Tesis: "Livelihood status of women"

1

Nyirasafari, Philomene. "Some demographic aspects of women's access to land for farming in South Africa: a comparison from 2004 to 2007". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/2713.

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Magister Philosophiae - MPhil
The issue of women's access to land is a developmental issue. From a fundamental research view point, this study aims to explore the circumstances in which women access land in South Africa. The study examines the inequalities that may arise in the context of land access, land acquisition; land use, activities taking place on land and closely related issues focusing specifically on women in general, and women headed households in particular. The study is based on demographic characteristics such as age, gender, marital status, occupational groups, education, province of residence and ethnic groups. Bringing together the demographic variables and land related variables, the study captures the structural changes between 2004 and 2007. Using 2004 and 2007 GHS secondary data requested from Statistics South Africa, cross tabulation and bivariate statistical analysis by means of SPSS software was performed. The results obtained indicate that the inequality against women's access to land still persists. Some women have access to land for agricultural purpose but few own it. The findings suggest that a number of factors including age, place of residence, marital status, ethnic group, literacy, educational level, of women are associated with the ability of women to access and acquire land. The sustainable livelihood framework is a theory that guided this study. Diversification is commonly used to prevent time of risks and shocks. In general, the study shows that the proportion of women who had access to land was 16% in 2004. This figure dropped to 14% in 2007.
South Africa

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2

Sheheli, Shonia. "Improving livelihood of rural women through income generating activities in Bangladesh". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Landwirtschaftlich-Gärtnerische Fakultät, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16588.

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Ziele: In Entwicklungsländern wie Bangladesch ist das Privateinkommen für Landfrauen essentieller Bestandteil eines verbesserten Haushaltseinkommens. Hauptzweck der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Verbesserung der Existenzgrundlage von Frauen in ländlichen Gebieten durch diverse einkommensgenerierende Aktivitäten (IGAs). Es wurde der Versuch unternommen, ihre derzeitige Situation kennen zu lernen, ihre derzeitigen Einkommensstrategien zu beurteilen, insbesondere die Wirkung von Aktivitäten der Nichtregierungsorganisationen abzuschätzen, das Haushaltseinkommen der Frauen und Einflussfaktoren darauf zu untersuchen ebenso wie Faktoren, die eine Beteiligung der Frauen an den IGA’s einschränken. Methodischer Ansatz: In der vorliegenden Studie wurden strukturierte und semi-strukturierte persönliche Interviews sowie ausgewählte Methoden des Participatory Pural Appraisal für die Datensammlung verwendet. Ergebnisse: Die Mehrheit der befragten Landfrauen gehört in die Klasse eines geringen bis mittleren Livelihood Status. Neben den ausgewählten unabhängigen Variablen, wurden weitere sieben Variablen mit signifikantem positiven Einfluss auf das Haushaltseinkommen identifiziert. Die Ergebnisse bezüglich der Einkommensstrategien der befragten Frauen zeigt, dass diese zwar in verschiedenen Einkommensaktivitäten involviert sind, jedoch ihr persönliches jährliches Einkommen der verschiedenen IGAs unerheblich ist. Die Wirkungsanalyse von IGAs auf das Einkommen der Frauen zeigt, dass 36% der Frauen ein höheres Einkommen von IGAs während der letzten drei Jahre zu verzeichnen haben (2006-2008). Der Zugang zu Mikrokrediten, Betriebsmittelversorgung, Markteinrichtungen, bessere Ziegenrassen und verbesserte Behandlung von Tieren führen zu einer Verbesserung des Einkommens. Die Constraint Analyse zeigt, dass insgesamt 74% der Landfrauen mittlere Behinderungen zur Teilnahme an IGAs angeben. Die Frauen haben dabei 17 Hinderungsgründe identifiziert.
Objective: In developing countries like Bangladesh, personal income of rural women is an essential precondition to enhancing household income, which improves the entitlement on basic necessities. The main purpose of this research project is to improve livelihood of rural women through involving them in different IGAs. An attempt has been made to know the present livelihood situation of rural women, to assess their income strategies, to examine the impact of NGO activity on women characteristics, to investigate household income of rural women and factors influencing it and to find out the existing constraints on participation in IGAs. Methodological approach: In this study, structured and semi-structured interview schedules as well as several tools of the participatory rural appraisal were used to obtain necessary information. Results and conclusion: The majority of the studied rural women have a low to middle level of livelihood status. Among the selected independent variables, seven variables have a significant positive influence on household income. The findings from income strategies of studied women indicated that they are involved in various income activities for earning but their personal annual income from various IGAs is not handsome. The impact analysis of IGAs on personal income of women shows that overall 36% women have increased income from IGAs during the last three years (2006-2008). Access to micro-credit, inputs, market facilities, supply of improve breeds of goat, and improved treatment facilities of livestock all lead to increased income. The constraints index (CI) analysis shows that overall 74% of the rural women faced medium constraints to participate in IGAs. Rural women identified a total of seventeen root causes hindering their participate in IGAs.

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3

Mogobe, Serati S. "Exploring livelihood strategies employed by women street food vendors in Gaborone, Botswana". University of Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7833.

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Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS)
The informal economy has continued to increase in developing countries, giving jobs and income to marginalised groups, the majority being women. The rise of the informal sector is perpetuated by exclusionary social policies and the continued increase in unemployment. In Botswana, street food vending, the most visible form of the informal sector trading, has evolved to be a survivalist activity that women populate. Increasing poverty levels, gender inequalities, and high unemployment rates have resulted in poor urban women being vulnerable to the stresses and shocks caused by these factors. Street food vending is therefore pursued by women to mitigate their vulnerability. Additionally, street food vending allows for more flexible working hours, thus accommodating women’s community, household, and productive roles. Despite women’s substantial contribution to Botswana’s informal economy, the government has not done much to support them.

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4

Van, Houweling Emily Anne. "Diversification and Differentiation: The Livelihood Experience of Men and Women in Samene". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32188.

