phenomena when coupled with aluminium alloys. To overcome this problem, corrosion resistant coatings are used on aluminium components. On these premises, the realization of a titanium coating on aluminium components could allow the coupling of CFRP and aluminium alloys, improving the corrosion resistance. Cold Spray Deposition is a recent technology to realize these coatings. This technology allows the production of near fully dense coatings on metallic surfaces. In many applications the coated aluminium sheets have to be machined (cut or drilled). Machining with conventional cutting methods leads to both tool wear and damages in the coating. Laser cutting represents a promising alternative: it does not involve any mechanical cutting force or tool wear and, thanks to the small laser beam spot, it allows to realize complex shapes. In this paper, laser cutting of an Al alloy sheet (0.6 mm thick) coated with Ti Alloy, was studied. The adopted laser source was a 150 W, lamp pumped Nd:YAG, specifically developed for micro-machining operations on metals. During the tests, the process parameters (cutting speed, pulse duration and entrance side) were changed and the kerf geometry was analysed as a function of the process parameters.

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13

Palanikumar, K. y J. Paulo Davim. "Assessment of some factors influencing tool wear on the machining of glass fibre-reinforced plastics by coated cemented carbide tools". Journal of Materials Processing Technology 209, n.º 1 (enero de 2009): 511–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2008.02.020.

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14

Pul, Muharrem. "Investigation of cutting tool wear behaviors in machining of silicon carbide and magnesium oxide reinforced aluminum 2024 matrix composites". Materials Research Express 6, n.º 10 (11 de septiembre de 2019): 1065d1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab4093.

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15

Mirshamsi, S. M. A., M. R. Movahhedy y S. Khodaygan. "Experimental modeling and optimizing process parameters in the laser assisted machining of silicon carbide particle-reinforced aluminum matrix composites". Materials Research Express 6, n.º 8 (21 de mayo de 2019): 086591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab1f00.

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16

Zou, Fan, Jiaqiang Dang, Xiaojiang Cai, Qinglong An, Weiwei Ming y Ming Chen. "Hole quality and tool wear when dry drilling of a new developed metal/composite co-cured material". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 234, n.º 6-7 (12 de febrero de 2020): 980–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405420901420.

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The new developed metal/composite co-cured material composed of carbon fiber–reinforced plastic and Al phases has been increasingly applied for manufacturing of attitude control flywheel in aerospace industry. However, drilling of co-cured material is still a challenging task to produce holes with high quality and low cost in the assembly chain and dynamic balance debugging of attitude control flywheel. In other words, the relevant mechanisms and experimental findings involved in the drilling process of carbon fiber–reinforced plastic/Al co-cured material is not clearly defined, which impedes the progress of attitude control flywheel production. To this end, this article specially addresses the experimental studies on the drilling process of carbon fiber–reinforced plastic/Al co-cured material with standard TiAlN-coated cemented carbide twist drill. The significance of this work aims to reveal the regardful cutting responses of the hole characteristics and tool wear modes during the practical drilling process of co-cured material. A full factorial experiment including three levels of feed rate and four levels of cutting speed was performed. The hole diameter shows different values in different positions while it indicates consistent pattern regardless of the cutting variables: the largest in the Al phase, followed by the upper and lower carbon fiber–reinforced plastic phases, respectively. Grooves and matrix degradation are the major machining defects for carbon fiber–reinforced plastic layers, while a great chip debris adhered to the machined surface is the case for Al layer. Subsequent wear analysis showed that abrasion was mainly maintained at the vicinity of major/minor cutting edges and drill edge corner, followed by chip adhesion on the chisel edge region. Carbide substrate of drill flank face is exposed, and thereafter cavities are formed under the strong mechanical abrasion. These results could provide several implications for industrial manufacturers during the attitude control flywheel production.

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17

Johnson, WS, JE Masters, DW Wilson, S. Chelikani y S. Kalpakjian. "Hydrodynamic Machining of Fiber-Reinforced Composites". Journal of Composites Technology and Research 18, n.º 2 (1996): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/ctr10523j.

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18

Verma, Nishant, S. C. Vettivel, PS Rao y Sunny Zafar. "Processing, tool wear measurement using machine vision system and optimization of machining parameters of boron carbide and rice husk ash reinforced AA 7075 hybrid composite". Materials Research Express 6, n.º 8 (7 de junio de 2019): 0865f3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab2509.

