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1
Wiik, Marianne y Mikaela Sahlin. "Life Cycle Assessment : Life cycle assessment of a high speed centrifugal separator". Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-32798.
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The main objective is to perform a life cycle assessment (LCA) on a hot milk high-speed centrifugal separator (HMRPX 918-HGV-74C, product number 881275 01 01. The purpose of a life cycle assessment (LCA) is to provide a picture of a product’s total environmental impact during its lifecycle. The study is carried out according to ISO 14 040, i.e. all methods, data and assumptions are accounted for in order to make an external review possible. An LCA could provide the basis for an Environmental Product Declaration (EPD). The LCA clearly shows that the main environmental impact of the separator is caused by CIP and electricity used during operation. The major part of the impact from the CIP chemicals is due to the energy needed for their manufacture. Fossil fuels account for most of the impact for both operation and manufacture of chemicals. Therefore customers should be encouraged to use environmentally friendly electricity and chemicals, such as renewable energy sources and sodium hydroxide made with membrane technology. It is also important to use as little as possible of cleaning agents and make sure that waste is treated properly.www.ima.kth.se
2
Purushotham, Vineeth. "Dynamic Life Cycle Costing". Thesis, KTH, Industriell produktion, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-102785.
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Maintenance is an extremely important issue in the industry. Testimony to this fact is that European companies spend about 140 billion euro per year on maintenance activities. In Sweden alone, the annual cost of maintenance and related activities reaches 250 billion crowns and these costs are the costs incurred when maintenance jobs are performed and does not include the consequences of poor maintenance with which the costs would be significantly higher. The new paradigm in the manufacturing sector identifies utilization of production resources as a main competitive weapon. To meet the high demands of the industry like high efficiency, enhanced customization and high speed of delivery, a much higher operational availability and capability of production systems have to be achieved. In this context, maintenance becomes an important strategic issue. The objectives of this study are to develop a dynamic LCC model supporting decision making in the early stages of investment and production development process allowing estimating and optimizing life cycle costs of production equipment including maintenance considerations. It will give the concerned stakeholders a better chance of estimating the whole life cycle costs and select proper design alternative for new investments. It can be used as a tool for the justification of investment in Condition Based Maintenance technologies which is underestimated in present calculation models.
3
Wright, Lucy. "Product life cycle management". Thesis, University of Surrey, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301674.
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Petrovic, Bojana. "Life cycle assessment and life cycle cost analysis of a single-family house". Licentiate thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Energisystem och byggnadsteknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-36901.
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The building industry is responsible for 35% of final energy use and 38% of CO2 emissions at a global level. The European Union aims to reduce CO2 emissions in the building industry by up to 90% by the year 2050. Therefore, it is important to consider the environmental impacts buildings have. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the environmental impacts and costs of a single-family house in Sweden. In the study, the life cycle assessment (LCA) and the life cycle cost (LCC) methods have been used by following the “cradle to grave” life cycle perspective. This study shows a significant reduction of global warming potential (GWP), primary energy (PE) use and costs when the lifespan of the house is shifted from 50 to 100 years. The findings illustrate a total decrease in LCA outcome, of GWP to 27% and PE to 18%. Considering the total LCC outcome, when the discount rate increases from 3% to 5% and then 7%, the total costs decrease significantly (60%, 85% to 95%). The embodied carbon, PE use and costs from the production stage/construction stage are significantly reduced, while the maintenance/replacement stage displays the opposite trend. Operational energy use, water consumption and end-of-life, however, remain largely unchanged. Furthermore, the findings emphasize the importance of using wood-based building materials due to its lower carbon-intensive manufacturing process compared to non-wood choices. The results of the LCA and LCC were systematically studied and are presented visually. Low carbon and cost-effective materials and installations have to be identified in the early stage of a building design so that the appropriate investment choices can be made that will reduce a building’s total environmental and economic impact in the long run. Findings from this thesis provide a greater understanding of the environmental and economic impacts that are relevant for decision-makers when building single-family houses.Byggbranschen svarar för 35% av den slutliga energianvändningen och 38 % av koldioxidutsläppen på global nivå. Europeiska unionen strävar efter att minska koldioxidutsläppen i byggnadsindustrin med upp till 90% fram till 2050. Därför är det viktigt att beakta byggnaders miljöpåverkan. Syftet med denna avhandling var att undersöka miljöpåverkan och kostnader för ett enfamiljshus i Sverige. I studien har livscykelbedömningen (LCA) och livscykelkostnadsmetoderna (LCC) använts genom att tillämpa livscykelperspektivet ”vagga till grav”. Studien visar en stor minskning av global uppvärmningspotential (GWP), användning av primärenergi (PE) och kostnader vid växling från 50 till 100 års husets livslängd. Resultaten visar en årlig minskning med 27% för utsläpp av växthusgaser och med 18% för användningen av primärenergi. Med tanke på det totala LCC-utfallet, när diskonteringsräntan ökar från 3%, 5% till 7%, minskar de totala kostnaderna avsevärt (60%, 85% till 95%). Det noteras att klimatavtrycket, primärenergianvändningen och kostnaderna från produktionssteget/konstruktionssteget minskar avsevärt, medan underhålls- / utbytessteget visar den motsatta trenden när man byter från 50 till 100 års livslängd. Den operativa energianvändningen, vattenförbrukningen och avfallshanteringen är fortfarande nästan samma när man ändrar livslängden. Vidare betonar resultaten vikten av att använda träbaserade byggmaterial på grund av lägre klimatpåverkan från tillverkningsprocessen jämfört med alternativen. LCA- och LCC-resultaten studerades systematiskt och redovisades visuellt. De koldioxidsnåla och kostnadseffektiva materialen och installationerna måste identifieras i ett tidigt skede av en byggnadskonstruktion genom att välja lämpliga investeringsval som kommer att minska de totala miljö och ekonomiska effekterna på lång sikt. Resultaten från denna avhandling ger ökad förståelse för miljömässiga och ekonomiska konsekvenser som är relevanta för beslutsfattare vid byggnation av ett enfamiljshus.
5
Balafas, Andreas Krimizas Stavros Stage John. "Impact of logistics on readiness and life cycle cost a life cycle management approach /". Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/MBAPR/2010/Jun/10Jun%5FBalafas%5FMBA.pdf.
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"Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Administration from the Naval Postgraduate School, June 2010."Advisor(s): Kang, Keebom ; E. Cory Yoder. "June 2010." "MBA Professional report"--Cover. Description based on title screen as viewed on July 14, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Operational Availability, Readiness Risk, Total Life Cycle Cost, Performance-Based Logistics, Reliability, Maintainability, Operational Tempo. Includes bibliographical references (p.103-106). Also available in print.
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Balafas, Andreas, John Stage y Stavros Krimizas. "Impact of logistics on readiness and life cycle cost : a life cycle management approach". Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/10513.
