Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Logistica del gas"

Los procesos de distribución de mercancías deben conciliar los intereses económicos de las empresas, que buscan mayores niveles de rentabilidad a través de disminución de los costos y mejoras del nivel de servicio, con los impactos negativos que se producen a la sociedad y al medio ambiente, como es el caso de la contaminación química y problemas de calidad de vida, como la generación de congestión vehicular y accidentes. En este articulo se presenta la comparación de tres modelos que analizan los costos logísticos asociados a la distribución de mercancías y las emisiones de gases efecto invernado que generan dicho procesos. Estos modelos utilizan el Problema de Ruteo de Vehículos (IRP) como base para optimizar las actividades logísticas, a partir del cual, mediante enfoques multobjetivo se analizan las emisiones de CO2. Como principal resultado del articulo se observa que los modelos multiobjetivo permiten encontrar una combinación adecuada entre los costos logísticos y las emisiones, que sea atractivo para empresas y la sociedad.

Logistics plays a basic supporting role in the growth of national economy. However, tail gas, noise, and traffic congestion caused by logistics have a negative impact on the environment. An effective evaluation mechanism for sustainable development of urban logistics industry is necessary. Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a common tool for efficiency evaluation. But, DEA has a limited effect on resource allocation in advance because it is ex-post evaluation. It requires input-output indications and the output is after-the-fact data. This defect is particularly prominent in the evaluation of ecological logistics because pollution indicators belong to ex-post output data that threaten the human environment. First prediction and then evaluation is a possible idea. In addition, DEA efficiency ranking does not have a good discrimination due to its coarse granularity. To solve the issues, combining DEA with the Bayes method, we propose an efficiency evaluation model without after-the-fact data, where an efficiency level is predicted and an evaluation value is calculated according to different investment combinations. Then, it is applied to logistics industries of Jiangsu province in China. The results show that our DEA-Bayes method has good discrimination and is easy to operate; a city with geographical advantage and environmental awareness generally gets a higher efficiency score. So the method can help decision makers to allocate resources rationally and further promote the coordinated development of logistics industry.

Background: The coronavirus pandemic is an epidemiological and psychological crisis. The elderly population is considered to be high risk for potential complications arising from the COVID-19 pandemic, and this fact can also potentially lead to anxiety symptoms amongst the elderly. Therefore, a study was conducted to assess the anxiety symptoms in elderly living in few major cities of Rajasthan state in India. Methods: The study was conducted from April 2020 to May 2020 using an online questionnaire which measured the levels of anxiety amongst the elderly population (age ≥ 65 years) living in the community via the GAD-7 (General Anxiety Disorder-7) scale. Responses were received from 162 participants. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test and logistic regression. The level of statistical significance was kept at p value < 0.05. Results: Around 69.14% of the participants belonged to the age group of 65 -74 years; 61.72% of whom were male. Moreover, up to 82.72% of the participants were suffering from one or more chronic medical illnesses. Based on the GAD-7 scores, 30.25%, 12.35%, and 6.17% of the respondents were suffering from mild, moderate, and severe forms of anxiety, respectively. After applying a ≥ 5 score as a cut off score for the GAD-7 scale, 48.77% of the elderly participants were experiencing anxiety symptoms indicating further assessment. In those respondents with anxiety symptoms, significant association was observed with age (p = 0.00), sex (p = 0.04), and the zone of residence (p = 0.00). On the other hand, no significant association was observed with the presence of chronic medical illness such as Diabetes, Hypertension, COPD, etc. with anxiety symptoms (p = 0.77). Conclusion: This study has revealed a high prevalence of anxiety symptoms among the elderly population during the COVID-19 pandemic lock down. We recommend that a pre-planned strategy should be prepared for early identification of vulnerable elderly in the community who are at a greater risk of suffering from anxiety disorder under this stressful period.

The article reveals the essence of the conceptual approach to "green" technologies in the logistics activities of enterprises. The concept of "green" technologies has been clarified as technologies that use environmentally safe production processes and supply chains in comparison with the production methods traditionally used at enterprises. The role and opportunities of Ukrainian environmental logistics in the European Green Deal have been studied. It has been established that the European Green Deal is a program of the European Union aimed at protecting the climate and the environment. This program is aimed at making the economies of the European Union countries more resource-efficient, canceling greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 and separating economic growth from the use of natural resources. Currently, Ukraine is only planning to join the European Green Deal, declaring in the National Economic Strategy the intention to achieve climate neutrality by 2060. The state and general trends of the development of strategic logistics infrastructure projects of Ukraine in the context of the implementation of the Green Deal and Digital Europe programs are analyzed. The Europian Green Deal is a dynamic instrument that is at the stage of formation. The purpose of the article is the development of theoretical and methodological foundations, applied recommendations regarding the prospects of "green" technologies in the logistics activities of Ukrainian enterprises: their concepts and features of implementation within the framework of the European Green Deal and Digital Europe programs, "European Union for the Environment" (EU4Environment), development of sustainable logistics in Ukraine, features of application in specific logistics processes, problems and prospects, logistics strategy of Ukrainian enterprises. The process of applying "green" technologies in supply chain management is analyzed. In the logistics chain, processes related to supply, production, warehousing, transportation and distribution are involved, therefore, logistics activities are focused not only on the internal business processes of the enterprise, but also have a significant impact on the environment and contribute to the emergence of negative environmental consequences. In connection with the above, the concept of "green" (sustainable) supply chains, which provides for a minimal harmful impact on the environment during the implementation of logistics business processes, has recently become widespread.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a series of disruptions in production and transportation. After the reduction in mortality from COVID-19, trade, and tourism began to accelerate sharply, which resulted in increased demand, primarily for air transport. And then, there came a special intervention of Russia in Ukraine. During the ongoing intervention, the transport infrastructure in Ukraine was damaged significantly. The EU actively joined the war and adopted a series of sanctions to undermine Russian economic and financial ability to wage war. That led to the closure of the EU airspace for Russian aircraft, the closure of the EU ports to Russian ships, the banning of Russian transport operators, and bans on the export of goods and technology to the aviation, maritime, and space sectors. Pipeline transport is also under attack. The United States and several countries introduced similar bans. The sanctions caused a backlash and also affected transport in the EU, leading to difficulties in traffic, gas, and oil supply. Western airlines also cannot fly to or through Russia. Bottlenecks emerged in supply chains and the need to bypass traditional routes. That increased travel time and costs significantly. Transport companies faced restrictions from both the the Western countries and the Russian Federation. In connection with the 'special' operations in Ukraine and the Western sanctions, the transport situation in the Russian Federation has also deteriorated significantly. This paper will not deal in detail with the causes of crises but their effects on transport.

The purpose of the study is to develop theoretical and methodological foundations for the development of tools for assessing the level of financial and technical efficiency of oil and gas companies and identifying reserves for improving efficiency based on the influence of external and internal factors. The theoretical basis of the research consists of the authors' works devoted to the problems of assessing financial efficiency, technical efficiency, innovation, market and environmental efficiency of companies. Modeling was carried out on the basis of tools for building DEA models, logistic regression, methods of correlation and regression analysis using the functionality of the software product R. The data of 7 companies with the largest revenue in the oil and gas industry by the end of 2020 and macroeconomic indicators of the financial and economic market of the Russian Federation are also components of the information base of the study. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the development of theoretical provisions and methodological tools for evaluating the effectiveness of companies in effective identification by assessing financial and technical efficiency, developing models of the phenomenon and forecasting the effectiveness of companies in the oil and gas industry.

