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Dalton, Christopher M., David Ellis y David M. Post. "The impact of double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) predation on anadromous alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) in south-central Connecticut, USA". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 66, n.º 2 (febrero de 2009): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f08-198.
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The decline of anadromous alewife ( Alosa pseudoharengus ) threatens an important recreational and commercial fishery. While the cause of this decline is uncertain, predators could be trapping alewives at low abundance by preying on them during spawning migrations. Here we investigate the impact of predation by double-crested cormorants ( Phalacrocorax auritus ) on spawning adult alewives in south-central Connecticut, USA. We use a bioenergetic model together with estimates of cormorant diets and cormorant and alewife population sizes to estimate the consumption of alewives by cormorants both in Bride Lake, Connecticut, and regionally. We find that cormorants are important predators of spawning adult alewives at Bride Lake but do not have a notable impact on alewife mortality or population size. We also find that cormorants have little effect on alewife populations across south-central Connecticut because few alewives are consumed away from Bride Lake. We conclude that cormorants are important predators for anadromous alewives, but do not pose an immediate threat to the recovery of regional alewife stocks.
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Naher, Habibon. "Nesting colonies of little cormorant (Phalacrocorax niger) in different study areas of Bangladesh". Bangladesh Journal of Zoology 42, n.º 1 (13 de mayo de 2015): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjz.v42i1.23334.
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A study was done on nesting colonies of Little Cormorant (Phalacrocorax niger) in different study areas of Bangladesh from 2003 to 2005. The study sites were Eidgah in Coxs Bazar, Bhuyapur in Tangail, Bhairab and Tarail Upazilla in Kishorganj, Dimla in Nilfamari, Singair Upazilla in Manikganj and Matlab in Chandpur district. These sites were visited at regular interval to know about the characteristics of different nesting colonies and causes of their decline and threats for the Little Cormorant. The village markets and school areas were visited to know about the location of nests, different threats against them and information about the present situation of Little Cormorant and also for creation of awareness for their conservation. The nesting habitats of the Little Cormorant were situated in the homestead areas in all the cases. The highly preferred sites for nesting were near a pond (75%). Bamboo (Bambusa arundinacea) was the highly preferred nesting trees (25%). The nesting height varied from 8.84 m to 10.66 m. Association of the Little Cormorant in the colony was found with Ardeaola grayii (30%), Egretta garzetta (30%), Mesophoyx intermedia (30%), Casmerodius albus (5%) and Pteropus giganteus (5%). The nesting colonies of the Little Cormorant were destroyed by human (92.9%) and river erosion (7.1%). It was observed that awareness campaign will help for the conservation of the bird.Bangladesh J. Zool. 42(1): 35-44, 2014
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Susanti, N. K. Y., A. Mardiastuti y S. Hariyadi. "Microplastics in Digestive System of Little-black cormorant (Phalacrocorax sulcirostris) in Pulau Rambut Sanctuary". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 950, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2022): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/950/1/012003.
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Abstract Microplastics have been found in many seabirds in various areas in the world, but there has been no report from Indonesia. The objective of this research was to discover whether there were microplastics in the Indonesian Seabirds, represented by the Little-black cormorant (Phalacrocorax sulcirostris). The study site was Pulau Rambut Wildlife Sanctuary, a small island in Jakarta Bay, where a big colony of the cormorants’ nests together with other waterbirds. The gastrointestinal tract of a sample Little-black cormorant was collected to find macroplastic, mesoplastic, or microplastic. Microplastics were detected through NaCl dilution, followed by observation using 10x10 magnification and SRCC. There was no macroplastic and mesoplastic found in the sampled bird. As for microplastic, 16 microplastic particles of different types, sizes, and colours were found, giving an estimation of 320 particles/bird. Microplastic film type were dominant (75.0%), followed by fiber (18.7%) and fragment (6.3%). The size of the microplastic was mostly (68.7%) between 100-1,000 μm. Color-wise, more than half (56.2%) were transparent. Other colors found were red (18.7%), black (12.5%), yellow and blue (6.2% each), no brown or green.
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Andersen, Signe M., Jonas Teilmann, Pernille B. Harders, Else H. Hansen y Dorthe Hjøllund. "Diet of harbour seals and great cormorants in Limfjord, Denmark: interspecific competition and interaction with fishery". ICES Journal of Marine Science 64, n.º 6 (3 de julio de 2007): 1235–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsm092.
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Abstract Andersen, S. M., Teilmann, J., Harders, P. B., Hansen, E. H., and Hjøllund, D. 2007. Diet of harbour seals and great cormorants in Limfjord, Denmark: interspecific competition and interaction with fishery. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 1235–1245. Comparative studies on seasonal and regional variation in the diet of harbour seals and great cormorants were conducted in Limfjord, a semi-closed water system in northwest Denmark. To compare harbour seal diet from an open water system containing similar prey species, a small diet analysis from the western Baltic is included. Seal diet during spring reflected the abundance of Atlantic herring entering Limfjord to spawn (90% of the weight consumed), whereas during summer and autumn, seal diet was rather more mixed. The diet of seals in the Rødsand area and cormorants in Limfjord showed no marked seasonal trends. During spring, there was little overlap between seal and cormorant diets in Limfjord because seals fed almost exclusively on Atlantic herring, and they consumed significantly larger herring than did the cormorants. During summer and autumn, seal and cormorant diets overlapped markedly, although the fish items consumed by seals were generally larger. Few commercially targeted species were found in the stomachs and scats of seals and casts of great cormorants, but Atlantic herring were taken by the seals at a size greater than that allowed by the fishery.
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Sadek. A. Hussein, N. K. Salem y J. M. Abed. "Survey of fish enemies from three fish farms in Iraq III. Impacts of predaceous water birds on cultivated fishes". Iraqi Journal of Aquaculture 5, n.º 1 (20 de marzo de 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.58629/ijaq.v5i1.268.
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The present investigation concerned with a thorough survey on the serious impact of the predaceous water birds from three selected fish farms in the country, namely Al- Manahel fish farm (presently called Al-Beilad) in Babylon province, Basrah University/ Marine Science Center fish farm and Al-Mutawaa fish farm. The latter two are situated in Basrah governorate. Samples were collected on monthly basis for the period from January to October 2002. Impacts of water birds on stocks of cultivated fish species and other faunal components was detected. Stomach of seven species of water birds, namely, herring gull (Larus argentatus), black headed gull (L. ridibundus), slender billed gull (L. genei), little gull (L. minutus), great white heron (Egretta alba ), little egret (E. garzetta) and cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis) were examined to calculate food consumption. The study reveals that herring gull occupied first rank in Al–Manahel fish farm followed by cormorant which occupied first rank in Basrah University farm. Fishes formed 100% in food of cormorant, herring gull, black headed gull and slender billed gull. Shrimp was detected in food of little gull and little egret while frogs were consumed by great white heron and little egret. Cormorant occupied first rank in food menu for each birds followed by herring gull and slender billed gull.
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Matthews, C. W. y R. A. Fordham. "Behaviour of the Little Pied Cormorant Phalacrocorax Melanoleucos". Emu - Austral Ornithology 86, n.º 2 (junio de 1986): 118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mu9860118.
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Balčiauskas, Linas, Raminta Skipitytė, Marius Jasiulionis, Laima Balčiauskienė y Vidmantas Remeikis. "Immediate increase in isotopic enrichment in small mammals following the expansion of a great cormorant colony". Biogeosciences 15, n.º 12 (27 de junio de 2018): 3883–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-3883-2018.
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Abstract. Colonies of great cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) impact terrestrial ecosystems through the transport of nutrients from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems. Deposited guano overload the ecosystem with N and P, change soil pH and damage vegetation. The ways in which small mammals are impacted, however, are little known. We aimed to evaluate the effects of an expanding great cormorant colony, testing if the expansion immediately increased the input of biogens into the forest ecosystem and, further, if the growing influence of the colony was reflected in basal resources (plants and invertebrates) and the hair of small mammals. δ15N and δ13C signatures were analyzed in granivorous yellow-necked mice (Apodemus flavicollis), omnivorous bank voles (Myodes glareolus) and basal resources of animal and plant origin from the territory of a colony of great cormorants situated near the Baltic Sea in west Lithuania. We found that biogens transferred by great cormorants to the terrestrial ecosystem affected the potential foods of the small mammals and led to highly elevated and variable δ15N values. An increase of the size of the colony in 2015 resulted in isotopic enrichment of the small mammals in the zone of expansion in comparison to levels in 2014. The increase of δ15N in A. flavicollis was 7.5 % (p < 0.05) in the ecotone and 5.7 % in the expansion zone. The decrease in δ13C signatures in A. flavicollis was 4.5 % (p < 0.1) in the expansion zone and 3.1 % (p < 0.001) in the colony. In M. glareolus, the decrease in δ13C signatures was 8.5 % in the expansion zone, 3.3 % (p < 0.1) in the control zone and 2.6 % in the ecotone. Isotopic niches (central ellipses) of A. flavicollis in the colony and between the control and expansion zones were separated in 2014 and 2015, while they partially overlapped in the ecotone. The isotopic niches of M. glareolus in 2014 and 2015 were separated in the ecotone and had a small overlap in the colony. For most of the resources tested, the isotopic signatures in the established colony area were significantly higher than in the rest of cormorant-inhabited area. In the colony, the δ15N values in plants (16.9 ± 1.1 ‰) were higher than in invertebrates (13.6 ± 0.4 ‰). In the ecotone, the δ15N values were 12.0 ± 1.4 in plants and 14.7 ± 0.04 ‰ in invertebrates, while in the expansion zone they were 7.2 ± 3.0 and 9.9 ± 3.8 ‰, respectively. δ15N-rich resources led to increased δ15N values in the hair of A. flavicollis and M. glareolus. Thus, biogens from the great cormorant colony immediately affected small mammals through their food sources.