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The research for this thesis was conducted in village of Samene, Mali from 2006-2008 where I served as a Peace Corps volunteer. In Samene I became interested in understanding the livelihood experience of men and women and the critical factors that led to positive livelihood outcomes for individuals. The formal research question addressed in this thesis is how assets and access (social rules and norms) influence livelihood diversification options for men and women.

The research is based on a mixed method design consisting of extensive individual and household surveying, focus groups, interviews, and participant observation. The Livelihood Approach is utilized to describe the assets, access restrictions and diversification strategies that comprise the livelihoods for men and women in Samene. The findings shows that while diversification activities are important to both men and women, women are unable to access the more attractive high return activities that are dominated by men. Differences in the livelihood experiences between and within gendered groups are explained by looking at an individualâ s relationship to the critical assets, which are identified as the keys to accessing activities that lead to greater livelihood security.

Based on the research findings a new livelihood framework is advanced to show the different pathways men and women take to sustain and improve their livelihoods. This framework incorporates the concepts and processes of social differentiation, social exclusion, historical motion, power and access that were found to be critical in explaining an individualâ s livelihood experience in Samene.
Master of Urban and Regional Planning

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5

Agho, Njenyuei Gideon. "Urban agriculture for sustainable livelihood : a case study of migrants' women in Johannesburg". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020980.

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This research examines how urban agriculture contributes to the sustainable livelihood of migrants’ women living in the inner city of Johannesburg. The study focuses on the Cameroonian women community living in Turffontein. It explores the significant process of migration into the Republic of South Africa and the inspiration behind the choice of urban agriculture in the inner city of Johannesburg by women. The research report assesses the impact of urban agriculture on sustainable livelihood in the life of Cameroonian women living in Turffontein. It also examines the constraints encountered by these Cameroonians women in Turffontein in the practice of urban agriculture for sustainable livelihood. The findings of this study reveal that urban agriculture is used as a strategy for sustainable livelihood to a lot of Cameroonian migrants’ women living in Turffontein. The study has also shown how through urban agriculture these migrants’ women have been able to raise substantial income to support their respective families both in South Africa and in Cameroon. The study is based on a purposeful sample of Cameroonian migrants’ women living in the inner city of Johannesburg practicing urban agriculture. It uses a mixed method of approach with a transect walk to the area where this women practice the urban agriculture. It also included an in-depth face to face interactive interview and written sources such as journals, books and research reports where combined to gather relevant data. Thematic content analysis was used to analyse the data.

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6

Aberra, Edlam. "Livelihood sustainability amongst pastoral women and men in peri-urban Yabello, southern Ethiopia". Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.423114.

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7

Mandel, Jennifer L. "Survival to surplus : variation in livelihood strategies among women in Porto Novo, Benin /". The Ohio State University, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1486399451961619.

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8

Omonubi, Rolake. "Status of women in Western Nigeria". DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 2000. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/3261.

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This study examined the status of women in Southwestern Nigeria from a legal perspective. It scrutinized the three legal infrastructures in the Nigerian legal system. The study is based on the premise that the huge disparity in the socio-economic development of the women in South-western Nigeria is a consequence of inadequate legal protection. Four independent variables were considered, and three intervening variables were identified. Workshops, interviews and surveys were conducted. A document analysis approach was used to examine the three legal infrastructures in the Nigerian legal system—the Common Law also known as the English Law, the Statutory Laws which are a culmination of ordinances, bills, and decrees and the Customary laws which evolved through tradition. The study found that constitutional and statutory laws do indeed provide substantial protection for women; however, some Statutory laws exclude women married under the customary laws. The conclusions drawn from this finding is that factors including but not limited to the inadequacy of legal protection, are key elements to which the socio-economic and political backwardness of women may be attributed. The factors include a lack of gender specific legislation to emancipate women from the shackles of patriarchy; ignorance and lack of awareness of existing protection; biased customary laws which are pro-male and which inhibit the socio-economic and political advancement of women and customs which reinforce gender inequality.

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9

Chirau, Takunda John. "Understanding livelihood strategies of urban women traders : a case of Magaba, Harare in Zimbabwe". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003742.

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This thesis seeks to understand and analyze the livelihood strategies of urban women traders at Magaba in Harare (Zimbabwe) in the context of the contemporary economic and political crisis. The crisis emerged in the 1990s with the introduction of a structural adjustment programme and deepened further with the fast track land reform programme initiated by the Zimbabwean government in the year 2000. The crisis has involved a down-sizing of the Zimbabwean economy and a massive rise in the rate of unemployment in the formal economy. Consequently urban life became increasingly unbearable for poor blacks and informal economic activities blossomed and started to make a significant contribution to household income and livelihoods. The role of women in the informal economy was particularly pronounced. Theoretically, the thesis is underpinned by the sustainable livelihoods framework. In examining the vulnerability context of the Magaba women traders and the institutional interventions which complicate the lives and livelihoods of these traders, I identify and unpack their diverse livelihood activities and strategies and the resources (or assets) they deploy in constructing urban livelihoods. Though their livelihood portfolios complement any earnings from formal employment by household members and though they contribute to their household’s sustenance, there are a number of daily challenges which they face in their trading activities and which they seek to counteract through a range of often ingenious coping mechanisms. The thesis is important for a number of reasons. It fills an important empirical gap in the study of Magaba market specifically, it brings to the fore the gendered character of the informal trading activities in urban Zimbabwe, and it deploys the livelihoods framework in a manner which is sensitive to both structure and agency.

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10

Phillips, Amanda. "Weaving as livelihood, style as status : Ottoman velvet in a social and economic context, 1600-1750". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.560478.

