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Libros sobre el tema "Limit equilibrium"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 7 de febrero de 2022

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1

Florig, Michael. Walrasian equilibrium as limit of a competitive equilibrium without divisible goods. Santiago [Chile]: Departamento de Economía, Faculdad Economía y Negocios, Universidad de Chile, 2005.

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2

Huang, Yang H. Slope stability analysis by the limit equilibrium method. Reston, Virginia: ASCE Press, 2014.

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3

Peters, Michael. Limit equilibria for problems where sellers compete in mechanisms. Toronto: Dept. of Economics and Institute for Policy Analysis, University of Toronto, 1993.

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4

Codognato, Guilio. Cournot-nash equilibria in limit exchange economies with complete markets and consistent prices. London: University of London, Queen Mary and Westfield College, Department of Economics, 1997.

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5

Codognato, Giulio. Cournot-Nash equilibria in limit exchange economies with complete markets and consistent prices. London: London University,Queen Mary and Westfield College, Department of Economics, 1997.

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6

Hyperbolic dynamics, fluctuations, and large deviations. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, 2015.

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7

O, Seppäläinen Timo, ed. A course on large deviations with an introduction to Gibbs measures. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society, 2015.

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8

Bensoussan, Alain. Asymptotic analysis for periodic structures. Providence, R.I: American Mathematical Society, 2011.

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9

D'Aloia, Adriano. Neurofilmology of the Moving Image. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463725255.

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A walk suspended in mid-air, a fall at breakneck speed towards a fatal impact with the ground, an upside-down flip into space, the drift of an astronaut in the void… Analysing a wide range of films, this book brings to light a series of recurrent aesthetic motifs through which contemporary cinema destabilizes and then restores the spectator’s sense of equilibrium. The ‘tensive motifs’ of acrobatics, fall, impact, overturning, and drift reflect our fears and dreams, and offer imaginary forms of transcendence of the limits of our human condition, along with an awareness of their insurmountable nature. Adopting the approach of ‘Neurofilmology’—an interdisciplinary method that puts filmology, perceptual psychology, philosophy of mind, and cognitive neuroscience into dialogue—, this book implements the paradigm of embodied cognition in a new ecological epistemology of the moving-image experience.

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10

1975-, Sims Robert y Ueltschi Daniel 1969-, eds. Entropy and the quantum II: Arizona School of Analysis with Applications, March 15-19, 2010, University of Arizona. Providence, R.I: American Mathematical Society, 2011.

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11

Rau, Jochen. Thermodynamic Limit. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199595068.003.0005.

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When one describes systems which are homogeneous, stable, and macroscopic in size, it no longer matters whether macroscopic data are given as sharp constraints or as expectation values. This is the thermodynamic limit. The behaviour of matter in this limit is governed by four laws, pertaining respectively to the properties of equilibrium (zeroth law), energy (first law), entropy (second law), and the ground state (third law). This chapter provides the mathematical criteria for homogeneity and stability and explores their respective consequences. In particular, it discusses the distinction between extensive and intensive variables, as well as the Gibbs–Duhem relation. It introduces the three thermodynamic ensembles—microcanonical, canonical, and grand canonical—and shows their equivalence in the thermodynamic limit. Finally, this chapter shows how, in the thermodynamic limit, the four laws of thermodynamics arise naturally within the statistical framework.

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12

Large Number of Finite Players v Continuum Players and Limiting Equilibrium V Equilibrium in the Limit in the Subgame. Center for Economics & Finance & Millennium Press, WP No. 1, 1994. , 1994.

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13

Large Number of Finite Players v Continuum Players and Limiting Equilibrium V Equilibrium in the Limit in the Subgame. Center for Economics & Finance & Millennium Press, WP No. 1, 1994. , 1994.

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14

Chance, Kelly y Randall V. Martin. Blackbody Radiation, Boltzmann Statistics, Temperature, and Thermodynamic Equilibrium. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199662104.003.0003.

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Blackbody radiation, temperature, and thermodynamic equilibrium give a tightly coupled description of systems (atmospheres, volumes, surfaces) that obey Boltzmann statistics. They provide descriptions of systems when Boltzmann statistics apply, either approximately or nearly exactly. These apply most of the time in the Earth’s stratosphere and troposphere, and in other planetary atmospheres as long as the density is sufficient that collisions among atmospheric molecules, rather than photochemical and photophysical properties, determine the energy populations of the ensemble of molecules. Thermodynamic equilibrium and the approximation of local thermodynamic equilibrium are introduced. Boltzmann statistics, blackbody radiation, and Planck’s law are described. The chapter introduces the Rayleigh-Jeans limit, description of noise sources as temperatures, Kirchoff’s law, the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, and Wien’s law.