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Harris, M. P., S. Wanless y R. W. J. Smith. "The breeding seabirds of the Firth of Forth, Scotland". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 93, n.º 3-4 (1987): 521–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000006928.
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SynopsisThe seabird colonies in the Firth of Forth are spectacular. Although the total numbers of individual birds of most species are relatively small, the populations of gannet, herring and lesser black-backed gulls, sandwich, roseate, little and common terns make up more than 10% of the Scottish total. Numbers of fulmar, shag, cormorant, great black-backed gull, kittiwake, guillemot, razorbill and puffin have all increased, the rates varying from 4% per annum (kittiwake) to 20% p.a. (puffin). The numbers of cormorants stabilised soon after the species colonised the Forth in 1957. The period of rapid increase in guillemot numbers may now be over. Numbers of little terns have probably increased, but roseate and common terns have both declined and the number of sandwich terns is more-or-less stable. Herring and lesser black-backed gulls both increased dramatically up to 1972, since when breeding birds have been culled. The herring gull then decreased significantly, but the situation is less clear in the lesser black-backed gull. We set these changes in a wider context and discuss some possible reasons for the observed population trends.
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Naher, Habibon, Noor Jahan Sarker, Md Khalilur Rahman y Shawkat Imam Khan. "Breeding biology of the Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger (Pelecaniformes: Phlacrocoracidae) in Bangladesh". Journal of Threatened Taxa 1, n.º 4 (26 de abril de 2009): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.o1790.221-5.
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Susanti, N. K. Y., A. Mardiastuti y S. Hariyadi. "Microplastics in fishes as seabird preys in Jakarta Bay Area". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 967, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2022): 012033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/967/1/012033.
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Abstract There has been some growing research on plastics in fishes as human food in Indonesia, but none linked to fishes as seabirds’ prey. The objective of this research was to reveal whether there were microplastics in fishes as prey of little-black cormorant. The study site was the coastal area of Pulau Rambut Wildlife Sanctuary in Jakarta Bay, where the cormorants search for fish food. Fish samples (12-16.8 cm, 5 species; n=8) were collected by using fish-rod, at the usual fishing area of cormorants along the southern coast of the reserve. Gastrointestinal tracts of the samples were observed to find macro, meso and microplastic. After NaCl dilution, followed by observation using SRCC and microscope (10×10 magnification), followed by grouping based on type, color, and size. No macro or mesoplastic found. Total of 110 microplastics particles were found from all samples (range 7-26 particles/fish), with Lutjanus vitta having the highest number (15-26 particles/fish). Film (2-21 particles/fish) and fiber (1-10 particles/fish) were found, but no fragment. Transparent microplastics were found the most (57.3%), followed by blue (26.4%), black (10.0%), and red (6.4%). The size of the microplastic found were mostly (64.5%) between 100-1.000μm. A more intensive research is needed, as these sampled fishes might also consumed by human.
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Nicolae, Onea. "Dynamics of the aquatic nesting bird populations in the mixed colonies from Vulpaşu, Chiriloaia and Cucova (Balta Mică a Brăilei Nature Park, Romania)". Travaux du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle "Grigore Antipa" 54, n.º 1 (1 de junio de 2011): 133–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10191-011-0011-5.
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Dynamics of the aquatic nesting bird populations in the mixed colonies from Vulpaşu, Chiriloaia and Cucova (Balta Mică a Brăilei Nature Park, Romania) This study presents the observations made during a three-year period of time (2007-2009) in the three mixed colonies of the Balta Mică a Brăilei Nature Park: Vulpaşu, Chiriloaia and Cucova. In the colonies, there was reported a number of ten aquatic nesting species, with specific differences for each colony separately. The 10 species are: Phalacrocorax carbo (Great Cormorant), Phalacrocorax pygmaeus (Pygmy Cormorant), Nycticorax nycticorax (Night Heron), Ardeola ralloides (Squacco Heron), Egretta garzetta (Little Egret), Egretta alba (Great White Egret), Bubulcus ibis (Cattle Egret), Ardea cinerea (Grey Heron), Plegadis falcinellus (Glossy Ibis) and Platalea leucorodia (Spoonbill). The presence or absence of certain species in a colony is closely related to its ecological requirements, with the structural features of the ecosystems and the climatic conditions.
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V. John, Dakshin, G. Petchidurai y M. Jayashankar. "ABANDONED SITES: BOON OR BANE FOR URBAN BIRD NESTINGA CASE STUDY FROM TIRUNELVELI, TAMIL NADU (INDIA)". International Journal of Biological Innovations 04, n.º 01 (2022): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.46505/ijbi.2022.4115.
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A short duration observation on birds' nesting in an abandoned bungalow premise in the heart of Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli district in Southern Tamil Nadu is reported as a case study. Three species of water birds namely Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax), Intermediate Egret (Mesophoyxin termedia), and Little Cormorant (Phalacrocorax niger) were found to show mixed roosting. Recently infrastructural modification of the premise was undertaken, which influenced the nesting site of these colonial birds, considering their high sensitivity to disturbance.
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Mardiastuti, A. "Waterbird community in Pulau Rambut Wildlife Sanctuary, Jakarta Bay: Review on species composition and population size after thirty years". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 950, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2022): 012031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/950/1/012031.
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Abstract In the Jakarta Bay area, Pulau Rambut, a 25-ha island, has been known as an important breeding/nesting site for 15 waterbird species. Land-use change and habitat deterioration potentially have some impact on the waterbird population. The objective of this research was to compare species composition and population size of waterbirds nesting in Pulau Rambut after 30 years (1990-2020), and provide an analysis on the possible causes of the change. Secondary data on population size and species composition were used for analysis. Habitat changes in the foraging habitat were observed intermittently. Black-headed ibis and Little-pied cormorant were extirpated from the island, thus the species number was decreased to 13. Population size of all waterbirds was greatly decreased (from 10,180 to 4,950 individuals). However, the population of the endangered Milky stork has increased, from 24 (0.2%) to 78 (1.6%) individuals, possibly due to additional birds migrating from the eastern coast of Sumatra. There was a significant change in the species composition (paired t-test; t=0.488, P<0.01), with Cormorants still dominated the community. Possible causes of the population decrease were the shrinking wetlands in Java as waterbirds’ foraging habitat, and deterioration of mangroves as nest trees in Pulau Rambut due oil pollution.
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Wilson, Scott. "Abundance, distribution, and species assemblages of colonial waterbirds in the boreal region of west-central Manitoba and east-central Saskatchewan". Canadian Field-Naturalist 127, n.º 3 (2 de diciembre de 2013): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.22621/cfn.v127i3.1483.
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Central and southern Manitoba contain some of the largest breeding populations of several colonial waterbird species in North America. Despite the value of this region for waterbirds, very little monitoring has been conducted on Lake Winnipeg, Lake Winnipegosis, or Lake Manitoba in the past three decades and little is known about the smaller boreal lakes in adjacent areas to the north. In June 2011, boat surveys were conducted on 11 boreal lakes in west-central Manitoba and east-central Saskatchewan to examine current abundance and distribution of colonial waterbirds in that region. Data from this survey were compared with abundance of colonial waterbirds on Lake Winnipegosis and Lake Manitoba from an aerial survey of these lakes in 2012. Waterbird colonies were located on 7 of the 11 lakes in 2011 and included Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) (2373 adults, 1134 pairs in 7 colonies), Common Terns (Sterna hirundo) (1367 adults, 772 pairs in 29 colonies), Forster’s Terns (Sterna forsteri) (20 adults, 11 pairs in 1 colony), Herring Gulls (Larus argentatus) (876 adults, 568 pairs in 23 colonies), and Ring-billed Gulls (Larus delawarensis) (3752 adults, 16 colonies). Common Terns and Herring Gulls appeared to be predominantly breeders and pair abundance for both species increased in a sigmoidal fashion; lakes <100 km2 in area had few breeding pairs. Numbers of Double-crested Cormorants and especially, Ring-billed Gulls, may have included a sizeable non-breeding component. Densities (pairs/lake area) of Common Terns and Herring Gulls were about 2 and 4 times higher, respectively, on these lakes than on Lake Winnipegosis and Lake Manitoba, while Double-crested Cormorant and Ring-billed Gull densities were higher on lakes Winnipegosis and Manitoba. Additional studies of productivity in relation to lake characteristics and connectivity among colonies throughout the region would further our understanding of the importance and sustainability of waterbird populations in this region of the boreal forest.