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19

Stoll, Claus y Philipp Wörmann. "Saw for Five-axis Machining of Fiber-reinforced Plastics". Lightweight Design worldwide 12, n.º 6 (diciembre de 2019): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41777-019-0062-z.

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20

Rieck, Iris y Eckhart Uhlmann. "Advanced Machining Processes for CFRP". Advanced Materials Research 1018 (septiembre de 2014): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1018.67.

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The processing of fiber reinforced plastics is one of the main research areas at the Institute for Machine Tool and Factory Management of the Technical University of Berlin. In this process new tool concepts and innovative process strategies are developed, tested and prepared for the industrial application. This report presents the latest research results in the field of High-Speed-Cutting of fiber-reinforced plastics.

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21

Amini, Saeid, Mohammad Baraheni y Alireza Mardiha. "Parametric investigation of rotary ultrasonic drilling of carbon fiber reinforced plastics". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 232, n.º 5 (23 de agosto de 2017): 540–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408917727199.

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Carbon fiber reinforced plastics are used in various industrial applications for their excellent properties. Rotary ultrasonic drilling is the new machining process used to drill holes on fiber-reinforced plastics and has been attracting increased attention in recent years. Dimensional tolerances are very important in machining of carbon fiber reinforced plastics. Additionally, diamond core drills are simultaneously drilling and grinding fiber reinforced plastics. This paper aims to investigate thrust force and dimensional tolerances including roundness and cylindricity in rotary ultrasonic drilling of carbon fiber reinforced plastics using diamond core drill. To this end, a proper ultrasonic system for a core drill in ABAQUS is designed and fabricated. Thrust force in rotary ultrasonic drilling when compared to conventional drilling reduced by up to 30%. Besides, roundness and cylindricity decreased by up to 80% and 72%, respectively. Afterwards, analysis of variance demonstrated that vibration is more influential than other machining parameters in order to improve the hole accuracy. That is, obtained exponential regression models predict roundness and cylindricity through machining parameters with high accuracy. Feed rate of 30 mm/min and spindle speed of 1400 r/min by exerting vibration on the tool is considered to be the optimized condition.

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22

Hintze, Wolfgang, Marcel Cordes, Tobias Geis, Melchior Blühm, Claus Emmelmann y Marten Canisius. "Laser Scored Machining of Fiber Reinforced Plastics to Prevent Delamination". Procedia Manufacturing 6 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2016.11.001.

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23

Susemihl, H., C. Korth, C. Bremer y T. Brencher. "Mobile Bearbeitung von Faserverbundstrukturen/Mobile machining of fiber-reinforced plastics". wt Werkstattstechnik online 107, n.º 09 (2017): 656–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/1436-4980-2017-09-94.

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Bei der Bearbeitung großer Strukturen dominieren aktuell Maschinen, deren Größe vom Bauteil bestimmt wird. Die hier beschriebene Technologie führt zu einer prozessbestimmten Auslegung der Anlage und damit zu neuen Produktionsprozessen. Dazu wird ein selbständig navigierendes Transportsystem mit Roboter und Mehrachs-Bearbeitungseinheit eingesetzt. Verschiedene Sub-Systeme gestatten es, die Genauigkeit der Positionierung, Bearbeitung und Personensicherheit zu gewährleisten.   Current machining trimming of large structures is done using machines of sizes determined by the parts’ dimensions. Instead, the technology described here permits a process driven design and thus new production processes. To achieve this, a self-navigating platform is equipped with a robot and a multi-axle-milling unit and been enhanced with sub-systems for navigation, referencing and worker safety.

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Hayakawa, Shinya, Kenta Tominaga, Akihiro Ito, Fumihiro Itoigawa y Takashi Nakamura. "Effect of Carbon Fiber Orientation on Machining Phenomena in Electrical Discharge Machining of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics". International Journal of Electrical Machining 17 (2012): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2526/ijem.17.29.

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25

Henerichs, M., R. Voß, F. Kuster y K. Wegener. "Machining of carbon fiber reinforced plastics: Influence of tool geometry and fiber orientation on the machining forces". CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology 9 (mayo de 2015): 136–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cirpj.2014.11.002.

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Vigneshwaran, S., M. Uthayakumar y V. Arumugaprabu. "Abrasive water jet machining of fiber-reinforced composite materials". Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 37, n.º 4 (27 de noviembre de 2017): 230–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684417740771.