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Ottoman gold-brocaded silk velvet (çatma) cushion covers from the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Ottoman Empire, about 500 of which survive, are often treated as an undifferentiated aggregate because of their apparent uniformity of structure, materials, dimensions, format and motifs. However, close technical analysis of the çatma cushions reveals myriad differences. The differences-between objects that fall into the range of acceptable quality and those that do not-reveal nuances that are not reflected in the documents but that are nonetheless critical to understanding the large-scale production of luxury goods in the pre-industrial period. This dissertation investigates the range of like and unalike cushion covers from a social and economic perspective, focusing on the interaction between the production and consumption of the textiles. The first chapter contextualises the object's distinctive format, tracing its origins from the medieval Red Sea trade to the late sixteenth-century Ottoman Empire. The second shows how the small differences in material and structure indicate economisation on the part of the weavers, as they sought to husband their resources and perhaps to reach a larger number of consumers by producing a diversity of goods at different prices and qualities. The third chapter uses formal and technical analysis to periodise the objects. Records from the kadi courts in Bursa, the main centre for çatma production, illustrate how the weavers established, violated, and re-established standards for quality; the fourth chapter considers the standards in light of extant objects and establishes the frequency with which they were transgressed. The fifth chapter focuses on the consumers of the çatma cushions, using probate to understand how Ottoman men and women in the city of Edirne purchased, accumulated and displayed çatma cushions, other luxury textiles and signifying goods. The last chapter contextualises this consumption, using contemporary commentators to discuss ideas of luxury, decorum and signification among Ottoman subjects; it also looks at the imitations of the çatma cushions and speculates that the enthusiasm for the type may have helped drive production. The dissertation draws on diverse sources, from Ottoman manuscript painting to probate to hundreds of extant objects; supporting material is found in a series of figures, a catalogue and three appendices. Above all, this work rehabilitates objects which are often neglected and uses a new paradigm to suggest the importance, and relevance, of non-imperial production for the study of Islamic Art.

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11

Obadina, Adeola. "Solid waste management livelihood on Lagos dumpsite : analysis of gender and social difference". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2016. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/21827.

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Increasing urbanisation has increased waste generation. This has led to an increase in waste being left uncollected in certain areas of low-income countries. With the inability of municipal authorities to provide the required collection services, there has been the emergence of private sector initiatives in waste management. Nonetheless, this does not offer a complete solution as waste still adorns many of these streets. This however, provides sources of livelihood for the urban poor, both men and women. They can be found in virtually all cities in low-income countries occupied in collecting, recovering, sorting, and recycling waste materials. Their activity not only creates a means of livelihood for them but also ensures sustainability in solid waste management. In most low-income countries, women still enjoy fewer rights and access to assets and resources than men. Accordingly in Nigeria, women are highly represented in low paid employment. The emphasis in development on issues of equity and inclusion, and women s autonomy and empowerment shows that women still count among the most vulnerable and excluded social groups. This doctoral study examines the issue of women in solid waste livelihoods in Lagos, Nigeria. The focus of the study is to identify gender and other socially-related constraints to participation by men and women in solid waste livelihoods in five Lagos dumpsites. It also analyses how these constraints affect their income levels. The research draws on a feminist approach using mixed methods of participant observation, questionnaire survey and interviews. The fieldwork commenced with identification of waste workers activities on the five dumpsites through participant observation. This was followed by the questionnaire survey which was piloted, refined and administered face to face to 305 dumpsite workers. Findings from the questionnaire survey revealed gender differences amongst waste scavengers, waste buyers and waste merchants according to the following criteria: age, marital status, other income-earning household members, hours worked daily, years spent working, education level, and number of dependent children. These factors also further reinforce gender differences in income generation. Further enquiry through qualitative interviews highlighted gender differences in tool usage and the types of waste resources handled. Inequality was also evident in terms of social equality, political power and decision making. The results also highlight childcare as one of the most important challenges that women alone face. Other findings include the impact of current modernisation policies on women s financial security, autonomy, and well-being. The waste livelihood activities observed offer positive economic benefits, and incomes higher than the minimum wage. However, it is important for those engaged in modernisation policy to understand the potential impact of these measures on the livelihood of waste workers, and to ensure their commitment to change will not reinforce inequality.

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12

Zavaleta, Jennifer. "Improving the Status of Indigenous Women in Peru". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2010. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/228.

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Neoliberal agrarian reforms in Latin America have lead to both advances and set backs for the women’s and indigenous movements. While most neoliberal policies were the same in terms of goals, like creating institutions that encourage a capitalist markets, the results were somewhat heterogeneous in part due to the role of the women’s and indigenous movements in individual countries. The rise of the international women’s movement, which was marked by the UN’s decade on women from 1975-1985, coincided with an unfavorable economic climate in Latin America.

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13

Li, Wangyang. "Vitamin D status of pregnant women in Vancouver". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29651.

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Obtaining adequate vitamin D during pregnancy is important for health of both mother and child. Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D (250HD) concentrations, the best indicator of vitamin D status, have been reported in pregnant women in several countries; yet, there are few studies of pregnant women in Canada. We determined vitamin D status, based on 250HD concentrations, of pregnant women living in Vancouver and explored the determinants of 250HD such as ethnicity, season and vitamin D intake. A convenience sample of 336 pregnant women was recruited from Greater Vancouver (49°N). Participants completed a demographic and lifestyle questionnaire as well as a food frequency questionnaire to estimate vitamin D intake. A blood sample was collected and analyzed for plasma 250HD and parathyroid hormone (PTH). Overall the mean (95% CI) 250HD was 66.7 (64.2, 69.1) nmol/L. Only 1% of women had a 250HD concentration indicative of deficiency (<25 nmol/L). However; 24% and 65% of women were vitamin D insufficient based on cutoffs of 50 and 75 nmol/L, respectively. Over 90% of women took vitamin D containing supplements and the median intake of vitamin D from food and supplements was 16.0 μg/d. In adjusted analysis, women of European ethnicity had higher mean 250HD concentrations than women of Other ethnicity [69.1 (62.8, 75.3) cf. 59.0 (52.2, 65.8) nmol/L; P = 0.004]. However, there were no differences between Europeans, Chinese, and South Asians. Mean 250HD was lower in winter [55.1 (47.7, 62.5) nmol/L] than spring [64.7 (57.7, 71.7) nmol/L] and summer [67.4 (59.9, 74.9) nmol/L] but not fall [63.2 (55.6, 70.8) nmol/L]. Only 5% of women had elevated PTH concentrations (>6.4 nmol/L) and plasma PTH was only weakly inversely related to 250HD) (R² = 0.034; P = 0.001) with no apparent inflection point. Despite high supplement use, vitamin D insufficiency appears to be common in this group of pregnant women. Ethnicity and season were determinants of 250HD but the magnitude of their effect was less pronounced than in other studies. Strategies to improve the vitamin D status of pregnant women may be required, such as increasing the amount of vitamin D in maternal supplements.