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MBA Professional ReportOperational commanders are concerned with maintaining an optimal operational availability (Ao) for their weapons systems while balancing with readiness risk (probability of not achieving a threshold Ao), and cost. Operational availability has been integrated in the acquisition process (Department of Defense, 2009), affecting decision making to a great extent. In the early phase of an acquisition, an initial Ao threshold is created to support mission requirements. The initial Ao threshold is used in performancebased contracts in order to reduce the buyers' risk and the total life cycle cost (TLCC). Utilizing logistics modeling, cost analysis, a test platform, which is the Light Armored Vehicle equipped with a 25mm Gun System (LAV-25) currently employed by the United States Marine Corps (USMC), the authors will determine the effects of logistics on Ao and the TLCC utilizing specific critical factors, such as mean time between maintenance (MTBM), mean down time (MDT), and operational tempo. The authors' research will show which of the Ao's synthetic parameters are more sensitive to maintaining specific levels of Ao and readiness risk in conjunction with the cost, and the authors will suggest alternatives to achieve Ao and readiness risk thresholds under specific cost constraints.
7
Solberg-Johansen, Bente. "Environmental life cycle assessment of the nuclear fuel cycle". Thesis, University of Surrey, 1998. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/772/.
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Raynolds, Marlo. "Advancing life-cycle assessment techniques". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0026/NQ46908.pdf.
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Hein, Roger Alan. "Total life-cycle construction (TLC)". Master's thesis, This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-01122010-020009/.
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Cohn, Russell S. (Russell Sanford). "Electric vehicle life cycle analysis". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/36472.
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Czerwonka, Stephen P. (Stephen Paul) 1976. "Avionics life-cycle forecasting model". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/9242.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2000.Also available online at the MIT Theses Online homepage
Includes bibliographical references (p. 116-119).
by Stephen P. Czerwonka.
S.M.
12
Подолкова, Світлана Віталіївна, Светлана Витальевна Подолкова, Svitlana Vitaliivna Podolkova y O. Zagovora. "The systems development life cycle". Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/13420.
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Lambertini, Riccardo <1996>. "Household finance: life-cycle strategies". Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/18124.
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Longevity is increasing and retirees face the risk of outliving their income resources, perceived by the (compulsory) second pillar pension scheme. In this regard the European Commission has launched the pan-European pension program (PEPP) to help workers to deal with this type of risk. In the thesis I address the potential risks and benefits of different life-cycle strategies, which could be adopted in a (voluntary) third pillar pension scheme. I run a simulation and compare the results of eight strategies. The analysis aims at suggesting which one fits best the capital protection characteristics required by a default option in PEPP. The main results of the thesis concern the greater ability of life-cycle strategies in providing a higher wealth realization at retirement with respect to a minimum capital guarantee policy, and the very low probability that these strategies cannot recoup the amount of contributions paid by the worker.
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Davidsson, Simon. "Life Cycle Exergy Analysis of Wind Energy Systems : Assessing and improving life cycle analysis methodology". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Globala energisystem, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-157185.
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Wind power capacity is currently growing fast around the world. At the same time different forms of life cycle analysis are becoming common for measuring the environmental impact of wind energy systems. This thesis identifies several problems with current methods for assessing the environmental impact of wind energy and suggests improvements that will make these assessments more robust. The use of the exergy concept combined with life cycle analysis has been proposed by several researchers over the years. One method that has been described theoretically is life cycle exergy analysis (LCEA). In this thesis, the method of LCEA is evaluated and further developed from earlier theoretical definitions. Both benefits and drawbacks with using exergy based life cycle analysis are found. For some applications the use of exergy can solve many of the issues with current life cycle analysis methods, while other problems still remain. The method of life cycle exergy analysis is used to evaluate the sustainability of an existing wind turbine. The wind turbine assessed appears to be sustainable in the way that it gives back many times more exergy than it uses during the life cycle.
15
Evdokimova, Tatiana. "Life cycle assessment in construction field: A life cycle cost analysis of reinforcement concrete bridge". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/7371/.
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The present work is included in the context of the assessment of sustainability in the construction field and is aimed at estimating and analyzing life cycle cost of the existing reinforced concrete bridge “Viadotto delle Capre” during its entire life. This was accomplished by a comprehensive data collection and results evaluation. In detail, the economic analysis of the project is performed.
The work has investigated possible design alternatives for maintenance/rehabilitation and end-of-life operations, when structural, functional, economic and also environmental requirements have to be fulfilled. In detail, the economic impact of different design options for the given reinforced concrete bridge have been assessed, whereupon the most economically, structurally and environmentally efficient scenario was chosen. The Integrated Life-Cycle Analysis procedure and Environmental Impact Assessment were also discussed in this work.
The scope of this thesis is to illustrate that Life Cycle Cost analysis as part of Life Cycle Assessment approach could be effectively used to drive the design and management strategy of new and existing structures. The final objective of this contribution is to show how an economic analysis can influence decision-making in the definition of the most sustainable design alternatives. The designers can monitor the economic impact of different design strategies in order to identify the most appropriate option.
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Burul, Dora. "Life Cycle Management as framework for successful Life Cycle Assessment implementation in the commercial vehicle industry". Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231105.
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The transport industry is in the middle of a conceptual shift driven by delivering the targets set by the Paris Agreement. Proactive heavy-duty vehicle companies seek to further gather knowledge in a structured way on environmental impacts of its products and services. The method to be implemented is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). For implementation of LCA certain organisational and operational factors pre-requirements need to be addressed. The study takes key factors of Life Cycle Management (LCM) as a framework for assessing the readiness of Scania CV AB to implement LCA. Said key factors of LCM are analysed through company-based case study observations and literature review. The results indicate the company is in the process of introducing majority of the key factors of LCM. The case study tested the possibilities of the company for LCA, and attempted second phase of LCA, Life Cycle Inventory (LCI). The greatest challenge to LCA is low availability and format of data for LCA. However, the case study deeply tested the data limits and offers good insight in actions to be taken.
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Höhne, Christoph. "Life Cycle Costing - Systematisierung bestehender Studien". Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-26558.
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Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht Wesensmerkmale des Life Cycle Costing (LCC, dt. Lebenszykluskostenrechnung) und dessen Anwendung veröffentlicht in Fachzeitschriften. Aufgrund der langen Historie des LCC seit Beginn der 30er Jahre, gibt es zu dem Forschungsthema bereits eine Vielzahl theoretischer und empirischer Studien. Dennoch existiert bis heute keine einheitliche Definition oder ein standardisierter methodischer Rahmen. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, LCC zu charakterisieren und eine sinnvolle Methode für die Klassifizierung der vorhandenen Forschungsarbeiten zu identifizieren um methodische und inhaltliche Unterschiede darzustellen.
Angewandt wird die Methodik des Literature Review, respektive einer Mischform explorativ-induktiver, qualitativer und quantitativer Inhaltsanalyse. Den Prozess der Charakterisierung und Systematisierung leiten folgende Fragestellungen: Was sind die Motivatoren der Anwendung von LCC in Firmen? Gibt es ein standardisiertes Konzept analog zur Ökobilanz (LCA)? Was sind die wesentlichen Vorteile von LCC? Was ist momentan unbefriedigend erforscht? Wo und in welcher Form wird LCC angewandt? Ergeben sich aus F-1 bis F-4 spezifische Anwendungsbereiche? Zu Beginn erfolgt im Sinne der Vision des Life Cycle Thinking eine Erörterung möglicher Motivationen einer Zuwendung zu LCC aus unternehmerischer Entscheidungsperspektive. Dem folgt eine umfangreiche Analyse und Diskussion der wesentlichen Charakterzüge. Ausgehend dieser Erkenntnis ist ein Analyseraster abgeleitet um die zu bewertenden Studien geeignet zu kategorisieren.
