Tesis sobre el tema "Lutte contre les oiseaux"
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Dross, Camille. "Stratégies d’utilisation des sols agricoles pour concilier production et oiseaux spécialistes des milieux agricoles". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLA028/document.
Texto completoAgricultural expansion and intensification have disastrous consequences on biodiversity. Studying the relationship between biodiversity and food production can help devise appropriate measures.The objective of this work was to reveal land use strategies to halt the decline of farmland birds while maintaining agricultural production.Our work was based on the study of correlations between agricultural land use, food production, and various bird community descriptors across French agroecosystems.In high crop production regions, we observed low-diversity communities dominated by few arable specialist species. In high livestock production regions, we observed communities dominated by generalist bird species. The land-use strategy that maximized the Farmland Bird Index under crop and livestock production constraints involved a decrease of crop intensity in the most intensive crop regions and an increase of livestock intensity in the most intensive livestock regions. Extensive livestock production was reinforced in current extensive areas.Our results have shown that different strategies are needed in crop-dominated and in livestock dominated regions
El, Adouzi Marine. "Déterminants biotiques d'une interaction durable lâche : interactions entre un microprédateur hématophage, son hôte oiseau et les communautés d'acariens du fumier". Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MON30016.
Texto completoThe Poultry Red Mite (PRM) Dermanyssus gallinae is a mite of major sanitary andeconomic importance for the egg production industry worldwide but paradoxicallythe functioning of its ecosystem has been little studied. The objective of this work was to provide relevant elements for the characterization of this singular ecosystem that is poorly known, in order to, beyond the production of knowledge, contribute to the development of innovative strategies of integrated management. This is expected to allow going further than the strict chemical control which is still to date the most widely used means of control. The study of the chemical interactions between the PRM and its host allowed to better identify sources of stimulus and to better understand D. gallinae’s responses to chicken odors as well as to determine to what extent it was possible to interfere between the host and its micropredator during the first phase of the host location. The characterization of the structure of arthropod communities sharing the same microhabitats as does PRM showed that D. gallinae was associated with several species of mites and predatory insects of arthropods which could potentially be its natural enemies. It was also demonstrated that the livestock building was a specific unit in terms of the composition and structure ofthe arthropod communities. Significant differences in the frequency and occurrence of predatory species between buildings and their propagation capacity from the external environment are promising indicators for the development of conservation biological control (CBC) against PRM. A reflection on the possible synergistic and antagonistic cross-effects between the manipulation of host odors and the stimulation of ecological processes involving non-haematophagous arthropods is carried out. This is expected to participate in the development of an approach integrating these tools as well as other available means of control in a context of integrated biological protection of PRM
Le, Gentil Éric. "Pollution par les hydrocarbures en Manche et en golfe de Gascogne : risques et prévention entre 1960 et 2004". Brest, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00435266.
Texto completoIn order to decrease accidental and operationnal oil spills from vessels, the international community has created a system of risk prevention for oil pollution. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the effectiveness of this process in the English channel and the bay of Biscay between 1960 and 2004. In the first part, we present methods and data used to assess quantity and circumstances of oil spills from vessels. We show in the second part that Channel and bay of Biscay are more exposed to oil spills than regionals seas surrounding mainly because of maritime traffic caracteristics and climatic context. In the third part, we analyse the evolution of accidental and operationnal oil spills and we discuss the influence of the regulation framework (compliance rate with international norms by flag states, port states and coastal states) and of the socio-economic context on observed tendancies
Ragu-Charrier, Aurélie. "Lutte contre les bactéries multirésistantes". Paris 11, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA114166.
Texto completoChopin, Frédérique. "La lutte contre la corruption". Aix-Marseille 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX32004.
Texto completoThis work wants to explain that corruption is an infraction whose main characteristic is its mutation capacity. Depending on what it affects, public markets, sport, publicity, international trades, urban mercantile or political life, it isn't the same infraction. This main characteristic justifies the difficulties that the ruler has met in the fight against corruption. Therefore, an adaptation in the fight against corruption is necessary. It implies a double change : on one hand, a change in space and time and on the other hand, a change in the work of fighting. A change in space and time must take into account all the inappropriate and inefficient measures taken before now, the politics which are driven all over the world and the chance of their harmonisation besides the obstacles. A change in the work of the fight can be illustrated by the appearance of new actors (citizens, associations, press and non-governmental organisations) and by the new nature of the enterprise, on law, criminal, sociological and ethical bases. At last, in a multidisciplinary approach, we suggest some changes in order to improve the fight against corruption's main characteristic : its mutation capacity
Farouz-Chopin, Frédérique. "La lutte contre la corruption /". Perpignan : Presses universitaires de Perpignan, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39098350s.
Texto completoJerez, Olivier. "La lutte contre le blanchiment des capitaux". Aix-Marseille 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX32018.
