Literatura académica sobre el tema "Machining. Metals Fiber-reinforced plastics"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Machining. Metals Fiber-reinforced plastics"
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Horváth, Richárd, Róbert Gábor Stadler y Kristóf Andrásfalvy. "Investigation of Milling of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic". Acta Materialia Transylvanica 2, n.º 2 (1 de octubre de 2019): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.33924/amt-2019-02-06.
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Abstract The use of fiber-reinforced plastics has increased significantly in the past decades. Consequently, the demand for finishing and machining of such materials has also escalated. During machining, the fiber-reinforced materials exhibit machining problems dissimilar to the problems of metals. These are fiber pull-out, fiber breakage in the cutting zone, matrix smearing and delamination. The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the characteristics of the resultant force (Fe) dur-ing the milling of carbon fiber reinforced plastic as a function of input machining parameters. For the force measurements, CFR with perpendicular (0°-90°) fiber orientation was machined. The experimental design involved the central composite design method. To analyze and evaluate the measurements, we applied the response surface methodology.
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Sha, Zhi Hua, Fang Wang y Sheng Fang Zhang. "Drilling Simulation of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic Composites Based on Finite Element Method". Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (mayo de 2013): 2519–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.2519.
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Carbon fiber reinforced plastics are widely used in aerospace and aircraft industries because of their remarkable advantages such as lightweight and high strength. However, as their properties are different with metals, those materials are difficult to machine in conventional ways, the machining defects may appear and the machining accuracy and surface quality are difficult to guarantee. Oriented to drilling of carbon fiber reinforce plastics, a machining model based on finite element method are presented in this paper, the drilling simulation of carbon fiber reinforced plastics using Deform-3D are realized, and the factors which influence the machining quality of the hole are analyzed in-depth. It shows the simulation results are accord with the results from the literatures and experiments and can used as evidence in drilling parameters optimizing and drilling quality improving.
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John, KM, S. Thirumalai Kumaran, Rendi Kurniawan, Ki Moon Park y JH Byeon. "Review on the methodologies adopted to minimize the material damages in drilling of carbon fiber reinforced plastic composites". Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 38, n.º 8 (17 de diciembre de 2018): 351–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684418819822.
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The applications of carbon fiber reinforced plastic materials have increased widely in the fields of aerospace, automotive, maritime, and sports equipment because of their excellent mechanical properties. Machining of carbon fiber reinforced plastics has a considerably more complex effect on drilling qualities than machining of conventional metals and their alloys due to the nonlinear, inhomogeneous, and abrasive nature of CFRPs. This article addresses the methodologies that have been adopted to minimize the material damages in drilling of polymeric composite materials. Key papers are reviewed with respect to tool types, materials, geometry and coatings, back-up plate, coolants, environment, unconventional machining, and high-speed drilling methodologies, which influence the hole qualities of delamination, burr, surface roughness, cylindricity, diameter error, and thermal damage with the effect of cutting variables (spindle speed and feed rate). In addition, some deburring strategies are also reviewed and discussed.
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Hocheng, H. y H. Y. Puw. "Machinability of Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastics in Drilling". Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 115, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1993): 146–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2902148.
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Polymer-based composite materials are used in a variety of industry. Recently, thermoplastic polymer suitable for the resinous matrix in carbon fiber-reinforced composites has been introduced for lower material and processing costs, improved damage tolerance and higher moisture resistance. The successful use of this material requires sophisticated production technology, however little reference of machining of thermoplastics composites can be found. The existing published results are almost exclusively for epoxy-based composite materials showing difficulty in avoiding poor finish, serious tool wear and delamination at hole entrance and exit due to the brittle material response to machining. Thermoplastics-based composite materials possesses better machinability. The current work reveals the machinability of an example of carbon fiber-reinforced ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) in drilling compared to representative metals and thermoset-based composites. The observation of chips reveals that considerable plastic deformation is involved. Compared to the chip formation of thermoset plastics, it contributes to the improved edge quality in drilling. The edge quality is generally fine except in the case of concentrated heat accumulation at tool lips, which is generated by high cutting speed and low feed rate. Plastics tend to be extruded out of the edge rather than neatly cut. The average surface roughness along hole walls in commonly below one micron for all sets of cutting conditions in the experiment, values between 0.3 and 0.6 microns are typical. The high speed steel drill presents only minor tool wear during the tests. Based on these results, one concludes that the carbon fiber-reinforced ABS demonstrates good machinability in drilling.
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An, Qinglong, Jie Chen, Xiaojiang Cai, Tingting Peng y Ming Chen. "Thermal characteristics of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced polymer laminates during orthogonal cutting". Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 37, n.º 13 (8 de abril de 2018): 905–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684418768892.