Ein direktes Ergebnis stellt die Evaluierung von 34 Studien zu LCC dar. Als mittelbare Ergebnisse der Systematisierung gelten die Erkenntnisse zur Wahl einer optimierten Suchstrategie und die Schaffung eines Startpunkts für Forscher, die sich zukünftig mit Detailfragen des LCC beschäftigen.
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Mueller, Karl G. "Life cycle assessment in engineering design". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8049.
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Making correct design decisions during the early stages of the engineering design process is increasingly seen to be important, as changes during the later stage can be costly. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is used as a method to evaluate the design from 'cradle to grave'. In concept design, decisions are made that have a most significant influence on the life cycle, but at this stage the lack of detail makes LCA very difficult if not impossible. This thesis introduces a method that enables an 'order-of-magnitude' life cycle assessment during the concept stage of the design process. This is achieved by modelling the life cycle inventory as a function of design parameters for complete product families used in engineering design. The hypothesis is that relatively few so-called life cycle parameters determine the largest part of the life cycle inventory. Furthermore, design parameters are related to life cycle parameters, which are mathematically modelled. Design parameters are chosen so that they can be estimated early during the design process. The models of the life cycle parameters are expressed in terms of upper and lower limits, summarising data from many product families. More detailed models describe the relationships of single product families. The method is suitable for software implementation, which will especially aid the handling of sensitivity analysis. Two case studies (sealed lead acid batteries, three-phase asynchronous motors) are used to illustrate how the life cycle parameters are related to the design parameters. An overall outline of how the method is implemented into the overall design process completes the thesis (evaluation of parallel and series configuration hybrid electric vehicle).
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Scott, Michael Francis. "Mathematical models of life cycle evolution". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/59426.
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In this thesis, I investigate several aspects of life cycle evolution using mathematical models. (1) We expect natural selection to favour organisms that reproduce as often and as quickly as possible. However, many species delay development unless particular environments or rare disturbance events occur. I use models to ask when delayed development (e.g., seed dormancy) in long-lived species can be favoured by selection. I find that long-lived plants experience `immaturity risk': the risk of death due to a population-scale disturbance, such as a fire, before reproducing. This risk can be sufficient to favour germination in the disturbance years only. I show how demographic models can be constructed in order to estimate the contribution of this mechanism (and two other mechanisms) to the evolution of dormancy in a particular environment. (2) All sexually reproducing eukaryotes alternate between haploid and diploid phases. However, selection may not occur in both phases to the same extent. I use models to investigate the evolution of the time spent in haploid versus diploid phases. The presence of a homologous gene copy in diploids has important population genetic effects because it can mask the other gene copy from selection. A key innovation of my investigation is to allow haploids and homozygous diploids to have different fitnesses (intrinsic fitness differences). This reveals a novel hypothesis for the evolution of haploid-diploid strategies (where selection occurs in both phases), where the genetic effects of ploidy are balanced against intrinsic fitness differences. (3) Many sex chromosome systems are characterized by a lack of recombination between sex chromosome types. The predominant explanation for this phenomenon involves differences in selection between diploid sexes. I develop a model for the evolution of recombination between the sex chromosomes in which there is a period of selection among haploid genotypes in pollen or sperm. I find that a period of haploid selection can also drive the evolution of suppressed recombination between sex chromosomes, which should become enriched for genes selected in the haploid phase. This model predicts that the tempo of sex chromosome evolution can depend on the degree of competition among haploids.Science, Faculty of
Botany, Department of
Graduate
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Jiménez-González, Concepción. "Life Cycle Assessment in Pharmaceutical Applications". NCSU, 2002. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-20020207-155355.
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In the present work, life cycle information is developed to provide environmental input into process development and chemical selection within the pharmaceutical industry. The evaluation at various stages of the development process for Sertraline Hydrochloride, an effective chiral antidepressant, was conducted. This evaluation included the Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) and further Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to compare several synthetic routes and production processes of this pharmaceutical product. To complete the Sertraline analysis, a methodology to generate gate-to-gate life cycle information of chemical substances was developed based on a transparent methodology of chemical engineering process design (an ab initio approach). In the broader concept of an LCI, the information of each gate-to-gate module can be linked accordingly in a production chain, including the extraction of raw materials, transportation, disposal, reuse, etc. to provide a full cradle-to-gate evaluation. Furthermore, the refinery, energy and treatment sub-modules were developed to assess the environmental burdens related to energy requirements and waste treatment. Finally, the concept of a Á¤lean/Green Technology GuideÃ?was also proposed as an expert system that would provide the scientists with comparative environmental and safety performance information on available technologies for commonly performed unit operations in the pharmaceutical industry. With the expected future application of computer-aid techniques for combinatorial synthesis, an increase of the number of parallel routes to be evaluated in the laboratory scale might be predicted. Life cycle information might also be added to this combinatorial synthesis approach for R&D. This input could be introduced in the earlier stages of process design in order to select cleaner materials or processes using a holistic perspective. This life cycle approach in pharmaceutical synthesis is intended to facilitate the evaluation, comparison, and selection of alternative synthesis routes, by incorporating the overall environmental impact of routes.
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Kahvecioglu, Daver Cuneyt Blau David. "Two essays on life cycle models". Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,401.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2006.Title from electronic title page (viewed Oct. 10, 2007). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Economics." Discipline: Economics; Department/School: Economics.
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Brugiavini, Agar. "Longevity risk and the life cycle". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261971.
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Usanmaz, Gokhan. "End-of-life cycle product management". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8736.
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Thesis (M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2000.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 75-77).
Market leadership requires effective management of product life cycle, starting from the launch of a new product until its retirement. In this particular project, an exploratory study of business practices in the management of products in the decline phase and the eventual decision of product abandonment is conducted through surveys and interviews of senior executives from Fortune 500 companies, focusing mainly on food, networking equipment, medical devices, consumer electronics and retail industries. Actual names of the companies are not revealed for confidentiality reasons. Also, the implementations, assumptions and level of acceptance of decision support system (DSS) modules on product lifecycle management are analyzed. Finally, companies' business processes are compared and enhancements to current DSS systems are proposed.
by Gokhan Usanmaz.
M.Eng.
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Venkatakrishnan, C. P. "Life cycle approach to bridge design". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44092.
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This thesis deals with the application of the Life Cycle concept to the design of
bridges. Its focus is on methodology rather than on any particular application, with
emphasis on the preliminary design stage.
With the help of conceptual equations for the construction, maintenance, and vehicle
delay costs, a procedure for making decisions at the preliminary design stage is
presented. Decisions are made on the basis of minimum present equivalent total
cost and include the number of lanes to be provided, the span between piers, and the
design alternative (type of bridge) to be adopted for detail design. Minimization is
done by a total enumeration procedure.
Sensitivity of the decisions with respect to the interest rate and the study period is
analyzed, and design decision reversals are noted. This includes a joint sensitivity analysis with respect to these design independent parameters. Limited analysis of
errors in cost estimating equations is also performed.
A FORTRAN code, implementable on mainframe and personal computers is developed
to aid calculations.Master of Science
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KUMAR, AMIT y SAMY AMIRTHALINGAM MUTHU. "ISO 14001:2015 Life Cycle Perspective". Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-42194.
