Literatura académica sobre el tema "Lepista"

This thesis focuses on the edible fungus Lepista (Pied Bleu or Wood Blewit). Factors affecting its potential commercial cultivation were explored and a contribution to knowledge of the morphology and cultivation of Australian species of Lepista has been made. Australian collections of Lepista were made within a 200 km zone of Sydney. A study of the morphology and taxonomic species of these collections was undertaken. Intra- and inter-fertility crosses were completed with French L. nuda and L. sordida to determine genetic relationships and biological species. Suitable substrates for agar medium, spawn production and cultivation were explored. The response to temperature of French and Australian Lepista in vitro, and Australian Lepista under cultivation, using cold shock, was observed. The effect of modified atmosphere exchanges per hour, CO2 levels, and cold shock during the cultivation cycle and sporophore production were investigated. A genebank of Australian Lepista was established. Three species of Lepista were found in Australia : L. nuda, L. sordida and L. saeva. Two other groups of Lepista were identified. The use of A. bisporus compost appeared to be optimal for experimental and commercial applications. Australian isolates of Lepista tolerate higher temperatures than French isolates, and grew at double the rate of the French at all temperatures except 5 degrees centigrade. The length of the spawn run was reduced from 43-58 days to 12-16 days with introduced CO2 of 9,000-11,000 ppm, but an erratic cyclic pattern of net CO2 production occurred which could only be stabilised by increasing ventilation. This initial cyclic pattern appeared to inhibit subsequent sporophore formation.<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

This thesis focuses on the edible fungus Lepista (Pied Bleu or Wood Blewit). Factors affecting its potential commercial cultivation were explored and a contribution to knowledge of the morphology and cultivation of Australian species of Lepista has been made. Australian collections of Lepista were made within a 200 km zone of Sydney. A study of the morphology and taxonomic species of these collections was undertaken. Intra- and inter-fertility crosses were completed with French L. nuda and L. sordida to determine genetic relationships and biological species. Suitable substrates for agar medium, spawn production and cultivation were explored. The response to temperature of French and Australian Lepista in vitro, and Australian Lepista under cultivation, using cold shock, was observed. The effect of modified atmosphere exchanges per hour, CO2 levels, and cold shock during the cultivation cycle and sporophore production were investigated. A genebank of Australian Lepista was established. Three species of Lepista were found in Australia : L. nuda, L. sordida and L. saeva. Two other groups of Lepista were identified. The use of A. bisporus compost appeared to be optimal for experimental and commercial applications. Australian isolates of Lepista tolerate higher temperatures than French isolates, and grew at double the rate of the French at all temperatures except 5 degrees centigrade. The length of the spawn run was reduced from 43-58 days to 12-16 days with introduced CO2 of 9,000-11,000 ppm, but an erratic cyclic pattern of net CO2 production occurred which could only be stabilised by increasing ventilation. This initial cyclic pattern appeared to inhibit subsequent sporophore formation.

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 1998.<br>Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Photocopies of articles by Karen Stott ... [et al.] in back. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 137-148).