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Composite materials have taken an imperative place in the material system because of their unique performance in various specialized applications. Fiber inclusion and the heterogeneous property of composites make it more difficult to machine with the conventional machining process. However, several nonconventional methods have been adopted for machining composites, in which abrasive water jet machining (AWJM) was proven to be more effective and a preferable technique in machining of fiber-reinforced composite material. This review article is intended to highlight and categorize the machining performance of the fiber-reinforced composites on machining with AWJM process.

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27

Kitano, Akihiko. "Characteristics of Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Plastics (CFRP) and Associated Challenges – Focusing on Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting Resins (CFRTS) for Aircraft". International Journal of Automation Technology 10, n.º 3 (2 de mayo de 2016): 300–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2016.p0300.

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The characteristics of carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRP), which are being widely utilized in the aircraft industry as well as other fields, are reviewed, and challenges associated with their increasing application are discussed. The greatest feature of CFRP is that they can be tailor-made by arranging only the necessary amount of carbon fibers in the required directions. The material possesses unique characteristics, including heterogeneity, anisotropy, and a laminated structure, which must be taken into account in each stage of the design and manufacturing processes, including component design, molding, and machining. In particular, the machining stage requires a deeper understanding of the mechanisms involved, and it is hoped that further research and development will take place in this area.

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28

Hocheng, H., H. Y. Tsai, J. J. Shiue y B. Wang. "Feasibility Study of Abrasive-Waterjet Milling of Fiber-Reinforced Plastics". Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 119, n.º 2 (1 de mayo de 1997): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2831088.

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Composite materials are ideal for structural applications where high strength-to-weight and stiffness-to-weight ratios are required. Currently, linear cutting of composite materials has been increasingly practiced in industry and milling will be an important technology for wider applications of the materials and the benefit of onestation operation integrating linear and surface machining. Abrasive waterjet is adequate for machining of composite materials thanks to minimum thermal or mechanical stresses induced. The present paper discusses the feasibility of milling of composite materials by abrasive waterjet; it studies the basic mechanism of chip formation, single-pass milling, double-pass milling followed by the repeatable surface generation by multiple-pass milling. The mechanisms of material removal-deformation wear and cutting wear are studied first. High volume removal rate as well as a neat surface are desired. The major parameters affecting material removal rate are hydraulic pressure, standoff distance, traverse rate and abrasive flow rate. Dimensional analysis shows these significant parameters in machining and the results are compared with the theory of material erosion. The single-pass milling tests of carbon/epoxy are then conducted. The milling characteristics determining the generation of an extended surface are depth, width and width-to-depth ratio. The following dimensional analysis constructs the correlation between parameters and the surface characteristics. Based on the results of single-pass milling tests, the paper discusses the double-pass milling specifically considering the effect of lateral feed increments. The study then extends to six-pass milling. The obtained surface roughness from the sixpass milling is expressed as a function of the width-to-depth ratio and the lateral increment. With the knowledge of the volume removal rate and the surface roughness as well as the effects of the major process parameters, one can proceed to design a milling operation by abrasive waterjet.

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Заостровский, А., A. Zaostrovskiy, А. Приемышев, A. Priyomyshev, Ю. Зубарев y Yu Zubarev. "Peculiarities in technology of coal-plastic machining". Science intensive technologies in mechanical engineering 1, n.º 5 (30 de abril de 2016): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/18712.

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At present polymeric composite materials (PCM) substitute more and more wider metal in various branches of mechanical engineering. But the mechanical engineering of such materials with an edge tool causes considerable difficulties, as it differs in principle from common steel and alloy machining. A significant factor in choice of cutting modes and tool application and, as a consequence of a chip forming at PCM machining is a fiber orientation taking into account a cutting direction. The paper reports the results of researches in edge working by different tools with antifriction coal-plastic.

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30

Pwu, H. Y. y H. Hocheng. "Chip Formation Model of Cutting Fiber-Reinforced Plastics Perpendicular to Fiber Axis". Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 120, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 1998): 192–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2830100.

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The anisotropy of fiber-reinforced plastics heavily influences the chip formation and cut quality during machining. Fiber arrangement is found more dominant than the often stressed cutting conditions. The present paper studies the chip formation and constructs an original model for the case of cutting perpendicular to the unidirectional fiber axis. Bending failure controls the chip formation in this process. Beam theory and laminate mechanics are used to establish the correlation between cutting force, chip length and thickness. The proposed model can explain the major trend of the experimental results. Chip separation in thickness due to intrinsic bonding defects and overbent chips due to inhomogeneous local material strength are also found. They are understood based on the current model.