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Greeshma, P. y E. A. Jayson. "Indian Pond-Heron Ardeola grayii Scavenging on Little Cormorant Microcarbo niger". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society (JBNHS) 113 (1 de diciembre de 2016): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17087/jbnhs/2016/v113/119678.
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Khinchi, P. J., N. R. Dahegaonkar, P. M. Telkhade, S. B. Zade y L. H. Rohankar. "Avifaunal diversity of Junona Lake District Chandrapur, Maharashtra". Environment Conservation Journal 10, n.º 3 (21 de diciembre de 2009): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2009.100310.
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Junona lake is a fresh water and historical lake of Chandrapur district. The lake is surrounded by dense Chichpalli forest and contains rich treasure of flora and fauna. It harbours varieties of birds including migratory birds. The avifaunal survey of lake and its surrounded area was carried out by field observations during 2006-2007. Total 19 species were observed, among which 07 species were of Order Ciconiiformes, 4 of Charadriiformes, 3 of Gruiformes, 2 of Falconiformes and one each of Pelicaniformes, Anseriformes and Cuculiformes. A good congregation of Black ibis, Little cormorant and Kingfisher observed and regularly found in the surroundings of the lake.
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Božič, Luka. "Rezultati januarskega štetja vodnih ptic leta 2014 v Sloveniji / Results of the January 2014 waterbird census in Slovenia". Acrocephalus 35, n.º 160-161 (1 de noviembre de 2014): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acro-2014-0004.
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Summary In 2014, the International Waterbird Census (IWC) was carried out in Slovenia on 18 and 19 Jan. Waterbirds were counted on all larger rivers, along the entire Slovenian Coastland and on most of the major standing waters in the country. During the census, in which 268 observers took part, 413 sections of the rivers and coastal sea with a total length of 1395.1 km and 226 other localities (178 standing waters and 48 streams) were surveyed. Altogether, 45,346 waterbirds of 62 species were counted. This is the lowest number of waterbirds recorded after the 1997 and 1998 censuses. The greatest numbers of waterbirds were counted in the Drava count area, i.e. 20,217 individuals (44.6% of all waterbirds in Slovenia). By far the most numerous species was Mallard Anas platyrhynchos (43.0% of all waterbirds), followed by Black-headed Gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus (10.1% of all waterbirds), Coot Fulica atra (7.9% of all waterbirds), Yellow-legged Gull Larus michahellis (6.0% of all waterbirds) and Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo (4.6% of all waterbirds). The number of 1,000 counted individuals was also surpassed by Mute Swan Cygnus olor, Pochard Aythya ferina, Tufted Duck Ay. fuligula and Teal An. crecca. Among the rarer recorded species, the Black Stork Ciconia nigra (registered for the first time during the January Waterbird Censuses; only the second winter record in Slovenia), Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis and Flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus (both registered only for the second time during the IWC) should be given a special mention. Numbers of the following species were the highest so far recorded during the IWC: Shelduck Tadorna tadorna, Muscovy Duck Cairina moschata, Shoveler An. clypeata, Redthroated Loon Gavia stellata and Pygmy Cormorant Phalacrocorax pygmeus. Also, the total number of C and E category species/taxa was the highest to date, although still quite low with 70 individuals. Numbers of the following species were the lowest so far recorded during the IWC: Cormorant, Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis and Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus
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FUKUDA, Michio. "Notes on brief observations of the Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger in northern parts of Bangkok, Thailand." Bulletin of the Japanese Bird Banding Association 7, n.º 1 (1992): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14491/jbba.ar064.
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Zeenath, C. y V. J. Zacharias. "Foraging behaviour and diving pattern of Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger (Vieillot) (Pelecaniformes: Phalacrocoracidae) at Kallampara backwaters, Kerala, India". Journal of Threatened Taxa 2, n.º 13 (26 de diciembre de 2010): 1382–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.o1819.1382-6.
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Johnson, James H., Robert M. Ross y Russ D. McCullough. "Little Galloo Island, Lake Ontario: A Review of Nine Years of Double-crested Cormorant Diet and Fish Consumption Information". Journal of Great Lakes Research 28, n.º 2 (enero de 2002): 182–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0380-1330(02)70575-3.
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Chatterjee, Abhishek, Sudeshna Ghoshal, Soumyajit Chowdhury y Pinakiranjan Chakrabarti. "Report of the early winter migrants and resident birds in an inland wetland near Tundi Camp, Bajana, Gujarat". Journal of Threatened Taxa 10, n.º 5 (26 de abril de 2018): 11652. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2459.10.5.11652-11658.
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The study is based on the avian community observed in the region. In total, 1,079 individuals, 62 genera and 79 species of birds belonging to 35 families have been recorded. Among them, the family Anatidae with 20.42% incidence is the most frequent; immediately followed by the family Phoenicopteridae (10.59% of occurrence). Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger is the most abundant avian species observed. The community consists of 44% resident; 36% resident-migrant and 20% migrant bird species. It was observed that the concerned community shows a considerable diversity and a correspondingly low value of dominance. In the feeding guild analysis, the insectivore guild has the most number of recorded avian species. The feeding guild affiliations also point out that the overall community is fairly rich in its composition as it houses bird species belonging to various feeding guilds.
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Abro, Muhammad, Ali Dharejo, Muhammad Khan y Nadir Birmani. "Euclinostomum heterostomum (Rud., 1809) Travassos, 1928 (Trematodes: Clinostomidae: Euclinostominae): A New Record in Avian Host Little Cormorant (Aves: Phalacrocoracidae) of Pakistan". Journal of Advances in Biology & Biotechnology 8, n.º 1 (10 de enero de 2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jabb/2016/27782.
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Tweit, Bill, Ryan Shaw y Matt Bartels. "Twelfth Report of the Washington Bird Records Committee (2016–2018)". Western Birds 53, n.º 2 (2 de mayo de 2022): 90–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.21199/wb53.2.1.
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Since its eleventh report (Merrill et al. 2019) the Washington Bird Records Committee has reviewed 219 new reports of 80 species and 9 subspecies. Of these, 163 were accepted, an acceptance rate of 74%. Seven species and two subspecies/subspecies-groups were added to the Washington state checklist: the Purple Gallinule (Porphyrio martinicus), Swallow-tailed Gull (Creagrus furcatus), Zone-tailed Hawk (Buteo albonotatus), Dusky-capped Flycatcher (Myiarchus tuberculifer), Field Sparrow (Spizella pusilla), Painted Redstart (Myioborus pictus), and Blue Grosbeak (Passerina caerulea), plus an eastern subspecies of the Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia melodia/atlantica group) and the White-winged Dark-eyed Junco (Junco hyemalis aikeni). In addition to the regular review of reports, the committee reconsidered species on the state list supported only by sight reports. After reviewing 25 reports of 17 species, it removed six species from the state list: the Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Archilochus colubris), Little Curlew (Numenius minutus), Great Knot (Calidris tenuirostris), Whiskered Auklet (Aethia pygmaea), Red-faced Cormorant (Urile urile), and Gray-cheeked Thrush (Catharus minimus). The Washington state list now stands at 515 species.
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JHA, Kaushalendra Kumar y Craig R. MCKINLEY. "Composition and Dynamics of Migratory and Resident Avian Population in Wintering Wetlands from Northern India". Notulae Scientia Biologicae 7, n.º 1 (20 de marzo de 2015): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb719484.
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Twelve wetlands occurring in four different ecozones in Uttar Pradesh (UP), India, were selected for studying the winter composition and dynamics of avian populations. Wetland information was collected from office records of the UP Forest department. Bird populations were estimated by transect method and block-in-flock-in-sector method for woodland and aquatic birds, respectively. Across the twelve selected wetlands a total of 486,182 individuals belonging to 161 species of birds on 15,592 ha were recorded during the winter of 2010-11. The data were analyzed to assess the relationship between wetland characteristics and avian populations. Aquatic vegetation, surrounding vegetation, water availability and climate were found as important factors related to avian populations. January was found to be the peak of bird assemblage, while winter times before and after January were the waxing and waning period, respectively. Species richness and species diversity of aquatic birds varied between 18-58 and 1.90-3.20, respectively, and of all bird species between 23-109, and 1.73-3.81, respectively. The density of aquatic birds ranged between 17-384 ha-1. The most common migratory birds in wetlands were Northern Pintail, Common Teal and Greylag Goose. Common resident birds included Asian Openbill, Darter, Little Egret, Common Coot, Little Cormorant, Grey Heron, Purple Heron, Indian Pond Heron, Common Moorhen, Purple Swamphen, Cattle Egret, Indian Sarus Crane and White-throated Kingfisher. For improved conservation of aquatic avian fauna, management prescriptions are suggested for wetlands under current management which could also be extended to other wetlands, whereas conservation of avian fauna to be the emphasis.