Texto completo"the cleaning of capitals" is a worl wide phenomena which has become generalised throughout the internationalisation of financial exchanges which has been made easier by an international pledge. The "cleaning of dirty money" has lought about its fruits which became the crime in the 90's using the economical and financial system which called for professonal methods of "white collar delinquents". The laundering consists of the infiltration of funds money from "un certain" origins in the circuits of our society ; these illicits profits can be filtred by rudimentory and general methods or specifics ones which we can resum in three stages : investments, stacking and integration. The two principal sources of laundered money are from drugs and profits generated throughout criminal activity. Earlier turned towards drugs, organised crime has been changed towards other sectors of which gains are made in order to give a "smell" of legality to these dirty gains and to render clean, "dirty money". Using his role as a financier the banker takes an international stand. He can throughout his cooperation and insight contribute in a active way to fight against "laundering" and all and curry crime. Thevefore this legal mouvment and international mobilisation over the last three years has been welcomed as well as the creation of the action group (g. A. F. I. ) in 1989 at the paris' summit (l'arche) which was
Hercule, Sidney. "L'Etat et la lutte contre la toxicomanie". Paris 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA020024.
Texto completoGillet, Delphine. "Les instruments de lutte contre la récidive". Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE0047.
Texto completoFighting repeat offense is a new trend within History of the Criminal Law. Since the end of the death penalty: physical punishment, relegation and criminal guardianship, there are no absolute penal response, protecting the nation against recidivism. Rapid procedures and further made worse punishments breach fundamental rights, according the presumption of innocence, fair trial and defense rights. Tool's objectives and subjective criteria allow the implementation of a brutal crackdown by the Prosecutor. In a country that claims to be modern and human, chances of rehabilitation are actually limited. We know neither punish nor forgive. The aim of retribution always outpaces preventive measures challenges for preparing rehabilitation. Society is an accomplice of tools that feed counterproductive repeat offense. The recent adoption of criminal coercion gently begins a necessary paradigm shift. Inspired by Anglo-Saxon, the French probation will have an inconsistent reformer judiciary. Partnership, the enhanced individualization and restorative justice actively guide the offender on the path of desistance. To channel revenge of tools involves putting on equal punishment and rehabilitation imperative. The unsure and hazard bases of tools limit the scope of guiding principles on criminal law and effective rights of defense. Are incorrigibleness and hazardousness irrebuttable presumptions? Can recidivist claim a right to get rehabilitation against penitentiary administration?
Mounzika-Ntsika, Pierre-Juste. "La Lutte internationale contre la piraterie aérienne". Lille : A.N.R.T, 1985. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36105644v.
Texto completoBonneville, Antoine. "Droit fiscal et lutte contre la criminalité". Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010251.
Texto completoThe study of the reality of crime shows that it has essentially an economic purpose. The financial aspect can also be a significant one, especially in the case of terrorism. However, the response to crime takes very little account of the economic reality of the crime and is, historically, based on criminal punishment. The tax law is in concurrence with the criminal law. In regard to this observation, it becomes necessary to change the response to crime in order to better meet this reality. Among the existing means, the tax law is representing several advantages, including the fact that it is conceptually directed to fight illicit financial flows, whether they are of criminal origin or not. If the body of law related to the fight against crime is not tax law oriented, the few existing cases show that it has a significant contribution, including the capacity of the tax administration (even though it is under-used) in research on information flows. The fight against crime could become much more effective if the paradigm of criminal law had changed. This change could be achieved by adopting an economic approach, like the approach and means used in the case of tax evasion. Whether seeking economic sanctions rather than criminal, or dealing with the criminal environment as a whole
Serre, Bastien. "La lutte contre la corruption à Madagascar". Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU10035/document.
Texto completoFreyssinet, Eric. "Lutte contre les botnets : analyse et stratégie". Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066390/document.
Texto completoBotnets, or networks of computers infected with malware and connected to a command and control system, is one of the main tools for criminal activities on the Internet today. They allow the development of a new type of crime: crime as a service (CaaS). They are a challenge for law enforcement. First by the importance of their impact on the security of networks and the commission of crimes on the Internet. Next, with regards to the extremely international dimension of their dissemination and therefore the enhanced difficulty in conducting investigations. Finally, through the large number of actors that may be involved (software developers, botnet masters, financial intermediaries, etc.). This thesis proposes a thorough study of botnets (components, operation, actors), the specificaion of a data collection method on botnet related activities and finally the technical and organizational arrangements in the fight against botnets; it concludes on proposals on the strategy for this fight. The work carried out has confirmed the relevance, for the effective study of botnets, of a model encompassing all their components, including infrastructure and actors. Besides an effort in providing definitions, the thesis describes a complete model of the life cycle of a botnet and offers methods for categorization of these objects. This work shows the need for a shared strategy which should include the detection elements, coordination between actors and the possibility or even the obligation for operators to implement mitigation measures
Freyssinet, Eric. "Lutte contre les botnets : analyse et stratégie". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066390.