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Carbon fiber reinforced polymer has been used as a major material for primary load-bearing structural components in aviation industry. But its poor heat resistance is an important factor affecting the machining performance, because high cutting temperature above glass transition temperature of resin matrix (normally 300°C or below) may lead to the degradation of the resin matrix. In this study, orthogonal machining experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of cutting parameters, cutting tool geometric parameters, and material parameters on cutting temperature, and the prediction model of cutting temperature about fiber orientation angle ( θ) was built. Cutting temperature was measured by semiartificial thermocouple method. The experimental results revealed that the influence of cutting parameters on cutting temperature was not affected by fiber orientation angle of carbon fiber reinforced polymer. Cutting tool geometric parameters have little effect on cutting temperature. Unlike metal materials, cutting temperature was greatly influenced by θ. Cutting temperature for θ < 90° was significantly higher than that for θ > 90°. The maximum temperature occurred at θ = 90°. The influence of fiber orientation angle was shown in two aspects: changing the springback of unidirectional-carbon fiber reinforced polymer laminates in cutting process, changing material removal mechanism, which affected cutting temperature eventually.
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Häusler, Andreas, Kim Torben Werkle, Walther Maier y Hans-Christian Möhring. "Design of Lightweight Cutting Tools". International Journal of Automation Technology 14, n.º 2 (5 de marzo de 2020): 326–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2020.p0326.
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Taking into account the growing demand for sophisticated cutting tools in terms of their performance, new approaches, besides the development of the tool’s cutting edge, have to be investigated and validated by physical tests. In this study, methods of topology optimization and hybrid design are adopted for cutting tools. After a quick overview of its motivations, reduction of mass, the design of load paths, and beneficial functions within tool bodies, a structured method and its application on a long shell end mill for metal cutting is described as part of a holistic approach at the system and component levels. The manufacturing of the resulting geometry is examined for additive manufacturing. The optimized structures reduce the spindle power required, especially for acceleration to the desired speed; this, in turn, decreases the energy consumption of the process. Besides bearing static and dynamic loads, composites provide the adjustable option in process-stabilizing damping. In the field of wood cutting, the cutting forces are lower than those in the machining of metals. Here, we describe a planing tool with a large overhang and the first step in its development. The finite element analysis within the software Ansys Workbench and CompositePrep/Post (ACP), the special tool for modeling reinforced structures, are utilized for preparing the layout of the tool. To ensure the structural integrity of fiber reinforced plastic (FRP), the failure criteria proposed by Puck are applied. The overhanging planing tool is clamped on one side. It shows the principles for the development of a prototype and forms the basis for tools with even larger diameters and benefits. The underlying concept of the planing tool prototype is an innovative sandwich concept, wherein sleeves are used to join metal with carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) in a micro-forming process. Besides the abovementioned advantages, the reduction of acoustic emissions in the very noisy field of wood machining is a promising application.
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Nomura, Kosaku, Naoya Takeuchi y Hiroyuki Sasahara. "Oscillating Finish Grinding of CFRP with Woven Metal Wire Tool Utilizing Plunger Pump Pulsation". International Journal of Automation Technology 12, n.º 6 (5 de noviembre de 2018): 940–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2018.p0940.
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Delamination or fiber out often occurs when machining carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRPs) with conventional cutting tools. Moreover, the tool life is short. As a new machining strategy for peripheral finishing of CFRP plates, an oscillating finish grinding process with a woven metal wire (WMW) tool utilizing plunger pump pulsation is proposed in this study. A WMW tool is a type of core drill, but the tool body is made of woven metal wire. A wire mesh and grinding fluid supplied from the inner side of the wire netting are expected to prevent the clogging of CFRP chips on the tool surface. However, the surface machined by the side face of the WMW tool becomes wavy as the wavy side surface of the WMW tool is copied to the machined surface when the rotating tool moves vertically to the tool axis. To overcome this limitation, a tool oscillation mechanism utilizing plunger pump pulsation action was newly developed and applied for finish grinding. As a result, it was demonstrated that the machined surface roughness of the CFRPs was improved through axial oscillation of the WMW tool.
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Furuki, Tatsuya, Toshiki Hirogaki, Eiichi Aoyama, Keiji Ogawa, Kiyofumi Inaba y Kazuna Fujiwara. "Investigation of cBN Electroplated End-Mill Shape for CFRP Machining". Materials Science Forum 874 (octubre de 2016): 463–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.874.463.
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Currently, carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) are being increasingly adopted in various fields. Thus, machining CFRP with high accuracy and high efficiency is required. In addition, machining stack materials composed of CFRP and titanium alloys is required. Therefore, in this study, a novel end-mill electroplated with a cubic boron nitride (cBN) abrasive, which has high thermal resistance, is proposed. In order to evaluate the influence of the base metal shape of the proposed end-mill on the machining process, several cBN-electroplated end-mills with different rake angles or chamfers were fabricated and used to cut CFRP. In addition, in order to evaluate the abrasive shape, a blocky abrasive was also electroplated on the end-mill. The results indicate that the negative rake angle is useful to restrain the progression of tool wear. However, in order to obtain the element of cutting and grinding, it is required that the rake angle should be positive. Moreover, the reasonable width of chamfer is effective for restraining the increase in CFRP temperature. Further, a sharp shaped abrasive can more effectively generate a CFRP with a sharp edge compared with a blocky shape abrasive.
