Artículos de revistas: "Lungs Inflammation"

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Kumar, Rajiv. "SARS-CoV-2, Inflammation, Allergy of the Lungs and Nanotherapeutics". International Journal of Clinical Case Reports and Reviews 11, n.º 1 (4 de abril de 2022): 01–02. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-4861/208.

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Nanomaterials and nanotechnology are quite helpful in disease identification, prevention, treatment, scheming, and monitoring [4]. The properties of multifunctional nanomaterials altered by applying the strategies of nanotechnology and furnished for designing novel remedies for various medical applications. Furthermore, modified features of nanomaterials can influence their fate and also upgrade their claims in inhalation. Thus these types of nanoscale innovations achieved by adopting aforesaid strategies significantly. The nanotools and remedies treat viral infection and, in the end, also improve the health of the lungs

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Le, Nguyen Phuong Khanh, Shankaramurthy Channabasappa, Mokarram Hossain, Lixin Liu y Baljit Singh. "Leukocyte-specific protein 1 regulates neutrophil recruitment in acute lung inflammation". American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 309, n.º 9 (1 de noviembre de 2015): L995—L1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00068.2014.

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The mechanisms of excessive migration of activated neutrophils into inflamed lungs, credited with tissue damage, are not fully understood. We explored the hitherto unknown expression of leukocyte-specific protein 1 (LSP1) in human and mouse lungs and neutrophils and examined its role in neutrophil migration in acute lung inflammation. Autopsied septic human lungs showed increased LSP1 labeling in epithelium, endothelium, and leukocytes, including in their nuclei compared with normal lungs. We induced acute lung inflammation through intranasal administration of E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (80 μg) in LSP1-deficient ( Lsp1−/−) and wild-type (WT) 129/SvJ mice. Immunocytochemistry and Western blots showed increased expression of LSP1 and phosphorylated LSP1 in lungs of LPS-treated WT mice. Histology showed more congestion, inflammation, and Gr-1+neutrophils in lung of WT mice than Lsp1−/−mice. LPS-treated WT mice had significantly more neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and myeloperoxidase levels in lungs compared with Lsp1−/−mice. However, there were no differences in lung tissue and BAL concentrations of keratinocyte-derived chemokine, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α and -1β, vascular permeability, and phosphorylated p38 MAPK between LPS-treated WT and Lsp1−/−mice, whereas TNF-α concentration was higher in BAL fluid from LPS-treated WT. Immunoelectron microscopy showed increased LSP1 in the nuclei of LPS-treated neutrophils. We also found increased levels of phosphorylated LSP1 associated with plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytosol at various times after LPS treatment of murine bone marrow-derived neutrophils, suggesting its role in modulation of neutrophil cytoskeleton and the membrane. These data collectively show increased expression of LSP1 in inflamed mouse and human lungs and its role in neutrophil recruitment and lung inflammation.

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Lorenzo, Erica, Jacob Hopkins, Julie Lefebvre y Laura Haynes. "Vaccination does not protect aged mice from influenza-induced lung inflammation (VAC9P.1062)". Journal of Immunology 194, n.º 1_Supplement (1 de mayo de 2015): 145.2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.145.2.

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Abstract Aging predisposes individuals to increased susceptibility to influenza infection and delays in viral clearance. Importantly, we show that age-related delays in viral clearance are correlated with lingering inflammation in the lungs of aged mice. This is critical since inflammation in the lungs is associated with an enhanced susceptibility to secondary bacterial infection, which is a significant sequela to flu infection and often causes death. Inflammation in young lungs following flu infection can be significantly reduced by prior flu immunity, such as that generated following vaccination with recombinant influenza nucleoprotein (rNP). This protection is characterized by reduced lung inflammation, reduced lung damage, reduced susceptibility to flu challenge and also correlates with increased levels of IL-10 and anti-NP antibodies. In contrast, vaccination of aged mice with rNP does not reduce lung inflammation and shows no protection from weight loss and no reduction in viral titers in the lungs following subsequent flu infection. Additionally, aged mice generate lower levels of NP-specific antibodies, which are absolutely critical for reducing lung inflammation. Consequently, unlike young mice, these NP vaccinated aged mice are not protected from death due to secondary bacterial infection. Thus, when considering a universal flu vaccine such as rNP, it is important to understand how efficacious it can be in highly susceptible populations such as the elderly.

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Small, Donna M., Ryan R. Brown, Declan F. Doherty, Anthony Abladey, Zhe Zhou-Suckow, Rebecca J. Delaney, Lauren Kerrigan et al. "Targeting of cathepsin S reduces cystic fibrosis-like lung disease". European Respiratory Journal 53, n.º 3 (17 de enero de 2019): 1801523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.01523-2018.

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Cathepsin S (CatS) is upregulated in the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). However, its role in CF lung disease pathogenesis remains unclear.In this study, β-epithelial Na+ channel-overexpressing transgenic (βENaC-Tg) mice, a model of CF-like lung disease, were crossed with CatS null (CatS−/−) mice or treated with the CatS inhibitor VBY-999.Levels of active CatS were elevated in the lungs of βENaC-Tg mice compared with wild-type (WT) littermates. CatS−/−βENaC-Tg mice exhibited decreased pulmonary inflammation, mucus obstruction and structural lung damage compared with βENaC-Tg mice. Pharmacological inhibition of CatS resulted in a significant decrease in pulmonary inflammation, lung damage and mucus plugging in the lungs of βENaC-Tg mice. In addition, instillation of CatS into the lungs of WT mice resulted in inflammation, lung remodelling and upregulation of mucin expression. Inhibition of the CatS target, protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), in βENaC-Tg mice resulted in a reduction in airway inflammation and mucin expression, indicating a role for this receptor in CatS-induced lung pathology.Our data indicate an important role for CatS in the pathogenesis of CF-like lung disease mediated in part by PAR2 and highlight CatS as a therapeutic target.

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Ramos-Ramírez, Patricia, Carina Malmhäll, Kristina Johansson, Mikael Adner, Jan Lötvall y Apostolos Bossios. "Lung Regulatory T Cells Express Adiponectin Receptor 1: Modulation by Obesity and Airway Allergic Inflammation". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, n.º 23 (26 de noviembre de 2020): 8990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21238990.

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Regulatory T cells (Tregs) decrease in the adipose tissue upon weight gain, contributing to persistent low-grade inflammation in obesity. We previously showed that adipose tissue Tregs express the adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1); however, the expression in lung Tregs is still unknown. Here, we aimed to determine whether Helios+ and Helios− Treg subsets expressed AdipoR1 in the lungs of obese mice and whether different obesity grades affected the expression upon allergic lung inflammation. For diet-induced obesity (DIO), mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for up to 15 weeks (overweight), 21 weeks (obesity), and 26 weeks (morbid obesity). Overweight and morbidly obese mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) to induce allergic lung inflammation. The AdipoR1 expression was reduced significantly in the lung Helios+ and Helios− Tregs of obese mice compared with lean mice. Airway allergic inflammation showed reduced AdipoR1 expression in lung Foxp3+ Tregs. Obesity significantly exacerbated the eosinophilic airway inflammation and reduced the number of Helios+ Tregs in lung and adipose tissue in the obesity-associated asthma model. Upon further weight gain, AdipoR1-expressing Tregs in the lungs of allergic mice were increased, whereas AdipoR1-expressing Tregs in adipose tissue were reduced. These data suggest that obesity-associated adipose tissue inflammation may exacerbate allergic inflammation by downregulating the AdipoR1+ Tregs in the lungs.

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Chapoval, Svetlana P., Ann E. Kelly-Welch, Elizabeth Smith y Achsah D. Keegan. "Complex role of STAT6 in allergic airway inflammation (39.11)". Journal of Immunology 178, n.º 1_Supplement (1 de abril de 2007): S27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.178.supp.39.11.

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Abstract STAT6 plays a critical role in Th2 cell differentiation and in allergic lung inflammation. Using a chimeric mouse model, we observed alternative lung pathology in STAT6 KO mice even when WT bone marrow or Th2 cells were provided. Thus, we hypothesized that STAT6 contributes to inflammation in a complex manner. To detail STAT6 function, WT and STAT6 KO mice were subjected to OVA priming and challenges. Broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) cell composition, lung histology, and FACS analysis of digested lungs were assessed 48h after the last challenge. As expected, eosinophils composed a majority of BAL cells in WT mice and less than 2% in STAT6 KO mice. The OVA-induced inflammation in STAT6 KO lungs was composed mainly of macrophages with small fractions of neutrophils and lymphocytes. The OVA-treated WT lungs showed strong although divergent expression of F4/80, Mac-2, and CD11b molecules; this was significantly reduced in STAT6 KO mice. However, the numbers of dendritic cells, B cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the lungs of OVA-treated mice were unaffected by STAT6 deficiency. Interestingly, STAT6 KO mice showed enhanced basal airway reactivity to methacholine and numbers of Mac-2+ cells as compared to WT mice, suggesting that STAT6 deficiency altered lung homeostasis. Taken together, our studies demonstrate STAT6-dependent and –independent features of asthma phenotype which may impact treatments targeting STAT6. (AI38985)

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Herbein, Joel F. y Jo Rae Wright. "Enhanced clearance of surfactant protein D during LPS-induced acute inflammation in rat lung". American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 281, n.º 1 (1 de julio de 2001): L268—L277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.2001.281.1.l268.

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Pulmonary surfactant participates in the regulation of alveolar compliance and lung host defense. Surfactant homeostasis is regulated through a combination of synthesis, secretion, clearance, recycling, and degradation of surfactant components. The extracellular pool size of surfactant protein (SP) D fluctuates significantly during acute inflammation. We hypothesized that changes in SP-D levels are due, in part, to altered clearance of SP-D. Clearance pathways in rats were assessed with fluorescently labeled SP-D that was instilled into control lungs or lungs that had been treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 16 h earlier. SP-D clearance from lavage into lung tissue was time dependent from 5 min to 1 h and 1.7-fold greater in LPS-treated lungs than in control lungs. Analysis of cells isolated by enzymatic digestion of lung tissue revealed differences in the SP-D-positive cell population between groups. LPS-treated lungs had 28.1-fold more SP-D-positive tissue-associated neutrophils and 193.6-fold greater SP-D association with those neutrophils compared with control lungs. These data suggest that clearance of SP-D into lung tissue is increased during inflammation and that tissue-associated neutrophils significantly contribute to this process.