Most of the easy subsea oil and gas reserves have been discovered and are being developed. In the search for future reserves, subsea oil and gas developments are moving into deeper and colder water, often with longer tiebacks. Conventional techniques using chemicals may prove unviable to deliver technically and economically into these environments due to the volumes required and the supply-chain logistics involved. Other techniques such as depressurisation can be difficult to operate successfully for long flowlines in colder environments. This has driven the need for a new generation of economical, efficient, and easier-to-operate flow-assurance management techniques. To address these more challenging environments, a number of alternative flow-assurance management techniques have been developed and are now available to operators. One of these is known generically as Active Flowline Heating (AFH). Rather than using passive insulation, AFH technologies maintain production by heating the flowline wall and transferring the heat to the contents to keep them above hydrate or wax formation temperatures. This extended abstract looks at the status of a number of AFH technologies: Open or wet direct electrical heating (open DEH) Closed or dry direct electrical heating (closed DEH) Electrically trace heated pipe in pipe (ETH PIP) Integrated production bundles (IPBs) Rigid pipe bundles In the right circumstances, these technologies can provide economical, easy-to-operate, and reliable alternative flow-assurance management techniques. This presentation also addresses potential applications for these technologies in subsea oil and gas developments of the future.

The Australian oil and gas industry is in a period of substantial challenges, including a significant decline in oil prices, fluctuating spot gas prices, a relentless drive for operating efficiency, and tight capital allocation, together with increased regulatory scrutiny and a reputation for below-standards productivity. On the upside, these market challenges provide significant opportunities for companies to bring in new investors, implement new operating models, apply innovation to update processes and practices, and restructure activities. Making material step-changes, requires companies to review, amend, and update joint venture operating agreements (JVOAs). KPMG has worked with many of Australia’s leading oil and gas companies on a range of joint venture engagements. This extended abstract outlines why JVOAs need to be reviewed with respect to the following key opportunities and challenges: Fast-changing global business operating models. Available cost savings by eliminating inconsistent management and operating models between joint ventures. Planning for potential restructuring, including separation of infrastructure (e.g. plants, pipelines, support) from reserve ownership. Sharing of services (e.g. maintenance and logistics) between unrelated joint ventures. Transparency of costs and asset performance. Improved joint venture governance (not more or over-governance) between participants to attract investment. Effective resourcing, noting the right transition of capabilities between deal-makers and joint venture operators. With this extended abstract the authors aim to provide ideas for consideration. Each of these ideas will impact JVOAs. The authors’ proposition is that now is the right time to complete a comprehensive review of JVOAs to enable organisations to move fast as new and innovative opportunities arise.

Introduction The global health emergency caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has put healthcare professionals in an unprecedented challenge, considering them extremely at risk population. Objectives To estimate the prevalence of clinically significant mental disorders and to assess associated factors among Consorci Sanitari del Maresme workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods We made a descriptive cross-sectional study. All workers were invited to participate in an online survey during May 2021. Individual characteristics and frequency of direct exposure to COVID during professional activity were assessed. We used three Spanish versions of psychometric scales: the Patient Health Questionnaire to evaluate depressive symptomatology, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale, which detects anxiety, and the 4-item version of the PTSD checklist for DSM-5 for PTSD screening purposes. Chi-square tests and logistic regression were used to analyze the data. Results A total of 355 workers participated. Overall, 31% met the criteria for Major Depressive Disorder (PHQ-9> 9), 36% for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7> 9) and 22% for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PCL-5> 7). It has been found that young adult, women, those with prior mental disorders or those with greater exposure to COVID-19 are risk factors for any current mental disorder. Conclusions There are large mental healthcare needs among healthcare professionals. There is a clear need to closely monitor the extent to which these needs are adequately met. In the design of measures and interventions to reduce this impact, an individualized approach should be considered while taking into account sociodemographic variables, psychiatric history and the frequency of direct exposure to COVID-19. Disclosure No significant relationships.

Shell’s Namibia Wildcat Encounters Light Oil Supermajor Shell has struck light oil with its Graff-1 exploration well offshore Namibia, according to the country’s national oil company, a partner in the probe. The National Petroleum Corporation of Namibia (Namcor) confirmed the discovery. Partners in the Orange Basin well included Shell Namibia Upstream and QatarEnergy. The probe was located about 270 km away from Oranjemund, and was drilled to a total depth of 5376 m in water depths of 2000 m. The drilling operations on Graff-1 utilizing the Valaris DS-10 drillship began in early December 2021 and were completed in early February. “While we can learn a great deal from the results of Graff-1, we anticipate that further exploration activity, including a second exploration well, will be required to determine the size and recoverable potential of the identified hydrocarbons,” Namcor said. TotalEnergies has drilled the Venus-1 well in a neighboring block to the west where results are imminent. Shell Namibia Upstream operates the Graff find with 45% interest; QatarEnergy also holds a 45% stake; Namcor holds the remaining 10% interest. Namcor said extensive laboratory analyses will be performed in coming months to gain a better understanding of the reservoir quality and flow rates potentially achievable. Eni’s First Offshore Exploration Well in Abu Dhabi Strikes Gas Eni has encountered gas shows in its first exploration well, XF-002, currently drilling in offshore Block 2, northwest of Abu Dhabi, in 115 ft water depth. The interim well results indicate a range of 1.5–2.0 Tcf of raw gas in place in multiple good-quality reservoirs of the Jurassic exploration targets. The drilling operations will continue targeting the deeper exploration targets of the Khuff and Pre-Khuff formations. Eni has a 70% stake and operates offshore Block 2, which was awarded in January 2019 as a result of the first-ever competitive bid round for exploration blocks launched by ADNOC. PTTEP holds the remaining 30%. Eni has been present in Abu Dhabi since 2018. The company is the operator of three exploration licenses and has a participation with ADNOC in three offshore development and production concessions: Lower Zakum (5%), Umm Shaif and Nasr (10%), and Ghasha (25%). W&T Offshore Acquires US GOM Producing Properties W&T Offshore closed an acquisition of oil-and-gas-producing properties in US GOM from ANKOR E&P and KOA Energy. The operator paid $30.2 million for stakes in the Ship Shoal 230, South Marsh Island 27/Vermilion 191, and South Marsh Island 73 fields. The deal adds (internally estimated) proved reserves of 5.5 million BOE (69% oil) and proved and probable, or 2P, reserves of 7.6 million BOE (75% oil). The deal also adds more than 50 gross producing wells (average working interest of 80%) across the three shallow-water fields. Myanmar Coup Leads to Operator Exodus Thailand state oil and gas explorer PTTEP looks set to take over Myanmar’s biggest gas field as TotalEnergies and Chevron confirmed their exits, citing the worsening humanitarian situation following a coup. A move by PTTEP to become operator of Yadana field, in which it already has a 25.5% stake, would keep vital gas supplies flowing to Thailand and Myanmar. Both TotalEnergies and Chevron were part of a group operating the Yadana gas project off Myanmar’s southwest coast along with the Moattama Gas Transportation Company that runs a gas pipeline from the field to Myanmar’s border with Thailand. PTTEP would have an 85% stake in Yadana if it took all the interest held by TotalEnergies and Chevron. PTTEP already operates Myanmar’s smaller Zawtika field with an 80% stake; Myanmar’s state energy firm Myanma Oil and Gas Enterprise holds the remaining 20%. Yadana produced 770 MMcf/D of gas in 2021, of which 570 MMcf/D was supplied to Thailand and the rest used to generate Myanmar’s electricity. New Malaysian Bid Round Launched State-owned Petronas is offering 14 exploration blocks, six clusters of discovered resource opportunities (DRO), and one cluster of late-life assets (LLA) in its Malaysia Bid Round 2022 launched in late January. The 14 exploration blocks on offer are in prolific geological provinces within the Malay, Sabah, and Sarawak basins. Most of these blocks contain existing oil and/or gas discoveries. The six DRO clusters are Meranti, Ubah, Baram Jr., A, C, and D, mostly in shallow water and near existing production infrastructure. In addition, the single LLA, which includes a cluster of three fields named the Abu Cluster, provides the opportunity for a new operator to sweat the remaining oil in place using existing facilities. Petronas is also offering technical study arrangements for two exploration areas in southern Malay Basin and northwest Sabah Basin to offer investors a better understanding of the potential of the acreages prior to submitting a bid proposal. Petronas is hosting a virtual data room which will be accessible from launch until the end of June 2022, allowing potential investors to conduct data review during the bid-round period. Equinor Secures 26 New Production Licenses Equinor has been awarded 26 new production licenses by Norway’s Ministry of Petroleum and Energy in the 2020 Award in Predefined Areas. A dozen of the licenses have the company as operator with the remaining 14 as partner. The production licenses are divided as follows: 12 in the North Sea, 10 in the Norwegian Sea, and four in the Barents Sea. In 2022, Equinor plans to take part in around 25 exploration wells, mainly near existing infrastructure. Most of the wells will be drilled in the North Sea, some in the Norwegian Sea, and a few in the Barents Sea. Petrobras Details Potiguar Cluster Asset Sale to 3R Petrobras has signed a deal to sell 100% of its interest in 22 concessions of onshore and offshore production fields, along with its infrastructure situated in the Potiguar basin (together called the Potiguar Cluster) in the Rio Grande do Norte, north of Brazil, to 3R Potiguar, which is a wholly owned subsidiary of 3R Petroleum Óleo e Gás, for $1.38 billion. The transaction also includes the Potiguar Clara Camarao refinery with a processing capacity of 39,600 BOPD. 3R Potiguar will pay Petrobras $1.04 billion at closure and four annual installments of $58.75 million each until March 2024. The agreement will require regulatory approval from Brazil’s National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Biofuels (ANP). The Potiguar Basin comprises three subclusters (Canto do Amaro, Alto do Rodrigues, and Ubarana), having an aggregate of 22 fields across 19 onshore and three offshore concessions, and incorporates access to the infrastructure necessary for processing, refining, logistics, storage, transportation, and export of oil and natural gas. Ubarana subcluster concessions are in shallow waters around 10 km and 22 km off the coast of the municipality of Guamaré-RN, while subclusters Canto do Amaro and Alto do Rodrigues are onshore. The average output from three of these subclusters last year was 20,600 BOPD and 58100 m3/d of natural gas. Neptune Energy Increases Production From Gjøa Platform Production from the Neptune Energy-operated Gjøa platform in the Norwegian North Sea increased by 2 million BOE from 2020 to 2021. Gross production over the Gjøa platform ended on 42 million BOE in 2021, compared with 40 million BOE in 2020. Just over three-quarters (76%) of the production was gas, all of which is exported through the FLAGS pipeline to the St. Fergus Gas Terminal in the UK. The increased production was due mainly to production startup from the Gjøa P1 infill development in February and the Duva field tieback in August. In addition, production from the tieback field Vega, operated by Wintershall Dea, and the Gjøa field itself, has been better than expected. Estimated reserves on the Gjøa field have increased by 38% since the Plan for Development and Production was approved in 2007. Neptune expects to add a fourth tie-in field to the Gjøa facilities—Wintershall Dea’s Nova field. In addition, the operator plans to drill two exploration wells in the area and will continue to mature other nearby discoveries and exploration opportunities as tie-in candidates. Kuwait’s KUFPEC Makes First Operated Offshore Discovery in Indonesia Kuwait Foreign Petroleum Exploration Company (KUFPEC) has confirmed its subsidiary KUFPEC Indonesia has made a commercial discovery of natural gas and condensate in the Anambas Block, offshore Indonesia. The discovery was made via the Anambas-2X well, which was drilled using a jackup rig in 288 ft of water to a total depth of 10,509 ft. Located in the Natuna Sea near an existing block in which KUFPEC is a partner, the Anambas Block was awarded to KUFPEC Indonesia through a competitive bidding process in 2019. The block is fully operated by KUFPEC Indonesia with 100% interest. The company conducted two drillstem tests so far, one in the Lower Gabus formation and the other in the Intra Keras formation. These tests resulted in a stabilized combined flow rate of