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Our research is based on data triangulation methodology by which we are going to answer the question with a combination of two elements: the design and development in combination with life cycle perspective according to ISO 14001:2015 and organization consider the life cycle perspective when they design and develop their products, in a modified form introducing many new aspects of life-cycle thinking. This Master’sthesis aims to discuss the Sustainability approach through the use of Environmental Management Standards (EMS), the results achieved by organizations that implement and certify those EMS, and a special focus on the current process of ISO 14001:2015 revision and the logic behind it. Revisiting the concept of Sustainability, the status of the International Organization for Standardization 14001, requirements that related to that life cycle perspective in ISO 14001:2015, eco-design, circular economy and its expected outcomes are discussed. The ISO 14001:2015 revision will have major impacts on the more than 300,000 worldwide certified organizations and on the many professionals that work with it. Analysis of the development of a sustainability portfolio within a globally-operating manufacturing company, we came different illustrate the kinds of life cycle work involved in dealing with activities and interests, connecting activities and interests into action-nets, performing life cycle practices, and spreading the life cycle idea. Finally, we discuss implications of life cycle work for research in the field of organization and management studies and questions related to the topic with quality engineers within the organization.
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Yokoyama, Yukiko. "Women's work choice in life-cycle". Kyoto University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/145333.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(経済学)
甲第11170号
経博第198号
新制||経||195(附属図書館)
22754
UT51-2004-T140
京都大学大学院経済学研究科現代経済学専攻
(主査)教授 橘木 俊詔, 教授 西村 周三, 教授 久本 憲夫
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Schueler, Maximilian. "Using Life Cycle Assessment in Agriculture". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/19867.
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Mit Ökobilanzen werden Umwelteigenschaften von Produkten und Dienstleistungen analysiert und zunehmend bei der Bewertung von Milchproduktionssystemen eingesetzt. Um konsistente Berichterstattung und Vergleichbarkeit von produktbezogenen Treibhausgasemissionen im Milchsektor zu gewährleisten hat die International Dairy Federation (IDF) Berechnungsgrundlagen publiziert. Allerdings werden die Effekte von Variabilität betrieblicher Kennzahlen und Unsicherheit von Emissionsfaktoren unzureichend betrachtet. Diese Arbeit hat es zum Ziel diese Lücke zu schließen.
In der ersten Studie wurden verschiedene Definitions- und Berechnungsmöglichkeiten des Referenzflusses und der funktionellen Einheit für die Klimabilanz von Milchproduktion verglichen. Eine hohe Bandbreite an möglichen Ergebnissen – bei gleichen Eingangsdaten – ermöglicht eine große Ergebnisunsicherheit. Die Voraussetzungen für zeitliche Repräsentativität wurden in der zweiten Studie untersucht. Über 6 aufeinanderfolgende Jahre wurde auf einem ökologischen Milchviehbetrieb in Norddeutschland die Klimabilanz mit einem detaillierten Stoffflussmodel analysiert. Dabei zeigte es sich, dass für den untersuchten Betrieb mindestens 4 aufeinanderfolgende Jahre untersucht werden müssen um belastbare Ergebnisse zu erzielen. Die dritte Studie befasst sich mit der Forderung mindestens ein Stufe 2 Verfahren der Methodik des IPCC zu verwenden. Mit Daten von 20 norwegischen Milchviehbetrieben wurde die Unsicherheit der Klimabilanz auf Basis von Tier 1 Berechnungen bei bodenbürtigen Emissionen mit dem FARM Modell ermittelt. Von allen 190 direkten Vergleichen von zwei Betrieben miteinander waren 78 % signifikant unterschiedlich
Aus den drei Studien wird geschlossen, dass die existierenden Regeln zur Erstellung von Klimabilanzen von Milchproduktion teilweise zu unpräzise und teilweise zu streng sind, und damit sowohl Erstellung als auch Interpretation von betrieblichen Klimabilanzen in der Milchproduktion erschwert werden.Life cycle assessment (LCA) analyses the environmental performance of products and services and has become increasingly important also for the environmental assessment of dairy systems. In order to create consistent results for communication, declaration and comparison, the International Dairy Federation (IDF) provides a guideline for the calculation of product-related greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the dairy sector. However, the effects of farm data variability and emission factor uncertainty on the comparability of GHG assessments on the farming level are seldom considered. This thesis aims to fill this gap. In the first study, different settings in the definition of energy corrected milk (ECM) and the reference flows were compared in a calculation example based on average farming data. A high bandwidth of the carbon footprint result indicated a severe uncertainty when calculation procedures are not well documented. The second case study examined the production data from six consecutive milk years in an organic dairy farm in northern Germany and its effect on the estimation of product-related GHG emissions. It was shown that data from at least four years is needed to provide reliable results for that farm. The third study dealt with the demand of the IDF guidelines to use at least Tier 2 in the methodology of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Using data from 20 Norwegian dairy farms, the uncertainty of the carbon footprint using Tier 1 of the IPCC guidelines within the FARM model was assessed. From all 190 direct comparisons of two farms in the study, 78 % of the comparisons were significantly different with a relative difference of 8.7 % being enough to establish significance of the difference. From the three studies it was concluded that existing rules may partly not be precise enough to allow for comparison of farms or farming systems, or partly too strict and thereby hindering the execution of carbon footprint studies.
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Barsky, Jeannette Lois. "Women's health, occupational, and life experiences, a life-cycle perspective". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0020/MQ49140.pdf.
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Barsky, Jeannette Lois y University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Women's health, occupational, and life experiences : a life-cycle perspective". Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 1999, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/99.
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Almost 40% of the Canadian workforce shows signs of progressive burnout. For a variety of reasons, stress within the workplace appears to be increasing. The popular press and academic journals suggest that chronic job stres, burnout, will be most significant workplace issue in the new millennium. Although both men and women suffer from stress and burnout, it appears that women are at a greater risk than men. Unfortunately, research on the relationship between women's stress and their heatlh has not kept pace with the popularization of the problem. We could understand this relationship better if we had more information about women, their health history (including phases of development over the life span), and occupational history. Relatedly, as the baby-boomer generation ages to mid-life, there appears to be a sea change on the horizon: one in which women are demanding answers and knowledge about the process of menopause and its effect on their lives, inside and outside the home. To fill this void, the proposed research will address the life change of women, and specifically, how their stages of development and occupational and health histories relate to the experience of burnout.xv, 126 leaves ; 29 cm.
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Rodseth, Clare Josephine. "End-of-life in South African product life cycle assessment". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29363.