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Ahn, So Yoon, Dong Kyung Sung, Yun Sil Chang y Won Soon Park. "Intratracheal Transplantation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Attenuates Hyperoxia-Induced Microbial Dysbiosis in the Lungs, Brain, and Gut in Newborn Rats". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, n.º 12 (13 de junio de 2022): 6601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23126601.

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We attempted to determine whether intratracheal (IT) transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could simultaneously attenuate hyperoxia-induced lung injuries and microbial dysbiosis of the lungs, brain, and gut in newborn rats. Newborn rats were exposed to hyperoxia (90% oxygen) for 14 days. Human umbilical cord blood-derived MSCs (5 × 105) were transplanted via the IT route on postnatal day (P) five. At P14, the lungs were harvested for histological, biochemical, and microbiome analyses. Bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA genes from the lungs, brain, and large intestine were amplified, pyrosequenced, and analyzed. IT transplantation of MSCs simultaneously attenuated hyperoxia-induced lung inflammation and the ensuing injuries, as well as the dysbiosis of the lungs, brain, and gut. In correlation analyses, lung interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were significantly positively correlated with the abundance of Proteobacteria in the lungs, brain, and gut, and it was significantly inversely correlated with the abundance of Firmicutes in the gut and lungs and that of Bacteroidetes in the lungs. In conclusion, microbial dysbiosis in the lungs, brain, and gut does not cause but is caused by hyperoxic lung inflammation and ensuing injuries, and IT transplantation of MSCs attenuates dysbiosis in the lungs, brain, and gut, primarily by their anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects.

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Marín-Corral, Judith, Leticia Martínez-Caro, José A. Lorente, Marta de Paula, Lara Pijuan, Nicolas Nin, Joaquim Gea, Andrés Esteban y Esther Barreiro. "Redox Balance and Cellular Inflammation in the Diaphragm, Limb Muscles, and Lungs of Mechanically Ventilated Rats". Anesthesiology 112, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 2010): 384–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e3181c38bed.

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Background High tidal volume (VT) mechanical ventilation was shown to induce organ injury other than lung injury and systemic inflammation in animal models of ventilator-induced lung injury. The authors aimed to explore whether high VT mechanical ventilation per se induces early oxidative stress and inflammation in the diaphragm, limb muscles, and lungs of healthy rats exposed to ventilator-induced lung injury. Methods Protein carbonylation and nitration, antioxidants (immunoblotting), and inflammation (immunohistochemistry) were evaluated in the diaphragm, gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis anterior, and lungs of mechanically ventilated healthy rats and in nonventilated control animals (n = 8/group) for 1 h, using two different strategies (moderate VT [VT = 9 ml/kg] and high VT [VT = 35 ml/kg]). Results The main findings are summarized as follows: compared with controls, (1) the diaphragms and gastrocnemius of high-VT rats exhibited a decrease in reactive carbonyls, (2) the soleus and tibialis of high- and moderate-VT rodents showed a reduction in reactive carbonyls and malondialdehyde-protein adducts, (3) the lungs of high-VT rats exhibited a significant rise in malondialdehyde-protein adducts, (4) the soleus and tibialis of both high- and moderate-VT rats showed a reduction in protein nitration, (5) the lungs of high- and moderate-VT rats showed a reduction in antioxidant enzyme levels, but not in the muscles, and (6) the diaphragms and gastrocnemius of all groups exhibited very low inflammatory cell counts, whereas the lungs of high-VT rats exhibited a significant increase in inflammatory infiltrates. Conclusions Although oxidative stress and inflammation increased in the lungs of rats exposed to high VT, the diaphragm and limb muscles exhibited a decline in oxidative stress markers and very low levels of cellular inflammation.

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Bai, Jing, Shi-Lin Qiu, Xiao-Ning Zhong, Qiu-Ping Huang, Zhi-Yi He, Jian-Quan Zhang, Guang-Nan Liu, Mei-Hua Li y Jing-Min Deng. "Erythromycin EnhancesCD4+Foxp3+Regulatory T-Cell Responses in a Rat Model of Smoke-Induced Lung Inflammation". Mediators of Inflammation 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/410232.

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Heavy smoking can induce airway inflammation and emphysema. Macrolides can modulate inflammation and effector T-cell response in the lungs. However, there is no information on whether erythromycin can modulate regulatory T-cell (Treg) response. This study is aimed at examining the impact of erythromycin on Treg response in the lungs in a rat model of smoking-induced emphysema. Male Wistar rats were exposed to normal air or cigarette smoking daily for 12 weeks and treated by gavage with 100 mg/kg of erythromycin or saline daily beginning at the forth week for nine weeks. The lung inflammation and the numbers of inflammatory infiltrates in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were characterized. The frequency, the number of Tregs, and the levels of Foxp3 expression in the lungs and IL-8, IL-35, and TNF-α in BALF were determined by flow cytometry, RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. Treatment with erythromycin reduced smoking-induced inflammatory infiltrates, the levels of IL-8 and TNF-α in the BALF and lung damages but increased the numbers of CD4+Foxp3+Tregs and the levels of Foxp3 transcription in the lungs, accompanied by increased levels of IL-35 in the BALF of rats. Our novel data indicated that erythromycin enhanced Treg responses, associated with the inhibition of smoking-induced inflammation in the lungs of rats.

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Markovic, N., L. A. McCaig, J. Stephen, S. Mizuguchi, R. A. W. Veldhuizen, J. F. Lewis y G. Cepinskas. "Mediators released from LPS-challenged lungs induce inflammatory responses in liver vascular endothelial cells and neutrophilic leukocytes". American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 297, n.º 6 (diciembre de 2009): G1066—G1076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00278.2009.

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The systemic inflammatory response plays an important role in the progression of acute lung injury (ALI) to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). However, the role of lung-derived inflammatory mediators in induction of the inflammatory response in remote organs is poorly understood. To address the above, we investigated the effects of lung inflammation on induction of inflammatory response(s) in the liver in vitro. Inflammation in mouse lungs was induced by intranasal administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 1 mg/ml) followed by mechanical ventilation using the isolated perfused mouse lung method to obtain and characterize lung perfusate from the pulmonary circulation. LPS administration to mouse lungs resulted in an increased release of inflammation-relevant cytokines and chemokines into the perfusate (Luminex assay) compared with the saline-controls. Subsequently, primary mouse liver vascular endothelial cells (LVEC) or mouse polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) in vitro were stimulated with the perfusate obtained from saline- or LPS-challenged lungs and assessed for various inflammation-relevant end points. The obtained results indicate that stimulation of LVEC with perfusate obtained from LPS-challenged lungs results in 1) reactive oxygen species (ROS) production; 2) activation of NF-κB; and 3) expression of E-selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 and a subsequent increase in PMN rolling and adhesion to LVEC. In addition, perfusate from LPS-challenged lung induced activation of PMN with respect to increased ROS production and upregulation of cell surface levels of adhesion molecules MAC-1 and VLA-4. Heat-inactivation of the perfusate obtained from LPS-challenged lungs was very effective in suppressing increased proadhesive phenotype (i.e., E-selectin and ICAM-1 expression) in LVEC, whereas targeted inhibition (immunoneutralization) of TNF-α and/or IL-6 in LPS-lung perfusate had no effect. Taken together, these findings indicate that multiple proinflammatory mediators (proteinaceous in nature) released from inflamed lungs act synergistically to induce systemic activation of circulating PMN and promote inflammatory responses in liver vascular endothelial cells.

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de Prost, Nicolas, Eduardo L. Costa, Tyler Wellman, Guido Musch, Tilo Winkler, Mauro R. Tucci, R. Scott Harris, Jose G. Venegas y Marcos F. Vidal Melo. "Effects of surfactant depletion on regional pulmonary metabolic activity during mechanical ventilation". Journal of Applied Physiology 111, n.º 5 (noviembre de 2011): 1249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00311.2011.

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Inflammation during mechanical ventilation is thought to depend on regional mechanical stress. This can be produced by concentration of stresses and cyclic recruitment in low-aeration dependent lung. Positron emission tomography (PET) with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) allows for noninvasive assessment of regional metabolic activity, an index of neutrophilic inflammation. We tested the hypothesis that, during mechanical ventilation, surfactant-depleted low-aeration lung regions present increased regional 18F-FDG uptake suggestive of in vivo increased regional metabolic activity and inflammation. Sheep underwent unilateral saline lung lavage and were ventilated supine for 4 h (positive end-expiratory pressure = 10 cmH2O, tidal volume adjusted to plateau pressure = 30 cmH2O). We used PET scans of injected 13N-nitrogen to compute regional perfusion and ventilation and injected 18F-FDG to calculate 18F-FDG uptake rate. Regional aeration was quantified with transmission scans. Whole lung 18F-FDG uptake was approximately two times higher in lavaged than in nonlavaged lungs (2.9 ± 0.6 vs. 1.5 ± 0.3 10−3/min; P < 0.05). The increased 18F-FDG uptake was topographically heterogeneous and highest in dependent low-aeration regions (gas fraction 10–50%, P < 0.001), even after correction for lung density and wet-to-dry lung ratios. 18F-FDG uptake in low-aeration regions of lavaged lungs was higher than that in low-aeration regions of nonlavaged lungs ( P < 0.05). This occurred despite lower perfusion and ventilation to dependent regions in lavaged than nonlavaged lungs ( P < 0.001). In contrast, 18F-FDG uptake in normally aerated regions was low and similar between lungs. Surfactant depletion produces increased and heterogeneously distributed pulmonary 18F-FDG uptake after 4 h of supine mechanical ventilation. Metabolic activity is highest in poorly aerated dependent regions, suggesting local increased inflammation.