La salud mental de estudiantes universitarios es un motivo de investigación a nivel internacional. El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de ansiedad, depresión y estado de salud autopercibida de los estudiantes de medicina de la Universidad Miguel Hernández y analizar su asociación con diferentes variables sociodemográficas y del estilo de vida. Para ello, se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal de estudiantes de medicina de 1º a 6º curso de la Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche durante el curso 2019-20. Se utilizaron la Escala Visual Analógica (EVA) del European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D), la Escala de Ansiedad y Depresión de Goldberg (EADG), el estudio Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea (PREDIMED), el Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C) y el Test de Fagerström. Todos los cuestionarios están validados en España. Para el análisis se ajustaron modelos logísticos multivariantes. Fueron encuestados 474 estudiantes. La tasa de respuesta global fue del 55.26%. Un 68.1% de la muestra eran mujeres. Se estimó una prevalencia de probable ansiedad del 54.9%, probable depresión del 60.9% y probable ansiedad o depresión del 73.3%. La salud autopercibida regular-mala-muy mala fue del 8.9%. Se detectó una asociación estadísticamente significativa con el sexo, la edad, el curso académico, el municipio de residencia, el tipo de alimentación, la actividad física y el consumo de tóxicos. Como conclusión, los estudiantes de medicina de la Universidad Miguel Hernández presentaron una prevalencia alta de probable ansiedad y depresión. Se observaron diferencias en función del sexo, curso académico, tipo de alimentación y consumo de tóxicos. The mental health of university students is a reason for international research. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of anxiety, depression and self-perceived health status of medical students from the Miguel Hernandez University and analyze their association with different sociodemographic and lifestyle variables. We did a cross-sectional descriptive study of medical students from 1st to 6th year of the Miguel Hernandez University during the 2019-20 academic year. They were used the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) of the European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions (EQ-5D), the Goldberg Anxiety and Depression Scale (GADS), the Mediterranean Diet Prevention study (PREDIMED), the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C) and the Fagerström Test were used. All the questionnaires are validated in Spain. For the analysis, multivariate logistic models were adjusted. They were surveyed 474 students. The overall response rate was 55.26%. 68.1% of the sample were women. A prevalence of probable anxiety of 54.9%; probable depression of 60.9% and probable anxiety or depression of 73.3% was estimated. Regular-bad-very bad self-perceived health was only 8.9%. A statistically significant association was detected between the aforementioned variables and sex, age, academic year, municipality of residence, type of diet, physical activity and consumption of toxics. The medical students of the Miguel Hernandez University presented a high prevalence of probable anxiety and depression. Differences were observed based on sex, academic year, type of diet and consumption of toxic drugs.

Geohazards associated to submarine hydrothermal systems still represent a tricky enigma to face and solve for the scientific community. The poor knowledge of a submarine environment, the rare and scarce monitoring activities, and the expensive and sometimes complicated logistics are the main problems to deal with. The submarine low-energy explosion, which occurred last November 3, 2002, off the volcanic island of Panarea, highlighted the absence of any hazard scenario to be used to manage the volcanic crisis. The “unrest” of the volcanic activity was triggered by a sudden input of deep magmatic fluids, which caused boiling water at the sea surface with a massive CO2 release besides changes in the fluids’ geochemistry. That event dramatically pushed scientists to develop new methods to monitor the seafloor venting activity. Coupling the information from geochemical investigations and data collected during the unrest of volcanic activity, we were able to (a) develop theoretical models to gain a better insight on the submarine hydrothermal system and its relationships with the local volcanic and tectonic structures and (b) to develop a preliminary submarine volcanic hazard assessment connected to the Panarea system (Aeolian Islands). In order to mitigate the potential submarine volcanic hazard, three different scenarios are described here: (1) ordinary hydrothermal venting, (2) gas burst, and (3) volcanic eruption. The experience carried out at Panarea demonstrates that the best way to face any submarine volcanic-hydrothermal hazard is to improve the collection of data in near real-time mode by multidisciplinary seafloor observatories and to combine it with periodical sampling activity.