Texto completoBotnets, or networks of computers infected with malware and connected to a command and control system, is one of the main tools for criminal activities on the Internet today. They allow the development of a new type of crime: crime as a service (CaaS). They are a challenge for law enforcement. First by the importance of their impact on the security of networks and the commission of crimes on the Internet. Next, with regards to the extremely international dimension of their dissemination and therefore the enhanced difficulty in conducting investigations. Finally, through the large number of actors that may be involved (software developers, botnet masters, financial intermediaries, etc.). This thesis proposes a thorough study of botnets (components, operation, actors), the specificaion of a data collection method on botnet related activities and finally the technical and organizational arrangements in the fight against botnets; it concludes on proposals on the strategy for this fight. The work carried out has confirmed the relevance, for the effective study of botnets, of a model encompassing all their components, including infrastructure and actors. Besides an effort in providing definitions, the thesis describes a complete model of the life cycle of a botnet and offers methods for categorization of these objects. This work shows the need for a shared strategy which should include the detection elements, coordination between actors and the possibility or even the obligation for operators to implement mitigation measures
Hamraoui, Abdelaziz. "Adaptation d'Acanthoscelides obtectus say (coléoptère-bruchidae) bruche du haricot (phaseolus vulgaris L. ) à des légumineuses originellement non hôtes et protection végétale induite par des plantes et extraits aromatiques et leurs dérivés allèlochimiques". Pau, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PAUU3013.
Texto completoGautron, Virginie. "Les politiques publiques de lutte contre la délinquance". Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00813174.
Texto completoDarrioumerle, Guillaume. "La mondialisation de la lutte contre le dopage". Thesis, La Réunion, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LARE0030.
Texto completoGlobalization of fight against doping. The fight against doping in sport has been administered by a body of homogeneous rules on a global scale since the beginning of the 2000s. In a crisis of legitimacy after having worked for a long time in autonomy, the Olympic authorities have agreed to coordinate their efforts with public authorities in a hybrid institution, WADA, which participates in its own way in the phenomenon of globalization. The globalized anti-doping law is distinguished firstly by its method: to achieve the objective of harmonization and to remedy conflicts of norms, it is a question of associating codification with flexible law and litigation with the State with arbitration; the result is a homogenization of legal cultures that manifests itself as much in accepting norms as in common principles. The globalization of anti-doping law then comes into play with its discourse: while globalization is criticized for its lack of meaning, the fight against doping is based on the definition of a true ideology which is amplified by the intervention of the public authorities; it is therefore less a question of correcting the excesses of the market in sport than of satisfying collective needs, which helps to understand the notion of regulation. The anti-doping law thus reveals itself in characteristic aspects of the administrative law: in the name of the general interest, the regulation takes sometimes the features of a special police, sometimes of a public service. In the end, what was only an ambitious program resulted in an institutional and normative reconfiguration that prefigured the contours of a global right in formation and overturned the classic perceptions of the administration
Le, Jeune Pierrick. "La politique européenne de lutte contre le terrorisme". Lyon 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LYO33006.
Texto completoThe european states, to face terrorism, have elaborated a common policy based on practice-unilateraly developped, and then harmonized- in the frame of informal groups of dialogue especially in the trevi conference. The trevi conference, instituting itself (referring to the institution theory) becomes the legal frame of the european states' response. Within the conference have grown an institutionnal cooperation and a conventionnal one. It appears that the agreements are widely determined by practice, will be widen, constituting the base of a future "european police"
Mendy, Adriano. "La lutte contre le terrorisme en droit international". Reims, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008REIMD011.
Texto completoStates belonging to all political, economic systems, geographical regions, religions and cultures were victims of terrorism. Also the fight against this phenomenon concerns the international Community and the Right which governs it. Although it is subjected the repercussions of the attacks from September 11th, 2001, international law remains a solid building on which gets organized the fight against terrorism. This one takes two complementary ways: international conventions and resolutions of the Security Council taken under the chapter VII of the Charter of United Nations. The underlying idea of these universal texts is to set up a legal framework allowing the harmonization of the offences relating to terrorism, as well as a better judicial collaboration between States. The intensification of the terrorist requires at the same time the research of a global solution through the various aspects of international law (in this case the right of amicable relations, human rights), but also through international actions aiming to eradicate the situations which can be exploited by terrorism
Jain, Sonal. "Les stratégies organisationnelles de lutte contre la corruption". Thesis, Nantes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NANT3008.