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14

Hawley, Richard. "Women in Greek drama : speech, status and stereotype". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365565.

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15

Shakouri, Rad Sedigheh. "The status of women in modern Shi'i thought". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.606255.

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16

Pellam, Gregory George. "Reconsidering the status of women in archaic Greece". The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1413458893.

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17

Kroskey, Diane Lynn. "Factors affecting the nutritional status of pregnant women". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277084.

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This paper attempted to determine the effect that gastrointestinal discomforts, socioeconomic status, dietary knowledge and beliefs about foods to omit during pregnancy had on the nutritional status of pregnant women. Hemoglobin, upper arm muscle circumference, weight for height and eating patterns measured nutritional status. Twenty women in their second trimester of pregnancy, active duty or the dependent wife of an Air Force E-4 and below, were surveyed. Questionnaires and anthropometric measures were used. Pearson Product Moment Correlations and a canonical correlation were accomplished. Data analysis indicated a significant negative correlation between eating patterns and gastrointestinal discomfort. There was a significant positive correlation between beliefs about foods to omit and eating patterns. Significant negative correlations existed between dietary knowledge and military status, monthly grocery bill, and number of people fed.

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18

Van, der Heijden Ingrid. "Women of Steel : articulations of empowerment and livelihood practices in the Dwars River Valley, Western Cape". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4073.

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Thesis (MA (Sociology and Social Anthropology))--Stellenbosch University, 2009.
ENGLISH SUMMARY: Women’s livelihoods are not only experienced differently, but are articulated in different ways. This dissertation begins from the understanding that women’s livelihoods are processual, complex and contextual. They are embedded in multifarious processes, structures, discourses and everyday practices, which are locally defined and globally linked. This thesis interrogates women’s articulations of empowerment and agency that were central to their community and entrepreneurial activities. Women’s social actions and responses to constraints and transformation they encountered in the valley were sites of struggle. Informed by local women’s perspectives and articulations of empowerment, this ethnography focuses on how women practiced their livelihoods: how they manoeuvred, negotiated and performed their livelihood tactics in response to local, national and global constraints. The study narrates how women in a rural valley in the Winelands of the Western Cape (South Africa) spoke of how they felt ‘empowered’ despite constraints. They claimed that they exhibited productive moments and harnessed opportunities to rise above constraints. They felt that in general men in their communities were passive in their response to crisis in the valley. Women’s narratives of empowerment in the Dwars River Valley invoked ideas of ‘women of steel’ and ‘moments’ of agency. These helped to re-fashion local gender orders and rehabilitate notions of ‘appropriate’ women’s work.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die bestaanswyses van vroue word nie slegs in die uitleef daarvan waargeneem nie, maar is dikwels ook ‘n fokus van gespreksvoering. Die uitgangspunt van hierdie tesis is dat vroue se bestaanswyses metodies, kompleks en kontekstueel is. Dit word begrond deur uiteenlopende prosesse, strukture, diskoerse, en alledaagse gebruike wat plaaslik gedefinieer word en globaal gebonde is. Hierdie tesis ondersoek vroue se artikulasie van bemagtiging en agentskap wat sentraal tot hul gemeenskap en entrepreneurskap aktiwiteite staan. Vroue se sosiale handelinge en reaksies tot struikelblokke en transformasie wat hulle in die vallei in die gesig gestaar het, is beduidend van ‘n plek van worsteling. Hierdie etnografie word toegelig deur plaaslike vroue se perspektiewe en artikulasie van bemagtiging en fokus op hoe hulle hul bestaanswyse beoefen het: hoe vroue bestaanswyse taktieke gemanipuleer, onderhandel en ook uitgevoer het as reaksie op plaaslike, nasionale en globale beperkinge. Hierdie studie vertel hoe vroue in ‘n landelike vallei van die Wynlande in die Wes-Kaap (Suid-Afrika) praat oor hoe hul ‘bemagtig’ voel, ten spyte van beperkinge. Hulle voer aan dat hul produktiewe oomblikke vertoon en gebruik maak van geleenthede om bo beperkinge uit te styg. Hulle voel dat mans oor die algemeen passief in hul reaksie op krisis is. Vroue se verhale van bemagtiging in die Dwars Rivier Vallei roep beelde op van ‘vroue van staal’ en ‘oomblikke’ van agentskap. Dit het bygedra tot die herskepping van plaaslike gender rolle en die hervestiging van idees oor ‘gepaste’ werk vir vroue.

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19

Greek, April A. "Pathways to differential adult mortality by socioeconomic status in the United States /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8896.

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20

Musekiwa, Pamela. "Livelihood strategies of female headed households in Zimbabwe: the case of Magaso Village, Mutoko District in Zimbabwe". Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1005967.