In December 2019, the European Commission unveiled an ambitious project, the European Green Deal, which aims to lead the European Union to climate neutrality by 2050. This is a significant challenge for all EU countries, and especially for Poland. The role of hydrogen in the processes of decarbonization of the economy and transport is being discussed in many countries around the world to find rational solutions to this difficult and complex problem. There is an ongoing discussion about the hydrogen economy, which covers the production of hydrogen, its storage, transport, and conversion to the desired forms of energy, primarily electricity, mechanical energy, and new fuels. The development of the hydrogen economy can significantly support the achievement of climate neutrality. The belief that hydrogen plays an important role in the transformation of the energy sector is widespread. There are many technical and economic challenges, as well as legal and logistical barriers to deal with in the transition process. The development of hydrogen technologies and a global sustainable energy system that uses hydrogen offers a real opportunity to solve the challenges facing the global energy industry: meeting the need for clean fuels, increasing the efficiency of fuel and energy production, and significantly reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The paper provides an in-depth analysis of the Polish Hydrogen Strategy, a document that sets out the directions for the development of hydrogen use (competences and technologies) in the energy, transport, and industrial sectors. This analysis is presented against the background of the European Commission’s document ‘A Hydrogen Strategy for a Climate-Neutral Europe’. The draft project presented is a good basis for further discussion on the directions of development of the Polish economy. The Polish Hydrogen Strategy, although it was created later than the EU document, does not fully follow its guidelines. The directions for further work on the hydrogen strategy are indicated so that its final version can become a driving force for the development of the country’s economy.

The combination of a fuel cell and batteries has promising potential for powering autonomous vehicles. The MUN Explorer Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) is built to do mapping-type missions of seabeds as well as survey missions. These missions require a great deal of power to reach underwater depths (i.e., 3000 meters). The MUN Explorer uses 11 rechargeable Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries as the main power source with a total capacity of 14.6 kWh to 17.952 kWh, and the vehicle can run for 10 hours. The drawbacks of operating the existing power system of the MUN Explorer, which was done by the researcher at the Holyrood management facility, include mobilization costs, logistics and transport, and facility access, all of which should be taken into consideration. Recharging the batteries for at least 8 hours is also very challenging and time consuming. To overcome these challenges and run the MUN Explorer for a long time, it is essential to integrate a fuel cell into an existing power system (i.e., battery bank). The integration of the fuel cell not only will increase the system power, but will also reduce the number of batteries needed as suggested by HOMER software. In this paper, an integrated fuel cell is designed to be added into the MUN Explorer AUV along with a battery bank system to increase its power system. The system sizing is performed using HOMER software. The results from HOMER software show that a 1-kW fuel cell and 8 Li-ion batteries can increase the power system capacity to 68 kWh. The dynamic model is then built in MATLAB/Simulink environment to provide a better understanding of the system behavior. The 1-kW fuel cell is connected to a DC/DC Boost Converter to increase the output voltage from 24 V to 48 V as required by the battery and DC motor. A hydrogen gas tank is also included in the model. The advantage of installing the hydrogen and oxygen tanks beside the batteries is that it helps the buoyancy force in underwater depths. The design of this system is based on MUN Explorer data sheets and system dynamic simulation results.

Background: COVID-19, an emerging contagious disease had affected all over the world and become a global health threat. Lockdown and restriction had made the life of the health care workers troublesome and psychosocial problems are exaggerated. Moreover, health care workers are the frontline workers to deal with the COVID-19 patients; they are at high risk. Due to social stigma and hectic schedule of work had made their life more stressful. The study aimed to assess anxiety and depression and its associated factors among COVID-19 positive frontline health care workers during COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A web-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 323 COVID-19 positive health care workers working in different provinces of Nepal. The Google form was made by adopting GAD-7 for anxiety and PHQ-9 for depression and made available to study population through various social media. Results: The prevalence of anxiety and depression among the COVID-19 positive frontline health care worker was 39% and 35.5% respectively. The study showed significant association between staying with friend during pandemic (p 0.015), daily meditation (p 0.020), duty in isolation ward (p 0.027), unaware of incentives provision (p 0.034), stigma (p <0.001) with anxiety and education status (p 0.023), fear of dying from COVID-19 (p 0.045) and stigma (p 0.05) with depression in multiple logistic regression analysis. Conclusions: In the pandemic, COVID-19 positive frontline health workers had developed anxiety and depression symptoms. Training and sufficient preventive practice need to be implemented to control consequences of COVID 19 pandemic. Key words: Anxiety; Coronavirus; Depression; Frontline health workers, Nepal

Aim: To assess the psychological impact of COVID-19 on mental status of undergraduate medical students, after reopening of educational institutions. Methods: This descriptive, online cross-sectional study was conducted on medical students of Combined Military Hospital Lahore Medical College & Institute of Dentistry, Lahore Pakistan for 6 months from 1st June to 30th November, 2021. Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7) was used as the study tool. Data was analyzed by using statistical software SPSS - 23. Frequencies and percentages were used for descriptive variables. A univariate analysis was utilized to identify the noticeable associations between traits of sample and the anxiety level in current scenario of COVID-19 pandemic. Finally multivariate logistic regression analyses, odds ratio (OR), and Spearman's correlation coefficient, r, was used to evaluate the association between COVID-19-related stressors and anxiety level. Results: Of the 324 respondents, majority were females residing in urban areas with their parents. Severe anxiety was experienced by 23.8% of students. Female respondents were found to have more anxiety as compared to males (OR = 1.81; 95% CI = 1.173 – 2.815). Moreover, respondents having a relative or an acquaintance infected with COVID-19 reported to have more anxiety (OR = 3.007, 95% CI = 2.377 - 3.804). Conclusion: A significant number of students are experiencing anxiety in the post COVID-19 phase, especially those that had an acquaintance infected with COVID-19. There is a need to look after student's mental health and to implement appropriate psychological strategies and interventions to deal with this level of psychological distress in the students at this phase of pandemic for optimum training of future health professionals. Keywords: Anxiety, COVID-19, healthcare professionals, mental health, medical students, pandemic

Internet of Things (IoT) has now become an embryonic technology to elevate the whole sphere into canny cities. Hasty enlargement of smart cities and industries leads to the proliferation of waste generation. Waste can be pigeon-holed as materials-based waste, hazard potential based waste, and origin-based waste. These waste categories must be coped thoroughly to make certain of the ecological finest run-throughs irrespective of the origin or hazard potential or content. Waste management should be incorporated into ecological preparation since it is a grave piece of natural cleanliness. The most important goalmouth of waste management is to maintain the pecuniary growth and snootier excellence of life by plummeting and exterminating adversative repercussions of waste materials on environment and human health. Disposing of unused things is a significant issue, and this ought to be done in the best manner by deflecting waste development and keeping hold of cost, and it involves countless human resources to deal with the waste. These current techniques predominantly focus on cost-effective monitoring of waste management, and results are not imprecise, so that it could not be developed in real time or practically applications such as in educational organizations, hospitals, and smart cities. Internet of things-based waste management system provides a real-time monitoring system for collecting the garbage waste, and it does not control the dispersion of overspill and blowout gases with poor odor. Consequently, it leads to the emission of radiation and toxic gases and affects the environment and social well-being and induces global warming. Motivated by these points, in this research work, we proposed an automatic method to achieve an effective and intelligent waste management system using Internet of things by predicting the possibility of waste things. The wastage capacity, gas level, and metal level can be monitored continuously using IoT based dustbins, which can be placed everywhere in city. Then, our proposed method can be tested by machine learning classification techniques such as linear regression, logistic regression, support vector machine, decision tree, and random forest algorithm. The proposed method is investigated with machine learning classification techniques in terms of accuracy and time analysis. Random forest algorithm gives the accuracy of 92.15% and time consumption of 0.2 milli seconds. From this analysis, our proposed method with random forest algorithm is significantly better compared to other classification techniques.