Texto completoDefined as the misuse of authority for personal / organizational gain, corruption is a global phenomenon that has existed for centuries. However, despite its negative consequences and a long history, research into corruption only started in the 1990s. In business literature, the topic of anti-corruption is largely ignored. The lack of interest has driven this doctoral dissertation about the fight against corruption, divided into three chapters. Chapter 1 covers the systematic literature review, which analyzes the empirical methods and theoretical trends in the field of corruption over 31 years. The result reveals that current research is deficient in a qualitative study, primary data, longitudinal analysis, and organizational level investigation. These gaps are addressed in Chapters 2 and 3 using institutional theory. Chapter 2 advances the literature in the anti-corruption disclosure area by examining codes of conduct disclosure of 40 French companies before and after implementing anti-corruption law in France. The result shows that companies disclose higher levels of anti-corruption disclosures in the mandatory period than in the voluntary period. Coercive and normative isomorphic mechanisms play a role in strengthening anti-corruption efforts. Chapter 3 is based on empirical qualitative research of 34 French small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), looking at their anti-corruption practices. To increase their legitimacy, SMEs have different strategies, which can be divided between substantial and symbolic strategies. SMEs face various and diverse institutional pressures. They lack the necessary resources (money, expertise, human work force) to comply with anti-corruption requirements. The main response of SMEs to institutional pressures of large firms appears to be avoidance in relation to anti-corruption practices. The result reveals the instrumental use of anti-corruption practices by SMEs, specifically to gain legitimacy
Mbaye, Souleymane. "Trois évaluations d'actions de lutte contre les discriminations". Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC2034.
Texto completoIn France, numerous empirical studies highlight the existence and extent of discrimination against some demographic groups because of one or more criteria in a particular market. Most of this work has focused on discrimination in hiring and access to housing, on the basis of gender, origin and place of residence. In response to these difficulties, many public policy measures have been put in place. However, studies to evaluate them on a rigorous basis remain very rare or non-existent.In this doctoral thesis, we are interested in evaluating the effectiveness of three actions to combat discrimination based on gender, origin and place of residence in the fields of employment and housing.In access to private employment (Chapter 1), we examine whether individual entrepreneurship, encouraged by the President of the Republic, Emmanuel Macron, in his speech on 14 November 2017 on the theme of “Politique de la Ville” (City Policy) in Roubaix, is an effective means of avoiding discrimination on the grounds of gender, origin and reputation of the place of residence on the labour market. We are interested in entrepreneurship through business takeovers. In access to public employment (Chapter 2), we are interested in evaluating the new actions for equality and diversity in recruitment implemented within the French Ministry of National Education since 2014: by modifying the rules for the constitution of juries, raising juries' awareness of discrimination, modifying recruitment methods, as well as professionalizing the competition tests, with a reduction in the number of tests, and changing their content. This last aspect is the main point of the reform of the open competitions of the different categories of the French Ministry of National Education. We are examining the impact of this reform of the professionalisation of competitions on the chances of success in the competition for candidates who are potentially discriminated against on the grounds of their sex or place of residence, as well as on the evaluation bias on the part of members of the selection boards.In access to housing (Chapter 3), we assess the effect of an action to reduce discrimination on the basis of origin by means of a nominative letter reminding the legal framework sent by “le Défenseur des Droits” (the Defender of Rights) to real estate agencies with a high risk of discrimination
Rafalimanana, Nomen Anjara Gillucia. "Les instruments d'une lutte efficace contre la corruption". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25329.
Texto completoFraser, Pierre. "Les conditions d’émergence de la lutte contre l’obésité". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26807.
Texto completoDiabate, Alima y Alima Diabate. "La lutte contre la désertification en droit malien". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37825.
Texto completoCe mémoire porte un regard critique sur les instruments juridiques relatifs à la lutte contre la désertification adoptés par le Mali depuis son indépendance jusqu’à nos jours. La désertification a commencé à prendre de l’ampleur dans les pays d’Afrique de l’Ouest, notamment au Mali, avec les grandes périodes de sècheresses de 1968 à 1973 et de 1982 à 1984. Nous verrons que dès l’indépendance acquise en 1960, le Mali a entrepris de protéger juridiquement son environnement avec la Convention d’Alger de 1968 et la loi forestière de la même année. Le présent mémoire est divisé en deux parties, la première étant consacrée à la période pré démocratique, allant de 1960 à 1991, et la seconde couvrant la période démocratique, allant de 1991 à nos jours. Pendant la période pré démocratique, le Mali a adopté peu de textes juridiques dans le domaine de la lutte contre la désertification. Cette faille fut corrigée au cours de la seconde période. En ce sens, l’analyse effectuée permet de relever les failles dans les textes juridiques maliens en matière de lutte contre la désertification depuis l’indépendance du pays à nos jours et de proposer des recommandations en vue de parfaire le droit de la lutte contre la désertification.