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Kumar, Dhiraj y Suhasini Gururaja. "Abrasive waterjet machining of Ti/CFRP/Ti laminate and multi-objective optimization of the process parameters using response surface methodology". Journal of Composite Materials 54, n.º 13 (5 de noviembre de 2019): 1741–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998319884611.
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In present work, abrasive waterjet machining has been used to machine adhesively bonded titanium-carbon fiber-reinforced plastics-titanium hybrid laminate with varying traverse speed, jet pressure, and stand-off distance. The effect of varying abrasive waterjet machining parameters on cut quality has been quantified by material removal rate, metal composite interface damage factor, taper ratio ( T r), and surface roughness (Ra). Response surface methodology along with central composite design has been used to analyze the influence of process parameters on output responses. Additionally, analysis of variance was performed to identify the significant parameters on the output responses. For better abrasive waterjet cut quality, the optimal values of process parameters obtained were 200 MPa jet pressure, 237.693 mm/min traverse speed, and 1 mm stand-off distance. The corresponding material removal rate, metal composite interface damage factor, taper ratio, and surface roughness are 5.388 mm3/s, 1.41, 1.16, and 3.827 µm, respectively. Furthermore, validation tests have been performed with obtained optimal parameters that deliver satisfactory outcomes with an error of 5.35%, 3.07%, 2.29%, and 0.39% for material removal rate, metal composite interface damage factor, taper ratio, and surface roughness, respectively.
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Ashrafi, Sina Alizadeh, Safian Sharif, Yahya Mohd Yazid y Ali Davoudinejad. "Assessment of Hole Quality and Thrust Force when Drilling CFRP/Al Stack Using Carbide Tools". Applied Mechanics and Materials 234 (noviembre de 2012): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.234.28.
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Drilling composite materials is challenging due to the anisotropic and non-homogenous structure of composites. In fabrication works, metals are joined to composites to form a hybrid strengthened structures, and this posed a great problem during drilling, due to the dissimilar drilling conditions for each material and also sharp metal chips effect on the quality of hole on composite plates. This paper evaluates the experimental results on the machining performance of coated and uncoated 4 facet carbide drills when dry drilling stack of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) and aluminum. Drilling trials were carried out on CFRP/Al2024/CFRP stack at constant cutting speed of 37 m/min with three feed rates within 0.03-0.25 mm/rev. Results revealed that 4 facet coated drills performed better than uncoated drills in terms of delamination. It was found that hole entry delamination increases with increasing feed rate, however uncut fibers which were dominant at low feeds on hole exit, disappears with increasing feed rate. It was also found that thrust force for coated tools were quite higher than uncoated tools.
Tesis sobre el tema "Machining. Metals Fiber-reinforced plastics"
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Arola, Dwayne Dale. "The influence of net shape machining on the surface integrity of metals and fiber reinforced plastics /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7138.
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Heiderscheit, Timothy Donald. "Comparative study of near-infrared pulsed laser machining of carbon fiber reinforced plastics". Thesis, University of Iowa, 2017. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/5946.
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Carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRPs) have gained widespread popularity as a lightweight, high-strength alternative to traditional materials. The unique anisotropic properties of CFRP make processing difficult, especially using conventional methods. This study investigates laser cutting by ablation as an alternative by comparing two near-infrared laser systems to a typical mechanical machining process. This research has potential applications in the automotive and aerospace industries, where CFRPs are particularly desirable for weight savings and fuel efficiency.
First, a CNC mill was used to study the effects of process parameters and tool design on machining quality. Despite high productivity and flexible tooling, mechanical drilling suffers from machining defects that could compromise structural performance of a CFRP component. Rotational feed rate was shown to be the primary factor in determining the axial thrust force, which correlated with the extent of delamination and peeling. Experimental results concluded that machining quality could be improved using a non-contact laser-based material removal mechanism.
Laser machining was investigated first with a Yb:YAG fiber laser system, operated in either continuous wave or pulse-modulated mode, for both cross-ply and woven CFRP. For the first time, energy density was used as a control variable to account for changes in process parameters, predicting a logarithmic relationship with machining results attributable to plasma shielding effects. Relevant process parameters included operation mode, laser power, pulse overlap, and cross-ply surface fiber orientation, all of which showed a significant impact on single-pass machining quality. High pulse frequency was required to successfully ablate woven CFRP at the weave boundaries, possibly due to matrix absorption dynamics. Overall, the Yb:YAG fiber laser system showed improved performance over mechanical machining. However, microsecond pulses cause extensive thermal damage and low ablation rates due to long laser-material interaction time and low power intensity.