O macrofungo Lepista nuda (Bull), também conhecido como Clitocybe nuda, pertence ao filo Basidiomycota, à classe Basidiomycetes, à ordem Agaricales, à família Tricholomataceae e ao género Lepista, e tem como nome comum “pé-azul”. Trata-se de um fungo comestível saprófita/decompositor com muito interesse comercial devido, não só, ao seu valor nutricional, mas também ao seu aroma intenso e característico. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi comparar a composição química e o potencial antioxidante de amostras de Lepista nuda provenientes de diferentes habitats do Nordeste de Portugal (corpos frutíferos silvestres provenientes de carvalhal e pinhal, e comerciais), e do micélio obtido por cultura in vitro a partir dos corpos frutíferos provenientes de prado e comerciais, usando cinco meios de cultura diferentes. Pretendeu-se, ainda, analisar efeitos de condições de stresse, relativamente à temperatura, no crescimento do micélio. Na determinação da composição química, deu-se especial atenção aos voláteis, ácidos gordos, açúcares, ácidos orgânicos, compostos fenólicos e tocoferóis. Na avaliação das propriedades antioxidantes determinou-se o poder redutor, o efeito captador de radicais livres e a inibição da peroxidase lipídica em homogeneizados cerebrais. .Verificou-se que o micélio apresentou um maior crescimento radial e de massa no meio MMN completo. Por outro lado, o micélio obtido a partir da amostra comercial cresceu com maior rapidez em relação ao obtido a partir da amostra proveniente de prado; mas foi o micélio obtido a partir dessa amostra que teve uma maior produção de massa. Nas condições de stresse, o fungo sujeito a altas temperaturas, só cresceu em meio PACH; já a baixas temperaturas, cresceu em todos os meios de cultura testados. Os compostos voláteis dos cogumelos têm sido pouco estudados, embora eles contribuam significativamente para o sabor e propriedades organoléticas destas espécies. Foram identificados 22 componentes voláteis nas amostras comerciais e silvestres provenientes de carvalhal e pinhal, constituindo 84-94% da fração volátil. As diferenças entre os voláteis das amostras silvestres e comercial foram principalmente quantitativas. O linalol (17-26%), a pulegona (12-14%) e limoneno (10-11%) foram os três principais componentes em todas as amostras. A grande diferença foi observada na percentagem de 2-pentilfurano, presente em pequena quantidade nas amostras silvestres (2% e 5% nas amostras provenientes de carvalhal e pinhal, respetivamente), mas em quantidade considerável na amostra comercial (15%), sendo o segundo componente maioritário. Os compostos C8 são voláteis ubíquos entre fungos e responsáveis pelo seu aroma; o 1-octen-3-ol tem sido descrito como o mais abundante. No entanto, no presente estudo, este composto foi detetado em pequenas quantidades em todas as amostras (2%), tendo sido o linalool, o limoneno e pulegona os componentes principais nas amostras em estudo. A amostra comercial revelou a maior contribuição energética, maior conteúdo de PUFA, devido à contribuição de ácido linoleico, e também maior concentração de compostos fenólicos. A amostra silvestre de carvalhal deu os maiores níveis de ácidos orgânicos. As amostras de micélio mostraram ter níveis mais elevados de glucose, tocoferóis e maior atividade antioxidante. Particularmente, o meio de cultura PACH provou ser melhor para a produção de glucose, os meios de cultura PDA, PACH e FAD para β e -tocoferóis, o meio de cultura MMN completo para compostos fenólicos e o meio de cultura MMN incompleto para as propriedades antioxidantes. No geral, a cultura in vitro poderia ser explorada para obtenção de compostos bioativos de macrofungos para aplicações industriais, no controlo das condições ambientais para produzir maiores quantidades desses compostos e com o intuito de superar a diversidade na composição química observada em amostras recolhidas em diferentes habitats.<br>The macrofungi Lepista nuda (Bull), also known as Clitocybe nude belongs to the phylum Basidiomycota, class Basidiomycetes, order Agaricales, family Tricholomataceae and gender Lepista, and has the common name "blewit". It is an edible saprophytic/decomposer fungus with high commercial interest due not only to its nutritional value, but also to its intense and characteristic aroma. The aim of this study was to compare the chemical composition and antioxidant potential of samples of Lepista nuda from different habitats in the Northeast of Portugal (commercial and wild fruiting bodies from oak and pine forests), and of the mycelium obtained by in vitro culture from commercial and meadow wild fruiting bodies, using five different culture media. Furthermore, the effects of stress conditions related to temperature, on mycelia growth were also evaluated. In the chemical composition evaluation, particular attention was given to the determination of volatile compounds, fatty acids, sugars, organic acids, phenolic compounds, and tocopherols. Regarding the antioxidant properties, reducing power, free radical scavenging effects and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in brain homogenates were evaluated. Mycelium cultured in solid complete Melin-Norkans medium showed the highest growth and radial mass. Otherwise, the mycelium obtained from commercial sample grew faster compared to the one obtained from wild meadow samples, but it was the mycelium obtained from this sample that gave the highest mass production. Under conditions of stress with high temperatures, the fungi only grew in medium PACH; applying low temperatures, mycelia grown in all the tested culture media. Volatile compounds from mushrooms have been little studied, although they contribute significantly to the flavour and organoleptic properties of these species. Twenty two volatile components were identified in the commercial and wild samples (obtained from oak and pine forests), constituting 84-94% of the volatile fraction. The differences between the commercial and wild samples volatiles were mostly in quantities. Linalool (17-26%), pulegone (12-14%) and limonene (10-11%) were the main components in all the samples. The major difference was observed in the percentage of 2-pentylfuran, present in small amounts in wild samples (2% and 5% in samples from oak and pine forests, respectively), but in considerable amounts in the commercial sample (15%), being the second main compound. C8 compounds are ubiquitous volatiles in fungi and have been pointed out as responsible for their aroma; 1-octen-3-ol has been described as the most abundant. However, in this study, this compound was detected in small amounts in all the samples (2%); linalool, limonene and pulegone were the major components in the analyzed samples. The commercial sample (cultivated) gave the highest energetic contribution and PUFA contents due to the contribution of linoleic acid, as also of phenolic compounds; the wild sample from oak forest gave the highest levels of organic acids. Mycelia samples showed to have higher levels of glucose, tocopherols and antioxidant activity. Particularly, PACH medium proved to be better for glucose production, PDA, PACH and FAD for β- and -tocopherols, complete MMN for phenolic compounds and incomplete MMN for antioxidant properties Overall, in vitro culture could be explored to obtain bioactive compounds from macro fungi for industrial applications, controlling environmental conditions to produce higher amounts of these compounds and to overcome the diversity in chemical composition observed in samples collected in different habitat.