Objective: To determine the prevalence and correlates of 4 types of elder abuse and neglect in a geriatric psychiatry service. Method: We conducted a cross-sectional retrospective chart review of new in- and outpatients seen by the Montreal General Hospital Division of Geriatric Psychiatry in one calendar year. Results: Abuse or neglect was suspected or confirmed in 20 (16%) of 126 patients, comprising financial abuse in 16 (13%), neglect in 7 (6%), emotional abuse in 5 (4%), physical abuse in 3 (2%), and multiple abuse in 7 (6%). On bivariate analysis, patients living with nonspouse family, friends, or other persons were significantly more likely to have suffered abuse than were those living with their spouse or in a supervised setting (OR 10.5; 95%CI, 2.3 to 47.8); widowed, divorced, or separated patients were significantly more likely to have suffered abuse than were married patients (OR 4.7; 95%CI, 1.02 to 22.0). Nonsignificant trends included female sex (OR 4.1; 95%CI, 0.89 to 18.6); alcohol abuse (OR 2.1; 95%CI, 0.71 to 6.2); behaviour problems (OR 1.9; 95%CI, 0.71 to 5.2); and chronic cognitive impairment (OR 1.4; 95%CI, 0.55 to 3.8). Although living situation with nonspouse family, friends, or others and marital status of widowed, divorced, or separated were significantly associated with abuse when examined in separate logistic regression models, both were nonsignificant when examined together, suggesting collinearity. Both were retained in the model because they probably represent different aspects of vulnerability. The final model included living situation with nonspouse family, friends, or others (OR 6.1; 95%CI, 0.75 to 49.5) and widowed, divorced, or separated marital status (OR 2.4; 95%CI, 0.21 to 26.8). Nonsignificant trends included female sex (OR 2.6; 95%CI, 0.45 to 14.4); alcohol abuse (OR 2.2; 95%CI, 0.59 to 7.9); and lowest quartile on the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale (GAF < 35; OR 2.0; 95%CI, 0.64 to 6.0). Conclusions: The practical implications of our study are that elder abuse and neglect are common among patients referred to geriatric psychiatry services, that such services should have access to multidisciplinary expertise and resources to deal with abuse, and that certain situations may signal higher risk. In our setting, the situation of living with nonspouse family, friends, or other persons in a nonsupervised setting and a history of family disruption by widowhood, divorce, or separation were significant correlates of abuse. Suggestive but nonsignificant trends of potential importance (OR > 2.0) included female sex, alcohol abuse, and lowest quartile of functional status. Study limitations include a cross-sectional retrospective chart review design, a clinically derived sample, a small sample size, and a lack of structured instruments for several variables.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, it is essential to evaluate hemodialysis patients’ dietary knowledge, especially among those with COVID-19 related symptoms, in order to identify appropriate strategies in managing their mental health. The study’s purposes were to test the psychometric properties of the hemodialysis dietary knowledge (HDK) scale, and to investigate the modifying impact of HDK on the associations of suspected COVID-19 symptoms (S-COVID-19-S) with anxiety and depression among hemodialysis patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2020 to March 2021 at eight hospitals across Vietnam. Data of 875 hemodialysis patients were analyzed, including socio-demographic, anxiety (the generalized anxiety disorder scale, GAD-7), depression (the patient health questionnaire, PHQ-9), S-COVID-19-S, HDK, health literacy, and digital healthy diet literacy. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and logistic regression models were used to analyze the data. The HDK scale demonstrates the satisfactory construct validity with good model fit (Goodness of Fit Index, GFI = 0.96; Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index, AGFI = 0.90; Standardized Root Mean Square Residual, SRMR = 0.05; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation, RMSEA = 0.09; Normed Fit Index, NFI = 0.96; Comparative Fit Index, CFI = 0.96, and Parsimony goodness of Fit Index, PGFI = 0.43), criterion validity (as correlated with HL (r = 0.22, p < 0.01) and DDL (r = 0.19, p < 0.01), and reliability (Cronbach alpha = 0.70)). In the multivariate analysis, S-COVID-19-S was associated with a higher likelihood of anxiety (odds ratio, OR, 20.76; 95% confidence interval, 95%CI, 8.85, 48.70; p < 0.001) and depression (OR, 12.95; 95%CI, 6.67, 25.14, p < 0.001). A higher HDK score was associated with a lower likelihood of anxiety (OR, 0.70; 95%CI, 0.64, 0.77; p < 0.001) and depression (OR, 0.72; 95%CI, 0.66, 0.79; p < 0.001). In the interaction analysis, the negative impacts of S-COVID-19-S on anxiety and depression were mitigated by higher HDK scores (p < 0.001). In conclusion, HDK is a valid and reliable tool to measure dietary knowledge in hemodialysis patients. Higher HDK scores potentially protect patients with S-COVID-19-S from anxiety and depression during the pandemic.

Nowadays, climate change is the biggest threat to the sustainable development of our society. How to deal with greenhouse gas emissions is an essential prerequisite to solve this problem. Forest carbon sequestration is an important method to offset the release of carbon dioxide. So the balance between the value of forest products and the value of allowing trees to continue growing is closely related to the amount of carbon storage. Therefore, we are expected to find an optimal management strategy that is suitable for all the forests with different factors such as economic benefits, locations and residents’ satisfaction, so as to improve forest carbon sequestration as much as possible. Three models are established: Model I: Maximum the Carbon Sequestration; Model II: Score System via Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Entropy-Weight Method; Model III: Time Series Analysis Model and Comparison. For Model I, we aim at maximizing the carbon sequestration of a forest and collect a series of biological parameters throughout the America. We start with describing the relationship between forest growing stock and carbon sequestration via the conversion ratio. Afterwards, we introduce the S-size Logistic curve to fit the growing stock volume and set different harvest and plant rate to observe the change of growing stock volume so that find an optimal harvest or plant rate to maximize the carbon sequestration amount. The transition point is found as 4% for harvest rate and also 4% for plant rate. We note that although the values of these two parameters are identical, it would arouse a significant difference because they are completely different process for a forest. For Model II, we take citizen attitude and timber value into consideration besides carbon sequestration. With the existing data in Model I and the data of new factors from literatures, we construct a score system of different strategies through analytic hierarchy process and entropy method. As a result, the optimal harvest rate decreases although timber value is included, because the local citizens interviewed in the literature showed a high-level anti-harvest attitude, which is consistent with the output of our model. For Model III, we establish a time series of carbon sequestration (or growing stock, they can be interconverted without difficulty). After recognizing the specific type (ARIMA type) of this time series by solving difference equation, the data in the subsequent years can be predicted. Then, we make the varication of the autocorrelation coefficient and partial autocorrelation coefficient (ACF and PACF) the ensure that the result is reliable and dose make sense. The models constructed in this paper make full use of the data obtained from website and literatures to describe and visualize the results. They are validated by sensitivity analysis and can be widely applied to evaluate the different situations. At the end, we provide a two-page newspaper for the authorities and local residents. According to the output in this paper, we finally draw a conclusion that an appropriate harvest rate is advantageous for both forest and society, and this phenomenon is called tending felling or reproduction felling, which is widely applied in managing forest.

Aegis Logistics Limited was incorporated in 1956 and its shares have been listed on theBombay Stock Exchange since 1978 and traded on the National Stock Exchange. AegisGroup plays a key role in India’s downstream oil and gas sector, and its flagship company,Aegis Logistic Limited, is India’s leading oil, gas, and chemical logistics company.Competition is a basic issue for every organization. Logistic companies also facing the samepressure of competition. In order to deal with the challenging business atmosphere, allprivate organizations seek new ways of business development. For logistic companies,environmental issues are highly important. Therefore, green policies have become a strategyfor them. Competitive levels of private companies may be affected by green policies as aresult of regulations regarding environmental concerns. Logistics may improve efficiencyand effectiveness such as using reusable containers and boxes instead of the paper cartonmay reduce waste and optimize product packaging; building a green warehouse lead toreduce the overall operating cost while using the hybrid engine in trucks may reduce carbonemissions and consume less gas. In today’s highly competitive environment, green logisticsissues are gaining high attention. Since it is an important part of supply chain managementand plays an important role in the improvement of a transport system. Logistics facilitates ingetting products and services as and when they are needed and desired to the customer. Itserves as a major enabler of the growth of trade and commerce in an economy because it ishelpful in economic transactions. In this paper, we studied and analysed the competitivestrategies followed in the green business Logistics industry and how it affects the greenbusiness environment of the company by considering the case of Aegis Logistics Limited.