This thesis takes a critical look at the legal instruments relating to the fight against desertification adopted by Mali since its independence until today. Desertification has begun to increase in West African countries, particularly in Mali, with the major drought periods from 1968 to 1973 and 1982 to 1984. We will see that since independence in 1960, Mali has undertaken to legally protect its environment with the Algiers Convention of 1968 and the Forest Law of the same year. This thesis is divided into two parts, the first dealing with the pre-democratic period from 1960 to 1991, and the second covering the democratic period from 1991 to the present. In the pre-democratic period, Mali adopted few legal texts in the field of combating desertification. This flaw was corrected in the second period. In this sense, the analysis carried out makes it possible to identify gaps in Malian legal texts in the fight against desertification since the country's independence to date and to propose recommendations for improving the law to combat desertification.
This thesis takes a critical look at the legal instruments relating to the fight against desertification adopted by Mali since its independence until today. Desertification has begun to increase in West African countries, particularly in Mali, with the major drought periods from 1968 to 1973 and 1982 to 1984. We will see that since independence in 1960, Mali has undertaken to legally protect its environment with the Algiers Convention of 1968 and the Forest Law of the same year. This thesis is divided into two parts, the first dealing with the pre-democratic period from 1960 to 1991, and the second covering the democratic period from 1991 to the present. In the pre-democratic period, Mali adopted few legal texts in the field of combating desertification. This flaw was corrected in the second period. In this sense, the analysis carried out makes it possible to identify gaps in Malian legal texts in the fight against desertification since the country's independence to date and to propose recommendations for improving the law to combat desertification.
Boizot, Sabine. "L'Union européenne et la lutte contre le terrorisme". Paris 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA020026.
Texto completoOuedraogo, Wend-Lamanegda Diane Nathalie. "Prévention et lutte contre le terrorisme en Afrique". Rouen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ROUED003.
Texto completoInternational terrorism is a phenomenon that spares no continent. His renewed energy with the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States challenged the entire international community and attracts the attention of the world on a phenomenon whose struggle became urgent. All the measures should be implemented for this purpose. The African continent had already begun to organize the fight against terrorism since the 1990's, long before it became a priority in the agenda of the international community. Indeed, facing the attacks that it suffered in 1998, Africa had decided to take measures to combat terrorism which is a serious violation of human rights and a hindrance to socio-economic development. To do this, African leaders have agreed to set up a legal instrument to ensure security, peace and development. Hence the adoption of the Convention of the OAU in the prevention and combating against terrorism 14 July 1999 in Alger. The Convention, as its name suggests, deals with both prevention and repression but not without first giving a definition of what is considered as terrorist act. It imposes on States both unilateral obligations and cooperation actions. The African Convention is concerned with prevention. A prevention that passes through eradication of underlying causes of terrorism. It also imposes repression during which the implementation of its provisions is not without difficulties. To what extent is this effective ? Is the fight against terrorism in Africa through its legal instrument effective ? This is the question to which we will try to respond through an analysis of the Convention to fully appreciate the efficiency
Souvignet, Thomas. "L'expertise et la lutte contre la fraude monétique". Thesis, Paris 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA020091.
Texto completoEvery year, payment card fraud exceeds 1.5 billion euros in Europe. Organised crime groups are exploiting any vulnerability possible to take a piece of this lucrative activity. Even though the five principal entities in the payment card industry (cardholders, issuers,acceptors, acquirers and payment system providers) are implementing binding security measures through out standardized systems and networks, fraud continues to increase. Efforts by the state, industry collaboration, and individuals have been unsuccessful in decreasing criminal advances. Having analysed the elements of payment card fraud, this thesis proposes several actions (passive, reactive and proactive) to help improve the fight against this fraud. First, itis relevant to gain knowledge of the source of the card details and not to focus only on its reuse. Next, forensic assessment has to be improved, for example by developing an increased scientific understanding of the technology. Such an expertise should then be passed on to investigators through effective training and knowledge transfer. Investigations should also be made more dynamic with reactive operations conducted in concert by investigators and technicians. Finally, in an ideal proactive spirit, future investigations and assessments should be oriented and facilitated by studying and influencing current payment card technology developments
Tephany, Yann. "La lutte contre les activités illicites en mer". Thesis, Nantes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NANT2013.
Texto completoMaritime security threats have always been a critical concern for States. The age-old figure of the pirate sailing the Seven Seas to plunder merchant ships is a striking illustration of this. Nowadays, this matter still attracts the attention of the international community. Contemporary maritime security threats now includes a wide range of illegal acts, such as piracy in the high seas, armed robbery in territorial waters, maritime terrorism, illicit traffic of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, smuggling and trafficking of persons, illegal fishing and intentional and unlawful damage to the marine environment. UNCLOS reaches a compromise between national interests of States in one hand, and the interest of the international community in the other. This Convention establishes a legal framework in which it upholds the principle of freedom of navigation in various articles, and also provides States' law enforcement powers against criminals operating on vessels flying foreign flags. However, UNCLOS is not, per se, a crime control treaty. For that reason, several multilateral treaties called “suppression convention” have been concluded, with the purpose of suppressing transnational crime. These treaties include the obligation to criminalize several activities that could be committed at sea, and serve to complement the international framework for fight illegal activities at sea.States and international organizations strengthen and enforce these international rules. They develop new instruments and procedures to tackle maritime security threats. International courts also play an important role, for instance in terms of obliging States to take due account of the fundamental rights of persons arrested for being involved in illicit maritime activities. All these developments demonstrate that States have enough legal tools to fight illegal activities at sea, although there is a lack of effective cooperation
Pantelodimou, Eirini. "La lutte contre la pollution marine en France". Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010317.