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Samara, Fatin, Nadia Solovieva, Thouraya Ghalayini, Zaina Anwar Nasrallah y Maria Saburova. "Assessment of the Environmental Status of the Mangrove Ecosystem in the United Arab Emirates". Water 12, n.º 6 (6 de junio de 2020): 1623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061623.
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In the Arabian Gulf, mangroves play a particularly important role in maintaining biodiversity. Water and intertidal sediments were collected from eight sampling locations in April 2017 to assess the environmental status of the mangrove forest in the Khor al Beida, Umm Al Quwain, which is one of the largest natural mangrove forests in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Khor al Beida is also a breeding ground for the largest Gulf colony of a regionally endemic Socotra cormorant. Total metal concentrations of water and sediments were measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and ranged between 0.001–2.873 mg/L and 0.08–12683.02 mg/kg, respectively. Most metals were within permissible levels, except for copper, iron, aluminum, zinc, and nickel. Hazard Quotient calculations showed low risk to the ecosystem in relation to the presence of heavy metals, with the exception of zinc. Fifty-three diatom species of pennate benthic forms were identified in the intertidal sediments. For the first time in the UAE, diatom composition and diatom diversity values were quantitatively estimated in the surface sediments and a short sediment core. Overall, the assessment suggests that the mangrove forest is currently undisturbed and shows very little anthropogenic impact; yet, protection and conservation efforts are necessary in order to maintain its current status.
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Sarker, M. A. H., M. Jahan, M. N. Parvin, M. A. Malek y M. T. Hossain. "IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIAL FLORA ISOLATED FROM APPARENTLY HEALTHY WATER BIRDS OF DHAKA ZOO OF BANGLADESH". Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine 10, n.º 1-2 (9 de julio de 2013): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v10i1-2.15642.
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A total of 72 samples (Oral swab, cloacal swab and faeccal sample) were aseptically collected from different species (Purple Heron, Demoiselle Crane Pond Heron (adult), Pond Heron (young), Cattle Egret, Night Heron (adult), Night Heron (young) and Little Cormorant) of apparently healthy water birds of Dhaka Zoo of Bangladesh for The isolation and identification of bacterial flora. All the collected samples were inoculated in different bacteriological media for the study of their cultural properties. Grams staining, motility test and biochemical tests were also performed for the proper diagnosis of the isolated bacteria. Slide agglutination test was also performed to confirm the suspected Salmonella. Five types of bacteria were isolated and identified. The antibiogram of five randomly selected isolated bacteria of each genus were also studied. Among the isolated bacteria the isolation rate of E. coli was 54.16 % followed by Salmonella spp.31.94 %, Staphylococcus spp. 27.78%, Bacillus spp. 26.38 % and Proteus spp. 8.33%. Among the isolates, E.coli was found to be most prevalent bacteria. Among the samples the isolation rate of bacteria was higher in cloacal swab 54.16%, followed by oral swab 51.38% and faecal sample 43.05%. There was marked variation in the antibiotic sensitivity and resistant patterns of the isolated bacteria to the antibiotics available in the markets. It was found that most of the isolated bacteria were highly sensitive to enrofloxacin and norfloxacin. Ampicillin and furazolidone could not affect the growth of any isolated bacteria. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v10i1-2.15642
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Frank, Sadrack Jabaraj Dhanaraj, Govindan Veeraswami Gopi y Bivash Pandav. "Heronry distribution and site preference dynamics of tree-nesting colonial waterbirds in Tamil Nadu". PeerJ 9 (7 de octubre de 2021): e12256. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12256.
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Anthropogenic disturbance and climate change have significantly affected the distribution of wetlands globally and particularly in Asian countries. Various types of wetlands are harboured across all the biogeographic zones in India. These wetlands provide vital ecological services and are rich in biodiversity. However, anthropogenic pressures continue to be a threat to these wetlands by affecting the flora and fauna that depend on them. Tree-nesting colonial waterbirds are vulnerable to these pressures as their colonies are typically located in wetlands and associated areas. Disturbances to these areas have resulted in the loss or shifting of many heronries. The present study was conducted in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu during the period of 2017–2019 to document the existing and previously unknown heronries of the landscape. A total of 101 heronries were documented in 22 districts. The Little Cormorant was the most dominant species, occurring in 79% of the sites, with relative abundances of 24% and 26% during 2017–2018 and 2018–2019, respectively. A total of 23 tree species were utilized by the birds for nesting and Vachellia nilotica trees were used for nesting in about 25% of the heronries. 19% of the heronries were situated inside protected areas and 81% were located outside protected areas. Out of the 58 active nesting sites reported in 2005, 43 have been lost or are no longer active. Species distribution modelling with presence only data indicated that the sites with a high probability of occurrence were confined to the major waterbodies and rivers. Spatial correlation showed that the heronries were dispersed randomly across the landscape. The population dynamics within heronries and colonial nesting waterbirds’ response to various environmental factors must be monitored continuously to conserve these heronries.
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Datta, Om y S. C. Dhiman. "Effects of the Guano of Little Cormorant <i>Phalacrocorax niger</i>, Vieillot, 1817 (Pelecaniformes: Phlacrocoracidae) on <i>Bombax ceiba</i> (Bombacaceae) Tree and some Ethological Aspects." Indian Forester 146, n.º 11 (1 de noviembre de 2020): 1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.36808/if/2020/v146i11/151458.
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Punta, Gabriel. "MOVIMIENTOS POSTREPRODUCTIVOS DE CORMORANES IMPERIALES (PHALACROCRAX ATRICEPS) ANILLADOS EN LA PATAGONIA ARGENTINA". Ornitología Neotropical 26, n.º 2 (6 de febrero de 2016): 143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.58843/ornneo.v26i2.22.
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Postbreeding movements of ringed Imperial Cormorants (Phalacrocorax atriceps) in Patagonia, Argentina. – Very little is known about the movements of Imperial Cormorants (Phalacrocorax atriceps) during the postbreeding season in Patagonia. Here I use ringing to study the movements of Imperial Cormorants breeding on islands in the north of San Jorge Gulf, Chubut, Argentina. Between 1989 and 1993, 1706 Imperial Cormorants were ringed on Isabel, Galiano and Puente Islands. A total of 34 rings were recovered from dead cormorants while 4 ringed individuals were resighted. Recovery rates did not differ significantly between adults (2.2%) and juveniles (1.9%). Most (65%) recoveries and resightings were made north of the ringing sites near Península Valdés. On average cormorants were recovered or resighted 304 km away from the ringing site, with a maximum distance of 660 km. An individual ringed as an adult (> 2 years old) in the year 1990 was recovered dead at the end of the year 1999 indicating that it lived at least 12 years. Monthly recovery/resighting distances followed a bimodal distribution. This observation agrees with a pattern of northward movements after breeding (late summer) and southwards at the end of winter.
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Morton, SR, KG Brennan y MD Armstrong. "Distribution and abundance of grebes, pelicans, darters, cormorants, rails and terns in the Alligator Rivers Region, Northern Territory". Wildlife Research 20, n.º 2 (1993): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9930203.
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Aerial surveys between 1981 and 1984 were used to identify monthly trends in the abundance of Australian pelicans (Pelecanus conspicillatus), darters (Anhinga melanogaster), little pied cormorants (Phalacrocorax melanoleucos), and whiskered terns (Chlidonias hybrida) on five floodplains of the Alligator Rivers region, 250 km east of Darwin in the monsoonal Northern Territory. Ground surveys were conducted during the same period on one of the floodplains, the Magela plain. The aerial surveys indicated that the Magela floodplain was inhabited by few of these birds during the wet season (November-March), but that numbers then increased substantially in the dry season. The Nourlangie floodplain showed similar patterns, but the numbers of birds tended to be lower. Birds were generally uncommon on the shallower East Alligator and Cooper floodplains. Ground surveys suggested that the birds sought out the persistent swamps that characterise the Magela floodplain in the dry season. Ground surveys also indicated that aerial surveys underestimated densities; on the basis of correction factors calculated from ground surveys, peak numbers on the five floodplains were roughly estimated to be about 2000 darters, 9000 little pied cormorants, 55 000 Australian pelicans and 50 000 whiskered terns. Little black cormorants (Phalacrocorax sulcirostrus) were sometimes abundant, but their sporadic occurrence prevented analysis of seasonal trends. Australasian grebes (Tachybaptus novaehollandiae), great cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo), pied cormorants (Phalacrocorax varius), buff-banded rails (Rallus philippensis), Baillon's crakes (Porzana pusilla), white-browed crakes (Poliolimnas cinereus), purple swamphens (Porphyrio porphyrio), Eurasian coots (Fulica atra), silver gulls (Larus novaehollandiae), white-winged terns (Chlidonias leucoptera), gull-billed terns (Gelochelidon nilotica) and Caspian terns (Hydroprogne caspia) were recorded in low numbers. The Alligator Rivers region acted as an important dry season refuge because of the unusually persistent fresh waters of the Magela and Nourlangie floodplains and some of the backswamps of the South Alligator, such as Boggy Plain.