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Goenharto, Sianiwati, I. Ketut Sudiana, Sherman Salim, Elly Rusdiana y Sri Wahjuni. "Inflammation in the lungs of mice due to methyl methacrylate exposure". February-2020 13, n.º 2 (2020): 256–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2020.256-260.

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Aim: This study aimed to predict the potential inflammation in lungs caused by exposure to methyl methacrylate (MMA; in silico study) and assess inflammation in lungs in response to MMA inhalation in mice (in vivo study). Materials and Methods: In silico and in vivo studies were performed using 24 mice divided into a control group (0 ppm MMA) and five treatment groups, which were exposed to 150 ppm MMA for 40, 80, 120, 160, and 200 min, respectively. Lung tissues were harvested and examined with a light microscope at 400×. Results: In silico studies confirmed the existence of one activation bond between MMA and the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR- 4), namely, His 228, with a MolDock score of –43.677 kcal/mol. Microscopic examination of lungs confirmed that a greater number of inflammatory cells were found in the treatment group than in the control group and symptoms of inflammation were clearly observable after 120 min of exposure. Conclusion: Thus, inflammation occurring due to MMA interaction with TLR-4 receptors can be predicted in silico and exposure to 150 ppm MMA for more than 120 min can cause lung inflammation in mice.

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Vrolyk, V., B. K. Wobeser, A. N. Al-Dissi, A. Carr y B. Singh. "Lung Inflammation Associated With Clinical Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis in Dogs". Veterinary Pathology 54, n.º 1 (30 de septiembre de 2016): 129–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985816646432.

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Although dogs with acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP) can develop respiratory complications, there are no data describing lung injury in clinical cases of ANP in dogs. Therefore, we conducted a study to characterize lung injury and determine if pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIMs) are induced in dogs with ANP ( n = 21) compared with control dogs ( n = 6). Two pathologists independently graded histologic sections of pancreas from clinical cases to characterize the severity of ANP (total scores of 3–10) compared with controls showing histologically normal pancreas (total scores of 0). Based on histological grading, lungs from dogs with ANP showed inflammation (median score, 1.5; range, 0–3), but the scores did not differ statistically from the control lungs (median score, 0.5; range, 0–2). A grid intersects-counting method showed an increase in the numbers of MAC387-positive alveolar septal mononuclear phagocyte profiles in lungs of dogs with ANP (ratio median, 0.0243; range, 0.0093–0.0734, with 2 outliers at 0.1523 and 0.1978) compared with controls (ratio median, 0.0019; range, 0.0017–0.0031; P < .0001). Only dogs with ANP showed labeling for von Willebrand factor in alveolar septal capillary endothelial cells, septal inflammatory cells, and alveolar macrophages. Toll-like receptor 4 and interleukin 6 were variably expressed in alveolar macrophages and septal inflammatory cells in lungs from both ANP and control dogs. Inducible nitric oxide synthase was detected in alveolar macrophages of dogs with ANP only. These data show that dogs with ANP have lung inflammation, including the recruitment of PIMs and expression of inflammatory mediators.

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Babić, Rade, Gordana Stanković-Babić, Strahinja Babić, Aleksandra Marjanović, Nenad Govedarović y Nevena Babić. "X-ray aspects of lung inflammation COVID-19". Medicinska rec 1, n.º 3 (2020): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/medrec2003127b.

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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a severe infectious disease of the respiratory system with clinical signs of severe acute respiratory syndrome. The causative agent is coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Common symptoms of COVID-19 pneumonia are fever, cough, shortness of breath, myalgia, expectoration of sputum and sore throat. The X-ray image of COVID-19 pneumonia has its own characteristics and changes with the evolution of the disease. At the beginning of the disease, the radiological finding in the lungs may be normal or changes may be visualized in the lungs in the form of multiple hazy vaguely delineated shadows, which occur gradually, discreetly and modestly, and in the later stage confluence into larger first irregular patch formations, then they grow into a massive irregular shadow of the intensity of the frosted glass, only to diffusely cover the whole lung. Inflammatory changes are usually bilateral, less often unilateral localization, predominantly in the middle or lower lung field, on the periphery along the chest wall and / or supraphrenic. The aim of this paper is to present an X-ray image of COVID-19 pneumonia and our experiences in the X-ray diagnosis of this disease. The material of the paper consists of selected digital radiographs of the lungs and heart and CT of the lungs with pneumonia COVID-19 in 220 patients, which are during the COVID-19 pandemic from April to July 2020. were examined in covid rendgen CC Niš. The results are presented illustratively. Conclusion: The X-ray examination methods in the diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia are sovereign, dominant and unrivaled, and the knowledge of the authors and collaborators and the experience gained through many years of work in the profession and co-X-ray are of crucial importance.

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Sadykova, Gulora A., Kh U. Rakhmatullaev, R. Sh Mavlyan-Khodjaev, Z. S. Zalyalova y Yu Kh Tadjikhodjaeva. "THE INFLUENCE OF OZONE THERAPY ON THE MORPHOLOGIC CHANGES IN THE PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH PURULENT INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS IN THE EXPERIMENT". Russian Journal of Physiotherapy, Balneology and Rehabilitation 16, n.º 3 (15 de junio de 2017): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1681-3456-2017-16-3-137-140.

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We have created the experimental model of chronic inflammation of lungs by means of prolonged mechanical irritation of the bronchi in 30 outbred rats and studied the morphological changes in the lung tissue of these animals rats in three series of experiments. Each rat was given an intraperitoneal injection of an ozonised saline solution produced by a «Binafsha» ozonator. The objective of the study was to compare a control group of healthy animals and the group of experimental animals with chronic purulent pneumonia. The prolonged irritation of the respiratory tract in experimental animals was found to induce the structural changes in the tissues of the lungs characteristic of chronic purulent inflammation. The course of treatment with the ozonised saline solution in healthy animals with experimentally modelled chronic purulent inflammation of the lungs did not have a negative impact on the general condition and the behaviour of the animals. The treatment of experimental chronic inflammation of lungs caused by prolonged mechanical irritation of the respiratory tract resulted in the improvement of the morphological status of the laboratory animals, but the purulent inflammation process failed to be completely resolved after the treatment which needs to be taken into consideration in the clinical practice.

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Locke, Landon W., Mark B. Williams, Karen D. Fairchild, Min Zhong, Bijoy K. Kundu y Stuart S. Berr. "FDG-PET Quantification of Lung Inflammation with Image-Derived Blood Input Function in Mice". International Journal of Molecular Imaging 2011 (10 de diciembre de 2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/356730.

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Dynamic FDG-PET imaging was used to study inflammation in lungs of mice following administration of a virulent strain of Klebsiella (K.) pneumoniae. Net whole-lung FDG influx constant (Ki) was determined in a compartment model using an image-derived blood input function. Methods. K. pneumoniae (~3 x 105 CFU) was intratracheally administered to six mice with 6 other mice serving as controls. Dynamic FDG-PET and X-Ray CT scans were acquired 24 hr after K. pneumoniae administration. The experimental lung time activity curves were fitted to a 3-compartment FDG model to obtain Ki. Following imaging, lungs were excised and immunohistochemistry analysis was done to assess the relative presence of neutrophils and macrophages. Results. Mean Ki for control and K. pneumoniae infected mice were (5.1±1.2) ×10-3 versus (11.4±2.0) ×10-3 min−1, respectively, revealing a 2.24 fold significant increase (P=0.0003) in the rate of FDG uptake in the infected lung. Immunohistochemistry revealed that cellular lung infiltrate was almost exclusively neutrophils. Parametric Ki maps by Patlak analysis revealed heterogeneous inflammatory foci within infected lungs. Conclusion. The kinetics of FDG uptake in the lungs of mice can be noninvasively quantified by PET with a 3-compartment model approach based on an image-derived input function.

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Savin, Innokenty A., Marina A. Zenkova y Aleksandra V. Sen’kova. "Pulmonary Fibrosis as a Result of Acute Lung Inflammation: Molecular Mechanisms, Relevant In Vivo Models, Prognostic and Therapeutic Approaches". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, n.º 23 (29 de noviembre de 2022): 14959. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232314959.

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Pulmonary fibrosis is a chronic progressive lung disease that steadily leads to lung architecture disruption and respiratory failure. The development of pulmonary fibrosis is mostly the result of previous acute lung inflammation, caused by a wide variety of etiological factors, not resolved over time and causing the deposition of fibrotic tissue in the lungs. Despite a long history of study and good coverage of the problem in the scientific literature, the effective therapeutic approaches for pulmonary fibrosis treatment are currently lacking. Thus, the study of the molecular mechanisms underlying the transition from acute lung inflammation to pulmonary fibrosis, and the search for new molecular markers and promising therapeutic targets to prevent pulmonary fibrosis development, remain highly relevant tasks. This review focuses on the etiology, pathogenesis, morphological characteristics and outcomes of acute lung inflammation as a precursor of pulmonary fibrosis; the pathomorphological changes in the lungs during fibrosis development; the known molecular mechanisms and key players of the signaling pathways mediating acute lung inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis, as well as the characteristics of the most common in vivo models of these processes. Moreover, the prognostic markers of acute lung injury severity and pulmonary fibrosis development as well as approved and potential therapeutic approaches suppressing the transition from acute lung inflammation to fibrosis are discussed.

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Wilson, Carole L., Chi F. Hung y Lynn M. Schnapp. "Endotoxin-induced acute lung injury in mice with postnatal deletion of nephronectin". PLOS ONE 17, n.º 5 (12 de mayo de 2022): e0268398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268398.

