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Thingstad, Per Gustav, Marc Daverdin, and James D. M. Speed. "Modelling Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) lek sites distribution and their limiting factors in a central Norwegian managed forest landscape." Ornis Norvegica 41 (September 25, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15845/on.v41i0.1465.
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Forest management has substantially altered Fennoscandian forests through clear-cutting practices started during the 1950s. Impacts on the natural biodiversity in mature boreal forest have been inevitable. The Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) is often regarded as an indicator species for natural old growth forest, displaying on traditional lek sites during spring. In a heterogeneous forest landscape of two adjoining municipalities in central Norway we studied whether forest management or other environmental factors can have influenced the lek distribution. We identified 15 active leks and 12 recently abandoned leks. The maximum entropy distribution modelling (MaxEnt) was used to investigate factors associated with lek distribution at two different scales, where the scale reflecting the lek site areas gave the most adequate result. Active leks were predominantly associated with mature stands of forest. In 65% of the study area the habitat suitability for lekking was most influenced by forest management. Furthermore, the recently abandoned leks were found less frequently in low productive and mature forests than the still active ones, implying that previous leks in productive forest stands may have been lost through logging. Based on our data we have developed models for the predicted distribution and the current limiting factors, showing that altered forest management could improve lek site suitability in large parts of this boreal forest.
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Rolstad, Jørund, Per Wegge, Andrey V. Sivkov, Olav Hjeljord, and Ken Olaf Storaunet. "Size and spacing of grouse leks: comparing capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) and black grouse (Tetrao tetrix) in two contrasting Eurasian boreal forest landscapes." Canadian Journal of Zoology 87, no. 11 (November 2009): 1032–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z09-093.
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Capercaillie ( Tetrao urogallus L., 1758) and black grouse ( Tetrao tetrix L., 1758 (= Lyrurus tetrix (L., 1758))) are two sympatric Eurasian lekking grouse species that differ markedly in habitat affinities and social organization. We examined how size and spacing of leks in pristine (Russia) and managed (Norway) forests were related to habitat and social behavior. Leks of both species were larger and spaced farther apart in the pristine landscape. Capercaillie leks were regularly spaced at 2–3 km distance, increasing with lek size, which in turn was positively related to the amount of middle-aged and older forests in the surrounding area. Black grouse leks were irregularly distributed at shorter distances of 1–2 km, with lek size explained by the size of the open bog arena and the amount of open habitat in the surroundings. At the landscape scale, spatial distribution of open bogs and social attraction among male black grouse caused leks to be more aggregated, whereas mutual avoidance in male capercaillie caused leks to be spaced out. In the pristine landscape, large-scale and long-term changes in forest dynamics owing to wildfires, combined with an aggregated pattern of huge bog complexes, presumably provide both grouse species with enough time and space to build up bigger lek populations than in the managed landscape.
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Saniga, M. "Ecology of the capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) and forest management in relation to its protection in the West Carpathians." Journal of Forest Science 49, No. 5 (January 16, 2012): 229–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4697-jfs.
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Ecology of capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) was studied in the mountains of Central Slovakia (West Carpathians) in 1981–2003. In the studied area, the capercaillie population inhabited especially old natural forests (100–250 years old) in the spruce-beech-fir (850–1,270 m a.s.l.) and spruce (1,250–1,530 m a.s.l.) vegetation zones. The overstorey stand age ranged between 80 and 250 years with the mean of 128 years. The understorey stand age ranged from 10 to 60 years. The overstorey tree density ranged between 200 and 1,050 stems per ha (mean 725). The understorey tree density ranged from 5 to 650 trees per ha (mean 290). Both males and females preferred old forests throughout the year. The results demonstrate a marked decrease (> 50%) in the numbers of cocks and hens on twelve monitored leks (28%) and a slight decrease (< 50%) on ten display grounds (24%). During the study period, capercaillie cocks became extinct on seven (16%) leks and in their surroundings. More or less constant numbers were found on twelve leks only (28%) and a slight increase occurred on two leks only (4%). A statistically highly significant correlation was found between the area of old-growth forest and the number of cocks attending a lek. In addition to forest deterioration predation appeared to be of major importance in limiting the numbers of capercaillies. Key points for forest management in relation to capercaillie protection are suggested.
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Loiselle, Bette A., John G. Blake, Renata Durães, T. Brandt Ryder, and Wendy Tori. "Environmental and Spatial Segregation of Leks Among Six Co-Occurring Species of Manakins (Pipridae) in Eastern Ecuador." Auk 124, no. 2 (April 1, 2007): 420–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/124.2.420.
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AbstractEnvironmental correlates and geographic spacing of leks were compared for six species of manakins (Pipridae) on two 100-ha study plots in eastern Ecuador. The “hotspot” hypothesis of lek evolution suggests that males should aggregate where females are most likely to be encountered. For ecologically similar species that co-occur at a site, leks are predicted to be clustered in space and, thus, to overlap in macroscale environmental characteristics. The geographic spacing and environmental characteristics of lek sites we observed were inconsistent with the hotspot hypothesis for lek evolution. In general, little geographic overlap occurred among leks, and geographic spacing of leks among heterospecifics more closely fit a regular than a clumped pattern. Further, environmental conditions of leks varied among species with respect to elevation and topography. Leks of some species were more likely to occur on hilltops or ridge tops (e.g., Machaeropterus regulus, Pipra erythrocephala), whereas others appeared to prefer highly dissected drainages (e.g., P. pipra), relatively flat terrain near streams (e.g., Chiroxiphia pareola), or seasonally inundated forests (e.g., P. filicauda). Using randomly placed leks, we found evidence that certain lek environments may be limited, which is consistent with observed levels of population abundances on the two plots. Such environmental limits may constrain lek placement and size. Further study is needed to determine the reproductive implications of placing leks in apparently suboptimal environments, though such compromises may reflect males making the best of a bad situation.Segregación Ambiental y Espacial de las Asambleas de Cortejo Entre Seis Especies Simpátricas de Saltarines (Pipridae) en el Oriente de Ecuador
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Alonso, José Alvarez. "Short Communications the Breeding System of the Orange-Crowned Manakin." Condor 102, no. 1 (February 1, 2000): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/102.1.181.