The article proposes a comprehensive approach to assessing the development of the transport and logistics system of the Black Sea region. This approach is based on the use of a set of indicators that characterize the current state of the transport and logistics system from an environmental point of view. Such indicators include volumes of pollutant emissions from mobile sources; emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere from the activities of transport and warehousing; volumes of industrial waste (generated, disposed of, disposed of in specially designated places or facilities, accumulated during operation in specially designated places or facilities); current expenditures and capital investments for environmental protection in the field of transport and warehousing; capital investment in air protection and climate change; capital investments in waste management; current expenditures on-air protection and climate change issues; current costs of waste management; investments in capital repairs of fixed assets for environmental protection. On the basis of the received results of the carried-out diagnostics, modern ecological problems of functioning of transport and logistic system of the region are revealed. As a result of the research, it is proved that to ensure the effective functioning of the transport and logistics system of the Black Sea economic region on the basis of green economy and balanced sustainable development it is advisable to implement a comprehensive approach. Its essence is the symbiosis and integration of principles, functions, management methods, information systems, green technologies, and green financial instruments aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, improving environmental safety, making sound innovative decisions on environmental management of logistics. It is established that in modern Ukrainian realities it is necessary to apply in the Black Sea region the best international practice of implementing the mechanism of "green" financing of infrastructure projects.

Introduction: Due to occurrence of fires in process industries, it is vital to implement crisis management systems in these industries and keep the readiness of these systems high. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the readiness of emergency response teams to deal with a possible fire in a process industry. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was performed in 2019 in a gas refinery with a statistical population of 200 people. A questionnaire with Likert scale was designed through library and field studies for all teams participating in the firefighting process. Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and Content Validity Index (CVI) were used to measure validity and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaires. The collected data were entered into SPSS software version 24 and statistical analysis was performed at 95% significance level using One Way ANOWA test. Results: The results showed that the readiness of this refinery to deal with a possible fire was 68.3%, which among the 11 teams participating in this process, the security team with 53.48% had the lowest and the logistics team with 77.5% had the highest preparedness (P-value = 0.028). The highest CVR was for the safety team questionnaire (0.77) and the highest Cronbach's alpha coefficient was for the liaison team (0.92). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the readiness of this gas refinery in the firefighting process is satisfactory, although some teams, including the security team, are less prepared than other teams. Therefore, it is better to take intervention measures as soon as possible, including providing the necessary equipment and providing various trainings and maneuvers in order to increase the readiness of the teams.

AbstractAdoption of carbon regulation mechanisms facilitates an evolution toward green and sustainable supply chains followed by an increased complexity. Through the development and usage of a multi-choice goal programming model solved by an improved algorithm, this article investigates sustainability strategies for carbon regulations mechanisms. We first propose a sustainable logistics model that considers assorted vehicle types and gas emissions involved with product transportation. We then construct a bi-objective model that minimizes total cost as the first objective function and follows environmental considerations in the second one. With our novel robust-heuristic optimization approach, we seek to support the decision-makers in comparison and selection of carbon emission policies in supply chains in complex settings with assorted vehicle types, demand and economic uncertainty. We deploy our model in a case-study to evaluate and analyse two carbon reduction policies, i.e., carbon-tax and cap-and-trade policies. The results demonstrate that our robust-heuristic methodology can efficiently deal with demand and economic uncertainty, especially in large-scale problems. Our findings suggest that governmental incentives for a cap-and-trade policy would be more effective for supply chains in lowering pollution by investing in cleaner technologies and adopting greener practices.

BackgroundMental health problems after acute ischemic stroke (AIS) have caused wide public concerns, and the study on early identification of these disorders is still an open issue. This study aims to investigate the predictive effect of circulating neurofilament light (NfL) on long-term mental health status of AIS patients.MethodsThis study collected demographic information and mental health measurements from 304 AIS patients from May 1, 2016 to Dec 31, 2019. Baseline serum neurofilament light (NfL) was determined within 2 h since patient admission. Six months after AIS onset, the degree of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and insomnia was assessed by the Chinese versions of the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7), the 7-item Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), respectively. Subjects were divided into the high NfL group and the low NfL group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with these mental health problems.ResultsThe high NfL group had significantly higher PHQ-9, GAD-7, and ISI scores than the low NfL group. The prediction of serum NfL for major depression generated a sensitivity of 70.27%, a specificity of 67.79% and an AUC of 0.694. The prediction of serum NfL for anxiety generated a sensitivity of 69.23%, a specificity of 64.02%, and an AUC of 0.683. The prediction of serum NfL for insomnia generated a sensitivity of 75.00%, a specificity of 66.43% and an AUC of 0.723. Higher serum NfL was a risk factor of post-AIS depression [ORs (95% CI): 4.427 (1.918, 10.217)], anxiety [ORs (95% CI): 3.063 (1.939, 6.692)], and insomnia [ORs (95% CI): 4.200 (1.526, 11.562)].ConclusionsThese findings imply that circulating NfL might be a potential biomarker of long-term mental health problems after AIS.

Introduction. The recovery of the Ukrainian economy should be based on sustainable development within the framework of the European Green Deal. This enables to merge perfectly into the European Community and to accelerate the Ukrainian manufacturing modernization. Reducing the resource and energy intensity of the economy is critical to strengthening the country's economic security and to reducing energy dependence. The environmental imperatives actually stepped outside the confines of environmental protection, having turned in an effective tool for economic development. At the same time, it is important to substantiate the theoretical and methodological foundations for assessing the state and monitoring the strengthening of economic security in the context of combating climate change, where the transition from a linear to a circular system of production and intensity plays a significant role, which determines the relevance of scientific research. Accordingly, the purpose of the study is to explore the impact of the environmental component on ensuring economic security; substantiate the main methodological approaches to assessing the circularity of the economy, which will allow to propose measures for implementing the possibilities of a circular transition to strengthen the economic security of Ukraine. Materials and methods. Theoretical and methodological base of research consists of general scientific methods: logical analysis (to clarify the list of environmental indicators and economic security); system-structural analysis (to streamline and systematize the principles, approaches, features of the development of the circular economy); rating method and comparative analysis to determine the level of development of the circular economy of Ukraine among other countries; statistical analysis (to identify the main trends in environmental indicators of economic security: energy intensity, waste intensity and carbon intensity, etc.); grouping and classification (when studying the impact of the circular economy on economic security); method of comparison and expert assessments (to identify promising measures to promote the transition to a circular economy). Results and discussion. The introduction of the circular environmentally friendly production principles is one of the tasks for enhancing economic security. It leads to such affects: the energy dependence reduction of the economy, minimization of greenhouse gas emissions, reduction of waste landfills; reducing the extraction of exhaustive minerals, creating additional jobs in the regions and optimizing the costs of environmental protection measures (water treatment, waste processing, etc.). It is important to improve the system of indicators for assessing the development of the circular economy in Ukraine by applying the relevant indicators adopted in European practice. The key factors which justify an accelerating circular transition in Ukraine are, in particular, the strengthening of integration processes; industrial sector modernization; ensuring European standards for product quality and safety and environmental friendliness; the need to strengthen economic security and the adoption of numerous international agreements to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, the Paris Agreement, etc. Conclusions. Transition to circular economical model in Ukraine depends on the implementation of a number of measures, the implementation of which will enhance economic security, in particular: introducing updated national waste management hierarchy in Ukraine and long-term waste management planning at the national, regional and local levels; facilitating preparations for the reuse of recyclables and energy resources; creation of cost-effective technologies for the processing of hard domestic waste with the receipt of a final product useful to society; improvement of existing logistical approaches to domestic waste management at the national and regional levels.