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Acute injury of the lung involves damage to the epithelium and its underlying extracellular matrix (ECM), the basement membrane (BM). How BMs contribute to injury resolution is poorly understood. Nephronectin (NPNT) is a high-affinity ligand for integrin α8β1 and, although first identified in the mouse kidney, is prominently expressed in the lung, where it localizes to BMs in the alveoli. To determine if NPNT plays a role in acute injury and inflammation of the lung, we developed a model for postnatal deletion of NPNT using mice with a floxed allele of Npnt in combination with a tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase expressed at the ROSA locus. Expression of NPNT was substantially reduced in lungs from tamoxifen-treated Cre+ animals. Cre+ mice and Cre- controls were given E. coli LPS by oropharyngeal aspiration to induce injury and inflammation. In Cre- lungs, although both Npnt and Itga8 (integrin α8) transcripts were downregulated at the peak of inflammation, NPNT protein was still detectable. While the onset of inflammation was similar for Cre+ and Cre-, NPNT-deficient lungs still had thickened alveolar septa and there were increased macrophages in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in the resolution phase. BALF from Cre+ lungs was more chemotactic for bone marrow-derived macrophages than Cre- in in vitro experiments, but there were no differences in the elaboration of chemokines in vivo. We speculate that absence of NPNT in BMs of the alveoli impairs or delays inflammatory and injury resolution in this model, but further studies are needed to establish the precise role of NPNT in tissue repair.

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20

Thatcher, T. H., N. A. McHugh, R. W. Egan, R. W. Chapman, J. A. Hey, C. K. Turner, M. R. Redonnet, K. E. Seweryniak, P. J. Sime y R. P. Phipps. "Role of CXCR2 in cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation". American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 289, n.º 2 (agosto de 2005): L322—L328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00039.2005.

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It has been hypothesized that the destruction of lung tissue observed in smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema is mediated by neutrophils recruited to the lungs by smoke exposure. This study investigated the role of the chemokine receptor CXCR2 in mediating neutrophilic inflammation in the lungs of mice acutely exposed to cigarette smoke. Exposure to dilute mainstream cigarette smoke for 1 h, twice per day for 3 days, induced acute inflammation in the lungs of C57BL/6 mice, with increased neutrophils and the neutrophil chemotactic CXC chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 and KC. Treatment with SCH-N, an orally active small molecule inhibitor of CXCR2, reduced the influx of neutrophils into the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Histological changes were seen, with drug treatment reducing perivascular inflammation and the number of tissue neutrophils. β-Glucuronidase activity was reduced in the BAL fluid of mice treated with SCH-N, indicating that the reduction in neutrophils was associated with a reduction in tissue damaging enzymes. Interestingly, whereas MIP-2 and KC were significantly elevated in the BAL fluid of smoke exposed mice, they were further elevated in mice exposed to smoke and treated with drug. The increase in MIP-2 and KC with drug treatment may be due to the decrease in lung neutrophils that either are not present to bind these chemokines or fail to provide a feedback signal to other cells producing these chemokines. Overall, these results demonstrate that inhibiting CXCR2 reduces neutrophilic inflammation and associated lung tissue damage due to acute cigarette smoke exposure.

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21

Cohen, Pazit Y., Raphael Breuer, Philip Zisman y Shulamit B. Wallach-Dayan. "Bleomycin-Treated Chimeric Thy1-Deficient Mice with Thy1-Deficient Myofibroblasts and Thy-Positive Lymphocytes Resolve Inflammation without Affecting the Fibrotic Response". Mediators of Inflammation 2015 (2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/942179.

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Lung fibrosis is characterized by abnormal accumulation of fibroblasts in the interstitium of the alveolar space. Two populations of myofibroblasts, distinguished by Thy1 expression, are detected in human and murine lungs. Accumulation of Thy1-negative (Thy1−) myofibroblasts was shown in the lungs of humans with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and of bleomycin-treated mice. We aimed to identify genetic changes in lung myofibroblasts following Thy1 crosslinking and assess the impact of specific lung myofibroblast Thy1-deficiency, in vivo, in bleomycin-injured mouse lungs. Thy1 increased in mouse lung lymphocytes following bleomycin injury but decreased in myofibroblasts when fibrosis was at the highest point (14 days), as assessed by immunohistochemistry. Using gene chip analysis, we detected that myofibroblast Thy1 crosslinking mediates downregulation of genes promoting cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation, and reduces production of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, while concurrently mediating the upregulation of genes known to foster inflammation and immunological functions. Chimeric Thy1-deficient mice with Thy1+lymphocytes and Thy1−myofibroblasts showed fibrosis similar to wild-type mice and an increased number of CD4/CD25 regulatory T cells, with a concomitant decrease in inflammation. Lung myofibroblasts downregulate Thy1 expression to increase their proliferation but to diminish the in vivo inflammatory milieu. Inflammation is not essential for evolution of fibrosis as was previously stated.

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22

Fales-Williams, A. J., K. A. Brogden, E. Huffman, J. M. Gallup y M. R. Ackermann. "Cellular Distribution of Anionic Antimicrobial Peptide in Normal Lung and during Acute Pulmonary Inflammation". Veterinary Pathology 39, n.º 6 (noviembre de 2002): 706–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.39-6-706.

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Anionic peptides (APs) are small antimicrobial peptides present in human and ovine lung. In this study APs were also detected in bovine lung, and production of APs in lungs with acute inflammation induced by various stimuli was determined. The distribution and intensity of APs were determined by immunohistochemistry in lungs of 1) neonatal calves (1-3 days of age) inoculated with Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica, a known inducer of the bovine β-defensin lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP) or pyrogen-free saline (PFS), and 2) growing calves (3 months of age) similarly inoculated with M. haemolytica, a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from M. haemolytica, an LPS-associated protein from M. haemolytica, or PFS. APs were also detected by western blots with the same antibody in lungs of the calves above, as well as in calves inoculated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and an adult cow. Anionic peptide (AP) immunoreactivity was detected in bands (approximate weights) in the western blots of lung at 28-30 (strongest signal), 31, 45, and 52-60 kd regardless of inoculum. The adult cow lacked bands at 45 kd, but it had additional bands at 64 (inconsistently) and 35-38 kd. All these band sizes are consistent with those of the western blots of human and ovine lung. The cellular distribution of APs in lung of neonatal and growing cattle was similar to that in lung of human and sheep. In lungs with acute inflammation induced by live bacteria, LPS, or protein, AP distribution and intensity were similar to those in control (PFS-inoculated) lungs and slightly decreased in bronchioles. This work demonstrates that AP is present in lung of cattle and is thereby conserved among two ruminant species and man. Distribution and intensity of AP production are not enhanced by infection or acute inflammation and are decreased in bronchioles, which suggests that AP is not induced like β-defensins such as LAP, but, instead, is produced constitutively.

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23

Léger, Caroline, Ai Ni, Graciela Andonegui, Josée Wong, Connie Mowat y Brent W. Winston. "Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of hIGF-IB in mouse lungs induced prolonged inflammation but no fibroproliferation". American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 298, n.º 4 (abril de 2010): L492—L500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00310.2009.

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Pulmonary fibrosis (PF), the end stage of a variety of fibroproliferative lung diseases, is characterized by excessive lung mesenchymal cell activation and extracellular matrix deposition. Most PF is induced after repetitive or chronic lung inflammation; however, a significant portion of PF occurs without apparent inflammation. The mechanisms of fibroproliferation are poorly understood. Studies have shown that cytokines regulating inflammation and tissue repair processes play essential roles in the development of PF. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) has been shown to stimulate lung mesenchymal cell proliferation and extracellular matrix synthesis in vitro and is significantly elevated in patients with PF. In this study, we investigated whether human IGF-IB (hIGF-IB) expression in the lungs induces PF in a C57BL/6 mouse model. Mice were subjected to adenoviral gene transfer, and the effects of hIGF-IB expression on the lungs were examined 3, 7, 14, 21, and 42 days after gene delivery. hIGF-IB expression induced significant and prolonged inflammatory cell infiltration into the lungs, with an early neutrophil infiltration followed by a late macrophage infiltration. No significant fibroblast or matrix accumulation could be detected in the lungs of these mice. No significant collagen accumulation could be detected in vivo, despite in vitro evidence that hIGF-IB induces collagen mRNA expression in fibroblasts. Therefore, IGF-IB alone is not sufficient to induce fibrosis, and it is possible that a coactivator is required to induce significant fibroproliferation in vivo.

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Duong, Chi, Huei Jiunn Seow, Steven Bozinovski, Peter J. Crack, Gary P. Anderson y Ross Vlahos. "Glutathione peroxidase-1 protects against cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation in mice". American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 299, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2010): L425—L433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00038.2010.

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced from cigarette smoke cause oxidative lung damage including protein denaturation, lipid peroxidation, and DNA damage. Glutathione peroxidase-1 (gpx-1) is a detoxifying enzyme that may protect lungs from such damage. The aim of this study was to determine whether gpx-1 protects the lung against oxidative stress-induced lung inflammation in vivo. Male wild-type (WT) or gpx-1−/− mice were exposed to cigarette smoke generated from nine cigarettes per day for 4 days to induce oxidative stress and lung inflammation. The effect of the gpx mimetic ebselen on cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation was evaluated when given prophylactically and therapeutically, i.e., during established inflammation. Mice were killed, and the lungs were lavaged with PBS and then harvested for genomic and proteomic analysis. Gpx-1−/− mice exposed to cigarette smoke had enhanced BALF neutrophils, macrophages, proteolytic burden, whole lung IL-17A, and MIP1α mRNA compared with WT mice. The gpx mimetic ebselen (10 and 100 μM) inhibited cigarette smoke extract-induced oxidation of MH-S cells in vitro and inhibited cigarette smoke-induced increases in BALF macrophages, neutrophils, proteolytic burden, and macrophage and neutrophil chemotactic factor gene expression when administered prophylactically. In addition, ebselen inhibited established BALF inflammation when administered therapeutically. These data show that gpx-1 protects against cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation, and agents that mimic the actions of gpx-1 may have therapeutic utility in inflammatory lung diseases where cigarette smoke plays a role.

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25

Lagasse, H. A. Daniel y Alan Scott. "Lung macrophages control malaria-induced pulmonary inflammation (56.17)". Journal of Immunology 186, n.º 1_Supplement (1 de abril de 2011): 56.17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.186.supp.56.17.