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Abstract I studied the lek organization and courtship displays of the Orange-crowned Manakin (Heterocercus aurantiivertex) in undisturbed, lowland rain forest in northeastern Peru. The majority of leks were in seasonally flooded or swampy forest, and most were situated around the borders of old ox-bow lakes. Males maintain loosely packed courts inside exploded leks or “quasi leks,” which may extend for more than 1 km. Within leks, males vocalize throughout the day and occasionally perform two distinctly different solitary displays. One is a spectacular aerial performance that begins above the canopy. The “log display” is performed just above ground- or water-level and consists of a series of short, ritualized jumps.
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Habibzadeh, Nader, and Omid Rafieyan. "Land-cover patterns surrounding Caucasian grouse leks in Arasbaran region, East Azerbaijan, Iran." Wildlife Research 43, no. 3 (2016): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr15181.
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Context To create management strategies with the goal of sustaining a species such as Caucasian grouse (Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi), it is important to identify the habitat requirements of species, not just in terms of a correlation with a given habitat feature, but also the relationship between species presence and vegetation coverage, proximity to other habitat types, and importance at different spatial scales. Aims To predict the proportions and spatial configuration of major habitat types that are associated with high probabilities of Caucasian grouse lek occurrence. Methods Using minimum mapping-unit scale (i.e. grain) for land cover, we applied spatial analysis at three spatial extents (472-, 702- and 867-m-radius circles) to assess how the importance of different land-cover patterns and patch characteristics surrounding leks of Caucasian grouse changed with scale within the Arasbaran landscape (316.56 km2) in East Azerbaijan, Iran. A set of a priori models has been developed on the basis of landscape metrics linked to hypotheses that could explain the spatial pattern of Caucasian black habitat use at each scale. We used an information-theoretic approach based on Akaike’s information criterion (AIC) within a general additive models framework to model habitat selection, so as to compare the values of landscape metrics calculated for Caucasian grouse lek sites (n = 22) with those calculated for non-lek points (n = 44). Key results The probability of lek occurrence at each of the spatial scales increases with a larger amount of open, young forests in the landscape. At each scale, we could indicate the landscape composition and structure required to create an ideal habitat mosaic for Caucasian grouse. Such an ideal habitat mosaic within mountain forests of Arasbaran, for a 702-m-radius area around a potential lek site, would consist of non-square (i.e. more geometrically complex) patches of rangeland cover and deciduous stands with canopy cover of <50%, which encompass over 30% of landscape. Conclusions Our results identified differences in black grouse requirements at several scales within the landscape. We believe this will help managers improve the habitat focusing on the area around existing or inactive leks, to adapt the landscape to species requirements, and to encourage targeting new sites. Implications These findings demonstrated that not only can we identify important landscape requirements at a range of scales, but by characterising landscape composition and structure across these scales, forest managers can help prioritise combinations of habitats that best serve the conservation of the target species.
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Saniga, M. "Habitat features of the capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) leks in the West Carpathians." Journal of Forest Science 48, No. 9 (May 22, 2019): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/11903-jfs.
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Habitat characteristics of 43 capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) leks were studied in the mountains of Central Slovakia (West Carpathians) in 1984–2002. Macro-habitat was described with respect to topography and succession stage. Micro-habitat was described with respect to forest type and forest stand structure. Twenty-seven out of forty-three display grounds were situated in the upper half of the lateral ridges. Sixteen leks were located on hills of the lateral ridges (slope &lt; 10%). All the leks were situated in old succession stages of the forest (80–200 years old). Twenty-seven display grounds were located in natural forests, sixteen leks were situated in man-managed stands more than 80 years old. Leks were situated in a variety of forest types with overstorey tree-density between 400–1,050 stems per ha. Distribution of leks was limited above all by macro-habitat characteristics (elevated sites, old stands). Age-space structure seemed to be a significant micro-habitat feature (preference of multi-layered stands).
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Jahn, Olaf, Edwin E. Vargas Grefa, and Karl-L. Schuchmann. "The life history of the Long-wattled Umbrellabird Cephalopterus penduliger in the Andean foothills of north-west Ecuador: leks, behaviour, ecology and conservation." Bird Conservation International 9, no. 1 (March 1999): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270900003373.
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SummaryThe rare and threatened Long-wattled Umbrellabird Cephalopterus penduliger inhabits the canopy and mid-storey level of humid to wet foothill and montane forests (150–1,800 m)of the Andean slopes of south-west Colombia and western Ecuador. Here we report on male activity pattern and display behaviour observed at one of two leks recently discovered in the vicinity of Playa de Oro, Rio Santiago, Esmeraldas Province, north-west Ecuador. Courtship behaviour of C. penduliger is compared with the Central American and Amazonian congeners (Bare-necked Umbrellabird C. glabricollis and Amazonian Umbrellabird C. ornatus). The lek of C. penduliger was active during the whole study period (February 1997 to January 1998), but both lek structure and daytime activity pattern changed markedly within the observation period.