Os comportamentos de muitos animais expressam-se de forma rítmica como um mecanismo de adaptação a um ambiente cíclico. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a distribuição diária de comportamentos observados em Pyrrhura lepida lepida para caracterizar sua organização temporal. Observamos individualmente o comportamento de quatro aves residentes na Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo, sob condições naturais de iluminação e temperatura. Receberam comida e água ad libitum e foram filmadas dia e noite, continuamente. Registramos a duração das categorias comportamentais: deslocamento, inatividade, cuidados corporais, cuidados com o ninho, interação social, atividade alimentar e debicar, a cada hora do dia, por três dias consecutivos. Os registros foram feitos com o programa EthoLog 2.2 (Ottoni, 2000). A detecção dos ritmos de cada comportamento foi feita com a utilização do programa El Temps (Diez-Nogueira, 2005) que gera periodogramas segundo o algoritmo de Lomb- Scargle (significância p 0,05). O método Cosinor (Halberg et al, 1972; Nelson et al, 1979; Benedito Silva, 1988) foi utilizado para a identificação de parâmetros rítmicos, como o mesor e a acrofase. Encontramos ritmicidade diária para as categorias deslocamento, inatividade, atividade alimentar e debicar. Para cuidados com o ninho observamos ritmo bimodal para uma das aves, ritmo diário para duas aves e arritmicidade para uma ave. A diferença entre as fases da reprodução em que os animais se encontravam talvez tenha ocasionado tal resultado. Para interação social e cuidados corporais não encontramos perfis rítmicos e pudemos observar a ocorrência destes comportamentos dia e noite. Maiores investigações ecológicas e funcionais devem ser feitas para melhor compreensão desse padrão arrítmico. Nossos resultados mostram a existência de uma organização temporal de comportamentos e sincronização entre as aves, o que deve ser funcionalmente importante nos processos de interação com o ambiente.<br>The behaviours of many animals are organized in the rhythmic pattern as mechanism of the adaptation in a cyclical environment. The goal of this research was describe the daily distribution of the behaviors in Pyrrhura lepida lepida, to characterize your temporal organization. It was observed, individually, the behaviour of four birds that are living at the Zoo of São Paulo, under a constant condition of illumination and temperature. It was given food and water ad libitum and the birds were filmed day and night, continuously which were recorded the duration of the behavioural categories: dislocate, inactivity, body cares, nest care, social interaction, food activity and perch peck, each hour, for three days consecutives. The registers were done with the programme EthoLog 2.2 (Ottoni, 2000). The rhythmic of the behaviours were analyzed through the programme El Temps (Diez-Nogueira, 2005) that utilize spectral analyze for to produce Lomb- Scargle periodograms (significance p 0.05). The Cosinor method (Halberg et al, 1972; Nelson et al, 1979; Benedito Silva, 1988) was utilized to identificate the rhythmics parameters, such the mesor and the acrophase. It was found daily rhythms for the categories: dislocate, inactivity, food activity e perch peck. For nest care, was observed bimodal rhythm for one bird and daily rhythm for two birds e arrhythmicity for one bird. The difference between the phases of reproduction of the animals, maybe has provided that result.The social interaction and body care showed an outline arrhythmicity and it was observed its incident day and night. For the better understanding of the pattern arrhythmicity it `s necessary a deep ecological and functional investigation. The results showed the existence of the behavioral temporal organization and synchronicity among the birds which must be functionally important in the processes of interaction with the environment.

This thesis addresses the problematics of automated mini-doses application of the adhesive. In thesis are summarized the parameters and types of adhesives with regard to the suitability and the basic theory of bonding. At the same time are summarized the available technologies and methods of bonding. Part of the work is the analysis of requirements for automatic microdosing, in terms of management, delivery system, manipulator, mechanics, functional safety. It also includes the selection of suitable components. The thesis contains the development and description of the control software, visualization, data acquisition, management of robotic manipulator, functional safety logics and dispenser management. The outcome of the thesis is a functional device according to the proposed 3D model made of borrowed components on which algorithms are tested and functionality was verified. In the conclusions are described the complementary features ensuring the possibility of setting the device up in the industry.

This diploma thesis focuses on a design of camera control system used for detecting defects, appearing during a UV luminescent glue application on the bottom of a paper bag. As a part of this thesis, an application was developed, using Baumer VCXG-53C industrial camera, implementing two dierent control methods - 2D cross correlation image pattern matching based on previously user defined pattern and glue area size measuring based on binary segmented image. The result of this work is a fully developed control system, prepared to be put into operation at the customer’s production line.

This labor is based on penetration of adhesives into a wood cell walls. It focuses mainly on adhesives that are currently used for construction purposes. It also contains a methodics of selecting adhesives and wood, which will be used for glued joints and summarizes the methods used for detect these adhesives in the wood cell wall. It experimentally verifies the appropriate selection of the dye-solvent combination used in the adhesive.