Texto completoThe sea plays a vital role in regulating climate and in maintaining ecological balance. The oceans and the sea constitute a source of wealth, an immense reservoir of food resources and of employment for many people. The Mediterranean Sea is a sensitive ecosystem, subject to strong pressures derived from human activities, such as fishing, oil and gas exploration, dumping of waste and other matter in the sea, maritime transport, transfer of aquatic invasive species via ballast water and littoral tourism. France, severely affected by the sinking of the Amoco Cadiz, the Erika and the Prestige, took numerous initiatives not only at an international but also at a regional level. The complexity of the marine pollution problem, due to the diversity of polluting factors and to their diffuse sources, has favored a regional approach. This approach has resulted in the adoption, at a national, regional and international level, of a network of policies, legislative texts, programs and action plans in the field of marine environment protection. It constitutes a stifling body of rules, comprising preventive and repressive measures. The institutional and legal complexity of marine protection hinders, however, the effective protection of the marine environment. ln this context, the international community encourages the implementation of an ecosystem approach to oceans. At European level, the adoption of the Framework Directive «Strategy for the Marine Environment» favours a consistency between different EU policies as well as an integration of environmental considerations into ail policies related to the sea. Furthermore, the effectiveness of European legislation in the field of the fight again marine pollution, has been reinforced by the adoption of a common framework of liability with regard to the prevention and remedy of environment damage
Déjean, Nathalie. "Les pyréthrines dans la lutte contre les poux". Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR2P082.
Texto completoAhiaku, Sadia Koffi. "Les instruments internationaux de lutte contre la contrefaçon". Poitiers, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011POIT3018.
Texto completoUntil the early 1990s, the classic traities on intellectual property were mainly concerned by the purely normative protection of the standards in this matter. Considerng these shortcomings, the fight against counterfeiting is based only on national measures, while the plague has continued to be internationalized. By providing an impressive procedural and customs devices to combat counterfeiting, the new conventional law, mainly the TRIPS agreement, adopted a more modern and especially more functional approach on the protection of these rights. Such progress, however, were not enough to ensure effective conventional protection, that was compromised by many burdens and resistance. The first ones relates to the actual content of conventional law, that is, above all, the way conventional standards are defined, but also to the persistence of bilateral sided agreements that lead to change the international treaties' balance. Others are the consequences, on the fight against counterfeiting, of the free market economy's logic that dominates the new conventional law. The second result of external factors, whether related to the pitfalls of the conventional law's effective integration, or the resolution of disputes between States and the implementation of the decisions outcoming from these mechanisms. An evolution of conventional law, feasible, requires in particular, on one hand, normative improvements relating to material standards - procedural and punitive damages - as well as private international law's standards, a real poor part of the treaty law. It requires, on the other hand, structural improvements relating to the defence - jurisdictional or not - of rights, and to the monitoring and the implementing of the State commitments
Roy, Geneviève. "Développement d'un agent de lutte biologique contre Heterobasidion annosum". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ43109.pdf.
Texto completoVillabona, Jairo. "La Lutte contre la fraude fiscale : le cas colombien". Rouen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ROUED006.
Texto completoThe fiscal collection in Colombia is very low, this situation causes the resources available to the State are insufficient to provide all the social needs. Tax fraud is one of the reason of low tax collection, and it has multiple causes, some of them are economic and social of the country and others are inadequate fiscal management and a weak control. From multiple sources of information, the thesis makes a characterize about the tax fraud and it elaborate an index called and weighted index of propensity to Tax Fraud - IPPFF which allows to give a diagnosis of those aspects that should be improved to reduce tax fraud. The final results in this research are supported by extensive work, for doing interviews with experts and officials from the tax authorities of Colombia and for doing surveys to officers. In addition to progress in this research we did a review of the technical documents related to tax planning and tax fraud between 1971 and 2013 the Inter-American Center of Tax Administration, also with all of international organizations like the World Bank, BID, OCDE, CEPAL, ONU and others produced by experts in this topic. Finally it was found that the main causes of tax fraud in Colombia are related to corruption, lax laws, informality, obsolete information systems, the large fiscal benefits, lack of international cooperation and understaffed
Fares, Philippe. "La Communauté internationale et la lutte contre le terrorisme". Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA4013.