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31

Voß, Robert, Marcel Henerichs, Friedrich Kuster y Konrad Wegener. "Chip Root Analysis after Machining Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRP) at Different Fiber Orientations". Procedia CIRP 14 (2014): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2014.03.013.

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32

Cong, W. L., Z. J. Pei, Q. Feng, T. W. Deines y C. Treadwell. "Rotary ultrasonic machining of CFRP: A comparison with twist drilling". Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 31, n.º 5 (marzo de 2012): 313–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684411427419.

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Drilling is involved in many applications of carbon fiber–reinforced plastic composite. Twist drilling is widely used in industry. Rotary ultrasonic machining has been successfully tested to drill holes in carbon fiber–reinforced plastic. However, there are no reports on comparisons between rotary ultrasonic machining and twist drilling of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic. This paper compares rotary ultrasonic machining and twist drilling of carbon fiber–reinforced plastic in six aspects (cutting force, torque, surface roughness, delamination, tool life, and material remove rate). Experimental results show that rotary ultrasonic machining is superior in almost all these aspects.

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33

Sun, Dong, Fuzhu Han y Weisheng Ying. "Numerical simulation of water jet–guided laser cutting of carbon fiber–reinforced plastics". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 233, n.º 10 (16 de noviembre de 2018): 2023–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405418809776.

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Carbon fiber–reinforced plastics are now widely used in various industries because of its excellent properties. Although milling and drilling are the dominating processing methods for carbon fiber–reinforced plastics at present, laser beam machining, as a wear-free, contactless and flexible process, is considered a promising alternative method. However, the thermal damage is one of the most important issues for laser beam machining of carbon fiber–reinforced plastics because of the significant difference in thermal properties of carbon fiber and matrix. Water jet–guided laser technique has been proved an effective technique to reduce heat damage. Nevertheless, there are few studies about carbon fiber–reinforced plastics processing with water jet–guided laser to date. It is important to understand the mechanism of interaction between water jet–guided laser and carbon fiber–reinforced plastics. Hence, a three-dimensional finite element model was developed to investigate the transient thermal process. The influence of scanning speed on the surface appearance, heat-affected zone and shape of the cross section was illustrated. Experiments with same process parameters were conducted to validate the model. Based on the finite element model and experiments, the mechanism of material removal was explained. The epoxy is considered to be removed once it reaches the melting point and the carbon fiber is removed at the sublimation temperature. Because of the strong cooling effect of water jet, there is nearly no heat accumulation between pulses, leading to the constant heat-affected zone width at different scanning speed. The kerf sidewall is relatively vertical due to the homogeneous power distribution in water jet. The results demonstrate that water jet–guided laser cutting of carbon fiber–reinforced plastics has some advantages than traditional laser beam machining and is a potential processing method for carbon fiber–reinforced plastics.

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34

Liu, Ju Dong, You Sheng Li, Guo Hong Yan, Li Kun Huang, Xiao Fan Yang y Dong Min Yu. "Experimental Study on Surface Quality in Milling Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics". Key Engineering Materials 667 (octubre de 2015): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.667.62.

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Basing on the milling experiment of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP), the machining surface qualities of different edge shape and coated tools are researched contrastively. The results show that: when the CFRP is milled by general right-hand edge milling cutter, due to the small tool rake angle, bad tool sharpness, and carbon fibers of upper and lower surface are both subjected to upswept cutting force, the burrs appear at the upper surface of workpiece. But there is no burr at the lower surface. When the CFRP is milled by interlaced edge or herringbone edge diamond coated milling cutter, which are designed to left-hand and right-hand interlace, the carbon fiber of workpiece’s upper and lower surface are subjected to downward and upswept cutting force respectively. There is no burr at the upper and lower surface of workpiece. Compared with interlaced edge diamond coated milling cutter, herringbone edge diamond coated milling cutter is more suitable for finish machining of CFRP.

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35

Yashiro, Shigeki y Keiji Ogi. "Experimental study on shear-dominant fiber failure in CFRP laminates by out-of-plane shear loading". Journal of Composite Materials 53, n.º 10 (24 de septiembre de 2018): 1337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998318801454.