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Cestari, César, and Marco Aurélio Pizo. "Seed dispersal by the lek-forming white-bearded manakin (Manacus manacus, Pipridae) in the Brazilian Atlantic forest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 29, no. 5 (July 19, 2013): 381–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467413000412.
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Abstract:The movement patterns of males, females and juveniles of lekking species often differ due to differences in the commitment to lek activities, which may lead to differences in the spatial distribution and dispersal distances of seeds they eat. By sampling seeds in three lek and non-lek areas of the white-bearded manakin (Manacus manacus), we tested whether this lekking species increased the abundance and species richness of seeds in lek areas and, at a finer scale, in 21 displaying courts within lek areas. Combining data on seed defecation or regurgitation rates by free-ranging individuals, the number of seeds in droppings or regurgitations of mist-netted birds, and the distances travelled by birds equipped with radio-transmitters, we estimated the potential spatial distribution of seeds generated by six resident males and six females or juveniles during the morning peak of lek activity and when lek activity decreased in the afternoon. There was no difference in the species richness (46 and 44 morphospecies, respectively) and abundance of seeds (15.4 ± 7.3 seeds and 14.0 ± 1.1 seeds, respectively) between lek and non-lek areas. Within leks both parameters increased in courts (45 spp., 17.6 ± 14 seeds) compared with non-court sites (22 spp., 1.9 ± 1.8 seeds), likely as a consequence of the longer time spent by resident males in perches in or near display courts. Distances moved by juveniles and females per 60-min period (183 ± 272 m) were greater than resident males (42.6 ± 22.0 m) in the mornings, while the opposite happened in the afternoons (55.2 ± 40.7 m and 157 ± 105 m, respectively). We conclude that the spatial aggregation of seeds in lek areas of M. manacus occurs at the court level, and the spatial distribution of deposited seeds varies with manakin lekking status and the daily period of foraging.
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Castro-Astor, Ivandy N., Maria Alice S. Alves, and Roberto B. Cavalcanti. "Display Behavior and Spatial Distribution of the Red-Headed Manakin in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil." Condor 106, no. 2 (May 1, 2004): 320–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/106.2.320.
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AbstractWe studied the display behavior and spatial distribution of the Red-headed Manakin (Pipra rubrocapilla, Pipridae) in the Atlantic Forest of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The average distance between display sites was 72.5 ± 34.1 m (n = 11, range = 34.0–157.0 m). The study area included one 13-site lek and two solitary display sites. All sites of the same lek were within earshot of at least one other site. Males occupied the same display sites between years. The dispersion pattern of males is typical of exploded or dispersed leks. Males were more likely to interact with their nearest neighbor than with males from more distant display sites. Red-headed Manakin lekking behavior is remarkably complex, including 11 display elements, two of them not found in other members of the P. erythrocephala clade, nine vocalizations, and one mechanical sound previously undescribed in the Red-headed Manakin. The males performed both solitary displays and coordinated displays with other males on both their own display sites and on those of the other males. Most of the time, two definitive-plumaged males displayed together. The displays, vocalizations, and mechanical sound recorded in this study contribute to our understanding of the evolution of display behavior in manakins, mainly to the members of the P. erythrocephala clade.Despliegue de Cortejo y Distribución Espacial de Pipra rubrocapilla en la Mata Atlántica de BrasilResumen. Estudiamos el despliegue de cortejo y la distribución espacial de Pipra rubrocapilla (Pipridae) en el área de la Mata Atlántica del Estado de Río de Janeiro, Brasil. La distancia promedio entre los lugares de cortejo fue de 72.5 ± 34.1 m (n = 11, rango = 34.0–157.0). El área de estudio incluyó un lek con 13 lugares de cortejo y dos lugares de cortejo aislados. Desde un lugar de cortejo en un lek se podía oir la vocalización del vecino más próximo. Los machos ocuparon los mismos lugares de cortejo durante años, y presentaron la distribución espacial típica de los leks dispersos. Observamos más interacciones entre los machos de los lugares de cortejo más próximos. El despliegue de cortejo de P. rubrocapilla es muy complejo, incluyendo 11 elementos de cortejo (dos de ellos no descritos para otras especies del clado P. erythrocephala), nueve vocalizaciones y un sonido mecá nico, que hasta el momento, no había sido registrado para P. rubrocapilla. Los machos ejecutan despliegues de cortejo solitarios y despligues coordinados con otros machos en sus lugares de cortejo y en los de otros machos. La mayoría de las veces, el despliegue de cortejo es praticado por dos machos adultos. El despliegue de cortejo, las vocalizaciones y el sonido mecánico registrados en este estudio contribuyen al entendimiento de la evolución del despliegue de cortejo en los pípridos, principalmente en las especies que conforman el clado de P. erythrocephala.
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Ryder, Thomas B., John G. Blake, and Bette A. Loiselle. "A Test of the Environmental Hotspot Hypothesis for Lek Placement in Three Species of Manakins (Pipridae) in Ecuador." Auk 123, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 247–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/123.1.247.