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15

Boland, Lawrence A. Limits of equilibrium methodology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190274320.003.0008.

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This chapter uses a dialogue between an ‘inquisitive student’ and an ‘economics teacher’ to expose a fundamental problem with how economics is taught at the introductory level. It illustrates the need to address the questions of equilibrium stability (does an equilibrium return if disturbed) and methodological individualism (the requirement that in an explanation of social events, ‘things don’t decide; only people do’). It also illustrates the inadequacy of what is taught in beginning economics classes. Specifically, if one has to assume the presence of an equilibrium to make any policy point, the validity of the point is always open to the criticism that it might not correspond to reality.

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16

Spohn, Herbert. The Kardar–Parisi–Zhang equation: a statistical physics perspective. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797319.003.0004.

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This chapter covers the one-dimensional Kardar–Parisi–Zhang equation, weak drive limit, universality, directed polymers in a random medium, replica solutions, statistical mechanics of line ensembles, and its generalization to several components which is used to study equilibrium time correlations of anharmonic chains and of the discrete nonlinear Schrödinger equation.

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17

Saha, Prasenjit y Paul A. Taylor. Gravity versus Pressure. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816461.003.0005.

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Formally, the title of this chapter is a statement of the equation of hydrostatic equilibrium. A large number of stellar objects exist in the balance between gravity and pressure, with the large ‘zoo’ of observed types being due to the various physical phenomena providing the latter. This chapter is devoted to various applications of that equilibrium. Some cases can be solved exactly, such as spheres of solid rock or ice; some cases can only be solved in detail numerically, notably degenerate white dwarfs up to the Chandrasekhar mass limit. For other cases, analytical approximations such as a version of the virial theorem are helpful in understanding underlying structure and behaviour.

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18

Mosini, Valeria. Equilibrium in Economics: Scope and Limits. Taylor & Francis Group, 2009.

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19

Succi, Sauro. From Kinetic Theory to Navier–Stokes Hydrodynamics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199592357.003.0005.

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This Chapter illustrates the derivation of the macroscopic fluid equations, starting from Boltzmann’s kinetic theory. Two routes are presented, the heuristic derivation based on the enslaving of fast modes to slow ones, and the Hilbert–Chapman–Enskog procedure, based on low-Knudsen number asymptotic expansions. The former is handier but mathematically less rigorous than the latter. Either ways, the assumption of weak departure from local equilibrium proves crucial in recovering hydrodynamics as a large-scale limit of kinetic theory.

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20

Boland, Lawrence A. Equilibrium models intended to overcome limits. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190274320.003.0011.

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This chapter will critically examine today’s common ways to build equilibrium models. These specifically include Dynamic-Stochastic General Equilibrium models, game theoretical models and empirical GE models. Each of these types of equilibrium model try to address the issues of how a model’s decision makers get the information needed to guarantee the attainment of a state of equilibrium. The chapter addresses the alleged limits of general equilibrium models (particularly the issues of dynamics, time and expectations), the current attempts to overcome the limits of general equilibrium models, and three empirical alternatives to Walrasian general equilibrium models. These alternatives include the Computable General Equilibrium models and the Applied General Equilibrium models. The third model involves building econometric models only after evaluating the statistical properties of the data before using them in the model.

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21

Levy, Brian, Robert Cameron y Vinothan Naidoo. Context and Capability. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824053.003.0007.

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This chapter explores how context influences bureaucracy. Bureaucratic behaviour and performance are interpreted as endogenous, shaped by decisions of political elites as to whether to direct their efforts towards providing public services or towards more narrowly political or private purposes. The chapter distinguishes among three broad contextual differences between the Western Cape and Eastern Cape—socio-economic, political, and institutional. It identifies the causal mechanisms through which these variables exert their influence, distinguishing between demand-side and supply-side influences. In the Eastern Cape, the consequence of an initially weak context is a low-level equilibrium trap in which incentives transmitted from the political to the bureaucratic levels reinforce factionalized loyalty within multiple patronage networks. By contrast, in the Western Cape, both demand-side and supply-side contextual variables support public service provision; however, weaknesses in ‘soft governance’ limit the positive impact.

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22

Mann, Peter. Near-Integrable Systems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822370.003.0024.