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Abstract Pulmonary edema and acute respiratory distress are archetypal symptoms of severe malaria that occur in ~20% of patients and are associated with mortality rates exceeding 70%. Little is known about the pathogenesis of lung pathology associated with Plasmodium infections. We tested the hypothesis that two major cellular populations - CD11c+CD11b- resident macrophages and CD11b+Ly6C+ recruited monocytes/macrophages - are key players in regulating the nature and magnitude of malaria-induced pulmonary pathology. During the very early stages of Plasmodium berghei infections in mice, parasites are taken up by resident macrophages. This is associated with the transient activation of resident macrophages and the release of chemokines that recruit large numbers of CD11b+Ly6C+ blood monocytes. Flow cytometry results suggest that later in infection resident lung macrophages take on a regulatory phenotype, while the recruited monocytes undergo activation, differentiation into macrophages and are responsible for the majority of parasite clearance within the lungs. Administration of a blocking monoclonal antibody (anti-CD11b; 5C6) diminishes the homing of monocytes to the lungs, resulting in decreased parasite uptake. We propose that both myeloid populations control pulmonary inflammation through the clearance of sequestered parasites within the pulmonary microvasculature as well as the regulation of pro-inflammatory processes within the lung environment.

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26

Wang, Ping, Lin Zhang, Yanxia Liao, Juan Du, Mengying Xu, Wen Zhao, Shuxian Yin et al. "Effect of Intratracheal Instillation of ZnO Nanoparticles on Acute Lung Inflammation Induced by Lipopolysaccharides in Mice". Toxicological Sciences 173, n.º 2 (5 de diciembre de 2019): 373–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfz234.

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Abstract Although studies have shown toxic effects of zinc oxide (ZnO) particles following inhalation, additional effects on injured lungs, which are characterized by dysfunction of the alveolar-capillary barriers, remain uncharacterized. To explore these additional effects, nano-sized ZnO (nZnO) and bulk-sized ZnO were applied to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged mouse lungs, which were used as a disease model of acute lung inflammation. An elevated Zn2+ concentration was detected in lung tissue after LPS plus nZnO exposure. Exposure to nZnO in LPS-challenged mice resulted in higher total cell number, proportion of neutrophils, and total protein level in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Intratracheal instillation of nZnO intensively aggravated LPS-induced lung inflammation that was accompanied by enhanced expression of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, monocyte chemotactic protein-1α, and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor. Catalase, glutathione, and total superoxide dismutase levels were significantly decreased, and the malondialdehyde level was obviously increased in the LPS plus nZnO group. 8-Hydroxyguanosine, a marker for DNA damage, was highly concentrated in the lungs from the LPS plus nZnO group. Furthermore, nZnO increased lung apoptosis in an acute lung inflammation model. Taken together, this evidence indicates that nZnO aggravates lung inflammation related to LPS. This enhancement effect may be mediated via oxidative stress, which can lead to DNA damage and apoptosis. This work is important because of the ever-increasing exposure of people to ZnO nanoparticles in industry. The identification of the toxic effects of nZnO and possible mechanisms revealed in this study provide valuable information for future studies.

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Hogmalm, Anna, Maija Bry y Kristina Bry. "Pulmonary IL-1β expression in early life causes permanent changes in lung structure and function in adulthood". American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 314, n.º 6 (1 de junio de 2018): L936—L945. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00256.2017.

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Chorioamnionitis, mechanical ventilation, oxygen therapy, and postnatal infection promote inflammation in the newborn lung. The long-term consequences of pulmonary inflammation during infancy have not been well characterized. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of inflammation during the late saccular to alveolar stages of lung development on lung structure and function in adulthood. To induce IL-1β expression in the pulmonary epithelium of mice with a tetracycline-inducible human IL-1β transgene, doxycycline was administered via intraperitoneal injections to bitransgenic pups and their littermate controls on postnatal days (PN) 0, 0.5, and 1. Lung structure, inflammation, and airway reactivity were studied in adulthood. IL-1β production in early life resulted in increased numbers of macrophages and neutrophils on PN21, but inflammation subsided by PN42. Permanent changes in alveolar structure, i.e., larger alveoli and thicker alveolar walls, were present from PN21 to PN84. Lack of alveolar septation thus persisted after IL-1β production and inflammation had ceased. Early IL-1β production caused goblet cell hyperplasia, enhanced calcium-activated chloride channel 3 (CLCA3) protein expression, and increased airway reactivity in response to methacholine on PN42. Lymphoid follicles were present adjacent to small airways in the lungs of adult bitransgenic mice, and levels of the B cell chemoattractant CXC-motif ligand (CXCL) 13 were elevated in the lungs of bitransgenic mice compared with controls. In conclusion, IL-1β-induced pulmonary inflammation in early life causes a chronic lung disease in adulthood.

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Hellman, Urban, Mats G. Karlsson, Anna Engström-Laurent, Sara Cajander, Luiza Dorofte, Clas Ahlm, Claude Laurent y Anders Blomberg. "Presence of hyaluronan in lung alveoli in severe Covid-19: An opening for new treatment options?" Journal of Biological Chemistry 295, n.º 45 (25 de septiembre de 2020): 15418–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ac120.015967.

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Severe coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) is characterized by inflammation of the lungs with increasing respiratory impairment. In fatal Covid-19, lungs at autopsy have been filled with a clear liquid jelly. However, the nature of this finding has not yet been determined. The aim of the study was to demonstrate whether the lungs of fatal Covid-19 contain hyaluronan, as it is associated with inflammation and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and may have the appearance of liquid jelly. Lung tissue obtained at autopsy from three deceased Covid-19 patients was processed for hyaluronan histochemistry using a direct staining method and compared with staining in normal lung tissue. Stainings confirmed that hyaluronan is obstructing alveoli with presence in exudate and plugs, as well as in thickened perialveolar interstitium. In contrast, normal lungs only showed hyaluronan in intact alveolar walls and perivascular tissue. This is the first study to confirm prominent hyaluronan exudates in the alveolar spaces of Covid-19 lungs, supporting the notion that the macromolecule is involved in ARDS caused by SARS-CoV-2. The present finding may open up new treatment options in severe Covid-19, aiming at reducing the presence and production of hyaluronan in the lungs.

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Kunzmann, Steffen, Christian P. Speer, Alan H. Jobe y Boris W. Kramer. "Antenatal inflammation induced TGF-β1 but suppressed CTGF in preterm lungs". American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 292, n.º 1 (enero de 2007): L223—L231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00159.2006.

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Chorioamnionitis is frequently associated with preterm birth and increases the risk of adverse outcomes such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 is a key regulator of lung development, airway remodeling, lung fibrosis, and regulation of inflammation, and all these processes contribute to the development of BPD. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a downstream mediator of some of the profibrotic effects of TGF-β1, vascular remodeling, and angiogenesis. TGF-β1-induced CTGF expression can be blocked by TNF-α. We asked whether chorioamnionitis-associated antenatal inflammation would regulate TGF-β1, the TGF-β1 signaling pathway, and CTGF in preterm lamb lungs. Fetal sheep were exposed to 4 mg of intra-amniotic endotoxin or saline for 5 h, 24 h, 72 h, or 7 days before preterm delivery at 125 days gestation (full term = 150 days). Intra-amniotic endotoxin increased lung TGF-β1 mRNA and protein expression. Elevated TGF-β1 levels were associated with TGF-β1-induced phosphorylation of Smad2. CTGF was selectively expressed in lung endothelial cells in control lungs, and intra-amniotic endotoxin caused CTGF expression to decrease to 30% of control values and TNF-α protein to increase. The antenatal inflammation-induced TGF-β1 expression and Smad signaling in the fetal lamb lung may contribute to impaired lung alveolarization and reduced lung inflammation. Decreased CTGF expression may inhibit vascular development or remodeling and limit lung fibrosis during remodeling. These effects may contribute to the impaired alveolar and pulmonary vascular development that is the hallmark of the new form of BPD.

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Zhang, Xinfu, Weiyu Zhao, Bin Li, Wenqing Li, Chengxiang Zhang, Xucheng Hou, Justin Jiang y Yizhou Dong. "Ratiometric fluorescent probes for capturing endogenous hypochlorous acid in the lungs of mice". Chemical Science 9, n.º 43 (2018): 8207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sc03226b.

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Papinska, Joanna Aleksandra, Grzegorz Gmyrek, R. Sathish Srinivasan, Umesh Deshmukh y Harini Bagavant. "Pulmonary involvement in a mouse model of Sjögren’s syndrome induced by activation of the STING pathway". Journal of Immunology 202, n.º 1_Supplement (1 de mayo de 2019): 180.16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.180.16.

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Abstract Sjögren’s Syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by an increased type 1 interferon gene signature, autoantibody production, and salivary gland inflammation. Engagement of Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) induces type 1 interferon production. Gain of function mutations in TMEM173, encoding STING, results in a severe vasculopathy affecting the skin and lungs. We have previously reported that activation of the STING pathway in mice, using a STING agonist DMXAA, causes an SS-like disease characterized by sialoadenitis and salivary gland dysfunction. Considering that lungs are affected in 9–20% of SS patients, this study was undertaken to investigate lung involvement in DMXAA treated mice. Female C57BL/6 mice injected with DMXAA rapidly upregulated expression of IFNβ, IFNγ, and Mx1 in the lungs at 4 hours. This was followed by an increase in type 1 innate lymphoid cells on day 8. Histopathologic analysis showed the presence of peri-bronchial inflammatory infiltrates on day 35, which persisted until day 57. The lung inflammation was associated with an increased expression of multiple pro-inflammatory genes including CCl20, CXCl10, CXCl9, and IL17α. In addition, there was an increased frequency of lymphatic endothelial cells, suggestive of lymphangiogenesis. Although STING expression was seen in bronchial epithelium and alveolar cells in the lung, bone marrow chimeras between STING KO and wild type mice suggest that STING expression in myeloid cells was critical for lung inflammation. Our results show that systemic activation of the STING pathway might play an essential role in lung inflammation in SS patients.

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Singh, Ram Raj y Isela Valera. "Plasmacytoid dendritic cells contribute to pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic milieu in lung fibrosis". Journal of Immunology 202, n.º 1_Supplement (1 de mayo de 2019): 182.76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.182.76.