Texto completoThe fight against terrorism for decades is a major concern of the international community. Taking account of this struggle began in 1937 when the League of Nations discussed a charter for the prevention of terrorism. After 1945, the United Nations form the essential framework of the struggle that intensified after the bombing of Munich in 1972, and each will react to terrorist activity by the adoption of international conventions. However, the impact of 11 September 2001 and they have driven developments in the fight against terrorism on the evolution of the international legal order is to say the least. On the one hand, international law appeared to the States as an instrument of choice to organize the suppression and prevention of acts of terrorism and significant legal developments have occurred in this context. On the other hand, however, the international legal system has suffered since the beginning of the new millennium, a "test case" unprecedented, the relevance of some of its most basic standards being very seriously questioned by various states with regard to the requirements stated in the fight against terrorism
Leroy, Céline. "Lutte contre les salissures marines : approche par procédés enzymatiques". Toulouse, INSA, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ISAT0002.
Texto completoFouling on marine underwater surfaces causes critical and economic problems such as important material biodamages and industrial performances reduction. We chose to test antifouling potential of enzymatic commercial preparations like hydrolases (proteases, glycosidases and lipases) in order to inhibit the first fouling adhesion step: bacterial biofilm formation. An evaluation test of antifouling properties onto marine bacterial adhesion was designed using a mono-incubation of Pseudoalteromonas sp. D41 in microtiter plate and in sterile natural sea water. This test was adapted to screen agents for bacterial adhesion removal or inhibition activities and allowed to test enzymatic preparations toxicity on non adhered bacteria. Inhibition rates according to logarithm of enzymatic preparation concentration exhibits a sigmoid shape like dose-response curves. Among hydrolases, proteases like subtilisin are the most efficient enzymes. The efficiency of amylase, lipase and protease activity mixture was evaluated and showed a high synergistic inhibition on Pseudoalteromonas sp. D41 adhesion in microtiter plate. Studies on polymeric extracellular substances from Pseudoalteromonas sp. D41 in fermentation and in biofilm will be helpful in the understanding of the organic molecules nature involved in the adhesion inhibition
Gautier-Audebert, Agnès. "La lutte contre l'espionnage et le terrorisme en europe". Lille 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LIL20006.
Texto completoIf all european countries feel concerned with spying and terrorism, neither the european community is shielded against these plagues. As a consequence, the states have reacted through their police forces and specialy developed legal environnements. Treaties have been elaborated and coordination structures have been created in on international and european purpose. In the 1993's frontierless europe, the ninth schengen agreement states members and the twelve of the european community will have to strengthen the police and legal european system
Ceccon, Florence. "Contribution à l'étude de la lutte contre la corruption". Montpellier 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON10061.
Texto completoBibal, Romain. "La lutte contre la fraude et l'évasion fiscales internationales". Toulouse 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOU10052.
Texto completoWhereas crisis and recession clamp down on the economy, the battle against international tax evasion and fraud has become a priority, from a political as long as an economical point of view. The tax legislator, well aware of the actual specificities of this new battle, such as the burden of the proof, has provided the tax administration with comprehensive anti tax-evasion means. The compliance with supranational (conventional as well as communautary) rules has nonetheless resulted in technical difficulties, that can no longer be ignorated by the tax legislator and that call for appropriate answers. As a paradox, international tax law, often the cause of internal anti evasion proceedings ban, winds up being necessary on a larger scale. The efficiency of anti tax-evasion measures can only be achieved with the resort to international tax cooperation and international tax law, both capable of providing the local administrations with appropriate tools. However, despite structural deficiencies, international tax cooperation is principally restricted by the non commitment of a certain number of states and territories, generally referred to as tax havens. In spite of past failures, a general agreement seems to have been reached by the great countries, with the view to putting an end to tax heavens legal opacities
Piffaut, Vincent. "Rôle du biologiste dans la lutte contre l'infection hospitalière". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985STR1M030.
Texto completoN'Simba, François. "Approche économique de lutte contre les pertes des sols". Bordeaux 4, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR40030.
Texto completoThe phenomenon of erosion, because of its economic and environmental implications, has become one of the major problems confronted by those who manage our natural environment. Erosion is a natural phenomenon which can, however, be accentuated by modern agricultural methods. Soil erosion causes damage not only on an agricultural level, but also in areas unconnected with farming. The most immediate consequences are a reduction in the earth fertility (with all the attendant consequences regarding production and yields), which in return calls for a massive use of fertilisers. The erosion of earth enriched by fertilisers contributes to the deposit of soil particles in lakes and rivers. These products of erosion coming from agricultural land have a negative effet on water supply, on leisure activities, the cost of water treatment and wild life. These are external effects, as they are not taken into account in the farmer's decision-making process when it comes to choosing farming methods. These external costs must therefore be taken into account in the drawing up of soil conservation programmes. These soil conservation programmes also have an impact on farmer's income, prices, agricultural production and water quality
Fournier, Aurelie. "Le contrôle international de la lutte contre le terrorisme". Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30012.