This paper is part of a larger project exploring Australian literary responses to the Great War of 1914-1918. It draws on theories of embodiment, mourning, ritual and the recuperative potential of writing, together with a brief discussion of selected exemplars, to suggest that literary works of the period contain and lay bare a suite of creative, corporeal and social impulses, including resurrection, placation or stilling of ghosts, and formation of an empathic and duty-bound community. In Negotiating with the Dead, Margaret Atwood hypothesises that “all writing of the narrative kind, and perhaps all writing, is motivated, deep down, by a fear of and a fascination with mortality—by a desire to make the risky trip to the Underworld, and to bring something or someone back from the dead” (156). She asks an attendant question: “why should it be writing, over and above any other art or medium,” that functions this way? It is not only that writing acquires the appearance of permanence, by surviving “its own performance,” but also that some arts are transient, like dance, while others, like painting and sculpture and music, do “not survive as voice.” For Atwood, writing is a “score for voice,” and what the voice does mostly is tell stories, whether in prose or poetry: “Something unfurls, something reveals itself” (158). Writing, by this view, conjures, materialises or embodies the absent or dead, or is at least laden with this potential. Of course, as Katherine Sutherland observes, “representation is always the purview of the living, even when the order it constructs contains the dead” (202). She argues that all writing about death “might be regarded as epitaph or memorial; such writing is likely to contain the signs of ritual but also of ambiguity and forgetting” (204). Arguably writing can be regarded as participation in a ritual that “affirms membership of the collectivity, and through symbolic manipulation places the life of an individual within a much broader, sometimes cosmic, interpretive framework” (Seale 29), which may assist healing in relation to loss, even if some non-therapeutic purposes, such as restoration of social and political order, also lie behind both rites and writing. In a critical orthodoxy dating back to the 1920s, it has become accepted wisdom that the Australian literary response to the war was essentially nationalistic, “big-noting” ephemera, and thus of little worth (see Gerster and Caesar, for example). Consequently, as Bruce Clunies Ross points out, most Australian literary output of the period has “dropped into oblivion.” In his view, neglect of writings by First World War combatants is not due to its quality, “for this is not the only, or even the essential, condition” for consideration; rather, it is attributable to a “disjunction between the ideals enshrined in the Anzac legend and the experiences recorded or depicted” (170). The silence, we argue, also encompasses literary responses by non-combatants, many of whom were women, though limited space precludes consideration here of their particular contributions.Although poetry and fiction by those of middling or little literary reputation is not normally subject to critical scrutiny, it is patently not the case that there is no body of literature from the war period worthy of scholarly consideration, or that most works are merely patriotic, jingoistic, sentimental and in service of recruitment, even though these elements are certainly present. Our different proposition is that the “lost literatures” deserve attention for various reasons, including the ways they embody conflicting aims and emotions, as well as overt negotiations with the dead, during a period of unprecedented anguish. This is borne out by our substantial collection of creative writing provoked by the war, much of which was published by newspapers, magazines and journals. As Joy Damousi points out in The Labour of Loss, newspapers were the primary form of communication during the war, and never before or since have they dominated to such a degree; readers formed collective support groups through shared reading and actual or anticipated mourning, and some women commiserated with each other in person and in letters after reading casualty lists and death notices (21). The war produced the largest body count in the history of humanity to that time, including 60,000 Australians: none was returned to Australia for burial. They were placed in makeshift graves close to where they died, where possible marked by wooden crosses. At the end of the war, the Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) was charged with the responsibility of exhuming and reinterring bodily remains in immaculately curated cemeteries across Europe, at Gallipoli and in the Middle East, as if the peace demanded it. As many as one third of the customary headstones were inscribed with “known unto God,” the euphemism for bodies that could not be identified. The CWGC received numerous requests from families for the crosses, which might embody their loved one and link his sacrificial death with resurrection and immortality. For allegedly logistical reasons, however, all crosses were destroyed on site. Benedict Anderson suggested the importance to nationalism of the print media, which enables private reading of ephemera to generate a sense of communion with thousands or millions of anonymous people understood to be doing likewise. Furthermore, Judith Herman demonstrates in Trauma and Recovery that sharing traumatic experience with others is a “precondition for the restitution of a sense of a meaningful world” (70). Need of community and restitution extends to the dead. The practices of burying the dead together and of returning the dead to their homeland when they die abroad speak to this need, for “in establishing a society of the dead, the society of the living regularly recreates itself” (Hertz qtd. in Searle 66). For Australians, the society of the dead existed elsewhere, in unfamiliar terrain, accentuating the absence inherent in all death. The society of the dead and missing—and thus of the living and wounded—was created and recreated throughout the war via available means, including literature. Writers of war-related poems and fiction helped create and sustain imagined communities. Dominant use of conventional, sometimes archaic, literary forms, devices, language and imagery indicates desire for broadly accessible and purposeful communication; much writing invokes shared grief, resolve, gratitude, and sympathy. Yet, in many stories and poems, there is also ambivalence in relation to sacrifice and the community of the dead.Speaking in the voice of the other is a fundamental task of the creative writer, and the ultimate other, the dead, gaze upon and speak to or about the living in a number of poems. For example, they might vocalise displeasure and plead for reinforcements, as, for example, in Ella M’Fadyen’s poem “The Wardens,” published in the Sydney Mail in 1918, which includes the lines: “Can’t you hear them calling in the night-time’s lonely spaces […] Can’t you see them passing […] Those that strove full strongly, and have laid their lives away?” The speaker hears and conveys the pleading of those who have given their breath in order to make explicit the reader’s responsibility to both the dead and the Allied cause: “‘Thus and thus we battled, we were faithful in endeavour;/Still it lies unfinished—will ye make the deed in vain?’” M’Fadyen focusses on soldierly sacrifice and “drafts that never came,” whereas a poem entitled “Your Country’s Call,” published in the same paper in 1915 by “An Australian Mother, Shirley, Queensland,” refers to maternal sacrifice and the joys and difficulties of birthing and raising her son only to find the country’s claims on him outweigh her own. She grapples with patriotism and resistance: “he must go/forth./Where? Why? Don’t think. Just smother/up the pain./Give him up quickly, for his country’s gain.” The War Precautions Act of October 1914 made it “illegal to publish any material likely to discourage recruiting or undermine the Allied effort” (Damousi 21), which undoubtedly meant that, to achieve publication, critical, depressing or negative views would need to be repressed or cast as inducement to enlist, though evidently many writers also sought to convince themselves as well as others that the cause was noble and the cost redeemable. “Your Country’s Call” concludes uncertainly, “Give him up proudly./You have done your share./There may be recompense—somewhere.”Sociologist Clive Seal argues that “social and cultural life involves turning away from the inevitability of death, which is contained in the fact of our embodiment, and towards life” (1). He contends that “grief for embodiment” is pervasive and perpetual and “extends beyond the obvious manifestations of loss by the dying and bereaved, to incorporate the rituals of everyday interaction” (200), and he goes so far as to suggest that if we recognise that our bodies “give to us both our lives and our deaths” then we can understand that “social and cultural life can, in the last analysis, be understood as a human construction in the face of death” (210). To deal with the grief that comes with “realisation of embodiment,” Searle finds that we engage in various “resurrective practices designed to transform an orientation towards death into one that points towards life” (8). He includes narrative reconstruction as well as funeral lament and everyday conversation as rituals associated with maintenance of the social bond, which is “the most crucial human motive” (Scheff qtd. in Searle 30). Although Seale does not discuss the acts of writing or of reading specifically, his argument can be extended, we believe, to include both as important resurrective practices that contain desire for self-repair and reorientation as well as for inclusion in and creation of an empathic moral community, though this does not imply that such desires can ever be satisfied. In “Reading,” Virginia Woolf reminds that “somewhere, everywhere, now hidden, now apparent in whatever is written down is the form of a human being” (28-29), but her very reminder assumes that this knowledge of embodiment tends to be forgotten or repressed. Writing, by its aura of permanence and resurrective potential, points towards life and connection, even as