Next, laser machining was investigated using a high-energy nanosecond-pulsed Nd:YAG NIR laser operating in either Q-Switch or Long Pulse mode. This research demonstrates for the first time that keyhole-mode cutting can be achieved for CFRP materials using a high-energy nanosecond laser with long-duration pulsing. It is also shown that short-duration Q-Switch mode results in an ineffective cutting performance for CFRP, likely due to laser-induced optical breakdown. At sufficiently high power intensity, it is hypothesized that the resulting plasma absorbs a significant portion of the incoming laser energy by the inverse Bremsstrahlung mechanism. In Long Pulse mode, multi-pass line and contour cutting experiments are further performed to investigate the effect of laser processing parameters on thermal damage and machined surface integrity. A logarithmic trend was observed for machining results, attributable to plasma shielding similar to microsecond fiber laser results. Cutting depth data was used to estimate the ablation threshold of Hexcel IM7 and AS4 fiber types. Drilling results show that a 2.2 mm thick cross-ply CFRP panel can be cut through using about 6 laser passes, and a high-quality machined surface can be produced with a limited heat-affected zone and little fiber pull-out using inert assist gas. In general, high-energy Long Pulse laser machining achieved superior performance due to shorter pulse duration and higher power intensity, resulting in significantly higher ablation rates. The successful outcomes from this work provide the key to enable an efficient high-quality laser machining process for CFRP materials.
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Long, Fu Cheng y 龍富成. "Investigation of Ultrasonic Vibration Assisted Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics Machining Effciency". Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/cfxub3.
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碩士國立勤益科技大學
機械工程系
105
Carbon fiber, having the characteristics of light weight, high strength, high modulus, chemical resistance, low coefficient of thermal expansion and so on, has the potential to replace metallic materials, with its application market focusing on heavy industries such as automobile, aerospace, national defense, etc. Currently carbon fiber, which is considered as one of the ten potential materials under the future trend, is the most used material for aerospace building materials, sports equipment, and 3C products, and is recently being used in the automobile industry and wind energy industry. However, Due to its anisotropy and its excellent characteristics, its processing is difficult. For example, delamination occurs while drilling, which could be reduced to some extent, but could not be completely overcome by using ultrasonic assistance. To overcome the said problem, we need to put sacrifice material under the carbon fiber, which, however, increases processing costs, and may cause severe damage to the fiber surface due to excessive cutting resistance, whereby a whole piece of fiber is peeled off and the internal fibrous tissue is pulled out. Additionally, excessively high tool nose temperature could burn the carbon fiber surface and dissolve the resin, which greatly deteriorates the surface quality, and this issue needs to be addressed. This study was divided into two parts. The first part, concerned with ultrasonic-assisted drilling (UAD) of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP), investigated the influence of ultrasonic amplitude on export quality. The optimal amplitude was selected for subsequent experiments, where the axial thrust and export quality of general drilling and UAD were compared at different feed speeds. Finally an optical microscope was employed to determine the export quality and the measurement tool wear. The second part, concerned with ultrasonic-assisted milling (UAM), mainly explored the influence of amplitude on surface roughness, as well as the influence of three different cooling mechanisms and two different tool geometries on surface topography and surface roughness. Subsequently an optical microscope was used to measure the tool wear and to observe the cutting forms of different processing methods. The results verified that ultrasound could reduce the delamination phenomenon, reduce axial thrust, and reduce tool wear. However, high-amplitude waves degraded the export quality, while low-amplitude waves were ineffective. Better export quality could be achieved at a frequency of 25 KHz, an amplitude of 5.76μm, a spindle speed of 3185rpm, and a feed speed of 5mm/min. A higher feed speed greatly reduced tool wear, but caused severe delamination. In terms of milling, employing ultrasound-assisted techniques and high-efficiency milling cutters could greatly improve the surface quality, where using a four-blade end mill and carbon dioxide-based low-temperature cooling could achieve a surface roughness of 0.703μm. However, as regards tool wear, they did not achieve as good an effect as does the MQL technique. Using air cooling without assistance of ultrasound mostly resulted in unsatisfactory results. In addition, with the introduction of ultrasound-assisted techniques, the winding problem caused by cutting was resolved, and segmental chips were mostly formed during machining, which was most significant for the MQL processing method.
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Ahmadian, Amirali. "Experimental model for predicting cutting forces in machining carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites". Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/10878.
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The demand for materials with high mechanical performances such as Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRP) is increasing. However, there are major challenges in machining CFRP as it involves delamination, fiber pullouts, and extreme cutting tool wear. Analysis of chip formation mechanisms and prediction of associated cutting forces in CFRP machining enables one to address these challenges. This study proposes a mechanistic cutting force model for milling operations of the CFRP workpiece, considering its non-homogeneity and anisotropy, by taking into account variations of fiber cutting angle during machining. A mechanistic model of cutting force constants is obtained from a number of experimentally measured unidirectional CFRP milling forces. The obtained mechanistic force model predictions are verified against experimentally measured milling forces with arbitrary tool path indicating the accuracy of the proposed mechanistic model in predicting cutting forces. The proposed mechanistic cutting force model is capable of being integrated into the manufacturing process to allow optimized machining of quality certified CFRP work-pieces.Graduate
Libros sobre el tema "Machining. Metals Fiber-reinforced plastics"
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Ullmann, Falk. Temperaturbestimmung beim Drehen faserverstärkter Kunststoffe. München: C. Hanser, 1992.