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This research study explored livelihood strategies that female headed households adopt in Magaso village of Mutoko district in Zimbabwe. The study intended to achieve the following objectives: (i) examine the existing livelihood strategies of female headed households (ii) explore the various challenges faced by female headed households and (iii) establish the support mechanisms in place for female headed households to cope with life challenges .The literature reviewed in the study was drawn from several researchers, and the study was shaped by the strengths perspectives and the liberal feminism perspective. The study was qualitative in nature and used interviews to collect data from fifteen (15) female headed households. The data collection process used an interview guide. The research employed a qualitative research design in the form of a case study cum a phenomenological study design. Data was analysed qualitatively using the content thematic data analysis which used interpretive approaches and presentation is textual rather than statistical. The study findings were the following: engaging in subsistence farming was found to be the main livelihood activity of the female heads; engaging in home gardens; exchanging labour for food; involvement in business; reliance on temporary employment from different agencies; reliance on handouts from government and other bodies; and household heads sanctioning child labour that compromises school attendance. Moreover, these female heads faced numerous difficulties ranging from emotional, social to financial problems that resulted in worsening the condition of women, and hence validating feminization of poverty among them. Several support mechanisms were discovered to be available for the female heads but they fail to produce to fruitful results to the lives of the female heads. The study made the following recommendations: mainstreaming gender education from childhood stage; efforts aimed at job creation; financial empowerment through setting up of micro schemes for rural women amongst; seeking the services of agricultural extension services to the female head farmers; improving the social services delivery in Zimbabwe equitably across genders and strengthening informal strategies to improve women‘s social capital. Lastly, the study concluded that little is being done in terms of policy formulation to make the support structures responsive to the female headed households especially in rural areas, hence the need for sustainable development through empowerment.

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21

Lin, Chin-Huei. "The occupational status of partnered lesbians, compared to married women and heterosexual cohabiting women". [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-3248.

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22

McNab, Tracy y University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Picnics, potlucks and cookbooks : farm women's clubs and the livelihood of community in twentieth century Southern Alberta". Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Anthropology, c2009, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/1297.

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This thesis examines the collective labour and resources utilized by farm women within the context of the farm women’s neighbourhood club in rural communities in twentieth century Southern Alberta. The ethnographic research explores the historic, cultural and political foundations of women’s labour on farms and in formal and informal farm organizations through interviews conducted with former members of two clubs that were actively involved in fundraising and philanthropic projects in their rural communities for more than forty-five years. The critical perspective argues farm women in rural clubs responded to the patriarchal farm discourse that gendered their labour by using their reproductive skills and resources to build and maintain friendships, social networks and mutuality, and do good works that ensured the livelihood of their rural communities.
vi, 141 leaves ; 29 cm.

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23

Glover, Michael Emanuel. "Islamic institutions, the status of women, and economic growth". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/33990.

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Within the sample of Muslim-majority countries, the links between how explicitly "Islamic" a society is, the status of women, and economic and other societal outcomes is explored. A country is considered more or less "Islamic" depending upon if Islam is the official state religion, if Islamic law forms a basis for the legal system, and the degree to which the country has rejected or maintained traditional Islamic norms such as regarding the acceptance of polygamy and the legal obligation of women to wear the veil in public. It is found that if a country is more "Islamic," it tends to also have worse outcomes along different dimensions, such as degree of authoritarianism and absence of women's rights. However, focusing exclusively on whether the country has Islamic law as a basis of the legal system, these countries tend to be richer. An extremity index is composed, which contains only variables which describe the status of women in Muslim countries, along educational and legal dimensions. It is found in regressions that this extremity index is a statistically significant predictor of economic growth, where higher extremity leads to lower GDP growth rates. Oil is still an extremely important factor in explaining the variation in GDP levels and growth rates in the Muslim world.

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24

Thunberg, Charlotta. "Socioeconomic Status and Depression among women in Stockholm County". Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Akademin för hälsa och arbetsliv, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-8419.

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This thesis investigated the relationship between socioeconomic status (by occupation) and self-reported depression among women in Stockholm County. A quantitative study was conducted based on secondary data from the 2006 Stockholm County Public Health Survey. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis through SPSS statistical package. Results showed that low socioeconomic status (by occupation) increased the risk of reporting depression among women in Stockholm County. In addition, the study found that the relationship was to some extent explained by income and marital status. However, further studies are warranted of the relation between socioeconomic status (e.g. education and income) and depression among women in the Swedish population but particularly in Stockholm County.
Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka förhållandet mellan socioekonomisk status (efter ockupation) och själv-rapporterad depression bland kvinnor i Stockholms län. En kvantitativ studie genomfördes baserat på data från Stockholms läns folkhälsoenkät 2006. Data analyserades med deskriptiv statistik och logistisk regressionsanalys med hjälp av det statistiska programmet SPSS. Resultatet visade att låg socioekonomisk status (efter ockupation) ökade risken för självrapporterad depression bland kvinnor i Stockholms län. Dessutom så fann studien att förhållandet kunde till viss del förklaras av inkomst och civilstånd. Men ytterligare forskning krävs för att undersöka förhållandet mellan socioekonomisk status (t.ex. utbildning och inkomst) och depression bland kvinnor i den svenska befolkningen, särskilt i Stockholms län.

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25

Poulakis, Costantinos. "Bahraini women and employment : Factors influencing female's work status". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.496385.

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26

Bath, Sarah. "Iodine status in UK pregnant women and its implications". Thesis, University of Surrey, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.566846.

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Iodine, through thyroid hormones, is required for fetal brain development during pregnancy. Iodine deficiency was historically common in the UK and was eradicated, not by the usual practice of an iodised-salt programme, but through an adventitious increase in milk-iodine concentration. There is a dearth of information on iodine status and food sources of iodine in the UK which this thesis has endeavoured to address through a series of studies. The thesis has highlighted several causes for concern: (1) The median urinary-iodine concentration in pregnant women in Surrey and Oxford (85.3 and 42.5 ug/L respectively) is indicative of iodine deficiency; (2) higher iodine status was associated with use of an iodine-containing supplement and the major dietary predictor of iodine status (assessed through a food-frequency questionnaire) was milk and dairy produce. A study of retail milk revealed organic milk to have an iodine concentration 42% lower than that of conventional milk and is thus a potential threat to iodine status; (3) in contrast to other countries worldwide, iodised salt availability is low in the UK and fewer than 20% of supermarket shoppers have iodised salt available to purchase; thus iodised salt is not likely to contribute to UK iodine status; (4) 15% of pregnant women in Oxford had a low free-thyroxine concentration which may pose a threat to the developing fetal brain and finally; (5) iodine deficiency, as assessed in stored-urine samples of a UK prospective cohort study was associated with adverse effects on neurological development; children of iodine-deficient women had a higher risk of low IQ at age 8 (OR 1.58, 95% Cl 1.09-2.29) and poorer reading accuracy scores at age 9 (OR 1.83, 95% Cl 1.22-2.74), even after adjustment for potential confounders. The findings suggest that a UK public-health policy is required to minimise the adverse effects of iodine deficiency.