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Moran, Leah L. K., Brian S. Dorr, Katie C. Hanson-Dorr, R. J. Moore y Scott A. Rush. "Space Use and Movements of Southeastern Breeding Double-Crested Cormorants (Nannopterum auritum) in the United States". Diversity 15, n.º 3 (18 de marzo de 2023): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15030453.
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Seasonal movements of Double-crested Cormorants (Nannopterum auritum) have been studied at breeding and wintering sites in the southeastern United States, but little information exists on the movements of these birds within and from their southern breeding sites in lacustrine systems. Since 2001, cormorants have established nesting colonies on islands in Guntersville Reservoir in Alabama, USA. Following the movements of tagged cormorants using satellite telemetry, we found that the mean home range during the 2017 breeding season (May–August) was 41.76 km2, with a core use area of 6.36 km2. The mean home range used by these birds was largest during the period coinciding with incubation: 9–30 May: (98.86 ± 80.64 km2) compared with the chick-rearing 31 May–4 July: 18.30 ± 22.56 km2), and the post-fledge periods (5 July–15 August: 42.04 ± 30.95 km2). There was no significant difference in the metrics of movement and space use between male and female cormorants assessed in this study. Differences in space used by cormorants breeding in Alabama relative to their northern breeding grounds may be explained by landscape characteristics and availability of prey.
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Chand Gupta, Rohtash, Priyanka Chandna y Tirshem Kumar Kaushik. "Analysis of wetland Birds as seen in Yamuna river at Okhla (Delhi), Faridabad and Palwal Districts in Haryana, India". Environment Conservation Journal 13, n.º 3 (20 de diciembre de 2012): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2012.130302.
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The present studies were done during 2008-11 for the observations of wetland birds in River Yamuna at Okhla (Delhi), Faridabad and Palwal districts in Haryana. Visits were made in an irregular manner. In all 2 visits were made at Faridabad; village Chandhat nearby Palwal and at Hodal nearby village Kulena. It is pertinent to mention that few visits were made in winter season at Okhla barrage in New Delhi. In all, 60 species were recorded belonging to 8 orders and 14 families. Out of these 60 species of wetland birds, 35 were winter migratory, 11 local migratory and 11 species of birds were resident. The specific wetland birds specific to Yamuna River between “Delhi-Faridabad-Palwal” segments include Ferruginous Pochard Aythya nyroca, Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus, Greater Scaup Aythya marila, River Tern Sterna aurantia and Pallas Gull Larus ichthyaetus. Other popular wetland birds include, amongst others, Mallard Anas platyrhynchos, Northern Pintail Anas acuta, Northern Shoveller Anas clypeata, Red-crested Pochard Rhodonessa rufina, Common Pochard Aythya ferina, Tufted Pochard Aythya fuligula, Bar-headed Goose Anser indicus, Greylag Goose Anser anser, Brahminy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea, Gadwall Anas strepera, Eurasian Wigeon Anas penelope, White-tailed Lapwing Vanellus leucurus, Ruff Philomachus pugnax, Common Greenshank Tringa nebularia, Pallas Gull Larus ichthyaetus, Painted Stork Mycteria leucocephala, Open-billed Stork Anastomus oscitans, White-necked Stork Ciconia episcopus, Eurasian Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia, Black tailed Godwit Limosa limosa, Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola, Little Stint Calidris minuta, Common Redshank Tringa totanus, Spotted Redshank Tringa erythropus and Pied Avocet Recurivirostra avosetta.Black-headed Gulls were seen in thousands followed by Greylag Goose Anser anser, Northern Shoveller, Northern Pintail etc. Minimum number noticed were those of Greater Scaup, Ferruginous Pochards etc. Resident wetland birds include Little Cormorants Phalacrocorax niger, Median Cormorants Phalacrocorax fuscicollis, Large Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo , Pond Herons Ardeola grayii, Night Herons Nycticorax nycticorax, Black winged Stilts Himantopus himantopus, Common Moorhens Gallinula chloropus, Bronze-winged Jacana Metopidius indicus, Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus, Grey Herons Ardea cinerea, large Egrets Ardea alba and Median Egrets Mesophoyx intermedia. However, Grey Herons were seen only in 2-3 numbers. It seems that most of the popular migratory birds, perhaps, prefer Jheels, Lakes, Barrages compared to Yamuna river stream. Birds in Yamuna are not continuous in their availability. Rather birds are encountered at specific spots only in a given segment. Painted Storks were seen in 1or 2 and that too in the vicinity of Yamuna region rather than its stream of water. However, birds were seen in innumerous numbers at Okhla Barrage in Yamuna River nearby Delhi.
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Wassenberg, TJ y BJ Hill. "Partitioning of material discarded from Prawn Trawlers in Morton Bay". Marine and Freshwater Research 41, n.º 1 (1990): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9900027.
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Prawn trawlers in Moreton Bay, Queensland, discard about 3000 t of material each year. About 3% floats, and the rest sinks. The floating component is almost entirely fish. At night, floating discards are eaten by silver gulls (Larus novaehollandiae), crested terns (Sterna bergii) and, to a lesser extent, dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). There is little trawling during the day but the last discards are dumped overboard around dawn. At this time cormorants (Phalacrocorax varius) join the scavengers. Birds and dolphins scavenged only fish and cephalopods, and not crustaceans nor echinoderms. Birds are selective as to the size of fish they will eat, but most of the whole fish in the discards are below 50 g, and the largest fish that crested terns ate was 100 g. Dolphins are capable of taking the largest of the discarded fish. Most of the material that sinks is crustaceans (54%) and echinoderms (18%); the rest is elasmo- branchs and rubble. At night, about half of the fish that sink are eaten by diving birds and by dolphins. There was no indication of mid-water scavenging of sinking discards, except for cormorants and dolphins in the upper water column. Approximately 11% of the discards that reach the bottom comprise fish and crustaceans, which are eaten by crabs (Portunus pelagicus) and fish. The remainder- chiefly crabs, echinoderms and elasmobranchs-reach the bottom alive. Altogether, about 20% of discards are eaten by surface and bottom scavengers. Discards are probably important in maintaining populations of the major scavengers.
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Johnson, James H., Russell D. McCullough, James F. Farquhar y Irene Mazzocchi. "Little Galloo Island, Lake Ontario: Two decades of studies on the diet, fish consumption, and management of double-crested cormorants". Journal of Great Lakes Research 41, n.º 2 (junio de 2015): 652–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2015.03.030.
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Jadwiszczak, Piotr. "Synsacra of the Eocene Antarctic penguins: new data on spinal maturation and an insight into their role in the control of walking". Polish Polar Research 35, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2014): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/popore-2014-0005.
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AbstractThe synsacrum is an important element of the axial skeleton in birds, both volant and flightless. Little is known about the maturation of this complex bone in penguins. In this work, the supposedly ontogenetically youngest known synsacrum of early penguins was described. The analysis of this specimen, collected within the Eocene La Meseta Formation of Seymour (Marambio) Island, Antarctic Peninsula, revealed that this bird had attained at least the fledging stage of growth. Studies of three mature synsacra recovered from the same formation focused on the synsacral canals and, using indirect reasoning, their contents. These analyses revealed that the lumbosacral intumescence of the spinal cord and its extensions, the transverse canals, had been developed roughly like those in extant penguins (and also swifts and cormorants). The neural spine extensions (a non−nervous tissue) tracing the transverse grooves of the dorsal wall of the synsacral canal are currently considered as involved in the control of walking. The presented data suggest that such a sense organ gained its current penguin configuration by the late Eocene.
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Cremer, Marta J. y Paulo C. Simões-Lopes. "The occurrence of Pontoporia blainvillei (Gervais & d'Orbigny) (Cetacea, Pontoporiidae) in an estuarine area in southern Brazil". Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 22, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2005): 717–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-81752005000300032.
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The toninha, or franciscana, Pontoporia blainvillei (Gervais & D'Orbigny, 1844), is an endemic species of cetacean of the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. There is little information on the occurrence of this species in its natural environment due to the great difficulty in sighting it. Systematized and non-systematized observations of franciscanas were made from December 1996 through November 2001 at Babitonga Bay, on the northern coast of Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil. The observations were made from small motorboats. A total of 79 observations were made, totaling 561 individuals. Up to 59.5% of the groups consisted of over four individuals and the average group size was seven. Calves were present in 30.4% of the observations. The species was found throughout the year within the bay and preferential areas were identified. Calves were registered during all seasons. Data are presented on the behavior (feeding, traveling, aerial behavior and behavior relating to the boats) and on inter-specific interactions with terns, cormorants [Phalacrocorax brasilianus (Gmelin, 1789)] and brown boobies [Sula leucogaster (Boddaert, 1783)]. The species is sympatric with the estuarine dolphin Sotalia guianensis (P. J. Van Bénéden, 1864) in the bay, but there was no record of interaction between them. The area of the bay represents an important refuge for the franciscana species.