Buscar texto completoCapítulos de libros sobre el tema "Machining. Metals Fiber-reinforced plastics"
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Obikawa, T., T. Shirakashi y E. Usui. "Finite Element Modelling of Machining of Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics". En Proceedings of the Thirty-First International Matador Conference, 223–28. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13796-1_35.
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Freising, Martin, Simon Kothe, Markus Rott, Hendrik Susemihl y Wolfgang Hintze. "Increasing Accuracy of Industrial Robots in Machining of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics". En Lecture Notes in Production Engineering, 115–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01964-2_16.
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Nagaraja, R., T. Rangaswamy y K. R. Channakeshava. "Machining of Kevlar Aramid Fiber-Reinforced Plastics (K-1226) Using Solid Carbide Step Drill K44". En Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 221–29. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8767-8_18.
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Oh, Sung Hoon. "A Study on the Cutting Force and Machining Condition of the Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics by the TiAlN Coated Drill". En Communications in Computer and Information Science, 172–78. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-35248-5_25.
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A. Rahim, Erween y Hiroyuki Sasahara. "High performance machining of carbon fiber-reinforced plastics". En Sustainable Composites for Aerospace Applications, 211–26. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-102131-6.00010-4.
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Singh, Inderdeep y Kishore Debnath. "Advanced Machining Techniques for Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites". En Materials Science and Engineering, 112–35. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1798-6.ch005.
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This chapter addresses the issues and challenges associated with the conventional drilling of Fiber-Reinforced Plastics (FRPs). The status of the work reported in the area of conventional drilling of FRPs has also been reviewed. Further, the opportunities with the advanced machining techniques have been reported. A state-of-the-art research review has been presented in light of the capability of advanced machining techniques for machining of FRPs. Advanced machining techniques, such as Electric Discharge Machining (EDM), Electrochemical Machining (ECM), Abrasive Water Jet Machining (AWJM), laser beam drilling, vibration-assisted drilling, and Ultrasonic Machining (USM) for FRPs has been discussed. The limitations associated with the advanced machining of FRPs have also been highlighted.
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Singh, Inderdeep y Kishore Debnath. "Advanced Machining Techniques for Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites". En Processing Techniques and Tribological Behavior of Composite Materials, 317–40. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-7530-8.ch011.
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This chapter addresses the issues and challenges associated with the conventional drilling of Fiber-Reinforced Plastics (FRPs). The status of the work reported in the area of conventional drilling of FRPs has also been reviewed. Further, the opportunities with the advanced machining techniques have been reported. A state-of-the-art research review has been presented in light of the capability of advanced machining techniques for machining of FRPs. Advanced machining techniques, such as Electric Discharge Machining (EDM), Electrochemical Machining (ECM), Abrasive Water Jet Machining (AWJM), laser beam drilling, vibration-assisted drilling, and Ultrasonic Machining (USM) for FRPs has been discussed. The limitations associated with the advanced machining of FRPs have also been highlighted.
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Han, Chang Dae. "Compression Molding of Thermoset/Fiber Composites". En Rheology and Processing of Polymeric Materials: Volume 2: Polymer Processing. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195187830.003.0019.
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Glass-fiber-reinforced thermoset composites have long been used by the plastics industry. Two primary reasons for using glass fibers as reinforcement of thermosets are: (1) to improve the mechanical/physical properties (e.g., tensile modulus, dimensional stability, fatigue endurance, deformation under load, hardness, or abrasion resistance) of the thermosets, and (2) to reduce the cost of production by replacing expensive resins with inexpensive glass fibers. In place of metals, the automotive industry uses glassfiber- reinforced unsaturated polyester composites. One reason for this substitution is that the weight per unit volume of composite materials is quite low compared with that of metals. This has allowed for considerable reductions in the fuel consumption of automobiles. Another reason is that composite materials are less expensive than metals. The unsaturated polyester premix molding compounds in commercial use are supplied as sheet molding compound (SMC), bulk molding compound (BMC), or thick molding compound (TMC) (Bruins 1976; Parkyn et al. 1967). These molding compounds can be molded in standard compression or transfer molds. The basic challenge in molding unsaturated polyester premix compounds is to get a uniform layer of glass reinforcement in place in the die cavity while the resin fills the cavity and reaches its gel stage during cure. Temperature, mold closing speed, pressure, and cure time are all functions of the design of the part being produced. The flow of the mixture through the gate(s) can result in variations in strength across the part due to fiber orientation during the flow. The precise end-use properties depend on the fiber orientation, fiber distribution, and fiber content in the premix compounds, which are greatly influenced by the processing conditions. Since the mechanical properties of the molded articles depend strongly upon the orientation of the glass fibers, it is important to understand how to control fiber orientation during molding. Unsaturated polyester accounts for the greater part of all thermosets used in glass-fiber-reinforced plastics. Glass-fiber-reinforced unsaturated polyesters offer the advantages of a balance of good mechanical, chemical, and electrical properties. Depending upon the application, a number of additives are employed to provide specific products or end-use properties.