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AbstractLekking is classified as a form of male-dominance polygyny in which males lack control of resources essential for the acquisition of females. Of particular interest to behavioral ecologists has been the mechanistic basis of male spatial aggregation and the maintenance of site fidelity over time. The “hotspot” hypothesis has been proposed as both an ultimate and proximate mechanism by which males aggregate in locations where females are likely to be encountered. The hypothesis has been extended to include areas of the environment that act to constrain females’ use of space. Here, we test a prediction of this hypothesis for three species of manakins (Pipridae): that leks are located in places where fruit, the main food for these frugivorous birds, is plentiful. We compared four lek sites with four non-lek control sites of Golden-headed (Pipra erythrocephala), Wire-tailed (P. filicauda), and White-crowned (P. pipra) manakins in an Amazonian forest in Ecuador. Our results show that lek sites had higher fruit biomass than control sites. Moreover, lek sites had more plants bearing ripe fruit as well as a higher fruit biomass per plant than control sites. Thus, our results support the environmental hotspot hypothesis as an explanation for current lek site occupancy and suggest that fruit availability may also explain the placement of traditional manakin lekking sites. We also discuss a potential direct benefit for subordinate male manakins derived from the notion of central-place foraging and public information-sharing.Una Prueba de la Hipótesis de que Puntos que Concentran Recursos Explican la Ubicación de las Asambleas de Cortejo en Tres Especies de Saltarines (Pipridae) en Ecuador
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Asmin, Ferdinal, Dudung Darusman, Iin Ichwandi, and Didik Suharjito. "Local Ecological Knowledge on Forest Clearing: A Case Study of Parak and Rimbo Practices in Simancuang Community, Indonesia." KOMUNITAS: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture 8, no. 2 (August 22, 2016): 208–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/komunitas.v8i2.5856.
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Local communities are frequently judged as the main driver of forest degradation and deforestation because of the weak recognition to local ecological knowledge (LEK) or traditional ecological knowledge (TEK). We assessed that it is important to elaborate the attributes of LEK and TEK as a way to describe why and how the local community clears the forest, as well as its relation to local practices, named parak and rimbo. Our research uses case study method to describe the local practices in Simancuang community, Alam Pauh Duo Village, South Solok District, West Sumatra Province. We conducted unstructured interviews, observations, and documents selection which were analyzed through categorization and codification as well as complemented with history analysis, spatial analysis, and related document analysis. The results showed that Simancuang community knowledge can describe the attributes of LEK and TEK as a unified whole of local knowledge for sustaining their livelihoods. Therefore, the forest clearing by Simancuang people is one of the livelihoods strategies, but they were not the main driver of forest degradation and deforestation in South Solok District.
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Longépée, Esméralda, Anliati Ahmed Abdallah, Matthieu Jeanson, and Claire Golléty. "Local Ecological Knowledge on Mangroves in Mayotte Island (Indian Ocean) and Influencing Factors." Forests 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12010053.
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The majority of studies on local ecological knowledge (LEK) relate to communities or groups relying on ecosystem(s) for their livelihood. In our case study, Mayotte Island, a French overseas department, very few people rely on mangrove ecosystem for natural resources but most of them are attached to it because of leisure activities and beliefs. The questions on mangrove LEK generally deal with a single aspect of ecological knowledge of surveyed people and is mixed with other information such as harvesting practices, anthropogenic impacts, and management issues. The aim of our study is to better understand the level of ecological knowledge of surveyed inhabitants of Mayotte and to assess whether factors linked to the profile of respondents have an influence on it. For this purpose, we carried out two main survey campaigns in three villages fringing two stable mangroves of Mayotte: the first one consisted of qualitative interviews and the second one, questionnaires lending quantitative results. Cross tabulations and Chi square tests of independence were carried out to determine the link between LEK and influencing factors. Results show that some LEK implying localized observation, such as the identification of mangrove trees and the knowledge of the coastal protection role of the mangrove, are well shared by surveyed people whereas others, such as the number and the name of mangrove tree species, are poorly known. The results also highlight the difficulty of questions implying observation at the landscape level and interpretation of observation. All the influencing factors selected have a significant influence on, at least, one LEK variable. The results highlight differences in LEK of villages bordering two nearby mangroves calling for a local management of these systems.
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Rolstad, Jørund, Erlend Rolstad, and Per Wegge. "Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus Lek Formation in Young Forest." Wildlife Biology 13, sp1 (July 2007): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2981/0909-6396(2007)13[59:ctulfi]2.0.co;2.
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Rolstad, Jørund. "Effects of logging on capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) leks." Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 4, no. 1-4 (January 1989): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02827588909382550.
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Rolstad, Jørund, and Per Wegge. "Effects of logging on capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) leks." Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 4, no. 1-4 (January 1989): 111–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02827588909382551.
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Rolstad, Jørund, and Per Wegge. "Effects of logging on capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) leks." Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 4, no. 1-4 (January 1989): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02827588909382552.
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Corazza, M., E. Kalnay, and S. C. Yang. "An implementation of the Local Ensemble Kalman Filter in a quasi geostrophic model and comparison with 3D-Var." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 14, no. 1 (February 22, 2007): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-14-89-2007.
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Abstract. We perform data assimilation experiments with a widely used quasi-geostrophic channel model and compare the Local Ensemble Kalman Filter (LEKF) with a 3D-Var developed for this model. The LEKF shows a large improvement, especially in correcting the fast growing modes of the analysis errors, with a mean square error equal to about half that of the 3D-Var. The improvement obtained in the analysis is maintained in the forecasts, implying that the system is capable of correcting the initial errors responsible for later forecast error growth. Different configurations of the LEKF are tested and compared. We find that for this system, adding random perturbations after every analysis step is more effective than the standard variance inflation in order to avoid underestimating the background error covariance and the consequent filter divergence. Experiments indicate that optimal results are obtained with a relatively small number of vectors (~30) in the ensemble. The LEKF is characterized by the "localization" of the analysis process over local domains surrounding each gridpoint of the model grid. We find that, when using a fixed number of ensemble vectors, there is an optimal size of the local horizontal domain beyond which the results do not change further.