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Giragosov, V. E. y M. M. Beskaravainy. "Seasonal dynamics of the hydrophilic bird community of Kruglaya Bay (Sevastopol, the Black Sea)". Marine Biological Journal 1, n.º 4 (17 de diciembre de 2016): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21072/mbj.2016.01.4.02.
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The relevance of the study of hydrophilic birds in the urban areas of the Black Sea coast is due to their important role in the coastal biocoenosis structure and the need to preserve biodiversity in the conditions of anthropogenic transformation of Crimean coastal zone. The dynamics of species composition and abundance of birds in Kruglaya (Omega) Bay (Sevastopol) were investigated. The results of regular and episodic monitoring carried out in 1995 and 2005–2016 were used in this work. Quantitative accounting was carried out only in January and February (1–2 times per winter season) in 2005–2008, episodically in 2009–2013 and weekly in December — May 2014/2015 and September — May 2015/2016. Number of specimens per species was registered, and the ratio of young and adult specimens in mute swan (Cygnus olor), sex ratio in mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), common pochard (Aythya ferina) and tufted duck (Aythya fuligula) were determined. Russian and Latin names of birds are represented by L. S. Stepanian. Kruglaya Bay is one of Sevastopol bays which form the northern coastline of the Heraclea Peninsula, and it is a place of seasonal concentrations of hydrophilic birds. The basic morphometric characteristics of the bay are the following: the water area — 0.64 km2, length — 1.3 km, maximum width — 0.8 km, the average depth — 4.5 m. The water area of the bay did not freeze usually, only its inner part was covered with ice in extremely cold winters. Benthic macrophyte species are represented by two associations: Cystoseira crinita and C. barbata on stones and rocks, and Zostera noltii and Z. marina on sandy and silty areas. Two local areas of common reed (Phragmites australis) beds are located in the inner part of the bay. The zoobenthos is a significant part of the food supply of birds and includes 97 species, mainly polychaetes, molluscs and crustaceans. The ichthyofauna is represented by 42 fish species. 51 species of aquatic and semi-aquatic birds across 8 Orders were identified. The winter bird community was most diverse and numerous (32 species: 14 Anseriformes, 7 Charadriiformes, 5 Podicipediformes, 3 Gruiformes, 2 Pelecaniformes, 1 Gaviiformes). Eight species dominate regularly in winters and quantitatively — mute swan, mallard, common pochard, tufted duck, eurasian coot (Fulica atra), black-headed gull (Larus ridibundus), caspian gull (Larus cachinnans) and common gull (Larus canus). Rare species wintering in the Mountain Crimea, including horned grebe (Podiceps auritus), Bewick’s swan (Cygnus bewickii), red-breasted goose (Rufibrenta ruficollis), white-headed duck (Oxyura leucocephala), knot (Calidris canutus), is of great interest. The average ratio of young and adult mute swans in the main wintering period (December — February) was 61 : 39 % in 2014/2015 and 45 : 55 % in 2015/2016, respectively. The ratio of males and females were as follows: in mallard 49.5 : 50.5 % in 2014/2015, and 51.4 : 48.6 % in 2015/2016; in common pochard 54.8 : 45.2 % in 2014/2015, and 60.5 : 39.5 % in 2015/2016; in tufted duck 51.0 : 49.0 % in 2014/2015, and 51.4 : 48.6 % in 2015/2016, respectively. Formation of the winter bird community began in October, sometimes at the end of September when single specimens of mallard, coot, tufted duck, red-breasted merganser (Mergus serrator), black-necked grebe (Podiceps nigricollis) appeared. Common gull, great crested grebe (Podiceps cristatus) and the common pochard come flying in November; the mute swan appears at the beginning of December. Maximum and relatively stable number of most species was typical for January and the first half of February. Maximum number of specimens of all bird species was registered in January 13, 2015 (1288), and February 7, 2016 (1531 specimens). The feeding conditions of Kruglaya Bay allow overwintering of the birds with different feeding specializations. The benthophages (most of Anseriformes and Coot) rank first in species richness (at least 13 species) and in quantitative terms. Five species (black-throated diver (Gavia arctica), great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), common sheg (Phalacrocorax aristotelis), red-breasted merganser, Sandwich tern (Thalasseus sandvicensis)) form the group of ichthyophages. The Grebes occupy an intermediate position between benthophages and ichthyophages: small fish and benthic invertebrates are present in their diet. Four species of gull (black-headed, Caspian, common, Mediterranean gull (Larus melanocephalus)) constitute a group of omnivores. The rare visitors in Kruglaya Bay are zoophagous and omnivorous birds foraging in the surf zone and at shallow depths, such as water rail (Rallus aquaticus), common moorhen (Gallinula chloropus), dunlin (Calidris alpina), knot (Calidris canutus), and herbivores which prefer to feed in terrestrial habitats — red-breasted goose (Rufibrenta ruficollis). The nutritional requirements of birds are compensated to a certain extent by additional feeding carried out by townspeople. In general 30 passing and nomadic species, mainly Charadriiformes (11), Anseriformes (7) and Ciconiiformes (5), were registered. A nesting bird community was absent, and only the nesting of little bittern (Ixobrychus minutus) was registered in 2016 for the first time in city zone. The spring migration took place from late February to May, the autumn migration — from August until the first decade of November. Kruglaya Bay is a valuable natural and ecological educational place and deserves status as a natural park.
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Kennedy, Martyn, Alexander T. Salis, Sampath S. Seneviratne, Dilini Rathnayake, Lisa J. Nupen, Peter G. Ryan, Stefano Volponi, Pascale Lubbe, Nicolas J. Rawlence y Hamish G. Spencer. "Phylogeny of the microcormorants, with the description of a new genus". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 27 de junio de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad041.
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Abstract The aptly named microcormorants (currently placed in the genus Microcarbo) form a morphologically diminutive and distinct clade sister to all other living cormorants and shags. However, the relationships within Microcarbo are largely speculative. Sequence data resolve these relationships unambiguously, with our phylogeny suggesting that the microcormorants separated from the other cormorants ~16 Mya and showing that the two African species [the reed (or long-tailed) cormorant, Microcarbo africanus, and the crowned cormorant, Microcarbo coronatus] are closely related sister taxa, forming a clade that diverged from the other microcormorants ~12 Mya. The deep split between the African microcormorants and the others is considerably older than many well-recognized generic splits within the cormorants (e.g. Leucocarbo and Phalacrocorax). Thus, we suggest that the African microcormorants warrant their own genus, and we erect Afrocarbo, with type species Pelecanus africanus. Within the reduced Microcarbo, we estimate that the little pied cormorant (Microcarbo melanoleucos of Australasia) separated from the sister pair of the Javanese and pygmy cormorants (respectively, Microcarbo niger from south/southeast Asia and Microcarbo pygmaeus from Europe) ~9 Mya and that the latter two species split ~2 Mya. Given the age of these splits, the microcormorants appear to represent another example of morphological conservatism in the Suliformes.
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González-Acuña, Daniel, Sebastián Llanos-Soto, Pablo Oyarzún-Ruiz, John Mike Kinsella, Carlos Barrientos, Richard Thomas, Armando Cicchino y Lucila Moreno. "Parasites of the Neotropic cormorant Nannopterum (Phalacrocorax) brasilianus (Aves, Phalacrocoracidae) in Chile". Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 29, n.º 3 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612020049.
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Abstract The Neotropic cormorant Nannopterum (Phalacrocorax) brasilianus (Suliformes: Phalacrocoracidae) is widely distributed in Central and South America. In Chile, information about parasites for this species is limited to helminths and nematodes, and little is known about other parasite groups. This study documents the parasitic fauna present in 80 Neotropic cormorants’ carcasses collected from 2001 to 2008 in Antofagasta, Biobío, and Ñuble regions. Birds were externally inspected for ectoparasites and necropsies were performed to examine digestive and respiratory organs in search of endoparasites. Ectoparasites collected were cleared and mounted for identification under a microscope. Fecal samples were also evaluated to determine the presence of protozoan parasites employing a flotation technique. A total of 44 (42.5%) of birds were infested with at least one ectoparasite species, while 77 (96.25%) were carrying endoparasites. No protozoan forms were found after examination. Most prevalent endoparasite species found were Contracaecum rudolphii s. l. (72/80, 90%), followed by Pectinopygus gyroceras (33/80, 41.25%), and Profilicollis altmani (26/80, 32.5%). This is the first report of P. altmani, Baruscapillaria carbonis, Avioserpens sp., Cyathostoma (Cyathostoma) phenisci, and Eidmaniella pelucida in the Neotropic cormorant. These findings also expand the distributional range of Andracantha phalacrocoracis, Paradilepis caballeroi, Hysteromorpha triloba, and P. gyroceras to Chile.