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This chapter extends the now familiar Lagrangian formulation to a field theory and covers elementary material in this new setting. The motion of systems with a very large number of degrees of freedom makes it necessary to specify an almost infinite number of discrete coordinates. It is possible to simplify the situation by taking the continuum limit, which replaces the individual coordinates with a continuous function that describes a displacement field, which assigns a displacement vector to each position the system could occupy relative to an equilibrium configuration. The field thus takes a point in the spacetime manifold and assigns it a value corresponding to whatever the field represents. In this chapter, many interdisciplinary examples are solved and pedagogical models are discussed. The chapter also discusses Lagrange density, the Lagrange field equation, instantons, the Klein–Gordon equation, Fourier transforms and the Korteweg–de Vries equation.

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23

Mosini, Valeria. Equilibrium in Economics: Scope and Limits (Routledge Frontiers of Political Economy). Routledge, 2007.

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24

Boland, Lawrence A. Building models of price dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190274320.003.0014.

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This chapter introduces Part III of the book, addressing methodological issues involved in overcoming the limitations of equilibrium models discussed earlier. This chapter returns to the beginning with Arrow’s 1959 article and explores the need for an equilibrium model to explain the process whereby prices are adjusted to reach the equilibrium, and explores whether the approach of that article can overcome the limits of equilibrium models. It discusses exogenous convergence to equilibrium with forced learning and endogenous convergence to equilibrium with autonomous learning. It considers whether there can be closure through posited ignorance. It ends with a discussion of the problem of presuming the viability of the psychologistic version of methodological individualism.

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25

Boland, Lawrence A. Recognizing knowledge and learning in equilibrium models. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190274320.003.0007.

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This chapter introduces Part II, discussing the limits of equilibrium models. This chapter discusses how the recognition of time and information within models results in the need to deal with expectations explicitly. This leads to the problem of explaining nature of a decision maker’s knowledge – is it quantity-based or quality based. That is, is knowledge like wealth or like health. The chapter also provides a discussion of the main property that every neoclassical equilibrium must provide. Specifically, an equilibrium model’s explanation of economic events must not violate methodological individualism. The chapter criticizes the presumption that methodological individualism must be compatibility with a psychology-based model of the individual decision maker. Using a psychology-based model of the individual can undermine the idea of completely free choice, which was the original appeal of the equilibrium models.

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26

Boland, Lawrence A. Building models of non-clearing markets. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190274320.003.0015.

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This chapter examines the extent to which Keynesian models can overcome the limits of equilibrium models without violating the methodological individualism that is required in all neoclassical equilibrium models. This chapter discusses an approach that involves a generalized version of Keynesian liquidity preference due to John Hicks. It goes beyond financial liquidity by recognizing the possible desirability of deliberate excess capacity. The generalized version involves endogenously deliberate disequilibria during which participants with incomplete knowledge of the market’s future are understood not to use all their resources, but to keep some in reserve thereby allowing flexibility in dealing with unforeseen circumstances.

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27

Homburg, Stefan. Net Worth. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807537.003.0005.

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Chapter 5 focuses on producers’ net worth. It joins a large strand rooted in the financial literature, which points out that under asymmetric information, producers need own equity to obtain credit. Incorporating this assumption yields scenarios with endogenous borrowing limits and shows that small variations in credit requirements have large macroeconomic consequences. A second theme concerns an unresolved problem of general equilibrium models. These determine equilibrium prices from decisions of producers and consumers who are ostensibly aware only of market prices and their own characteristics, i.e., technologies and preferences. However, consumers must also know current profits because these enter their budget constraints. As profits are determined in equilibrium, a logical circle emerges. Stock manias can be interpreted as situations where consumers overestimate profits; conversely, stock market crashes may reflect underestimations of profits. The text shows that misguided profit expectations as such do not have the expected impacts on economic activity.

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28

Cardaliaguet, Pierre, François Delarue, Jean-Michel Lasry y Pierre-Louis Lions. The Master Equation and the Convergence Problem in Mean Field Games. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691190716.001.0001.

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This book describes the latest advances in the theory of mean field games, which are optimal control problems with a continuum of players, each of them interacting with the whole statistical distribution of a population. While it originated in economics, this theory now has applications in areas as diverse as mathematical finance, crowd phenomena, epidemiology, and cybersecurity. Because mean field games concern the interactions of infinitely many players in an optimal control framework, one expects them to appear as the limit for Nash equilibria of differential games with finitely many players as the number of players tends to infinity. The book rigorously establishes this convergence, which has been an open problem until now. The limit of the system associated with differential games with finitely many players is described by the so-called master equation, a nonlocal transport equation in the space of measures. After defining a suitable notion of differentiability in the space of measures, the authors provide a complete self-contained analysis of the master equation. Their analysis includes the case of common noise problems in which all the players are affected by a common Brownian motion. They then go on to explain how to use the master equation to prove the mean field limit. The book presents two important new results in mean field games that contribute to a unified theoretical framework for this exciting and fast-developing area of mathematics.

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