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Castro-Astor, Ivandy N., Maria Alice S. Alves, and Roberto B. Cavalcanti. "Display Behavior and Spatial Distribution of the White-Crowned Manakin in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil." Condor 109, no. 1 (February 1, 2007): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/109.1.155.
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AbstractAbstractWe studied the display behavior and spatial distribution of the White-crowned Manakin (Dixiphia pipra, formerly in the genus Pipra) in the Atlantic Forest of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The study area included three leks, two apparently solitary display sites, and two “collective display sites,” where definitive-plumaged males, predefinitive-plumaged males, and birds of undetermined sex displayed. The average distance between display sites was 68.0 ± 24.4 m (n = 8, range = 41–113 m). Males occupied the same display sites among years. The dispersion pattern of males was typical of exploded or dispersed leks. Males did not display in auditory or visual contact, except at the two display sites that were closest to each other. Lekking White-crowned Manakins used 11 display behaviors and two vocalizations. Four of the 11 display behaviors were recorded only at the collective display sites. We only observed males displaying in the presence of other individuals, regardless of whether it was a collective or solitary display site. Definitive- and predefinitive-plumaged males and birds of indeterminate sex all displayed together. The White-crowned Manakin repertoire of 11 display behaviors indicates a more complex display behavior than previously described.
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Rolstad, J., and P. Wegge. "Distribution and size of capercaillie leks in relation to old forest fragmentation." Oecologia 72, no. 3 (June 1987): 389–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00377569.
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Blake, John G., and Bette A. Loiselle. "Manakins (Pipridae) in Second-Growth and Old-Growth Forests: Patterns of Habitat Use, Movement, and Survival." Auk 119, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 132–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/119.1.132.
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AbstractWe used capture and recapture data (1985 to 1994) to examine seasonal variation in habitat use, movements within and among habitats, and survival rates of manakins (Manacus candei, Corapipo altera, Pipra mentalis, P. pipra) in northeastern Costa Rica. Manakins were captured in young and old second-growth woodlands in the lowlands and in old-growth forest at approximately 50, 500, and 1,000 m. Manakin species differed in their use of habitats, with old-growth forest species showing large and predictable seasonal variation in capture rates. Corapipo capture rates in lowland (nonbreeding) habitats were greater during the wet season than during the dry season and were greater in old-growth forest than in second growth. Capture rates at 500 m were higher in the dry season. Pipra mentalis capture rates were high in second growth and old growth. Capture rates were higher in the wet season and were correlated with capture rates of Corapipo, indicating that at least some individual P. mentalis migrate along the elevational gradient. P. pipra capture rates were highest at 1,000 m; few individuals descended to lowlands in the wet season. Manacus capture rates were highest in young second growth and did not vary between wet and dry seasons. Use of second-growth habitats by species typically associated with old-growth forests illustrates the value of maintaining a mosaic of habitats to accommodate seasonal changes in use of habitats. Contrary to expectations based on lek mating systems, there was little evidence that movements within habitats (i.e. recapture distances) varied between sexes. Yet, recapture percentages were higher in all species for adult females than males. Adult survival rates were ∼0.75 for Manacus in young second growth, 0.62 for Corapipo in old-growth forest at 50 m and 0.66 at 500 m, and 0.70 for Pipra mentalis in lowland old-growth forest. Results support the suggestion that geographic variation in survival rates may be common in the tropics and illustrate the need for examining survival rates separately by age and sex.
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Eriksen, Christine, and Timothy Prior. "The art of learning: wildfire, amenity migration and local environmental knowledge." International Journal of Wildland Fire 20, no. 4 (2011): 612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf10018.
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Communicating the need to prepare well in advance of the wildfire season is a strategic priority for wildfire management agencies worldwide. However, there is considerable evidence to suggest that although these agencies invest significant effort towards this objective in the lead up to each wildfire season, landholders in at-risk locations often remain under-prepared. One reason for the poor translation of risk information materials into actual preparation may be attributed to the diversity of people now inhabiting wildfire-prone locations in peri-urban landscapes. These people hold widely varying experiences, beliefs, attitudes and values relating to wildfire, which influence their understanding and interpretation of risk messages – doing so within the constraints of their individual contexts. This paper examines the diversity of types of local environmental knowledge (LEK) present within wildfire-prone landscapes affected by amenity-led in-migration in south-east Australia. It investigates the ways people learn and form LEK of wildfire, and how this affects the ability of at-risk individuals to interpret and act on risk communication messages. We propose a practical framework that complements existing risk education mechanisms with engagement and interaction techniques (agency–community and within community) that can utilise LEK most effectively and facilitate improved community-wide learning about wildfire and wildfire preparedness.
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Salleh, Sazlina, Mahadi Mohammad, and Mohammad Reevany Bustami. "Nusantarazation Environmental Paradigm: Sustaining Biodiversity and Culture in Nusantara Malay Archipelago with Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK)." Journal of Sustainable Development Science 3, no. 2 (December 19, 2021): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.46650/jsds.3.2.1165.77-83.