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Understanding the shear behavior and resulting fiber failure of fiber-reinforced plastics is required for better prediction of their behavior during the machining process, but knowledge regarding the shear strength of fiber failure is limited. In this study, out-of-plane shear tests were conducted to observe the shear behavior of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic laminates subjected to high shear stress exceeding the shear strength of matrix failure. The longitudinal fibers in carbon fiber-reinforced plastic unidirectional laminates were cut by shear loading without severe internal damage and the maximum shear stress causing progressive fiber breaks was much higher than the shear strength of matrix failure. This result suggested the possibility of out-of-plane shearing as a machining method for fiber-reinforced plastics and shear tests were subsequently performed for carbon fiber-reinforced plastic cross-ply laminates. Delamination was generated by high shear stress to cut the reinforcing fibers, but the size of the remaining damage was small even in the thermoset carbon fiber-reinforced plastic laminates in which delamination likely occurs, without any optimization of the trimming conditions.

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36

SUGANUMA, Shinya, Shinya HAYAKAWA, Fumihiro ITOIGAWA y Takashi NAKAMURA. "D18 Electrode Wear in Electrical Discharge Machining of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics". Proceedings of The Manufacturing & Machine Tool Conference 2014.10 (2014): 231–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemmt.2014.10.231.

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37

ITO, Akihiro, Shinya HAYAKAWA, Fumihiro ITOIGAWA y Takashi NAKAMURA. "Feasibility Study on Electrical Discharge Machining of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics and Observation of Machining Phenomena". Journal of the Japan Society for Precision Engineering 77, n.º 12 (2011): 1140–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2493/jjspe.77.1140.

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38

Arun Ramnath, R., PR Thyla, N. Mahendra Kumar y S. Aravind. "Optimization of machining parameters of composites using multi-attribute decision-making techniques: A review". Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 37, n.º 2 (4 de octubre de 2017): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684417732840.

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An in-depth literature survey of machining study on fiber-matrix composites is presented in this review paper. The review work mainly focuses on optimization of machining parameters in composite materials with different machining factors. Conventional machining processes such as turning, drilling and milling as well as composite materials which are reinforced with fibers are considered in this study. Machining aspects on various fiber matrix composites has been carried out over a long period of time. In this review work, conflicting conditions of multi-attribute decision-making techniques and machining conditions are focused. The optimization study on machining parameters is done, considering both priori and posteriori approach including advanced optimization techniques. Optimization of machining parameters in fiber reinforced particulate composites has not been explored earlier. The review work on machining study of composites was not attempted earlier and hence this work provides valuable information for subsequent researchers to enhance the scope of research work in particle-reinforced polymer composites.

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39

Tsao, Chung Chen. "Influence of Drill Geometry in Drilling Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics". Key Engineering Materials 375-376 (marzo de 2008): 236–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.375-376.236.

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Twist drill is widely used in hole-making process in industries, due their low production cost and ease of regrinding after wear. However, drilling of fiber reinforced plastics with twist drill often results in defects and damages, such as delamination, debonding, spalling and fiber pullout. The chisel edge of twist drill is the mainly influence for the thrust force and the hole quality in drilling carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminates. Pre-drilled pilot hole or reduce chisel edge can eliminate the threat for twist drill in drilling induced-delamination. Drilling-induced thrust force was selected as quality character factors to optimize the drilling parameters (drill type, feed rate and spindle speed) to get the smaller the better machining characteristics by Taguchi method. The results show that the feed rate and drill type are the most significant factor affecting the induced-thrust in drilling CFRP laminates.

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40

ITOH, Akihiro, Shinya HAYAKAWA, Fumihiro ITOIGAWA y Takashi NAKAMURA. "S1304-1-3 Observation of Machining Surface in Wire Electrical Discharge Machining of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics". Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2010.4 (2010): 213–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2010.4.0_213.

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41

Wang, Yong Qi, Yong Jie Bao y Hang Gao. "Studies on Disfigurement-Fee Technology of Drilling Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics". Advanced Materials Research 24-25 (septiembre de 2007): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.24-25.125.

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Based on the analysis of various disfigurements of carbon fiber reinforced plastics formed in drilling process, the formation model of disfigurement is built up, and analysis results shows that the main reason of disfigurement is the exceeding cutting force. By focusing on these problems, new-type drill—super-hard electroplated abrasive drill is developed, and some experiments were carried out. Compared with the traditional sintered-carbide drill in drilling, the super-hard electroplated abrasive drill has lower drilling force, better drilling quality, higher machining efficiency, and longer life-span. A conclusion that super-hard electroplated drill is more suitable for drilling CFRP is gained.