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Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a tool specifically developed for quantifying and assessing the environmental burden of a product across its entire life cycle, thus providing powerful support for sustainable product design. There exists a geographical imbalance in the adoption and distribution of LCA studies, with a notably poor penetration into developing countries, resulting from a lack of technical expertise, reliable data, and an inability to engage with the key issues of developing countries. These challenges are particularly prevalent in waste management. The limitations in current LCA capacity for representing product end-of-life, coupled to the disparity in waste management practices between developed and developing countries means that LCA is currently unable to accurately model product end-of-life in South Africa. This means that, for imported products designed on the basis of LCA, the upstream impacts may be accurate, while the end-of-life is not. Therefore, to improve the use of LCA as a tool to support sustainable product design, there is a need to develop life cycle datasets and methods that accurately reflect the realities of waste management in developing countries. The objectives of this dissertation are to (i) identify the current shortcomings of existing LCA datasets in representing the end-of-life stage of general waste in a South African context, and (ii) propose modifications to existing datasets to better reflect the realities of waste management in a South African context and extract lessons from this for use elsewhere. To meet these objectives, research was undertaken in three main stages, with the outcome of each stage used to inform the development of each subsequent stage. The first stage aimed to establish the status quo with regards to general waste management in South Africa. This investigation was informed through a desktop review of government and other publicly available reports, supplemented by field work and stakeholder engagements. These results formed the basis for the second stage: a review of LCA capacity for representing product end-of-life in the South African context. The review of datasets was limited to those contained within SimaPro v8.3 and was undertaken with the aim of understanding the extent to which current datasets are capable of representing South African waste management practices. Finally, three cases of existing LCA datasets were explored. This included testing modifications that could be made in an attempt to improve their applicability to the South African reality. In South Africa, a major limitation in developing a quantified mapping of waste flows lies in the paucity of reliable waste data and the exclusion of the contribution of the informal sector in existing waste data repositories. It was estimated that South Africa generates approximately 12.7 million tonnes of domestic waste per annum, of which an estimated 29% is not collected or treated via formal management options. For both formal and informal general waste, disposal to land (landfill and dumping) represents the most utilised waste management option. Landfill conditions in South Africa range from well-managed sanitary landfills to open dumps. Considering only licensed landfill facilities, it is estimated that large and medium landfill sites accept the majority of South Africa’s general waste (54% and 31% respectively), while the balance is managed in small (12%) and communal (3%) sites. Considering the quantity of informal domestic waste enables a crude estimation of household waste distribution between different landfill classes. In this instance, while the majority of waste (40%) is still managed in large formal landfill sites, an appreciable quantity (26%) is managed in private dumps. Within SimaPro v8.3 landfill disposal is best represented by the sanitary landfill datasets contained within the ecoinvent v3.3 database. SimaPro preserves the modular construction of the ecoinvent dataset, meaning that various generic modifications to these datasets can be made, such as the elimination or addition of burdens, redefinition of the value of a burden, or substitution of a linked dataset. Practically, such modifications are limited to process-specific burdens. However, wastespecific burdens are of greater significance in the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) result of a landfill process. Waste-specific emissions are generated using the underlying ecoinvent landfill emission model. The current model structure allows for the parametrisation of waste composition in addition to landfill gas (LFG) capture and utilisation efficiencies. However, besides the incorporation of a methane correction factor to account for the effect that various site conditions have on the waste degradation environment, the extent to which the existing model can be adapted to represent alternative landfill conditions is limited. This is particularly true in the case of leachate generation and release. Although adaptation that incorporates the effect of climatic conditions on waste degradability and emission release is possible, this requires a high level of country-specific data and modelling expertise. Thus, the practicality of such a modification within the skills set of most LCA practitioners is questionable. Further limitations in the existing modelling framework include its inability to quantify the potential impacts of practices characteristic of unmanaged sites such as open-burning, waste scavenging, and the presence of vermin and other animal vectors for disease. Analysis of the LCIA results for different landfill scenarios showed that regardless of either the deposited material or the specific landfill conditions modelled, the time frame considered had the most pronounced effect on the normalised potential impacts. Regardless of landfill conditions, when long-term leachate emissions are considered, freshwater and marine ecotoxicity impacts dominate the overall potential impacts of the site. This result implies that if landfill disposal is modelled over the long-term, the potential impacts of the process has less to do with site-specific conditions than it does to do with the intrinsic properties of the material itself. Given the ensuing extent of degradation that occurs over the time frame considered, the practise of very long-term modelling can equalise landfills that differ strongly in the short-term. In terms of product design on the basis of LCA, the choice of material can be more strongly influenced by the time frame considered than the specific landfill scenario. From a short-term perspective, for fast degrading materials the impacts incurred from leachate emissions and their subsequent treatment are of lesser importance than those arising from LFG. From a long-term perspective by contrast, leachate emissions have a significant effect on the LCIA result. Investigation into the effect of reduced precipitation on the LCIA result showed that the exclusion of leachate emissions lowers the potential impacts of a number of impact categories, with the most substantial quantified reduction observed in the freshwater and marine ecotoxicity impact categories. This result implies that for dry climates, the long-term impacts of landfilling could be significantly lower than when compared to landfill under temperate conditions, with the potential impacts of the waste remaining locked-up in the landfill. Given quantified findings on South Africa’s dependence on both formal and informal disposal, and the variation in landfill conditions across the country, it can be concluded that LCA results for the impacts of products originating from global supply chains, but consumed and disposed of in South Africa, will be inaccurate for the end-of-life stage if modifications to end-of-life modelling are not made. The findings from this dissertation provide the basis for i) a crude estimate of ‘market shares’ of different disposal practises and ii) guidelines for parameterisation of material specific emission factors, in particular for shorter term emissions, focused on LFG and leachate emissions.
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Chen-hong, Christina Yun-ju. "Cycle time modeling /". Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Barbosa, Rangel Erika. "Consumption smoothing in Mexico over the life-cycle and the business cycle". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/43472/.
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This thesis examines household consumption behaviour over the life-cycle and the business cycle, using three rich Mexican datasets and several microeconometric techniques. The three chapters study how consumption is affected by: i) retirement; ii) intergenerational transfers; and iii) aggregate dynamics. Chapter I investigates the empirical patterns in consumption around retirement using oportunidades dataset, in particular the existence of a ‘retirement-consumption puzzle’ among older households in Mexico. A detailed analysis of consumption dynamics and patterns in home production allows the chapter to conclude that there is no retirement consumption puzzle, which is consistent with augmented versions of the life-cycle model. In light of these findings, Chapter II estimates the effect of adult child transfers on the household consumption of their elderly parents using the Mexican Health Aging Study (MHAS). The estimates indicate that parents have a positive marginal propensity to consume out of transfers. The results also suggest that parents’ increases in expenditure correlate with permanent transfers rather than temporary transfers. Adding to this line of consumption research, Chapter III exploits the Mexican National Survey of Income and Expenditure (ENIGH) and investigates household consumption growth over the business cycle across income and consumption distributions. Aggregate fluctuations appear to affect household consumption uniformly across the majority of consumption distribution in Mexico. Nevertheless, the evidence also indicates that, compared to the highest income cohort, groups at the very bottom of the consumption and income distributions are more exposed to aggregate dynamics.
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De, Sanctis Clarissa. "Life Cycle Assessment Method for PVC production". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.
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Partendo da un'analisi generale sull'importanza della plastica come materia prima a livello globale con le sue relative implicazioni ambientali e non, ci si è successivamente focalizzati sulla produzione del PVC. Si è applicata la metodologia "Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)" prendendo in considerazione tutti gli step necessari per la sintesi di un kilogrammo di PVC. L'utilizzo del GaBi software ha successivemente permesso di implemetare l'analisi ed ottenere risultati in termini di indici (eventualmente aggregati in indicatori), singoli valori che hanno permesso di valutare l'impatto ambientale dell'intero processo sull'ecosistema e le risorse naturali utilizzate. L'elaborato termina con l'analisi dei Costi e dei Benefici della produzione di un kilogrammo di PVC al fine di caratterizzare l'intero processo di sintesi dal punto di vista economico, se competitivo e benefico per la comunità oppure senza vantaggi economici, ambientali e sociali.