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Cook, Timothée R., Rowan Martin, Jennifer Roberts, Henry Häkkinen, Philna Botha, Corlia Meyer, Emilee Sparks, Leslie G. Underhill, Peter G. Ryan y Richard B. Sherley. "Parenting in a warming world: thermoregulatory responses to heat stress in an endangered seabird". Conservation Physiology 8, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/conphys/coz109.
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Abstract The frequency of extreme weather events, including heat waves, is increasing with climate change. The thermoregulatory demands resulting from hotter weather can have catastrophic impacts on animals, leading to mass mortalities. Although less dramatic, animals also experience physiological costs below, but approaching, critical temperature thresholds. These costs may be particularly constraining during reproduction, when parents must balance thermoregulation against breeding activities. Such challenges should be acute among seabirds, which often nest in locations exposed to high solar radiation and predation risk. The globally endangered bank cormorant Phalacrocorax neglectus breeds in southern Africa in the winter, giving little scope for poleward or phenological shifts in the face of increasing temperatures. Physiological studies of endangered species sensitive to human disturbance, like the bank cormorant, are challenging, because individuals cannot be captured for experimental research. Using a novel, non-invasive, videographic approach, we investigated the thermoregulatory responses of this seabird across a range of environmental temperatures at three nesting colonies. The time birds spent gular fluttering, a behaviour enhancing evaporative heat loss, increased with temperature. Crouching or standing birds spent considerably less time gular fluttering than birds sitting on nests (ca 30% less at 22°C), showing that postural adjustments mediate exposure to heat stress and enhance water conservation. Crouching or standing, however, increases the vulnerability of eggs and chicks to suboptimal temperatures and/or expose nest contents to predation, suggesting that parents may trade-off thermoregulatory demands against offspring survival. We modelled thermoregulatory responses under future climate scenarios and found that nest-bound bank cormorants will gular flutter almost continuously for several hours a day by 2100. The associated increase in water loss may lead to dehydration, forcing birds to prioritize survival over breeding, a trade-off that would ultimately deteriorate the conservation status of this species.
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Cansse, Thomas, Luc Lens, Grace J. Sutton, Jonathan A. Botha y John P. Y. Arnould. "Foraging behaviour and habitat use during chick-rearing in the Australian endemic black-faced cormorant (Phalacrocorax fuscescens)". Biology Open 13, n.º 5 (15 de mayo de 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/bio.060336.
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ABSTRACT Despite its wide distribution, relatively little is known of the foraging ecology and habitat use of the black-faced cormorant (Phalacrocorax fuscescens), an Australian endemic seabird. Such information is urgently required in view of the rapid oceanic warming of south-eastern Australia, the stronghold of the species. The present study used a combination of opportunistically collected regurgitates and GPS/dive behaviour data loggers to investigate diet, foraging behaviour and habitat-use of black-faced cormorants during four chick-rearing periods (2020-2023) on Notch Island, northern Bass Strait. Observed prey species were almost exclusively benthic (95%), which is consistent with the predominantly benthic diving behaviour recorded. Males foraged at deeper depths than females (median depth males: 18 m; median depth females: 8 m), presumably due to a greater physiological diving capacity derived from their larger body size. This difference in dive depths was associated with sexual segregation of foraging locations, with females predominantly frequenting shallower areas closer to the coastline. These findings have strong implications for the management of the species, as impacts of environmental change may disproportionally affect the foraging range of one sex and, thereby, reproductive success.
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Ayala, Félix, Jhonson K. Vizcarra, Karen Castillo-Morales, Uriel Torres-Zevallos, Cristel Cordero-Maldonado, Lyanne Ampuero-Merino, Kárlom Herrera-Peralta, Gabriel Enrique De-la-Torre, Fernando Angulo y Susana Cárdenas-Alayza. "From social networks to bird enthusiasts: reporting interactions between plastic waste and birds in Peru". Environmental Conservation, 16 de marzo de 2023, 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s037689292300005x.
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Summary Peru has the second-highest diversity of birds in the world, but little is known about the interactions between birds and plastic waste. To fill this knowledge gap, we searched the scientific literature, collected information from social networks such as Facebook and databases such as Macaulay Library and iNaturalist and solicited records through messaging with researchers and bird enthusiasts. We found 119 bird interactions with plastic debris involving 39 species from 20 families, with the red-legged cormorant Phalacrocorax gaimardi and the neotropical cormorant Phalacrocorax brasilianus being the most affected species. By type of interaction category, plastic waste in nests was the most abundant, followed by entanglement, capture and handling and ingestion. Ropes, nets and soft plastics such as bags were the most frequently reported types of waste. As our methodology has limitations, it is probable that other species that also interact with plastic waste have not been reported, so we recommend further study.
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Abro, Muhammad Moosa. "New record of genus Pallisentis Van Cleave, 1928 (Acanthocephalan: Quadrigyridae) in Little Cormorant, Phalacrocorax niger (Aves: Phalacrocoracidae) from Sindh, Pakistan". Pure and Applied Biology 6, n.º 1 (10 de marzo de 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2016.50163.
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Choi, Hyun-Ah, Eunjeong Lee, Eunjeong Kim, Insook Jung y Donguk Han. "Avian species survey with citizen-science data in Janghang Wetland, Goyang, Republic of Korea". Biodiversity Data Journal 11 (31 de mayo de 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/bdj.11.e105580.
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Monitoring of avian populations in Janghang Wetland, Goyang, Republic of Korea (ROK) is based on citizen science (also called community-based monitoring). This monitoring data can be used to track avian density, population status and waterbird census at local, national and regional levels. The Ministry of Environment (MoE) ROK has surveyed since 1999, including Odusan Unification Tower to Ilsan Bride, which connects the cities of Gimpo and Goyang along the Han River estuary. However, it has not covered Janghang Wetland, which is located in the Han River estuary at the transboundary between the two Koreas. The Janghang Wetland is a protected wetland in the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) between the two Koreas. In 2019, Janghang Wetland was designated as a Flyway Network Site by Goyang City and the East Asian-Australasian Flyway Partnership. This Network site is a voluntary collaboration and includes many internationally significant wetlands for waterbirds that still lack formal national protection. In addition, it was designated as a Ramsar site in 2021. The wetland currently supports wintering population of White-naped Crane (Grus vipio), species listed as vulnerable and Tundra Bean Goose (Anser cygnoides), spring-autumn migration population of Swan Goose (Anser cygnoid), species listed as vulnerable and a breeding population of Black-faced Spoonbill (Platalea minor), species listed as endangered in summer. We provide data that the Janghang Wetland is a significant area for migration and breeding for waterbirds; and that Han River estuary is also internationally important for waterbirds during the migratory bird season. We observed 14 orders, 42 families and 132 species. The surveys also observed the critically-endangered Black-faced Spoonbill (Platalea minor), Swan Goose (Anser cygnoides), White-naped Crane (Grus vipio), Whooper Swan (Cygnus cygnus) and Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus). We also observed the Black-faced Spoonbill, Great Egret, Little Egret, Great Cormorant, Eastern Spot-billed Duck, Pheasant and Brown-eared Bulbul at the sensor camera point and White-naped Crane, Hooded Crane, Bean Goose, White-fronted Goose, Snow Goose, Swan Goose, Great Cormorant and Eastern Spot-billed Duck at the closed-circuit television camera point from the camera-trap surveys. Based on the species recorded, the survey area is of clear importance for biodiversity conservation.
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"NEW RECORD OF CESTODE GENUS DILEPIS WENILAND, 1858 IN AVIAN HOST LITTLE CORMORANT, MICROCARBO NIGER (AVES: PHALACROCORACIDAE) OF DISTRICT KAMBER-SHAHDADKOT, SINDH PROVINCE, PAKISTAN." August 33, n.º 4 (26 de abril de 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.36899/japs.2023.4.0683.
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Pen-Mouratov, Stanislav y Tamar Dayan. "Seasonal fluctuations attenuate stimulatory or inhibitory impacts of colonial birds on abundance, structure and diversity of soil biota". Frontiers in Microbiology 14 (3 de mayo de 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1080625.
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Soil microorganisms and free-living nematodes were investigated in association with the nesting and roosting habitats of the following piscivorous and omnivorous colonial birds: black kite (Milvus migrans), great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo), black-crowned night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) and little egret (Egretta garzetta), in Israel’s Mediterranean region. Abiotic variables, abundance, trophic structure, sex ratio and genus diversity of soil free-living nematodes, and total abundance of bacteria and fungi, were measured during the wet season, following our previous study conducted during the dry season. The observed soil properties were important drivers of soil biota structure. Presence of the most efficient elements for soil organisms, such as phosphorus and nitrogen, was strongly dependent on the diet of the compared piscivorous and omnivorous bird colonies; levels of these nutrients were notably higher in the bird habitats than in their respective control sites during the study period. Ecological indices showed that the different species of colonial birds can have different (stimulatory or inhibitory) impacts on abundance and diversity of the soil biota, affecting the structure of the soil free-living nematode population at the generic, trophic and sexual levels during the wet season. A comparison with results from the dry season illustrated that seasonal fluctuations can change, and even attenuate the effect of bird activity on the abundance, structure and diversity of the soil communities.