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Abstract Fibrosis, the end-result of tissue injury in a wide range of diseases, contributes to >40% of mortality in the US. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are reduced in the peripheral blood, but increase in the lungs and skin of patients with systemic sclerosis, a prototypic fibrotic disease (JCI Insight 2018). The frequency of pDCs in the lungs of patients correlated with the severity of lung disease and with levels of proteins implicated in inflammation and fibrosis. Importantly, depletion of pDCs ameliorated lung and skin fibrosis in the bleomycin-induced animal model. pDC depletion also altered the expression levels of proteins and genes implicated in chemotaxis, inflammation, and fibrosis in the lungs. To test if pDCs directly contribute to inflammatory/profibrotic milieu in fibrosis, we injected C57Bl/6 mice with bleomycin, harvested lungs, and analyzed lungs for proteins by Western blot, ELISA, and flow cytometry. CD36 that is implicated in platelet-collagen adhesion, oxidative stress and inflammation was increased on pDCs but not on mDCs, other myeloid cells, B cells and T cells in the lungs of bleomycin-injected mice as compared to control mice. TLR7 was also increased more on pDCs than on all other immune cells examined, whereas TLR2 was increased more on mDCs and other myeloid cells but not on pDCs and B cells. TGFβ-latent peptide was higher on all immune cells examined in the lungs of bleomycin-injected animals than in controls. Among chemokine receptors, CCR2, CCR3, CCR6, CCR9 and CXCR4 were higher on pDCs than other cells. In summary, pDCs elicit profibrotic milieu in the development of systemic fibrosis. These observations identify the increased trafficking of pDCs’ to the affected organs as a therapeutic target in fibrosis.

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Libreros, Stephania, Ramon Garcia-Areas y Vijaya Iragavarapu. "Chitinase-3 like-protein-1 (CHI3L1) expression associated with pulmonary inflammation accelerates breast cancer metastasis (TUM7P.960)". Journal of Immunology 192, n.º 1_Supplement (1 de mayo de 2014): 203.42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.192.supp.203.42.

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Abstract Disseminated metastasis accounts for a majority of breast cancer deaths. Recently, elevated serum levels of a glycoprotein known as chitinase-3 like-protein-1 (CHI3L1) has been correlated with poor prognosis in both breast cancer and asthmatic patients. We have combined mouse models of breast cancer and pulmonary inflammation to determine if CHI3L1 associated pulmonary inflammation accelerates metastasis. We found that allergic pulmonary inflammation significantly enhances primary tumor growth in 4T1, 4T07 and 67NR mammary tumors by 10-fold, while decreasing survival. 4T1 tumor bearers with allergic pulmonary inflammation showed a 100-fold increase in metastatic tumor formation. We also assessed CHI3L1 levels and myeloid cells in the lungs of wild type and CHI3L1 knockout mice with allergic pulmonary inflammation and 4T1 mammary tumors. CHI3L1 levels were higher in the lungs of mammary tumor bearers with allergic pulmonary inflammation and correlated with increased metastasis. Wild type mammary tumor bearers with allergic inflammation had higher numbers of myeloid cells in the lungs in comparison to CHI3L1 knockout tumor bearers with allergic pulmonary inflammation. CHI3L1 knockout mice tumor bearers had significantly fewer myeloid cells in the lungs, decreased tumor growth and metastasis, along with increased survival. We propose that increased CHI3L1 in the lungs attracts myeloid cells that promote tumor growth and breast cancer metastasis.

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Hardwick, Matthew J., Ming-Kai Chen, Kwamena Baidoo, Martin G. Pomper y Tomás R. Guilarte. "In Vivo Imaging of Peripheral Benzodiazepine Receptors in Mouse Lungs: A Biomarker of Inflammation". Molecular Imaging 4, n.º 4 (1 de octubre de 2005): 7290.2005.05133. http://dx.doi.org/10.2310/7290.2005.05133.

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The ability to visualize the immune response with radioligands targeted to immune cells will enhance our understanding of cellular responses in inflammatory diseases. Peripheral benzodiazepine receptors (PBR) are present in monocytes and neutrophils as well as in lung tissue. We used lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a model of inflammation to assess whether the PBR could be used as a noninvasive marker of inflammation in the lungs. Planar imaging of mice administrated 10 or 30 mg/kg LPS showed increased [123I]-( R)-PK11195 radioactivity in the thorax 2 days after LPS treatment relative to control. Following imaging, lungs from control and LPS-treated mice were harvested for ex vivo gamma counting and showed significantly increased radioactivity above control levels. The specificity of the PBR response was determined using a blocking dose of nonradioactive PK11195 given 30 min prior to radiotracer injection. Static planar images of the thorax of nonradioactive PK11195 pretreated animals showed a significantly lower level of radiotracer accumulation in control and in LPS-treated animals ( p < .05). These data show that LPS induces specific increases in PBR ligand binding in the lungs. We also used in vivo small-animal PET studies to demonstrate increased [11C]-( R)-PK11195 accumulation in the lungs of LPS-treated mice. This study suggests that measuring PBR expression using in vivo imaging techniques may be a useful biomarker to image lung inflammation.

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Tjota, Melissa y Anne Sperling. "Activation of monocytes through FcRγ-signaling promotes IL-33-dependent migration into the lung interstitium (HYP7P.270)". Journal of Immunology 194, n.º 1_Supplement (1 de mayo de 2015): 191.18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.191.18.

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Abstract The development of Type 2 responses, such as those seen in asthma, has been significantly associated with IL-33. Previously, we demonstrated that allergen-specific IgG immune complex (IC) signaling through FcγRIII on IL-33 sufficient DCs induced Type 2 allergic airway inflammation. These data suggested that IL-33-/- mice, which had diminished Type 2 responses in the lungs, had a defect in APC function. For this study, we focused on monocytes and CD11b+ monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) as they were shown to have the highest levels of FcγRIII expression, antigen uptake, and IL-33 upregulation. Notably, there was a significant reduction in the numbers of monocytes and CD11b+ moDCs in the lungs of IL-33-/- mice compared to WT mice after IC sensitization, although no defect was observed at baseline. Using intravascular staining to identify cell localization, we demonstrated that antigen uptake of ICs promoted migration of monocytes from the lung vasculature to the lung interstitium in an FcγRIII- and IL-33-dependent manner. Functionally, failure of monocyte migration during IC-mediated Type 2 inflammation led to reduced eosinophilia in the lungs. Overall, our findings suggest that during sensitization, activation of FcγRIII in monocytes promotes migration into the interstitium in an IL-33 dependent manner, and that this migration is essential for the development of Type 2 responses in the lungs during allergic airway inflammation.

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Vakhidova, A. M. "EFFICACY OF LYMPHOTROPIC ADMINISTRATION OF BACTOX (AMOXICILIN) IN THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC PNEUMONIA IN CHILDREN". American Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research 04, n.º 02 (1 de febrero de 2022): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajmspr/volume04issue02-02.

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Lung inflammation, also called pneumonia, is a pathological process that affects lung tissue. It occurs in both adults and children. Inflammation of the lungs needs urgent treatment, even if it is not severe. Pneumonia is mainly caused by an infection - an invasion of the lung by pathogenic organisms. Therefore, the use of antibiotics for pneumonia in adults and children, together with complementary medicines, is the mainstay of treatment.

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Woods, David F., Stephanie Flynn, Jose A. Caparrós-Martín, Stephen M. Stick, F. Jerry Reen y Fergal O’Gara. "Systems Biology and Bile Acid Signalling in Microbiome-Host Interactions in the Cystic Fibrosis Lung". Antibiotics 10, n.º 7 (24 de junio de 2021): 766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10070766.

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The study of the respiratory microbiota has revealed that the lungs of healthy and diseased individuals harbour distinct microbial communities. Imbalances in these communities can contribute to the pathogenesis of lung disease. How these imbalances occur and establish is largely unknown. This review is focused on the genetically inherited condition of Cystic Fibrosis (CF). Understanding the microbial and host-related factors that govern the establishment of chronic CF lung inflammation and pathogen colonisation is essential. Specifically, dissecting the interplay in the inflammation–pathogen–host axis. Bile acids are important host derived and microbially modified signal molecules that have been detected in CF lungs. These bile acids are associated with inflammation and restructuring of the lung microbiota linked to chronicity. This community remodelling involves a switch in the lung microbiota from a high biodiversity/low pathogen state to a low biodiversity/pathogen-dominated state. Bile acids are particularly associated with the dominance of Proteobacterial pathogens. The ability of bile acids to impact directly on both the lung microbiota and the host response offers a unifying principle underpinning the pathogenesis of CF. The modulating role of bile acids in lung microbiota dysbiosis and inflammation could offer new potential targets for designing innovative therapeutic approaches for respiratory disease.

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38

Maehara, Toko y Ko Fujimori. "Inhibition of Prostaglandin F2α Receptors Exaggerates HCl-Induced Lung Inflammation in Mice". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, n.º 23 (27 de noviembre de 2021): 12843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222312843.

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Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are severe respiratory disorders that are caused by aspiration, sepsis, trauma, and pneumonia. A clinical feature of ALI/ARDS is the acute onset of severe hypoxemia, and the mortality rate, which is estimated at 38–50%, remains high. Although prostaglandins (PGs) are detected in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with ALI/ARDS, the role of PGF2α in ALI remains unclear. We aimed to clarify the role of PGF2α/PGF2α receptor (FP) signaling in acid-induced ALI using an FP receptor antagonist, AL8810. Intratracheal injection of hydrochloric acid (HCl) increased neutrophil migration into the lungs, leading to respiratory dysfunction. Pre-administration of AL8810 further increased these features. Moreover, pre-treatment with AL8810 enhanced the HCl-induced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and neutrophil migratory factors in the lungs. Administration of HCl decreased the gene expression of lung surfactant proteins, which was further reduced by co-administration of AL8810. Administration of AL8810 also increased lung edema and reduced mRNA expression of epithelial sodium channel in the lungs, indicating that AL8810 reduced fluid clearance. Furthermore, AL8810 also increased lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of adhesion molecules such as intracellular adhesion molecule-1 and E-selectin in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. These results indicate that inhibition of FP receptors by AL8810 exacerbated HCl-induced ALI.