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Since Nusantara Malay Archipelago is a maritime community, its indigenous knowledge and local wisdom is largely connected to sea life and water. Nevertheless, there are also mountains, valleys, forests and flatlands; hence, local knowledge is also connected to these landscapes and spaces. This article submits the environmental paradigm of Nusantarazation and its interconnectedness with local ecological knowledge (LEK) as well as reports on findings in the form of case exemplars in the field related to these constructs. The authors argue that Nusantarazation is an epistemological paradigm which is able to decolonize environment knowledge and provide an integrative framework for LEK, sustainable practices and technological know-how. The spatial scope covers mainly areas in Malaysia and Indonesia as these are part of Nusantara. Among the key findings are that LEK tend to be accompanied with seemingly unscientific or mythical narratives but are translated into practices that promote sustainability either in the land or waters. This article also capture various local constructs and beliefs that capture the underlying value systems which are integral to conservation and ecological balance. Nevertheless, the Nusantarazation environmental paradigm encounters challenges from colonial legacies of power modern practices and industrial complex that threaten to harm the environment and humanity.
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Heindl, Martin. "Social Organization on Leks of the Wire-Tailed Manakin in Southern Venezuela." Condor 104, no. 4 (November 1, 2002): 772–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/104.4.772.
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AbstractI studied the social organization of lekking Wire-tailed Manakins (Pipra filicauda) in the Amazonian lowland rainforest of southern Venezuela. Territorial males maintained dispersed territories at lek sites in seasonally flooded forest and were visited by other territorial males, by nonterritorial males, and by immature males. Nonterritorial males became territorial either by establishing a new display area or by inheriting an existent territory. The majority of territorial visitors never engaged in joint displays with territory owners, whereas nonterritorial male visitors attempted displays with the resident bird during more than half of the observed interactions. One-third of the territory owners formed at least periodically close display partnerships with a specific nonterritorial male. Observations during female visits to male pairs and dominant behavior of the resident bird within its territory suggest a hierarchy within display pairs. Dominance relationships, stability in the composition of display pairs, and the possibility for subordinates to inherit a territory indicate that coordinated displays between males may have a cooperative function. However, most female visits were directed to single males, so that joint displays are probably not obligatory for achieving copulations.Organización Social de Leks de Pipra filicauda en el Sur de VenezuelaResumen. Estudié la organización social de leks de Pipra filicauda en la selva amazónica del sur de Venezuela. Los machos territoriales mantenieron territorios dispersos en sitios ubicados en bosque estacionalmente inundado y fueron visitados por otros machos territoriales, machos no-territoriales y machos inmaduros. Los machos no-territoriales se hicieron territoriales al establecer un nuevo sitio de despliegue o al heredar un territorio ya existente. La mayoría de los machos territoriales visitantes nunca desplegaron junto al macho propietario del territorio, mientras que los visitantes no-territoriales intentaron desplegarse con el macho residente en más de la mitad de las interacciones observadas. Un tercio de los machos residentes fue observado formaron periodicamente asociaciones de despliegue con ciertos machos no-territoriales. Observaciones durante las visitas de hembras a parejas de machos y del comportamiento dominante del macho residente dentro de su territorio indicarían una relación jerarquica dentro de la asociación de despliegue. Las relaciónes de dominancia, la estabilidad en la composición de las asociaciones de desplegar y la posibilidad de que los machos subordinados de heredar un territorio, sugieren que los despliegues coordinados entre machos tendrían una función cooperativa. Sin embargo, las visitas de las hembras se centraron principalmente en machos solitarios, lo que sugiere que la función de las asociaciones de despliegue no son obligatorias para obtener cópulas.
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Rode, Jörg. "Kaufland verbessert Prognosen deutlich." Lebensmittel Zeitung 74, no. 46 (2022): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.51202/0947-7527-2022-46-030.
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Kaufland nutzt als erster großer deutscher LEH-Filialist das neue Prognose-System UDF von SAP. Die Software ersetzt in der Breite des Sortiments die Forecasts des alten F&R-Systems, aber bei Frische auch die des SAP-Konkurrenten Blue Yonder.
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Ayu Ratna Sari, Ni Made, I. Wayan Sandi Adnyana, and I. Nyoman Merit. "Prediksi Erosi dan Arahan Penggunaan Lahan Daerah Aliran Sungai Yeh Leh Provinsi Bali." ECOTROPHIC : Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan (Journal of Environmental Science) 12, no. 1 (May 31, 2018): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ejes.2018.v12.i01.p10.
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Erosion in the watershed generally occurs due to land use that ignores the rules of soil and water conservation. There is much activity carried out by people living on land in the Yeh Leh watershed area, which makes the level of dependence is very enormous.The erosion forecast is using the USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation) to estimate the erosion swift occurs and to obtain illustration in determining the precise soil and water measures in a region. The determination of land capability classification is using Arsyad’s method (1989) in which to classify the land ability by classifying the land ability class based on the value of land limiting factors, which then adjusted to the criteria of classification of land capability. The land use directional determination is applying the scoring method where combining field slope factor, soil sensitivity to erosion and daily rainfall intensity. The erosion level of the YehLeh watershed area is categorized as mild to very severe. A very light erosion level as large as 515 ha (21.01%), with the land use in the form of irrigated rice field and forest. The severe erosion level as large as 990.02 ha (40.40%) with land use in the form of plantations. The very heavy erosion level as large as 945.82 ha (38.59%) with land use in the form of plantations. The classification of land capability in the YehLeh watershed area consists of 5 classes of land abilities: class II of 115, 22 ha (4.70%), class III of 533.95 ha (21.79%), class IV of 423.61 (17.28%), Class VI of 1,102.03 ha (44.97%), and Class VII of 276.03 ha (11.26%), with some limiting factors for instance, soil texture, erosion and drainage. Proposed land use in the YehLeh watershed area use for forest areas is as protected forest of 456.49 ha (18.63%). Proposed land use outside of the forest area consist of 58.51 ha (2.39%) of seasonal crops, annual cultivation area of 990.02 ha (40.40%) and buffer area of 945.82 (38.59%).