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27

Breashears, Margaret Herbst. "An Analysis of Status: Women in Texas, 1860-1920". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1999. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279203/.

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This study examined the status of women in Texas from 1860 to 1920. Age, family structure and composition, occupation, educational level, places of birth, wealth, and geographical persistence are used as the measurements of status. For purposes of analysis, women are grouped according to whether they were married, widowed, divorced, or single.

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28

Amanna, Karen Ruggio. "Folate status and milk folate concentration in lactating women". Thesis, This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-11182008-063632/.

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29

Thuong, Duong Thi. "Women project managers: the current status and future improvement". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2001. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/226968/1/T%28BE%26E%29%202773_Duong_2001.pdf.

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Only those who have been fully found themselves in this world can realise their natures. Only those who realise their natures can lead other natures to selfrealisation. Only those who lead other natures to self-realisation can realise the nature of things (Tzu-Ssu, an grandson of Confucius, quoted from Asplund: 1988) So why don't women try to find themselves in project management? Is this definitely not a career for a man only and not a no go area for woman either? Is project management not a gendered job, but depends on individuals' ability? This dissertation describes a study that exammes firstly the extent to which challenges in the workplace may cause women project managers to be in a significantly small minority, and secondly the potential for their amelioration. The data for this study comes from an analysis of information from the self-mailed survey questionnaire to 180 members of Australian Institute of Project Management in Queensland, who have been working in the project management field. The focuses of this research is the comparison of paiiicipants' views regarding their experiences and observations on various issues related to technical and gender aspects in the project management culture. When the data for this study was retrieved and evaluated, it was found that there ai·e only the relatively minor differences in expenences due to participants' gender, experience level, management level and feature of industries of the project managers. These experiences include discrimination against women in general, differences in project management style and the support from project manager not of participants' gender. However, the study found these differences did not negatively impact on pmiicipants' career progress. Regarding opportunities for change, the research found that there ai·e vanous opportunities for women project managers (for example, the changing social and project enviromnent or the achievement of women in this area). There is, therefore, an expectation that more women will become project managers in the future. The research also discusses several implications of how this may change the existing project culture and suggests some feasible initiatives for the industry's practice to make the change a reality

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30

Maigurira, Doreen. "Challenges to shift from survival to sustainable livelihood strategies : case study of refugee women in Sunnyside Tshwane". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/57194.

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South Africa attracts thousands of refugees and is regarded as a key destination for migrants on the African continent (Knowledge, 2013:24). The country has enshrined refugee rights in its Constitution (Republic of South Africa [RSA], 1996) and ratified the United Nations Refugee Convention (1951) and the Organisation for African Union (OAU) Refugee Convention (2000). In order to domesticate these regional and international commitments, the government introduced the Refugee Act 130 of 1998. However, the country is faced by a huge gap between implementation, monitoring and coordination of the different refugee policies and legislation which has left many refugee women with enormous challenges to attain basic civil, social and economic rights. Research reveals that women refugees are the most deprived and constitute the majority of the displaced persons in the world (UNHCR, 2000 in Mulumba, 2005:28). The goal of the study was to explore the challenges that refugee women in Sunnyside, Tshwane encounter to shift from survival to sustainable livelihood strategies. The qualitative research study was applied and exploratory in nature and utilised an instrumental case study design. The population for the study was all the refugee women in Sunnyside, Tshwane. A purposive sampling technique was used to select 23 refugee women participants for the study. Data was collected through one-on-one interviews which were conducted according to a semi-structured interview schedule. The findings show that most refugee women find it extremely difficult to find an adequate job despite being educated or having stayed in the country for a long period. If they do get a job, it is mostly part time, or more than one part-time job to make ends meet. Due to a lack of decent work, their income remains low, which in turn, influences their access to adequate health services, further education, education for their children, adequate shelter, and food security. The researcher concludes that the socio-economic challenges that refugee women face, keep them trapped in poverty, expose them to discrimination, violence, exclusion, and humiliation. The study recommends a strong national legal framework which includes full implementation and monitoring of the South African Refugee Act 130 of 1998 and support of other policies and strategies which will increase the provision of social protection and will promote basic civil, social and economic rights for refugee women.
Mini Dissertation (MSW)--University of Pretoria, 2016.
tm2016
Social Work and Criminology
MSW
Unrestricted

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31

Sidell, Robert B. "Substance abuse, marital status, and employment status as risk factors for domestic violence against women in rural communities". Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2001. http://www.tren.com.

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32

Pang, Susan McPhail. "Industrialization and the changing status of women in society : a comparison of Japan and Thailand /". Thesis, [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1989. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12754547.

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33

Sackor, Phanta S. "Caregiver Status and Self-Reported Health Status Among African American Women Suffering From Type 2 Diabetes". Thesis, Walden University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3715102.