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Phan-Thien, Nhan y Sangtae Kim. "Fundamental Equations". En Microstructures in Elastic Media. Oxford University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195090864.003.0003.
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There is a need for theoretical and computational tools that provide macroscopic relations for a composite continuum, starting from a description of the composite microstructure. The outlook for this viewpoint is particularly bright, given current trends in high-performance parallel supercomputing. This book is a step along those directions, with a special emphasis on a collection of mathematical methods that together build a base for advanced computational models. Consider the important example of the effective bulk properties of fiberreinforced materials consisting of fibers of minute cross section imbedded in a soft elastic epoxy. The physical properties of such materials is determined by the microstructure parameters: volume fraction occupied by the fibers versus continuous matrix; fiber orientations; shape of the fiber cross sections; and the spatial distribution of fibers. Hashin notes that “While for conventional engineering materials, such as metals and plastics, physical properties are almost exclusively determined by experiment, such an approach is impractical for FRM (fiber-reinforced materials) because of their great structural and physical variety,” The analysis of warpage and shrinkage of reinforced thermoset plastic parts provides yet another example of the important role played by computational models. The inevitable deformation of the fabricated part is influenced by the interplay between constituent material properties, the composite microstructure and macroscopic shape of the component. Computational models play an important role in controlling these deformations to minimize undesired directions that lead to warpage and shrinkage. The strength, stiffness, and low weight of these materials all result from the combination of a dispersed inclusion of very high modulus imbedded in a relatively soft and workable elastic matrix. It thus appears reasonable, as a first approximation, to consider a theory for the distribution of rigid (infinite modulus) inclusions in an elastic matrix, reserving the bulk of our efforts for the study of the role of inclusion microstructure. A framework for computational modeling has been established for materials processing, using models of microstructure with simplified rules for the motion of the inclusions.
Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Machining. Metals Fiber-reinforced plastics"
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Fernando, Palamandadige K. S. C., Meng (Peter) Zhang, Zhijian Pei y Weilong Cong. "Rotary Ultrasonic Machining: Effects of Tool End Angle on Delamination of CFRP Drilling". En ASME 2017 12th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the JSME/ASME 2017 6th International Conference on Materials and Processing. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2017-2863.
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Aerospace, automotive and sporting goods manufacturing industries have more interest on carbon fiber reinforced plastics due to its superior properties, such as lower density than aluminum; higher strength than high-strength metals; higher stiffness than titanium etc. Rotary ultrasonic machining is a hybrid machining process that combines the material removal mechanisms of diamond abrasive grinding and ultrasonic machining. Hole-making is the most common machining operation done on carbon fiber reinforced plastics, where delamination is a major issue. Delamination reduces structural integrity and increases assembly tolerance, which leads to rejection of a part or a component. Comparatively, rotary ultrasonic machining has been successfully applied to hole-making in carbon fiber reinforced plastics. As reported in the literature, rotary ultrasonic machining is superior to twist drilling of carbon fiber reinforced plastics in six aspects: cutting force, torque, surface roughness, delamination, tool life, and material removal rate. This paper investigates the effects of tool end angle on delamination in rotary ultrasonic machining of carbon fiber reinforced plastics. Several investigators have cited thrust force as a major cause for delamination. Eventhogh, it is found on this investigation, tool end angle has more significant influence on the delamination in rotary ultrasonic machining of carbon fiber reinforced plastics comparing to cutting force and torque.
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Krishnaraj, V., A. Prabukarthi, M. Santhosh, M. Senthilkumar y R. Zitoune. "Optimization of Machining Parameters in CFRP/Ti Stacks Drilling". En ASME 2012 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference collocated with the 40th North American Manufacturing Research Conference and in participation with the International Conference on Tribology Materials and Processing. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2012-7216.
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Carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP) and titanium (Ti) stacks have been steadily replacing metals as choice for engineering materials in aerospace applications. Although materials can be manufactured separately and stacked together to attain a near-net shape, it still involves post processing operations such as trimming and drilling. In order to drill holes efficiently without defects (delamination, circularity, variation in hole diameter) in the CFRP/Ti stacks, it is essential to understand the machining behavior of stacks. An experimental study on the drilling of CFRP/Ti stacks was conducted using K20 carbide drill. The drilling characteristics were evaluated for drilling force and torque, delamination in CFRP, drilled-hole quality (hole diameter and circularity) and exit burr height in Ti. This paper describes an attempt made to maximize the hole quality parameters by employing multi-objective optimization using weighted sum method.