 
 Keywords: watershed, erosion, land capability classification, proposed land use.
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GONZÁLEZ, MANUEL ANTONIO, BENITO FUERTES, BEATRIZ BLANCO-FONTAO, and ÁNGEL DE FRUTOS. "The edge also matters: human threats in a rare Mediterranean habitat for Cantabrian Capercaillie." Bird Conservation International 27, no. 4 (January 11, 2017): 582–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270916000587.
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SummaryNature reserves focused on the protection of an endangered species are often restricted to the core of the species’ distribution, leaving peripheral populations unprotected due to a lack of specific knowledge. This study describes the factors that potentially contribute to degradation of habitats of a peripheral population of the endangered Cantabrian Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus cantabricus. Using presence/absence data, we compared forest fragmentation, fire risk, and distance from leks to human infrastructure. Forest fragments in which Cantabrian Capercaillie were detected were significantly larger, closer to the nearest occupied fragments, and had a higher proximity index than fragments in which no presence was detected. Eighteen percent of the area of fragments in which Cantabrian Capercaillie presence was detected were placed in the high risk of fire category. Human infrastructure represents a permanent loss of Mediterranean habitat for the Cantabrian Capercaillie. The study area is highly modified by human activities; a priority conservation measure should be inclusion within the Natura 2000 network.
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Laalobang, Sanherip, I. W. Mudita, and Yosep Seran Mau. "Local Ecological Knowledge on Food Materials of Land Plant Origin in Kabola Ethnic Communities in Alor District, East Nusa Tengara Province." Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan 19, no. 1 (April 28, 2021): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jil.19.1.43-52.
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Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK) regarding local food plants is knowledge that is owned by local communities and is passed down from generation to generation. LED is obtained through a long process of adaptation and is used by local communities to address environmental problems. The Kabola ethnic group also has LEK regarding food plants used to solve food problems on dry land, but the LEK owned by the Kabola ethnic community is in danger of being lost. The method used is a mixed method (Mixed Methodology), which combines qualitative methods and quantitative methods, data collection begins with an exploration using a qualitative case study method by means of in-depth interviews followed by a quantitative survey method of the plant species mentioned during the interview. The results showed that the Kabola ethnic group still collects wild food plants from forests, former gardens and riverbanks, even though they have cultivated various types of food crops; The Kabola ethnic group community collects food plants during the rainy season and dry season, but most food gathering activities are carried out at the end of the rainy season and during the dry season; The people of the Kabola ethnic group collect food by using simple tools while leaving certain parts of the plant from which the food is collected; The people of the Kabola ethnic group still pass on local knowledge about foodstuffs to the younger generation through stories, personal experiences and providing examples or direct practices about plants that can be used to meet food needs; The Kabola ethnic group cultivates local food plants, but these cultivation efforts are only carried out individually and have not received support from the local government.
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Boyle, W. Alice, Christopher G. Guglielmo, Keith A. Hobson, and D. Ryan Norris. "Lekking birds in a tropical forest forego sex for migration." Biology Letters 7, no. 5 (April 6, 2011): 661–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0115.
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Facultative, partially migratory animals provide a contemporary window into the evolution of migration, offering rare opportunities to examine the life-history trade-offs associated with migration. For the first time, to our knowledge, we describe the nature of these trade-offs, using a lek-breeding tropical bird, the white-ruffed manakin ( Corapipo altera ). Previous evidence indicated that weather drives post-breeding migration to lower elevations bringing condition-related benefits. Using elevation-sensitive stable isotope measurements and more than 1200 h of behavioural observations, we show that male manakins which migrate incur costs of diminished social status and matings with females the following breeding season. Because migratory tendency depends on inter-annual variation in weather, physical costs of displays and breeding prospects the following year, migratory decisions are subject to both natural and sexual selection, with the outcome of such decisions linked to changing climatic regimes.
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MEREGALLI, MASSIMO. "Revision of the Nepalese genus Microplinthus Zherichin, 1987 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Molytinae), with description of 25 new species." Zootaxa 4794, no. 1 (June 15, 2020): 1–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4794.1.1.