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Prakas, Petras, Antonio Bea, Evelina Juozaitytė-Ngugu, Iñaki Olano, Diego Villanúa, Saulius Švažas y Dalius Butkauskas. "Molecular identification of Sarcocystis halieti in the muscles of two species of birds of prey from Spain". Parasites & Vectors 14, n.º 1 (18 de agosto de 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04921-0.
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Abstract Background Members of the genus Sarcocystis are protozoan parasites characterized by a prey–predator two-host life-cycle. Sarcocysts are formed in the muscles or central nervous system of the intermediate host (IH), while sporocysts develop in the small intestine of the definitive host (DH). Various birds of prey have been confirmed to be DH for Sarcocystis spp. Three Sarcocystis species, S. wobeseri, S. halieti and S. falcatula, have been identified in the muscles of birds of prey, of which the latter are known to be pathogenic and can cause encephalitis in various birds. The aim of this study was to identify Sarcocystis spp. in the muscles of birds of prey from Spain. Methods Between 2019 and 2020, muscle tissue samples taken from 59 birds of prey admitted to the Wildlife Recovery Centre in Ilundain (Navarra, Spain) were examined for the presence of Sarcocystis spp. Sarcocysts in fresh squashed samples were morphologically characterized under the light microscope (LM). Sarcocystis spp. were identified by means of 28S ribosomal RNA and internal transcribed spacer 1 sequence analysis. Results Microscopic examination of squashed tissue samples stained with methylene blue revealed the presence of sarcocysts in three of the 59 (5.1%) birds examined. Only one sarcocyst type was observed under the LM. Sarcocysts were thread-like (1050–2160 × 130–158 μm) and had a thin (0.7–1.4 μm) and smooth cyst wall. Septa divided the cysts into compartments filled with banana-shaped (5.9 × 1.7 μm) bradyzoites. On the basis of DNA sequence results, S. halieti was identified in the western marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus) and the black kite (Milvus migrans) for the first time. Sarcocysts of S. halieti were shorter and wider compared to those observed in the great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) and the herring gull (Larus argentatus). According to current knowledge, S. halieti may infect birds belonging to four different orders: Suliformes, Charadriiformes, Strigiformes and Accipitriformes. Conclusions This is the first report of S. halieti in the western marsh harrier and the black kite as IH. So far, little research has been conducted on birds of prey as IH for Sarcocystis spp. These results indicate that further studies combining morphological, histopathological, and molecular methods are required. Graphical abstract
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Ayers, Christopher R., Katie C. Hanson-Dorr, Ken Stromborg, Todd W. Arnold, Jacob S. Ivan y Brian S. Dorr. "Survival, fidelity, and dispersal of Double-crested Cormorants on two Lake Michigan islands". Auk 136, n.º 3 (28 de junio de 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/ukz040.
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Abstract Colony fidelity and dispersal can have important consequences on the population dynamics of colonial-nesting birds. We studied survival and inter-colony movements of Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus; cormorants) nesting at Spider and Pilot islands, located 9 km apart in western Lake Michigan, during 2008–2014. We used live resighting and dead recovery data from both colonies, plus dead recoveries from throughout North America, in a multistate live and dead encounter model to estimate annual survival, inter-colony movements, plus temporary and permanent emigration to unmonitored sites. Annual survival averaged 0.37 (annual process variation, σ⌢=0.07) for hatch-year, 0.78 (σ⌢=0.08 ) for second-year, and 0.89 (σ⌢=0.04 ) for after-second year birds. The best approximating model recognized only 2 age classes for transition probabilities, indicating little difference in fidelity and movement probabilities after the natal year. Annual fidelity to Spider and Pilot islands averaged 0.53 (σ⌢=0.17 ) and 0.48 (σ⌢=0.24) for second-year and 0.55 (σ⌢=0.23 ) and 0.62 (σ⌢=0.16 ) for after-second year cormorants, respectively, indicating substantial emigration for both age classes. For birds that dispersed, emigration was approximately equally divided among neighboring colonies, temporary emigration sites from which surviving birds subsequently returned, or permanent emigration sites from which birds never returned (but were still encountered through dead recoveries). Our results indicate that Double-crested Cormorants in the Great Lakes have tremendous potential to disperse, which may help to explain their rapid recolonization following historically low populations in the early 1970s.
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Presswell, B. y J. Bennett. "Helminth parasites of shags (Phalacrocoracidae) from the Otago region of southern New Zealand". Journal of Helminthology 95 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x21000031.
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Abstract A total of 61 specimens representing five species of shag – Auckland Island shag Leucocarbo colensoi, little pied shag Microcarbo melanoleucos brevirostris, black shag Phalacrocorax carbo novaehollandiae, Otago shag Leucocarbo chalconotus and spotted shag Phalacrocorax punctatus – from the coast around Otago, South Island, New Zealand, were examined for helminths. A total of 18 helminth species was found: six nematodes (Anisakis pegreffi, Contracaecum rudolphii E, Baruscapillaria sp., Cosmocephalus jaenschi, Ingliseria cirrohamata, Desmidocercella australis), four trematodes (Apatemon sp. ‘jamiesoni’, Cardiocephaloides ovicorpus, Apophallus sp., Microphallidae gen. sp.), four cestodes (Microsomacanthus cormoranti, Microsomacanthus sp., Paradilepis urceina, Tetrabothrius sp.) and four acanthocephalans (Andracantha leucocarboi, A. sigma, Corynosoma hannae, Profilicollis novaezelandensis). Descriptions are provided for females of C. jaenschi and D. australis, which were previously undescribed. The data include 20 new host records and seven new locality records. New 18S ribosomal DNA and internal transcribed spacer (ITS1 and ITS2) DNA sequences have been provided where specimen conditions permitted. These data add considerably to our sparse knowledge of helminths in New Zealand shags, and provide a baseline for observations of change in the future.
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Fox, Anthony D. y Antra Stīpniece. "Interactions between stoneworts (Charales) and waterbirds". Biological Reviews, 22 de octubre de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/brv.13027.
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ABSTRACTStoneworts (Charales) are green algae that represent an important food resource for many waterbird species in Europe and elsewhere. Browsing avian herbivores (e.g. swan, goose, duck and coot species) consume Charales plant vegetative parts, by head‐dipping, up‐ending or diving. A lower fibre content and longer growing season may make Charales as attractive to such herbivores as sympatric submerged higher plant species in some circumstances. Charales respond to environmental stress (e.g. drought) by producing abundant diaspores, in the form of oospores (sexual) and bulbils (asexual), both rich in starch, generating abundant food for waterbirds at critical stages in their annual migratory cycles. Waterbirds feed on these by diving (e.g. common pochard Aythya ferina and red‐crested pochard Netta rufina) or by filtering from the water column (e.g. dabbling duck species), ensuring dispersal of sexually produced and vegetative diaspores locally (because of predator swamping) and remotely (through endo‐ and ectozoochorous dispersal by long‐distance migratory waterbirds). Greater invertebrate density and diversity associated with Charales canopies enhances their attractiveness over other submerged macrophyte beds to diving predators [e.g. tufted duck Aythya fuligula, common pochard and Eurasian coot Fulica atra (hereafter coot)]. Fish fry preying on these invertebrates use such vegetation as predator cover, in turn providing prey for avian piscivores such as grebes and cormorants. Abundant Charales contribute to maintaining a transparent water column due to canopy density, nutrient effects, dampening of sedimentation/remobilisation of suspended matter and nutrients and allelopathic effects on other plants (especially phytoplankton). Shallow, relatively eutrophic waters can flip between clear‐water high‐biodiversity (where Charales thrive) and turbid species‐poor depauperate stable states (lacking Charales). Shifts between turbid conditions and rich submerged Charales beds have profound elevating effects on aquatic diversity, to which waterbirds show rapid aggregative responses, making them ideal indicator species of ecological change; in the case of Charales specialists (such as red‐crested and common pochard), indicators of the presence and abundance of these plants. Large‐bodied colonial nesting birds (e.g. cormorants, gulls, heron and egrets) aggregating along lake shores contribute high N and P loadings to water bodies sensitive to such external and internal inputs and can cause local eutrophication and potential loss of Charales. Despite variation from complete seasonal removal of Charales biomass to undetectable grazing effects by herbivorous birds, evidence suggests little effect of avian grazing on biomass accumulation or the stability of community composition (under otherwise stable conditions), but we urge more research on this under‐researched topic. We also lack investigations of the relative foraging profitability of different Charales organs to waterbirds and the degree of viability of gyrogonites (fertilised and calcified oospores), vegetative bulbils and plant fragments after passage through the guts of waterbirds. We especially need to understand better how much the carbonate armour of these organs affects their viability/dispersal via waterbirds and urge more research on these neglected plants and their relationships and interactions with other organisms in the aquatic biota.