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Forcada, Matheu Núria. "Life cycle document management system for construction". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6160.
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La industria de la construcción está fragmentada debido a la gran cantidad de Pequeñas y Medianas Empresas (PYMEs) y la multitud de fases que forman parte de un proyecto. Desde siempre, esta situación ha provocado una serie de problemas en la gestión de proyectos y concretamente en la gestión de los procesos de comunicación e información.La mayoría de PYMEs a nivel de gestión de proyectos necesitan poder gestionar y compartir los documentos de la empresa. Esto se consigue trasladando las aplicaciones básicas del PC y utilizando un servidor como pueden ser los Sistemas de Gestión Documental Electrónicos (SGDE). Estas herramientas centralizan la información específica de una empresa en un entorno cómodo y accesible, permitiendo a los usuarios que almacenen, accedan y modifiquen la información.
Además, las grandes empresas, que frecuentemente adoptan las Tecnologías de la Información (TI) precozmente, piden a las PYMEs que trabajan con ellas que adopten sus mismos sistemas de gestión. Actualmente, las opciones más utilizadas por las grandes empresas para la gestión de proyectos son las herramientas web como los entornos colaborativos, herramientas diseñadas para almacenar y gestionar la información de los proyectos. Aplicaciones relativamente sencillas permiten que un grupo de gente como ingenieros, arquitectos y clientes controle el acceso a la información y automaticen su diseminación. El desarrollo y uso de estas herramientas requiere unos recursos técnicos, financieros y humanos mínimos.
El punto de partida de esta tesis es una encuesta realizada a varias PYMEs del sector de la construcción en España, con el objetivo de obtener una idea general de la metodología de trabajo de estas empresas y de sus posibles problemas o deficiencias en relación a la gestión documental.
Desde el punto de vista de las PYMES, el principal reto de los entornos colaborativos sigue estando en la falta de estandarización en la organización de los documentos y la ineficiencia en el flujo de información entre las distintas fuentes (documentos almacenados en los sistemas de gestión documental de cada una de las empresas y aquellos almacenados en el entorno colaborativo).
La solución propuesta para esta ineficiencia y el objetivo de esta tesis es crear una herramienta para mejorar tanto la gestión documental interna de las empresas como la externa. Este Sistema de Gestión Documental para la construcción crea automáticamente la estructura de carpetas para cada proyecto específico para poderlo descargar en el servidor de cada una de las empresa y en el entorno colaborativo que es esté usando para la gestión del proyecto con su consiguiente mejora del almacenaje de documentos e interacción e intercambio de la información.
Para ello, inicialmente se define el flujo de información entre las distintas partes involucradas en un proyecto y se genera un Modelo Conceptual para el Flujo de Información. El objetivo es obtener toda la información relacionada con cualquier documento a lo largo del ciclo de vida del proyecto.
Además, cuando se trabaja con entornos colaborativos compartiendo documentos e información, todos los participantes deben usar los mismos estándares de trabajo. Esta tesis proporciona también una Guía para la Gestión Documental a través de Entornos Colaborativos para unificar los distintos procesos de trabajo de todas las empresas involucradas en el proyecto. Esta guía es aplicable a cualquier proyecto de cualquier magnitud, complejidad y duración. La codificación, organización y control de documentos, y fechas de publicación son algunos de los aspectos que trata esta guía.
Finalmente, se evalúa el sistema a través de distintos académicos que verifican su contenido y consistencia. Se valida también el sistema mediante una encuesta.
Este sistema servirá para demostrar a todos los participantes en un proyecto de construcción que una buena gestión documental es imprescindible para conseguir los objetivos del proyecto.
The construction industry is fragmented due to the many Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and phases involved in a construction project. This fact has led to well documented problems with project management and concretely communication and information processing.
What most SMEs require in terms of project management is the ability to manage and share the company's documents. This is achieved by removing certain core applications from individual PCs and running them on a server such as an Electronic Document Management System (EDMS). Such tools should centralise the information specific to the organisation in an easily accessible environment, allowing users to store, access and modify information quickly and easily.
On the other hand, large companies, often early adopters of IT, demand that SMEs that work with them adopt the same management systems. Currently, the most popular option used by larger companies for the project management is web based tools such as Web based Project Management Systems (WPMS) that are applications designed to store and manage project information. Quite simply project collaboration applications allow disparate groups of people such as engineers, architects and clients to control access and automate dissemination of information. The most WPMS used in the construction sector is to rent a completely developed WPMS from an Application Service Provider (ASP) for a usage fee. The development and operation of this option require a minimum of technical, financial and human resources.
The start point of the thesis is survey carried out in several SMEs in the construction sector in Spain in order to acquire a general idea of their working methodologies and the deficiencies on document management.
From the SMEs standpoint, the main challenge of WPMS still lies within the lack of a standardized document organization and the inefficiency of the information flow from different sources (Documents stored in their EDMS and those stored in the WPMS).
The suggested remedy for this inefficiency and the aim of this thesis is to create a tool to improve both internal and external document organization. This Life cycle Document Management System for Construction automatically creates a folder structure for each specific project to be download into each company's server and into the WPMS which is being used for the project management. This folder structure will be the same to the folder structure of the WPMS with the consequent improvement of document storage, interaction and exchange of information between all the actors working in the same construction project.
To do this, the flow of information between the different parties involved in a construction project is mapped out and a Concept Model for Information Flow is designed to store all the documentation of a construction project and its metadata throughout the life cycle of the project. Different approaches are analyzed to obtain the most accurate solution.
Moreover, when these actors are working with WPMS sharing documents all the stakeholders should have the same working standards. This thesis also provides a Guidelines for Document Management through WPMS to unify the different working processes of all the companies involved in the project. These guidelines are applicable to projects of varying complexity, size and duration. Document codification, organization of folders and documents, publication dates, documentation control, and so on, are some of the aspects that these guidelines are oriented to.
Finally, the system is submitted for criticism and evaluation by several academics with the aim to verify its contents and consistency. A survey is also carried out in 30 SMEs out of a variety of project types, sizes, values, and Project Management utilized to validate the system.
The system will serve as a demonstration for all the participants in a construction project that a good document management is basic for the fulfilment of the project objectives.
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Flamini, Leonardo. "Life Cycle Assessment nella produzione di biogas". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.
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Il biogas che si forma nella pancia di una discarica è un fenomeno noto da sempre, ma solo
da alcuni decenni si è iniziato a pensare ad esso come un processo che può portare ad una
risorsa. A partire dalla direttiva 2009/28/CE il biometano viene inserito nella lista dei
biocombustibili da incentivare, in seguito alla quale seguirà una stagione di grande diffusione
di impianti di piccola taglia su tutto il territorio nazionale, alimentati principalmente a FORSU
e scarti dell’industria agrozootecnica. Dopo qualche anno di stallo il recepimento della
direttiva UE 2015/1513 mette le basi per un nuovo impulso all’apertura di impianti di nuova
costruzione, i quali però devono certificare la propria sostenibilità.