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African American women (AAW) are at a high risk for type 2 diabetes, a debilitating and potentially fatal disease for which there is no cure. The purpose of this study was to extend the research of Mosca et al. (2012) by examining the relationship between caregiver status and self-reported health status for AAW 18 years or older diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. The chronic care model (CCM) provided the theoretical framework for this study. The CCM promoted routine care for patients with chronic illnesses to migrate from acute care to proactive, planned, and risk-based protocols. A binomial logistic regression investigated the relationship between caregiver status, categorized as paid or unpaid, and self-reported health status, which was dichotomized as either good to excellent health or poor to fair health. There was a statistically significant relationship between primary caregiver status and self-reported health status among AAW diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes after controlling for age, education, and marital status (p < .004). Based on the fitted binomial logistic regression model, there were 186 cases of AAW with type 2 diabetes; having a paid caregiver was associated with a lower odds of having good to excellent health (OR = 0.294). About 12.3% of the variance in self-report health status was attributable to caregiver status. Overall, 82.6% of predictions were accurate. Nearly all participants required frequent assistance from a caregiver in the preceding 12 months. These findings suggest a critical need for healthcare service providers to educate caregivers as a means to deliver post-acute care to AAW diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, consistent with the CCM.

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34

Wilkinson, Louise Jane. "Thirteenth-century women in Lincolnshire". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1999. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/thirteenthcentury-women-in-lincolnshire(4fbb0996-8b95-4b46-98a9-712193040969).html.

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35

Lentz, Linda K. "Sundanese lifecycle rituals and the status of women in Indonesia". Thesis, Oxford Centre for Mission Studies, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.732954.

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36

Ing, Joan D. "Socioeconomic status, sense of coherence, and health in Canadian women". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ40152.pdf.

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37

Bedu-Addo, Paul Kobina Annan. "Work-family interference among Ghanaian women in higher status occupations". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2010. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/11529/.

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Work-family interference (WFI) is becoming one of the principal hazards to occupational health, family satisfaction, well-being and job satisfaction in the 21st century, especially among women professionals. With obvious increases in female participation within the upper echelons of the labour force both in the developed and developing world (Wirth, 2000); the need to effectively combine work and family roles has become quite a critical issue in occupational and organisational psychology, as well as family studies. Thus identifying and assessing the nature and amount of work-family interference experienced by women professionals and the damage it causes to women’s well-being, organisational productivity, family cohesion and job satisfaction are therefore important questions for applied psychology. So too is the identification of whatever might attenuate or exacerbate the scale of WFI or its negative impact. Such fundamental knowledge has a vital role in informing action and intervention to improve the occupational, as well as family health of women professionals especially in emerging economies like Ghana. This thesis is built around three separate studies conducted among Ghanaian professional and their spouses, using face-to-face interviews, open-ended questionnaires and structured questionnaires. A number of research questions and hypotheses have been addressed in this research. Findings showed that women generally experience work-related stress and work family interference. However receipt of quality supervisor support moderates their experience of work-related stress whiles quality spouse and child support attenuates their experience of work-family interference. Additionally, work-family interference only affected women’s feeling of worn out and tense, but not family satisfaction or job satisfaction. Finally the findings of this research have highlighted the need of using mixed methods in organisational research in developing countries especially where published studies are lacking locally.

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38

Pobric, Alma. "Fertility and the status of women in Bosnia and Herzegovina". Thesis, Kingston University, 2009. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/20408/.

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This thesis examines the fertility and women's status in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It reviews the differences in population growth rates among the world's major areas during the 1950-2000 and the fertility characteristics and family policy in Europe. The fertility transition across Europe is highlighted. All European countries have experienced considerable decline of fertility and by the end of the 20th century the rates were far below replacement levels in almost every country. The demographic change and fall in fertility in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in neighbouring states is marked. In so doing, it applies the demographic period analysis of fertility rates in the second half of the 20th century and in recent years and the examination of total fertility and age specific fertility rates shows that there was variation in the declining dependent upon the extent of female education and occupation. The historical aspect of female positions in Bosnia-Herzegovina's society is illustrates that fertility transitions are initiated by the improved status of women and their increased ability to determine own fertility. The correlation between fertility and urbanization and income per capita suggests that as income or the level of urbanization rises then the fertility rate falls. Ethnic affiliation to some extent corresponds with other socio-economic factors impacting on fertility level. Total fertility rates vary across urban and rural place of residence generally, but higher fertility rates are found in more urban then in rural areas. The greater involvement in the impersonal market sector and better professional position, the lower are the fertility preferences and lower actual fertility. The large body of evidence showing how high fertility levels is related to economically less developed municipalities helps to elucidate the relationship between a women's occupation and total fertility rate. The post-war period is characterized by new women's activism but participation of women in different sphere of public life and their general status are still not satisfactory. The more emphasized decline in natality and fertility rates in recent years is the consequence of unenvious socio-economic and political environment in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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39

Romaniuk, D. G. "Dental status of pregnant women in different trimester of pregnancy". Thesis, БДМУ, 2020. http://dspace.bsmu.edu.ua:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/17830.

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40

Feinberg, Amy. "The Association between Teen Parenthood and Marital Status among Women". VCU Scholars Compass, 2010. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2182.

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Introduction: Teen pregnancy and teen parenting are prevalent and significant public health issues. Teen parenting also has many social and economic consequences for mother and family. Single parenthood is associated with increased financial, work and child care strains compared to a more traditional family type. Therefore, the impact of teen pregnancy on marital status needs to be investigated. This study examines the association between teen parenthood and future marital status. Methods: The 2002 National Survey of Family Growth, Cycle 6 was analyzed. This study included 12398 women age 20 – 44 years who had children. Teen parenthood was defined as age at first birth before the age of twenty. Marital status was dichotomized as married and other marital status. Exposure and outcome variables were examined using logistic regression modeling. Results: Women who had a child before age twenty were less likely be married compared to women who had a child at age 20 or older (OR = 2.30 [95% CI = 2.01, 2.64]). After adjusting for race, education, age at first sex and intendedness of the pregnancy, women who had a child before age 20 were less likely to be married or stay married compared to women who had a child at age 20 or older (OR = 1.35 [95% 1.19, 1.62]). Conclusions: Teen parents are less likely to be married or stay married later in life. Teens should be informed that teen parenthood is a significant risk factor for single parenthood later in life. Future studies should examine all levels of marital status as an outcome of teen parenthood. Future studies should also examine this association among fathers.