it signifies absence and disconnection. Christian Riegel explains that the “literary work of mourning,” whether poetry, fiction or nonfiction, often has both a psychic and social function, “partaking of the processes of mourning while simultaneously being a product for public reception.” Such a text is indicative of ways that societies shape and control responses to death, making it “an inherently socio-historical construct” (xviii). Jacques Derrida’s passionate and uneasy enactment of this labour in The Work of Mourning suggests that writing often responds to the death of a known person or their oeuvre, where each death changes and reduces the world, so that the world as one knew it “sinks into an abyss” (115). Of course, writing also wrestles with anonymous, large-scale loss which is similarly capable of shattering our sense of “ontological security” (Riegel xx). Sandra Gilbert proposes that some traumatic events cause “death’s door” to swing “so publicly and dramatically open that we can’t look away” (xxii). Derrida’s work of mourning entails imaginative revival of those he has lost and is a struggle with representation and fidelity, whereas critical silence in respect of the body of literature of the First World War might imply repeated turning from “grief for embodiment” towards myths of immortality and indebtedness. Commemorating the war dead might be regarded as a resurrective practice that forges and fortifies communities of the living, while addressing the imagined demands of those who die for their nation.Riegel observes that in its multiplicity of motivations and functions, the literary work of mourning is always “an attempt to make present that which is irrefutably lost, and within that paradoxical tension lies a central tenet of all writerly endeavour that deals with the representation of death” (xix). The literary work of mourning must remain incomplete: it is “always a limiting attempt at revival and at representation,” because words inevitably “fail to replace a lost one.” Even so, they can assist in the attempt to “work through and understand” loss (xix). But the reader or mourner is caught in a strange situation, for he or she inevitably scrutinises words not the body, a corpus not a corpse, and while this is a form of evasion it is also the only possibility open to us. Even so, Derrida might say that it is “as if, by reading, by observing the signs on the drawn sheet of paper, [readers are] trying to forget, repress, deny, or conjure away death—and the anxiety before death.” But he also concedes (after Sarah Kofman), that this process might involve “a cunning affirmation of life, its irrepressible movement to survive, to live on” (176), which supports Seale’s contention in relation to resurrective practices generally. Atwood points out that the dead have always made demands on the living, but, because there is a risk in negotiating with the dead, there needs to be good reason or reward for doing so. Our reading of war literature written by noncombatants suggests that in many instances writers seek to appease the unsettled dead whose death was meant to mean something for the future: the living owe the dead a debt that can only be paid by changing the way they live. The living, in other words, must not only remember the fallen, but also heed them by their conduct. It becomes the poet’s task to remind people of this, that is, to turn them from death towards life.Arthur H Adams’s 1918 poem “When the Anzac Dead Came Home,” published in the Bulletin, is based on this premise: the souls of the dead— the “failed” and “fallen”—drift uncertainly over their homeland, observing the world to which they cannot return, with its “cheerful throng,” “fair women swathed in fripperies,” and “sweet girls” that cling “round windows like bees on honeycomb.” One soul recognises a soldier, Steve, from his former battalion, a mate who kept his life but lost his arm and, after hovering for a while, again “wafts far”; his homecoming creates a “strange” stabbing pain, an ache in his pal’s “old scar.” In this uncanny scene, irreconcilable and traumatic knowledge expresses itself somatically. The poet conveys the viewpoint of the dead Anzac rather than the returned one. The living soldier, whose body is a site of partial loss, does not explicitly conjure or mourn his dead friend but, rather, is a living extension of his loss. In fact, the empathic connection construed by the poet is not figured as spectral orchestration or as mindful on the part of man or community; rather, it occurs despite bodily death or everyday living and forgetting; it persists as hysterical pain or embodied knowledge. Freud and Breuer’s influential Studies on Hysteria, published in 1895, raised the issue of mind/body relations, given its theory that the hysteric’s body expresses psychic trauma that she or he may not recollect: repressed “memories of aetiological significance” result in “morbid symptoms” (56). They posited that experience leaves traces which, like disinterred archaeological artefacts, inform on the past (57). However, such a theory depends on what Rousseau and Porter refer to as an “almost mystical collaboration between mind and body” (vii), wherein painful or perverse or unspeakable “reminiscences” are converted into symptoms, or “mnemic symbols,” which is to envisage the body as penetrable text. But how can memory return unbidden and in such effective disguise that the conscious mind does not recognise it as memory? How can the body express pain without one remembering or acknowledging its origin? Do these kinds of questions suggest that the Cartesian mind/body split has continued valency despite the challenge that hysteria itself presents to such a theory? Is it possible, rather, that the body itself remembers—and not just its own replete form, as suggested by those who feel the presence of a limb after its removal—but the suffering body of “the other”? In Adam’s poem, as in M’Fadyen’s, intersubjective knowledge subsists between embodied and disembodied subjects, creating an imagined community of sensation.Adams’s poem envisions mourning as embodied knowledge that allows one man to experience another’s pain—or soul—as both “old” and “strange” in the midst of living. He suggests that the dead gaze at us even as they are present “in us” (Derrida). Derrida reminds that ghosts occupy an ambiguous space, “neither life nor death, but the haunting of the one by the other” (41). Human mutability, the possibility of exchanging places in a kind of Socratic cycle of life and death, is posited by Adams, whose next stanzas depict the souls of the war dead reclaiming Australia and displacing the thankless living: blown to land, they murmur to each other, “’Tis we who are the living: this continent is dead.” A significant imputation is that the dead must be reckoned with, deserve better, and will not rest unless the living pay their moral dues. The disillusioned tone and intent of this 1918 poem contrasts with a poem Adams published in the Bulletin in 1915 entitled “The Trojan War,” which suggests even “Great Agamemnon” would “lift his hand” to honour “plain Private Bill,” the heroic, fallen Anzac who ventured forth to save “Some Mother-Helen sad at home. Some obscure Helen on a farm.” The act of war is envisaged as an act of birthing the nation, anticipating the Anzac legend, but simultaneously as its epitaph: “Upon the ancient Dardanelles New peoples write—in blood—their name.” Such a poem arguably invokes, though in ambiguous form, what Derrida (after Lyotard) refers to as the “beautiful death,” which is an attempt to lift death up, make it meaningful, and thereby foreclose or limit mourning, so that what threatens disorder and despair might instead reassure and restore “the body politic,” providing “explicit models of virtue” (Nass 82-83) that guarantee its defence and survival. Adams’ later poem, in constructing Steve as “a living fellow-ghost” of the dead Anzac, casts stern judgement on the society that fails to notice what has been lost even as it profits by it. Ideological and propagandist language is also denounced: “Big word-warriors still played the Party game;/They nobly planned campaigns of words, and deemed/their speeches deeds,/And fought fierce offensives for strange old creeds.” This complaint recalls Ezra Pound’s lines in Hugh Selwyn Mauberley about the dead who “walked eye-deep in hell/believing in old men’s lies, then unbelieving/came home, home to a lie/home to many deceits,/home to old lies and new infamy;/usury age-old and age-thick/and liars in public places,” and it would seem that this is the kind of disillusion and bitterness that Clunies Ross considers to be “incompatible with the Anzac tradition” (178) and thus ignored. The Anzac tradition, though quieted for a time, possibly due to the 1930s Depression, Second World War, Vietnam War and other disabling events has, since the 1980s, been greatly revived, with Anzac Day commemorations in Australia and at Gallipoli growing exponentially, possibly making maintenance of this sacrificial national mythology, or beautiful death, among Australia’s most capacious and costly creative industries. As we approach the centenary of the war and of Gallipoli, this industry will only increase.Elaine Scarry proposes that the imagination invents mechanisms for “transforming the condition of absence into presence” (163). It does not escape us that in turning towards lost literatures we are ourselves engaging in a form of resurrective practice and that this paper, like other forms of social and cultural practice, might be understood as one more human construction motivated by grief for embodiment.Note: An archive and annotated bibliography of the “Lost Literatures of the First World War,” which comprises over 2,000 items, is expected to be published online in 2015.References Adams, Arthur H. “When the Anzac Dead Came Home.” Bulletin 21 Mar. 1918.---. “The Trojan War.” Bulletin 20 May 1915.An Australian Mother. “Your Country’s Call.” Sydney Mail 19 May 1915.Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. 2nd ed. London: Verso, 1991.Atwood, Margaret. Negotiating with the Dead: A Writer on Writing. New York: Random House, 2002.Caesar, Adrian. “National Myths of Manhood: Anzac and Others.” The Oxford Literary History of Australia. Eds. 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