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39

Bajrami, Besnik, Haiyan Zhu, Hyun-Jeong Kwak, Subhanjan Mondal, Qingming Hou, Guangfeng Geng, Kutay Karatepe et al. "G-CSF maintains controlled neutrophil mobilization during acute inflammation by negatively regulating CXCR2 signaling". Journal of Experimental Medicine 213, n.º 10 (22 de agosto de 2016): 1999–2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20160393.

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Cytokine-induced neutrophil mobilization from the bone marrow to circulation is a critical event in acute inflammation, but how it is accurately controlled remains poorly understood. In this study, we report that CXCR2 ligands are responsible for rapid neutrophil mobilization during early-stage acute inflammation. Nevertheless, although serum CXCR2 ligand concentrations increased during inflammation, neutrophil mobilization slowed after an initial acute fast phase, suggesting a suppression of neutrophil response to CXCR2 ligands after the acute phase. We demonstrate that granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), usually considered a prototypical neutrophil-mobilizing cytokine, was expressed later in the acute inflammatory response and unexpectedly impeded CXCR2-induced neutrophil mobilization by negatively regulating CXCR2-mediated intracellular signaling. Blocking G-CSF in vivo paradoxically elevated peripheral blood neutrophil counts in mice injected intraperitoneally with Escherichia coli and sequestered large numbers of neutrophils in the lungs, leading to sterile pulmonary inflammation. In a lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury model, the homeostatic imbalance caused by G-CSF blockade enhanced neutrophil accumulation, edema, and inflammation in the lungs and ultimately led to significant lung damage. Thus, physiologically produced G-CSF not only acts as a neutrophil mobilizer at the relatively late stage of acute inflammation, but also prevents exaggerated neutrophil mobilization and the associated inflammation-induced tissue damage during early-phase infection and inflammation.

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40

Abonia, J. Pablo, Jenny Hallgren, Tatiana Jones, Tong Shi, Yuhui Xu, Pandelakis Koni, Richard A. Flavell, Joshua A. Boyce, K. Frank Austen y Michael F. Gurish. "Alpha-4 integrins and VCAM-1, but not MAdCAM-1, are essential for recruitment of mast cell progenitors to the inflamed lung". Blood 108, n.º 5 (1 de septiembre de 2006): 1588–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2005-12-012781.

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Normal mouse lungs lack appreciable numbers of mast cells (MCs) or MC progenitors (MCp's), yet the appearance of mature MCs in the tracheobronchial epithelial surface is a characteristic of allergic, T-cell-dependent pulmonary inflammation. We hypothesized that pulmonary inflammation would recruit MCp's to inflamed lungs and that this recruitment would be regulated by distinct adhesion pathways. Ovalbumin-sensitized and challenged mice had a greater than 28-fold increase in the number of MCp's in the lungs. In mice lacking endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) and in wild-type mice administered blocking monoclonal antibody (mAb) to VCAM-1 but not to mucosal addressin CAM-1 (MadCAM-1), recruitment of MCp's to the inflamed lung was reduced by greater than 75%. Analysis of the integrin receptors for VCAM-1 showed that in β7 integrin-deficient mice, recruitment was reduced 73% relative to wild-type controls, and in either BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice, mAb blocking of α4, β1, or β7 integrins inhibited the recruitment of MCp's to the inflamed lung. Thus, VCAM-1 interactions with both α4β1 and α4β7 integrins are essential for the recruitment and expansion of the MCp populations in the lung during antigen-induced pulmonary inflammation. Furthermore, the MCp is currently unique among inflammatory cells in its partial dependence on α4β7 integrins for lung recruitment.

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41

Hart, David A., Francis Green, Paul Whidden, Jack Henkin y Donald E. Woods. "Exogenous rh-urokinase modifies inflammation and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in a rat chronic pulmonary infection model". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 39, n.º 12 (1 de diciembre de 1993): 1127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m93-170.

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The effect of recombinant human urokinase (rh-UK) in a rat model of chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa pulmonary infection was studied. Efficacy was assessed by lung histology and quantitative bacteriology. Male Sprague–Dawley rats received 1 × 104 or 1 × 105P. aeruginosa encapsulated in agar beads via the intratracheal route on day 1. Intratracheal administration of up to 12 500 units of rh-UK on day 21 led to a dose-dependent disappearance of viable organisms from the lungs by day 24 in rats receiving 104 organisms. In slightly longer term infections (30 days), rh-UK was still effective in facilitating the disappearance of the organisms from the lungs of most of the treated animals. rh-UK was effective in eliminating organisms when animals were infected with 104, but not 105 bacteria. In vitro analysis revealed that rh-UK was not directly toxic for the organisms. Histologically, lungs from short-term infected control animals exhibited acute inflammation, inflammatory cell infiltrates, and fibrin deposition. Histology of lungs from UK-treated, short-term infected rats revealed decreased airway inflammation and cellular infiltration compared with infected controls. Lungs from infected animals treated with 12 500 units of rh-UK were histologically indistinguishable from the lungs of uninfected control animals, except for the foreign body reaction. These results indicate that exogenous rh-UK may be efficacious in the treatment of pulmonary inflammation accompanying exposure to Gram-negative bacteria such as P. aeruginosa.Key words: chronic pulmonary infection, Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, fibrinolysis, urokinase.

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42

Wang, Qin, Jianchun Wang, Mingdong Hu, Yu Yang, Liang Guo, Jing Xu, Chuanjiang Lei, Yan Jiao y JianCheng Xu. "Uncoupling Protein 2 Increases Susceptibility to Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Mice". Mediators of Inflammation 2016 (2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9154230.

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Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) is upregulated in patients with systemic inflammation and infection, but its functional role is unclear. We up- or downregulated UCP2 expression using UCP2 recombinant adenovirus or the UCP2 inhibitor, genipin, in lungs of mice, and investigated the mechanisms of UCP2 in ALI. UCP2 overexpression in mouse lungs increased LPS-induced pathological changes, lung permeability, lung inflammation, and lowered survival rates. Furthermore, ATP levels and mitochondrial membrane potential were decreased, while reactive oxygen species production was increased. Additionally, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) activity was elevated, which increased the sensitivity to LPS-induced apoptosis and inflammation. LPS-induced apoptosis and release of inflammatory factors were alleviated by pretreatment of the Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor SP600125 or the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580, but not by the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) inhibitor PD98059 in UCP2-overexpressing mice. On the other hand, LPS-induced alveolar epithelial cell death and inflammation were attenuated by genipin. In conclusion, UCP2 increased susceptibility to LPS-induced cell death and pulmonary inflammation, most likely via ATP depletion and activation of MAPK signaling following ALI in mice.

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43

Wong, Aaron, Ricardo Zamel, Jonathan Yeung, Gary D. Bader, Claudia C. Dos Santos, Xiaohui Bai, Yubo Wang, Shaf Keshavjee y Mingyao Liu. "Potential therapeutic targets for lung repair during human ex vivo lung perfusion". European Respiratory Journal 55, n.º 4 (14 de febrero de 2020): 1902222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02222-2019.

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IntroductionThe ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) technique has been developed to assess the function of marginal donor lungs and has significantly increased donor lung utilisation. EVLP has also been explored as a platform for donor lung repair through injury-specific treatments such as antibiotics or fibrinolytics. We hypothesised that actively expressed pathways shared between transplantation and EVLP may reveal common mechanisms of injury and potential therapeutic targets for lung repair prior to transplantation.Materials and methodsRetrospective transcriptomics analyses were performed with peripheral tissue biopsies from “donation after brain death” lungs, with 46 pre-/post-transplant pairs and 49 pre-/post-EVLP pairs. Pathway analysis was used to identify and compare the responses of donor lungs to transplantation and to EVLP.Results22 pathways were enriched predominantly in transplantation, including upregulation of lymphocyte activation and cell death and downregulation of metabolism. Eight pathways were enriched predominantly in EVLP, including downregulation of leukocyte functions and upregulation of vascular processes. 27 pathways were commonly enriched, including activation of innate inflammation, cell death, heat stress and downregulation of metabolism and protein synthesis. Of the inflammatory clusters, Toll-like receptor/innate immune signal transduction adaptor signalling had the greatest number of nodes and was central to inflammation. These mechanisms have been previously speculated as major mechanisms of acute lung injury in animal models.ConclusionEVLP and transplantation share common molecular features of injury including innate inflammation and cell death. Blocking these pathways during EVLP may allow for lung repair prior to transplantation.

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44

Lopez, A. y R. Bildfell. "Pulmonary Inflammation Associated with Aspirated Meconium and Epithelial Cells in Calves". Veterinary Pathology 29, n.º 2 (marzo de 1992): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098589202900202.

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“Meconium aspiration syndrome” is a condition resulting in respiratory distress and the occasional death of newborn human beings. A retrospective study was conducted on 52 calves that were submitted for postmortem examination to the Atlantic Veterinary College, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada. These calves died of infectious and noninfectious diseases within the first 2 weeks of life due to a variety of causes. The most common cause of death was infectious enteric disease. Histologic examination of lungs revealed that 42.5% of calves had evidence of meconium, squamous cells, or keratin in the lung. There was considerable variation in the magnitude of histologic changes in lungs containing aspirated material. Typically, affected lungs had only a few inconspicuous pieces of meconium, keratin, and squamous cells within bronchoalveolar spaces. Sporadically, the entire lumen of airways was obliterated by aspirated material. Lungs with aspirated material had a mild but diffuse alveolitis characterized by exudation of a few neutrophils, macrophages, and occasional multinucleated giant cells. Obstruction of small airways and focal atelectasis were also observed. Similar lesions have been reported in human meconium aspiration syndrome. It is concluded that histologic changes similar to those of human meconium aspiration syndrome occur commonly in calves that die within 2 weeks of birth. Further studies involving healthy age-matched calves are required to evaluate the clinicopathologic significance of meconium aspiration in this species.

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45

Yuan, Zhihong, Mansoor Syed, Dipti Panchal, Myungsoo Joo, Chetna Bedi, Sokbee Lim, Hayat Onyuksel, Israel Rubinstein, Marco Colonna y Ruxana T. Sadikot. "TREM-1-accentuated lung injury via miR-155 is inhibited by LP17 nanomedicine". American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 310, n.º 5 (1 de marzo de 2016): L426—L438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00195.2015.