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Barnes, Stuart, Pipat Bhudwannachai y Aishah Najiah Dahnel. "Drilling Performance of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composite When Machined Dry, With Conventional Cutting Fluid and With a Cryogenically Cooled Tool". En ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-62246.
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Although cutting fluids and cryogenic cooling have been shown to improve the performance of metal machining processes, there has been little research on their application to conventional drilling of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRPs) where the tool wear and damage are known to be a problem. This work investigated the drilling of a CFRP when machined dry, with conventional cutting fluid and with a tool cooled to liquid nitrogen (LN2) temperature. A Guhring DIN 6537 K, TiAlN (titanium, aluminum, nitride) coated, solid carbide twist drill was used to produce 6 mm diameter through-holes in an 18 mm thick plaque of woven carbon fiber/epoxy composite using a constant cutting speed and feed rate of 94 m/min and 0.065 mm/rev respectively. Performance was evaluated based on thrust force, tool wear, entry and exit delamination, damage of the drilled surface and temperature generated during cutting. It was found that the highest forces and tool wear were produced when drilling with cutting fluid, followed by drilling with a LN2 cooled tool and the lowest by drilling dry. A Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) investigation of the drilled surface indicated a more brittle appearance of the machined surface produced with cutting fluid and LN2 cooled drills compared to that produced by dry machining which showed evidence of more ductile deformation of the epoxy. Based on these observations, it is suggested that the reduction of the drilling temperature due to the application of cutting fluid and LN2 cooling resulted in a higher strength and abrasiveness of the workpiece during machining. This, combined with the associated faster rate of tool wear, resulted in the higher forces observed when drilling with cutting fluid and the LN2 cooled drill. However, it was also shown that drilling with cutting fluid and the LN2 cooled drill produced less exit delamination and a reduction in the damage of the drilled surface compared to dry machining. The lowest level of damage was observed with the LN2 cooled drill. It is proposed that this reduction in damage (whilst cutting forces increased) was due to the increased strength of the workpiece during drilling as a consequence of the lower cutting temperature. This indicated that the application of cutting fluid or LN2 cooling to the drilling process can improve the drilling performance with respect to the quality of drilled hole compared to dry machining, even though there was no improvement with respect to thrust force and tool wear.
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Mori, Mikio, Yoichi Kemmochi, Shigeru Yamaguchi y Kazuo Sekine. "Applications of excimer lasers for machining of fiber-reinforced plastics". En OE/LASE '94, editado por Vern N. Smiley y Frank K. Tittel. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.176669.
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Fernando, P. K. S. C., Z. J. Pei, Meng Zhang, Xiaoxu Song y Weilong Cong. "Rotary Ultrasonic Machining of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics: A Design of Experiment". En ASME 2015 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2015-9391.
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Carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) have a wide-spread engineering applications due to their superior properties however, their machining cost is high. Cost effective machining processes are needed for CFRP. Rotary ultrasonic machining (RUM) is a nontraditional machining process for CFRP. RUM utilizes a rotating tool with ultrasonic vibration along the axial direction. Drilling is the most commonly needed machining practice for CFRP. In this study, a drilling test was conducted to investigate input variables, i.e. ultrasonic power, tool rotation speed, and feedrate for RUM of CFRP. A two-level three-factor full factorial design was used for experiment. The design of experiment approach was used to obtain main effects, two-factor interactions, and three-factor interactions on cutting force, torque, and surface roughness.
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Henerichs, M., C. Dold, R. Voß y K. Wegener. "Performance of Lasered PCD- and CVD-Diamond Cutting Inserts for Machining Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRP)". En ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-62675.
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Carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) combine superior mechanical properties with a low weight. Consequently, this material is highly interesting for the aircraft as well as the automotive industry, leading to a massively increased application over the last years. However machining CFRP still faces different difficulties: The material is highly abrasive, most tool substrates and coatings face massive abrasive wear. Machining CFRP often results in many material defects like delamination, fiber pull-out, high surface roughness and burnt matrix material. Several technologies have been developed to combine ultra-hard tool surfaces and most adaptable cutting edge geometries. One of the most interesting approaches is laser machining of diamond cutting edges. The technology combines the wear resistance of thick layer diamonds with a geometrical flexibility so far known only for carbide tools. In the presented study, the wear resistance of different Polycrystalline Diamond (PCD) and Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)-Diamond grades machined with two different laser systems has been tested for machining CFRP. In comparison state-of-the-art grinded PCD cutting inserts are being tested. The comparison of machining characteristics is done by machining CFRP in a continuous turning process with a single fiber orientation. Machining forces are measured to evaluate tool wear. The resulting work piece quality is analyzed by measuring the surface roughness. The machined CFRP is a M21 resin system with an IMA-12K fiber from Hexcel©. Laser machined cutting inserts show equal or superior wear resistance compared to the grinded cutting inserts. In result today lasered cutting inserts are the machining tools available with the highest tool life time. In combination with the freely adaptable tool geometry, lasered cutting inserts are the superior tool system for upcoming machining tasks.