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42

Ding, Jiang Min, Yan Jie Sun y Chong Su. "The New Method for Machining Bigger Holes of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRP)". Advanced Materials Research 186 (enero de 2011): 161–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.186.161.

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The new method is put forward for machining bigger holes of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) in the face of the existent problems. The core drill is applied to machine CFRP from two end-faces according to regular order. The thrust is less than felted intensity between adjacent layers of CFRP in their whole process. Through special experiment, the method is not only economical but also convenient. The finishing workpieces have not defects such as burrs, avulsion and delamination. In addition, its precision and efficiency are very satisfactory to manufacturer.

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43

ITO, Akihiro, Shinya HAYAKAWA, Fumihiro ITOIGAWA y Takashi NAKAMURA. "Effect of Short-Circuiting in Electrical Discharge Machining of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics". Journal of Advanced Mechanical Design, Systems, and Manufacturing 6, n.º 6 (2012): 808–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jamdsm.6.808.

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44

Hu, Jun y Dezhi Zhu. "Investigation of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics Machining Using 355 nm Picosecond Pulsed Laser". Applied Composite Materials 25, n.º 3 (24 de agosto de 2017): 589–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10443-017-9637-1.

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45

Gill, Surinder Kumar, Meenu Gupta y P. S. Satsangi. "Prediction of cutting forces in machining of unidirectional glass fiber reinforced plastics composite". Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering 8, n.º 2 (16 de mayo de 2013): 187–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11465-013-0262-x.

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46

Vinayagamoorthy, R. "A review on the machining of fiber-reinforced polymeric laminates". Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 37, n.º 1 (15 de septiembre de 2017): 49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684417731530.

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47

Unal, Engin. "Temperature and thrust force analysis on drilling of Glass fiber reinforced plastics". Thermal Science 23, n.º 1 (2019): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci180117181u.

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Composite materials are widely used today in many sectors. Glass fiber reinforced plastic composite materials are one of those. Glass fiber reinforced plastic composite materials are preferred due to their high thermal and tensile strength. Although consist of glass fiber reinforced composite materials from multiple layers reduces the machinability of these materials, drilling is a common method of machining for these materials. However, when the drilling parameters are not carefully selected, the material integrity is deteriorated and the desired drilling quality cannot be obtained. In this study, the effect of drilling temperature and thrust force on the material integrity was investigated. The drill bit angle, spindle speed and feedrate parameters are used for the temperature and thrust force analysis.

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48

Navarro-Mas, Maria, Juan García-Manrique, Maria Meseguer, Isabel Ordeig y Ana Sánchez. "Delamination Study in Edge Trimming of Basalt Fiber Reinforced Plastics (BFRP)". Materials 11, n.º 8 (13 de agosto de 2018): 1418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11081418.

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Although there are many machining studies of carbon and glass fiber reinforced plastics, delamination and tool wear of basalt fiber reinforced plastics (BFRP) in edge trimming has not yet studied. This paper presents an end milling study of BFRP fabricated by resin transfer molding (RTM), to evaluate delamination types at the top layer of the machined edge with different cutting conditions (cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut) and fiber volume fraction (40% and 60%). This work quantifies delamination types, using a parameter Sd/L, that evaluates the delamination area (Sd) and the length (L), taking into account tool position in the yarn and movement of yarns during RTM process, which show the random nature of delamination. Delamination was present in all materials with 60% of fiber volume. High values of tool wear did not permit to machine the material due to an excessive delamination. Type II delamination was the most usual delamination type and depth of cut has influence on this type of delamination.

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49

Zaremba, David, Christian Biskup, Thomas Heber, Nico Weckend, Werner Hufenbach, Frank Adam, Friedrich-Wilhelm Bach y Thomas Hassel. "Repair Preparation of Fiber-Reinforced Plastics by the Machining of a Stepped Peripheral Zone". Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 58, n.º 10 (15 de octubre de 2012): 571–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5545/sv-jme.2012.305.

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50

Schulze, V. y C. Becke. "Analysis of machining strategies for fiber reinforced plastics with regard to process force direction". Procedia Engineering 19 (2011): 312–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.11.118.

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