Texto completoThe aim of this work is to prove that the fight against terrorism doesn’t need arbitrary measures to eradicate such a globalised phenomena. Two notions are in conflict: peace keeping and human rights. Are they compatible? Should the fight against terrorism be lead by all means?We will see the the international/regional control of the measures taken by the States is necessary because of the globalisation of terrorism. Rights are threatened by measures undertaken by the States. The control is done by international/regional organs which can take different ways. It checks that the States respect international law and especially International Human rights and Humanitarian Law.Nethertheless, this control is limited because the measures adopted at international level are made by States who are victims of terrorism. The international control of legality is far from being accepted. The control is also limited because of the primary aim of the States which is to fight against terrorism. We will see that the scope of the control is nuanced
Baugas, Valérie Stalder Jean-François. "Les répulsifs utilisés dans la lutte contre les moustiques". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://theses.univ-nantes.fr/thesemed/PHbaugas.pdf.
Texto completoBabillot, Pascale. "Optimisation économique et lutte contre la pollution de l'eau". Paris 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA010005.
Texto completoThe overworld concern about human responsabilities towards the water resource stands now in agreement with the quantitative and qualitative issues attached to it. To analyse the theoritical statements of the economy of welfare within the framework of water pollution leads to a better understan-ding of the limits of economic rationality with regards to the concrete need of asserting a "good" level of pollution, defining "acceptable" risk and or deciding upon an appropriate control strategy. It also suggests the role economy can play as a main langage in negociations
LIU, ZHI-QIAN. "Contribution a la lutte contre les angiospermes parasites : recherche de methodes de lutte chimique selective contre la cuscute dans les cultures de legumineuses". Nantes, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NANT2022.
Texto completoChen, Xin. "Efficacité de Harmonia axyridis (coleoptera : coccinellidae) comme agent de lutte biologique contre Myzus persicae (homoptera : aphididae)". Avignon, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AVIG0005.
Texto completoPelaez, Gutierrez Juan Carlos. "Terrorisme et droit : étude comparée des moyens juridiques de lutte contre le terrorisme en droit interne français et colombien". Aix-Marseille 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX32049.
Texto completoIn spite of the diversities and particularities of the terrorist phenomenon in France and in Colombia, the legal systems used to fight terrorism in these two states are similar. An analysis of these systems reveals that these judicial instruments are in fact derogatory to the Law. This nature leads to complex legal problems. The situation is especially significant in Colombia due to the particularity of this country. These last years anti terrorist public policies derogatory to the Law have not seized to develop to the detriment of constitutional liberties. The efficiency of the fight against terrorism has thus paradoxically become a new standard for conformity with the Constitution. It is the severity of the terrorist threat that justifies the adoption and the declaration of conformity of these legal instruments to the Constitution and not the analysis of their compatibility with the constitutional order. However, to oppose efficiency and respect of fundamental rights is an artificial debate. It is indeed possible to effectively fight terrorism whilst still remaining in the boundaries of a State governed by the rule of law. In order to achieve this, two conditions are necessary. First of all, the acknowledgement of the political nature of terrorism is fundamental to adequately draw the legal boundaries of this form of violence. Secondly, the responsibilities derived from the terrorist acts, the legal system used to reprimand such acts must not be exclusive of the Law, which must remain the rule, and its derogations the exception. Lastly, it is fundamental to recognise the complementary character the system of state liability and the legal system of public compensation if one is to build an efficient compensation system. The acknowledgement of the political nature of the terrorist phenomenon contributes undoubtedly to this in a decisive manner
Kirk, Alan Alastair. "Utilisation de la lutte biologique en écologie appliquée : contrôle d'insectes et de mauvaises herbes dans des situations de déséquilibre". Aix-Marseille 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX30081.
Texto completoMehdi, Djazira. "Les instruments de lutte contre le blanchiment d'argent en Algérie". Thesis, Nice, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NICE0050/document.
Texto completoMoney laundering is currently an offense that is still growing. Moreover, the fight against this phenomenon remains an overall theme. Recognizing the transboundary nature of this scourge and its harmful consequences that this presents particularly for the developing countries whose financial systems are notoriously fragile, Algeria has introduced various instruments to fight money laundering. In addition to its participation in international instruments, it has set up national means to fight against this form of financial crime. We analyzed these instruments and the recent changes made by the Algerian authorities
Villeneuve, Christian. "Captivité démoniaque et lutte contre le diable chez Louis Bouyer". Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24335/24335.pdf.
Texto completoEssouma, Mvola Guy. "La politique criminelle de lutte contre les discriminations à l'embauche". Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00996384.
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