Questo elaborato, svolto presso la IGW srl di Calderara di Reno(BO), intende valutare la
sostenibilità ai sensi della direttiva 2009/28/CE, operando dunque un’analisi del ciclo di vita,
di tre differenti impianti di produzioni di biogas, che utilizzano due differenti tipologie di
alimentazione e differenti soluzioni impiantistiche.
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Spielmann, Michael. "Prospective life cycle assessment for transport systems /". Zürich : ETH, 2005. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=16047.
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Kougoulis, Ioannis-Stefan. "Symmetric functional modeling in life cycle assessment". Aachen Shaker, 2008. http://d-nb.info/999723227/34.
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Hou, Qianqian. "Life Cycle Assessment of Cruising Ship Superstructure". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-160456.
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This thesis project was conducted to compare the environmental impacts between two types of material for a superstructure of cruising ship (Norwegian Gem) using life cycle assessment (LCA) methods. With the increasing price of industrial raw materials and finite resources, more and more corporations or manufacturers endeavor in seeking more economical materials and less environmental impacts within the ship building field. In recent years, lightweight composite material has been applied in various industrial fields, for instance, green buildings, aircraft and wind turbine blade. In order to study impacts of steel superstructure and composite material superstructure of the ship, a detail study was conducted which using the comparative LCA method and SimaPro software. Two different superstructures are compared, steel superstructure and sandwich material superstructure. The results showed thatover the life cycle the environmental impacts of sandwich superstructure type are much less than for the steel superstructure. The main contribution of impacts over the life time is operation phase due to fuel consumption. When increasing the waste recycling section for composite structure, the influence on environment has an obvious decrease compared to steel superstructure.
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Ruban, Anna. "Life Cycle Assessment of Plastic Bag Production". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-179846.
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The main focus of this report is to establish a comparative study of traditional and biodegradable vest-plastic bag production through the utilization of a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. The measurements were made for the Ukrainian limited liability company “Polymer”, as a representative manufacturer, in order to calculate the environmental impact of plastic bag manufacturing, and identify the more environmental friendly item. This research is based on a literature review of the special characteristics of life cycle assessment and its methods and methodologies, a field study, which included two semi-structure interviews, and measurements and comparison of the harmfulness of traditional and biodegradable bag production. The software SimaPro 7.3.2 and IMACT 2002+ method were chosen in order to accomplish the research purpose. The results of the study show that traditional vest-bags produced by the researched enterprise are less environmentally friendly. Their production process has a bigger impact on environment and human health than that of the biodegradable bags. Moreover, a list of recommendations for possible improvements was developed based on the results of the research. It was sent to the directors of LLC “Polymer” as a suggestion for creating a “green strategy” of further development.
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Dequidt, Thomas Charles Edouard. "Life Cycle Assessment of a Norwegian Bridge". Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for bygg, anlegg og transport, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-19503.
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Life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology aims at evaluating the environmental impacts of a product or system from a holistic approach. In this methodology, all life cycle phases of the product are identified and assessed, from the raw material acquisition to the end-of-life phase. This master thesis is dealing with the LCA of a Norwegian bridge. First, a literature review is realized by going through 14 bridge LCA references. Then, a detailed description of bridge LCA methodology is performed. Finally, an LCA study is applied on Tverlandsbrua, a Norwegian bridge project, in order to assess the overall global warming impact of the bridge life cycle.The conclusions of the literature review are very different according to the goals and scopes of the studies. Concrete and timber bridges are often more environmentally performing than steel or composite concrete-steel bridges. Material production is generally the life cycle phase leading to most impacts, followed by the maintenance & repair phase. Improvements in material design and use of recycled materials are important to bring down the overall emissions.The LCA methodology description has been through all elements specified in the ISO standards. The methodology has been adapted to the needs of the case study but the goal and scope definition has been kept wide enough to allow comparisons with future bridge assessments. Input data (energy, material flows, etc.) are as much as possible gathered from the client and subcontractors of the project, but sometimes assumed. Output data (greenhouse gases emissions) are either directly collected from environmental reports or calculated by an LCA software.The overall global warming impact of Tverlandsbrua is 6665 kgCO2-eq per functional unit (FU), all life cycle phases considered. The FU, i.e. the unit to which the emissions are referred, is defined as 1 square meter effective bridge deck area through a lifetime of 100 years. When the operation phase (mainly consisting of traffic-related emissions) is not considered, the emissions are brought down to 1358 kgCO2-eq per FU. Concrete, steel and asphalt life cycles are identified as the main component contributors. Uncertainty and sensitivity analyses, discussions and recommendations for further studies are performed in order to give clues for more environmentally performing solutions.
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Boart, Patrik. "Life cycle simulation support for functional products /". Luleå, 2005. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1757/2005/20.
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Kougoulis, Ioannis-Stefean. "Symmetric functional modeling in life cycle assessment". Aachen Shaker, 2008. http://d-nb.info/98922015X/04.
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Yigit, Cisem. "Life Cycle Assessment In Ferrous Foundry Industry". Master's thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615559/index.pdf.
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Foundries are most widely facilities all around the world, producing high amounts of castings. In this study, environmental impact of metal foundries was investigated toward a life cycle assessment (LCA) goal. Studies were conducted in two foundry plants in order to collect the inventory data. The difference between the plants regarding their processes was the application of secondary sand reclamation (SSR) in Plant 2. Application of SSR is indicated as a
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Bawaneh, Khaled. "Industrial facility nonprocess energy life cycle information". Diss., Wichita State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/5131.
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In this study, published information on nonprocess energy use, which includes lighting, heating, cooling, ventilation, humidity control, and particulate control, for industrial buildings has been analyzed and compiled and then represented in power intensity (W/ft2). More than thirty different sources of data related to industrial building energy use (covering about 82 buildings) were identified and analyzed. The overall objective of this research is to establish benchmark representative ranges (minimum, mean, medium, maximum) of nonprocess energy consumed by an industrial facility. That information will be used in life cycles of industrial products. The industrial manufacturing buildings were classified into six categories according to nonprocess energy use.
This research also investigated the climate zones influence on nonprocess energy use in industrial buildings. The hypothesis tested in this research is: if an industrial building has a characteristic nonprocess energy related to physical dimensions and desired comfort level, then using cooling degrees day (CDD) and heating degrees day (HDD) factors can normalize the measured nonprocess temperature control data for the climate zone differences. The mean, median, standard deviation and total nonprocess energies for current and zone-adjusted nonprocess energy for each facility in this study were calculated.
Finally, five industrial facilities were visited and the energy data for these facilities were collected. The nonprocess power intensity for the various nonprocess energy uses was calculated for each facility, based on the actual facility energy bills and measurements. Four separate analysis techniques were used to estimate the nonprocess energy for these facilities as a means to critically understand this information.Thesis (Ph.D.)--Wichita State University, College of Engineering, Dept. of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering
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Bøe, Lisbeth Jeanette. "Life cycle assessment of novel CCS technologies". Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for energi- og prosessteknikk, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-22885.