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Triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cell-1 (TREM-1) is a superimmunoglobulin receptor expressed on myeloid cells. Synergy between TREM-1 and Toll-like receptor amplifies the inflammatory response; however, the mechanisms by which TREM-1 accentuates inflammation are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the role of TREM-1 in a model of LPS-induced lung injury and neutrophilic inflammation. We show that TREM-1 is induced in lungs of mice with LPS-induced acute neutrophilic inflammation. TREM-1 knockout mice showed an improved survival after lethal doses of LPS with an attenuated inflammatory response in the lungs. Deletion of TREM-1 gene resulted in significantly reduced neutrophils and proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, particularly IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6. Physiologically deletion of TREM-1 conferred an immunometabolic advantage with low oxygen consumption rate (OCR) sparing the respiratory capacity of macrophages challenged with LPS. Furthermore, we show that TREM-1 deletion results in significant attenuation of expression of miR-155 in macrophages and lungs of mice treated with LPS. Experiments with antagomir-155 confirmed that TREM-1-mediated changes were indeed dependent on miR-155 and are mediated by downregulation of suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS-1) a key miR-155 target. These data for the first time show that TREM-1 accentuates inflammatory response by inducing the expression of miR-155 in macrophages and suggest a novel mechanism by which TREM-1 signaling contributes to lung injury. Inhibition of TREM-1 using a nanomicellar approach resulted in ablation of neutrophilic inflammation suggesting that TREM-1 inhibition is a potential therapeutic target for neutrophilic lung inflammation and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

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46

Nair, Meera. "The macrophage-derived proteins murine RELMα and human resistin regulate host immunity to helminth infection (MPF3P.801)". Journal of Immunology 192, n.º 1_Supplement (1 de mayo de 2014): 132.1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.192.supp.132.1.

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Abstract Th2 cells are essential for protective immunity to helminths but also contribute to chronic inflammation. Here we identify the REsistin-Like Molecules RELMα and Resistin as critical mediators of this balance between helminth Th2-mediated immunity and inflammation in both murine infection and human studies. Following infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, we observed significant macrophage expression of RELMα in the lungs. When RELMα-/- mice were infected with N. brasiliensis, there were increased Th2-type responses, accelerated worm expulsion and exacerbated lung inflammation compared to wild-type mice, implicating a role for RELMα in dampening Th2 immune responses. Selective depletion of macrophages in RELMα-/- mice ameliorated N. brasiliensis-induced chronic lung inflammation, suggesting that RELMα modulates inflammation through effects on macrophages. In new translational studies, we investigated the function of human Resistin (hResistin) which shares sequence homology with RELMα. Employing transgenic mice that express hResistin, we observed increased macrophage expression of hResistin in N. brasiliensis-infected lungs. Moreover, hResistin inhibited Th2 immune responses and immunity to N. brasiliensis. Finally, we observed a strong correlation between parasite number and serum Resistin levels in a population of helminth-infected patients (n=46). Taken together, these studies identify a new RELM-mediated regulatory pathway in helminth immunity and inflammation.

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47

Kim, Tae Ho, Jun-Yong Choi, Kyun Ha Kim, Min Jung Kwun, Chang-Woo Han, Ran Won, Jung Ju Lee, Jong-In Kim y Myungsoo Joo. "Hominis placenta Suppresses Acute Lung Inflammation by Activating Nrf2". American Journal of Chinese Medicine 46, n.º 04 (enero de 2018): 801–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0192415x18500428.

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Hominis placenta (HP), a dried human placenta, has been known to target liver, lung, or kidney meridians, improving the functions associated with these meridians in traditional Chinese or Asian medicine (TCM). Since recent studies implicate an HP extract in suppressing inflammation, we investigated whether an aqueous HP extract can ameliorate inflammation that occurred in the lungs. When administered with a single intratracheal lipopolysaccharide (LPS), C57BL/6 mice developed an acute neutrophilic lung inflammation along with an increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes. However, this was diminished by the administration HP extract via an intraperitoneal route 2 h after LPS treatment. Western blot and semi-quantitative RT-PCR analyses revealed that while suppressing the activity of a proinflammatory factor NF-[Formula: see text]B marginally, the HP extract strongly activated an anti-inflammatory factor Nrf2, with concomitant expression of Nrf2-dependent genes. Mechanistically, the HP extract suppressed the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of Nrf2, functioning similarly to a 26S proteasome inhibitor, MG132. Collectively, these results suggest that the HP extract suppresses inflammation in mouse lungs, which is in part related to the HP extract perturbing the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of Nrf2 and thus increasing the function of Nrf2.

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Preuss, Jonathan M., Ute Burret, Michael Gröger, Sandra Kress, Angelika Scheuerle, Peter Möller, Jan P. Tuckermann, Martin Wepler y Sabine Vettorazzi. "Impaired Glucocorticoid Receptor Signaling Aggravates Lung Injury after Hemorrhagic Shock". Cells 11, n.º 1 (30 de diciembre de 2021): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11010112.

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We previously showed that attenuated lung injury after hemorrhagic shock (HS) coincided with enhanced levels of the glucocorticoid (GC) receptor (GR) in lung tissue of swine. Here, we investigated the effects of impaired GR signaling on the lung during resuscitated HS using a dysfunctional GR mouse model (GRdim/dim). In a mouse intensive care unit, HS led to impaired lung mechanics and aggravated lung inflammation in GRdim/dim mice compared to wildtype mice (GR+/+). After HS, high levels of the pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic transcription factor STAT1/pSTAT1 were found in lung samples from GRdim/dim mice. Lungs of GRdim/dim mice revealed apoptosis, most likely as consequence of reduced expression of the lung-protective Angpt1 compared to GR+/+ after HS. RNA-sequencing revealed increased expression of pro-apoptotic and cytokine-signaling associated genes in lung tissue of GRdim/dim mice. Furthermore, high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and iNOS were found in lungs of GRdim/dim mice. Our results indicate impaired repression of STAT1/pSTAT1 due to dysfunctional GR signaling in GRdim/dim mice, which leads to increased inflammation and apoptosis in the lungs. These data highlight the crucial role of functional GR signaling to attenuate HS-induced lung damage.

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49

Lin, Hung-Jung, Chia-Ti Wang, Ko-Chi Niu, Chungjin Gao, Zhuo Li, Mao-Tsun Lin y Ching-Ping Chang. "Hypobaric hypoxia preconditioning attenuates acute lung injury during high-altitude exposure in rats via up-regulating heat-shock protein 70". Clinical Science 121, n.º 5 (20 de mayo de 2011): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20100596.

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HHP (hypobaric hypoxia preconditioning) induces the overexpression of HSP70 (heat-shock protein 70), as well as tolerance to cerebral ischaemia. In the present study, we hypothesized that HHP would protect against HAE (high-altitude exposure)-induced acute lung injury and oedema via promoting the expression of HSP70 in lungs prior to the onset of HAE. At 2 weeks after the start of HHP, animals were exposed to a simulated HAE of 6000 m in a hypobaric chamber for 24 h. Immediately after being returned to ambient pressure, the non-HHP animals had higher scores of alveolar oedema, neutrophil infiltration and haemorrhage, acute pleurisy (e.g. increased exudate volume, increased numbers of polymorphonuclear cells and increased lung myeloperoxidase activity), increased pro-inflammatory cytokines [e.g. TNF-α (tumour necrosis factor-α), IL (interleukin)-1β and IL-6], and increased cellular ischaemia (i.e. glutamate and lactate/pyruvate ratio) and oxidative damage [glycerol, NOx (combined nitrate+nitrite) and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid] markers in the BALF (bronchoalveolar fluid). HHP, in addition to inducing overexpression of HSP70 in the lungs, significantly attenuated HAE-induced pulmonary oedema, inflammation, and ischaemic and oxidative damage in the lungs. The beneficial effects of HHP in preventing the occurrence of HAE-induced pulmonary oedema, inflammation, and ischaemic and oxidative damage was reduced significantly by pretreatment with a neutralizing anti-HSP70 antibody. In conclusion, HHP may attenuate the occurrence of pulmonary oedema, inflammation, and ischaemic and oxidative damage caused by HAE in part via up-regulating HSP70 in the lungs.

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50

Lagishetty, Venu, Prasanna Tamarapu Parthasarathy, Oluwakemi Phillips, Jutaro Fukumoto, Young Cho, Itsuko Fukumoto, Huynh Bao et al. "Dysregulation of CLOCK gene expression in hyperoxia-induced lung injury". American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 306, n.º 11 (1 de junio de 2014): C999—C1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00064.2013.

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Hyperoxic acute lung injury (HALI) is characterized by inflammation and epithelial cell death. CLOCK genes are master regulators of circadian rhythm also implicated in inflammation and lung diseases. However, the relationship of CLOCK genes in hyperoxia-induced lung injury has not been studied. This study will determine if HALI alters CLOCK gene expression. To test this, wild-type and NALP3−/− mice were exposed to room air or hyperoxia for 24, 48, or 72 h. In addition, mice were exposed to different concentrations of hyperoxia (50, 75, or 100% O2) or room air for 72 h. The mRNA and protein levels of lung CLOCK genes, based on quantitative PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively, and their target genes are significantly elevated in mice exposed to hyperoxia compared with controls. Alterations in CLOCK genes are associated with increased inflammatory markers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of hyperoxic mice compared with controls. Histological examination of mice lungs exposed to hyperoxia show increased inflammation and alveolar congestion compared with controls. Our results indicate sequential increase in CLOCK gene expression in lungs of mice exposed to hyperoxia compared with controls. Additionally, data suggest a dose-dependent increase in CLOCK gene expression with increased oxygen concentrations. To validate if the expression changes related to CLOCK genes are indeed associated with inflammation, NALP3−/− was introduced to analyze loss of function in inflammation. Western blot analysis showed significant CLOCK gene downregulation in NALP3−/− mice compared with wild-type controls. Together, our results demonstrate that hyperoxia-mediated lung inflammation is associated with alterations in CLOCK gene expression.

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