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41

Rowe, Beverly J. "Changes in the Status of Texarkana, Texas, Women, 1880-1920". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1999. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279138/.

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42

Grupp, Elizabeth A. "Violence against women : effects on health status and inquiry preferences /". free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1996. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p1383587.

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43

Tang, Sau-man Jenny. "A comparative study of the status of women in the family : Japan and Hong Kong /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21241090.

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44

Ntsaluba, Joyce Thembela. "An assessment of rural women's co-operatives in the Tsojana Village as regards meeting the objectives of sustainable livelihood and socio-economic development". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1018758.

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This thesis is based on an in-depth assessment of the three rural women co-operatives in the Tsojana village, within the Intsika Yethu Local Municipality, which is the largest and most rural municipality within the Chris Hani District Municipality. 95 percent of households in this municipality live in rural areas or villages (Integrated Development Plan (IDP), 2010-2011). Rural areas are characterised by high levels of poverty, deprivation, poor infrastructure, and poor linkages to markets. Rural women are the ones experiencing poverty at first hand due to the fact that they are less mobile; when food crisis hits, men tend to leave to look for work or income in towns/cities, while women stay behind to look after their families (Moyo-Mhlanga, 2001). In 1975, the World Bank addressed the question of how women can become effective in economic development, hence the establishment of Women in Development Projects to encourage them to be more involved in income-generating activities like rural projects, co-operatives (co-ops) and self-help groups. A co-operative is an autonomous association of people who join voluntarily to meet their socio-economic and cultural needs through a jointly-owned and democratically-controlled enterprise (International Labour Organization (ILO), 2002). The United Nations (UN) recognized the contribution cooperatives can make to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) through productive employment, eradicating poverty, enhancing social integration and promoting the advancement of women. This research study was motivated by the fact that- there are various women development projects/co-operatives in Tsojana Administrative Area (A/A) which aim to improve the lives of the rural people for the better, but most of these co-ops are not sustainable and financially viable. Rural women have realized that in order to sustain development they have to integrate themselves into village development structures, as in various co-operatives, informal rural entrepreneurs and agricultural and non-farm income-generating activities. The study proposes to investigate the reasons for the failure of these co-ops to create sustainable rural livelihoods. The study further attempts to explore development strategies that will assist to transform and advance the co-ops towards sustainable development for all. It also aims to explore strategies that will alleviate poverty, create jobs, and address all factors of underdevelopment and deprivation. The overall methodological approach in this study is qualitative in nature, as it is based on the understanding of the situation from the participant‟s point of view, or perspective. It seeks to describe, investigate and explore aspects of development projects, and to also understand the aspects of socio-economic life of rural women. It combines three traditions of enquiry, i.e. case study, phenomenology, and ethnography. A non-probability type of sampling, in particular purposive sampling, was used for the study because the researcher‟s samples are based on her judgement. Interpretive research paradigm was used to allow the researcher to study meaningful social action, not just the external or observable behaviour of people, and various research tools were used to collect data. These co-operatives have been identified as struggling for survival, and lacking training, and material and financial resources. The co-operatives require support for expansion and modernizing their operations.

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45

Khan, Asima. "Education and Women: Non-Formal Education Among Lower Socioeconomic Status Women in Pakistan In Their Voice". Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1355698154.

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46

Troy, Beth M. "Legally bound a study of women's legal status in the ancient Near East /". Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1101850402.

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47

Mumah, Joyce Ndueh. "Socioeconomic Status, Women, and HIV: Do the Determinants of Female HIV Vary by Socioeconomic Status in Cameroon?" DigitalCommons@USU, 2011. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1110.

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The HIV/AIDS epidemic is argued to be one of the greatest health challenges facing Sub-Saharan African countries, with more than 25 million Africans currently infected. Social epidemiology posits that for most types of illness, there is an inverse relationship between indicators with SES. In most developed nations, and in some developing countries, the incidence of HIV follows this classic pattern, with the poor having the greatest risk of infection and eventual mortality. However, a growing body of research on HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa suggests an intriguing reversal of this pattern, particularly with respect to HIV among women. In the Cameroonian case most specifically, previous research indicates that higher socioeconomic status women present higher rates of HIV infection compared to low socioeconomic status women, albeit rates higher than those in the United States. However, the mechanisms of risk appear to be distinct for each group. Using data from the 2004 National Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) in Cameroon, this paper explores relationships between the various indicators of socioeconomic status and HIV, as well as estimates and tests a series of multivariate models designed to highlight the distinct causal pathways that put higher SES women at increased risk of HIV. In general, my results show that women with increased resources had higher rates of HIV, confirming results published elsewhere. Additionally, women with riskier sexual behaviors also presented higher rates of infection. Counterintuitively, however, women with increased knowledge of HIV, more domestic making authority, and access to health care all had higher rates of HIV infection. Multivariate analysis revealed that the mechanisms of risk varied by socioeconomic status. For women in low socioeconomic group, what seemed to increase their risk was relative inequality (i.e. having a partner outside their socioeconomic bracket). Conversely, for women in the high socioeconomic group, their own sexual behavior seemed to account for their higher rates of HIV infection. What the results of this study indicated therefore was that the mechanisms of risk differed by SES and different approaches targeting each sub-group were needed to effectively combat the disease.

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48

Smith, Krystal. "Hormone status and measures of joint laxity". Greensboro, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2007. http://libres.uncg.edu/edocs/etd/1408/umi-uncg-1408.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2007.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Oct. 22, 2007). Directed by Sandra Shultz; submitted to the School of Health and Human Performance. Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-84).

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49

Alexander, Kristina A. "Gender employment equity power status among Missouri superintendents of public schools". free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3074366.

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50

Singh, Ashima. "Beyond gender : taking a multi-status approach to understanding students' positioning in STEM /". View online ; access limited to URI, 2008. http://0-digitalcommons.uri.edu.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/AAI3328730.

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