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Sheikh-Ahmad, Jamal y Rahul Yadav. "Force Prediction in Milling of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers". En ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-81909.
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Fiber reinforced polymers are widely used in the transportation, aerospace and chemical industries. In rare instances these materials are produced net-shape, and secondary processing such as machining and assembly may be required to produce a finished product. Because fiber reinforced polymers are heterogeneous materials, they do not machine in a similar way to metals. Thus, the theory of metal machining is not valid for the analysis of machining of fiber reinforced composites. Previous attempts in modeling this problem have adopted Merchant’s theory for metal cutting by assuming that chip formation takes place in a shear plane where the inclination angle is determined by the minimum energy principle. This class of models showed that model predictions are valid only for fiber orientations less than 60°. Furthermore, these models are incapable of predicting cutting forces for multidirectional laminates or complex tool geometry. The work presented here focuses on providing a predictive model for the cutting forces in milling both unidirectional and multidirectional laminates. The model is based on the specific cutting energy principle and accounts for a wide range of fiber orientations and chip thickness. Results from this model were found to be in good agreement with experimental results over the entire range of fiber orientations from 0 to 180°.
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Kawabata, Tetsuya, Toshiki Hirogaki, Eiichi Aoyama, Masao Nakagawa y Hiromichi Nobe. "Basic Performance of Natural Fiber Bevel Gears Made From Only Bamboo Fibers Extracted With a Machining Center". En ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22236.
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Abstract Metal gears can transmit large torque. The disadvantages associated with metal gears are the noise produced and necessity of lubricants. Plastic gears are advantageous because they are lightweight and can be used without lubricants. However, plastic gears have relatively low strengths and damaging environmental effects. We propose the development of a new type of gear that overcomes the disadvantages associated with metal and plastic gears whilst maintaining their advantages. To address environmental issues within manufacturing, it is particularly important to utilize sustainable and reproducible natural materials. Therefore, we devised a method for extracting high-quality and high-precision bamboo fibers using a machining center. Bamboo bevel gears, which are complex-shaped mechanical elements, were manufactured using the hot-pressing method. This paper outlines the performance and characteristics of the molded bamboo bevel gears. We investigated the degree of burning and strength of the bamboo fiber gears at various cutting and forming conditions. The results demonstrated that the degree of burning (black color) did not affect the gear strength, and the gear strength was at a maximum when the fiber length was 50% of the module size.
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Ghafarizadeh, Seyedbehzad, Jean-François Chatelain y Gilbert Lebrun. "Experimental Investigation to Study Cutting Temperature During Milling of Unidirectional Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic". En ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-36767.
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The surface machining of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRP) materials is a challenging process, given the heterogeneity and anisotropic nature of these composites, which, combined with the abrasiveness of the fibers involved, can produce some surface damage and extensive tool wear. The cutting temperature is one of the most important factors associated with the tool wear rate and machinability of these materials, which are also affected by the mechanical and thermal properties of the work material and the cutting conditions. In this work, the cutting temperature, forces and surface roughness were measured under different cutting conditions during the ball-end milling of unidirectional CFRP. Cutting speeds ranging from 200 to 350 m/min, a feed rate of 0.063 mm/rev, fiber orientation of (the angle between carbon fibers and feed direction) 0, 45, 90 and 135 degrees, and a 0.5 mm depth of cut were used. The results show that the cutting speed and fiber orientation have a significant influence on the cutting temperature and cutting force. The maximum and minimum cutting forces and temperature were achieved for fiber orientations of 90 and 0 degrees, respectively.
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Fernando, Palamandadige, Meng Zhang y Zhijian Pei. "Rotary Ultrasonic Machining of CFRP: Effects of Abrasive Properties". En ASME 2018 13th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2018-6631.
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Drilling is the most common machining practice conducted on carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP), which is challenging to conventional machining processes, such as twist drilling. Rotary ultrasonic machining (RUM) is a non-traditional machining process that has been successfully used to drill CFRP, many other brittle (e.g. silicon, ceramics), and ductile (e.g. titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V), stainless steel) materials. RUM is superior to twist drilling on CFRP hole-making in many aspects: lower cutting force and torque, better surface finish, less potential for delamination, and better tool life. Since RUM is a hybrid process of abrasive grinding and ultrasonic machining, it is important to study the effects of abrasive properties on output variables. This paper for the first time investigates the effects of abrasive properties (abrasive size and abrasive concentration) on output variables (cutting force, torque, and surface roughness) in RUM of CFRP. It is found that cutting force increased as abrasive size increased and as abrasive concentration increased; however, abrasive properties did not have significant effects on surface roughness of the machined holes.