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CO2 emissions from the combustion of fossil fuels are the largest sources of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is one of the better options to mitigate these emissions and thereby limit global warming even while continuing the use of fossil fuels for power generation. As CCS increases the energy consumption of the power plant itself, there will be an increased use of fuel and therefore also increased environmental impacts connected to this. To calculate these impacts it is important to include the entire supply chain and life cycle of the power plant.This thesis involves a tiered hybrid life cycle assessment of natural gas- and coal power plants with chilled ammonia process (CAP) and sorption enhanced water-gas shift (SEWGS) capture technologies. These novel capture technologies are two of the least studied when it comes to environmental assessments. The results from this assessment are compared to two of the more studied capture technologies, post-combustion capture by monoethanolamine (MEA) and oxyfuel combustion capture.Both the CAP capture alternative and the SEWGS alternative have been shown to decrease the global warming potential (GWP) in a natural gas plant by 70%. For the coal-fired power plants, the CAP technology managed a decrease in GWP of 77% while the SEWGS technology showed a decrease of 77.5%. This decrease comes at a cost of other impact categories where for example the freshwater ecotoxicity potential (FETP) has an increase of 87-88% for both the CAP and SEWGS capture technologies in NGCC plants. This impact category has an increase of 25 and 22% for the CAP and SEWGS technologies in the coal-fired power plants.Compared to post-combustion capture by MEA and oxyfuel combustion capture, the results were clear on MEA being the least preferable option in an environmental perspective for both coal- and natural gas-fired power plants. Oxyfuel combustion capture, on the other hand, was shown to be the most preferable option.
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Troxel, Cameron Francis. "Life cycle analysis of sediment control devices". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/49105.
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Sediment control devices (SCDs) are critical to reducing the contamination of waterways from adjacent construction sites. Perimeter sediment controls retard the flow of surface runoff water originating on site and subsequently reduce solid, nutrient, and metal concentrations suspended in the flowing water. Silt fence is a commonly used SCD comprised of geotextile filter fabric, steel or wood support posts, and wire mesh reinforcement. The Georgia Department of Transportation (GDOT) uses an extensive amount of silt fence every year, and because of high degradation of geotextile in the field, the silt fence installations are rarely recycled. This research measures the performance of five SCDs (two types of silt fence, mulch berm, compost sock, and straw bales) at suspended solid, turbidity, nutrient, and metal reduction. A life cycle analysis (LCA) is performed to identify environmental impacts associated with material production, assembly, installation, use on site, and disposal. An impact analysis is performed according to for each SCD. Results of the impact analysis are compared to determine the SCD with lowest overall environmental impact. Results of the SCD performance study show that silt fence installations performed the best at reducing suspended solids and turbidity, mulch was best at reducing nutrients, and compost was the best at reducing metal concentrations. The life cycle impact analysis indicates that a mulch berm is the SCD with the lowest overall environmental impact. The impact analysis included global warming potential, acidification, eutrophication, and aquatic toxicity.
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Karlsson, Charlie. "Innovation adoption and the product life cycle". Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för nationalekonomi, 1988. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-100373.
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Rosso, Stefania. "Environmental life-cycle of domestic kitchen refurbishment". Thesis, University of Brighton, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.439204.
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The refurbishment of domestic kitchens occurs frequently over the lifetime of a building, and often takes place for aesthetic reasons before kitchen components have reached the end of their useful life. This research identifies the consequent significance of the environmental impacts of domestic kitchen refurbishment and develops a model for their evaluation. A pilot study undertaken with staff of the University of Brighton identified the possible occurrence of a high turnover of kitchen refurbishment. The results highlighted that even though the useful life of individual kitchen components is considered to be 20 years, kitchen refurbishments may be undertaken within the first three years of the occupancy of a house. The environmental impacts from kitchen refurbishment have been established through the review of the literature and a case study of real kitchen refurbishment works in Brighton and Hove housing. The literature review revealed the issue of imprecision of published values of embodied energy (EE) for kitchen materials, the variability of which is commonly higher than 40 percent. It was also highlighted the potential relevance of the recurring EE that is associated with a high frequency of kitchen refurbishment. During the case study it was found that the total amount of mixed waste generated in kitchen refurbishment was entirely disposed of into landfill for convenience, although specific waste categories were suitable to be sorted and to undergo a more sustainable waste management. A theoretical model framework has been formulated following the internationally accepted methodology of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and, on this basis, a sophisticated LCA kitchen refurbishment model has been computerised to provide a comprehensive and integrated assessment of target environmental impacts such as resource consumption, waste generation, process and transport embodied energy and associated air emissions. The results from the LCA kitchen refurbishment model identified that for one kitchen refurbishment the real use of the major sourcing material was 290 kg of softwood, half of which is wasted during the manufacturing processes. A high proportion of the redundant components (93% of the waste stream) can be re-used or its inherent energy recovered. Further, off-cuts (5%) and packaging (2%) have the potential for recycling. The analysis also established a total life-cycle Embodied Energy (EE) of 8.8 GJ associated with 467 tonnes of CO2 and identified softwood and resin as major contributors. The maximisation of the use of recycled wood in the manufacturing of components for kitchen refurbishment was found to save 450 kg of consumption of virgin softwood and 24% of the CO2 emissions. Scenario analysis has been used to compare the environmental impacts associated with the frequency of refurbishment turnovers of the entire kitchen or individual kitchen components, over a building lifetime of 100 years. The highest environmental impact was associated with the aesthetic scenario which considered the kitchen to be replaced every three years over the building lifetime. The consumption of virgin softwood was 9.6 tonnes, which is eight tonnes more than would be required if the kitchen was refurbished only when it was necessary (functional scenario). The high turnover of kitchen refurbishment was also associated with the generation of 11 tonnes of waste, an embodied energy of 293 GJ and 15 tonnes of associated CO2 emissions, which are equivalent to the impact of ten years of the operational energy consumption of an average UK residential dwelling. This research has established a model which can evaluate and measure the significance of the environmental impacts of kitchen refurbishments within the building's lifetime and has enabled direct evaluation for other refurbishment scenarios
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Yiu, W. Y. y 姚泳儀. "Life cycle assessment in the construction industry". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42576039.
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Chan, Ho-kan y 陳可芹. "Life cycle assessment of LED road lighting". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B48542611.
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It is observed that the power consumption of road lighting is increased with the length of trafficable road in Hong Kong. The energy used in road lighting is increasing, which means that the greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted from power plant for generating electricity for road lighting is at the same time increasing.
To compare the performance of light emitted diode (LED) road lighting with road lighting of other lamp sources, literature review, life cycle assessment (LCA) and technical assessment are adopted to give an overall comparison. This research focuses more on the environmental impacts of road lighting. LCA is adopted in order to give a comprehensive view on the environmental impact of road lighting. A total of 3 different lamp sources are compared: high pressure sodium (HPS) lamp, induction lamp and light emitted diode (LED) lamp.
From the model result, it is found that due to the low power consumption and long life time, LED and induction lamp road lighting gives generally less environmental impact than HPS road lighting. As induction lamp has a longer life span than LED, the environmental impact of induction lamp road lighting is found slightly less than that of LED road lighting. Taking account the future development in LED technology, leading to longer life time, higher efficacy and lower production cost, LED road lighting is expected to be a replacement for road lighting in Hong Kong for the future.published_or_final_version
Environmental Management
Master
Master of Science in Environmental Management