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The Nepalese genus Microplinthus Zherichin, 1987 is revised. The following 25 new species are described (type locality in parentheses): M. annapurnae (Annapurna Himal, Rambrong Danda, 28°23’N 84°13’E), M. arunensis (Khandbari Distr., forest S. Mansimgma, 27°30’N 87°20’E), M. brevipennis (Manaslu Himal, Bhara Pokhari, 28°18’N 84°28’E), M. durga (W Pokhara, near Ghorepani, 28°24’N 83°42’E), M. franzi (Kaligandakhi valley, between Lethe and Tukuche, 28°36’N 83°38’E), M. ganesha (Ganesh Himal, Rupchet, 28°05’N 85°09’E), M. godawaricus (Kathmandu, Phulchowki, 27°34’N 85°24’E), M. gupta (Helambu Himal, upper Chipling, 27°53’N 85°28’E), M. helambuensis (Central Nepal, between Mulkharka and Thare Pati, 28°08’N 85°22’E–28°02’N 85°29’E), M. jaegeri (W Pokhara, Mt. Panchase, 28°13’N 83°48’E), M. karnalicus (Karnali Distr. 5 km E Charta, 29°18’N 82°20’E), M. kaskianus (Kaski Distr., above Pothana, 28°19’N 83°51’E), M. kaumarya (Karnali Distr., Gotichaur valley, 29°12’10”N 82°18’56”E), M. khandbariensis (Khandbari Distr., above Seduwa, 27°34’N 87°15’E), M. koshianus (Koshi Prov., SW Chichilla, 27°27.01’N 87°13.13’E), M. letheensis (Kaligandakhi valley, between Lethe and Tukuche, 28°36’N 83°38’E), M. longipennis (Manaslu Himal, Bhara Pokhari lekh, 28°18’24”N 84°28’06”E), M. messneri (Panchtar Distr., Dhorpar Kharka, 27°05’N 87°55’E), M. newarorum (Phulchowki Distr., Lalitpur, 27°34’N 85°24’E), M. phulchowkianus (Kathmandu, Phulchowki, 27°34’N 85°24’E), M. rugosus (Solokhumbu Distr., Lamiura Danda, 27°34’N 86° 30’E), M. schmidti (Manaslu Himal, Dudh Pokhari lekh, 28°20’N 84°35’E), M. sherpa (Khandbari Distr., Bakan, 27°38’N 87°12’E), M. tamanus (Rolwaling Himal, upper Simigau, 27°51’N 86°15’E), M. yeti (Hinku Distr., Drangka Khola bridge, 27°35’N 86°47’E). A key for the identification of all species of Microplinthus is given. A phylogenetic analysis based on morphological characters of the species referable to the genera Falsanchonus, Microniphades and Microplinthus was carried out, implementing Bayesian Inference and Maximum Parsimony. Results indicate that the genera Falsanchonus and Microniphades are paraphyletic and are here treated as junior synonyms of Microplinthus.
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Gregersen, Håkon, and Finn Gregersen. "Old bilberry forest increases likelihood of Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus lek occupancy in Southern Norway." Ornis Norvegica 31 (January 1, 2008): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.15845/on.v31i0.172.
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Bodlak, Maciej, Jan Kudełko, and Andrzej Zibrow. "Machine Learning in predicting the extent of gas and rock outburst." E3S Web of Conferences 71 (2018): 00009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187100009.
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In order to develop a method for forecasting the costs generated by rock and gas outbursts for hard coal deposit "Nowa Ruda Pole Piast Wacław-Lech", the analyses presented in this paper focused on key factors influencing the discussed phenomenon. Part of this research consisted in developing a prediction model of the extentof rock and gas outbursts with regard to the most probable mass of rock [Mg] and volume of gas [m3] released in an outburst and to the length of collapsed and/or damaged workings [running meters, rm]. For this purpose, a machine learning method was used, i.e. a "random forests method" with the "XGBoost" machine learning algorithm. After performing the machine learning process with the cross-validation technique, with five iterations, the lowest possible values of the mean-square prediction error "RMSE" were achieved. The obtained model and the program written in the programming language "R" was verified on the basis of the "RMSE" values, prediction matching graphs, out of sample analysis, importance ranking of input parameters and the sensitivity of the model during the forecast for hypothetical conditions.
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Barske, J., L. Fusani, M. Wikelski, N. Y. Feng, M. Santos, and B. A. Schlinger. "Energetics of the acrobatic courtship in male golden-collared manakins ( Manacus vitellinus )." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1776 (February 7, 2014): 20132482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2482.
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In lek mating systems, females choose mates through indicators of quality, which males may exhibit by their performance of courtship displays. In temperate regions, displaying seasons are brief (one to two months), whereas in the tropics courtship seasons may be prolonged. Moreover, in temperate-breeding animals lekking behaviour can be energetically demanding, but little is known about the energy costs of lekking in tropical animals. Daily, over the course of a nearly seven-month-long breeding season, male golden-collared manakins ( Manacus vitellinus ) of Panamanian rainforests perform acrobatic courtship displays that markedly elevate heart rates, suggesting that they require high energy investment. Typically, animals of tropical lowland forests (such as manakins) exhibit a ‘slow pace of life’ metabolic strategy. We investigated whether male manakin courtship is indeed metabolically costly or whether the birds retain a low daily energy expenditure (DEE), as seen in other tropical species. To assess these questions, we calibrated manakin heart rate against metabolic rate, examined daily lek activity and, using telemetry, obtained heart rates of individual wild, lekking male manakins. Although metabolic rates peak during courtship displays, we found that males actually invest minimal time (only approx. 5 min d −1 ) performing displays. As a consequence, the DEE of approximately 39 kJ d −1 for male manakins is comparable to other lowland tropical species. The short, intense bursts of courtship by these birds make up only approximately 1.2% of their total DEE. Presumably, this cost is negligible, enabling them to perform daily at their arenas for months on end.
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Rolstad, Jørund, Per Wegge, and Bjørn Bjerke Larsen. "Spacing and habitat use of capercaillie during summer." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 670–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-099.
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We radio-tracked 52 capercaillie males and 21 broodless females during June, July, and August, 1979–1986, in a 100-km2 coniferous forest in central Scandinavia. After display activity ceased in early June, 77% of adult males made distinct movements, averaging 1.5 km, from lek territories to summer ranges. A similar movement was made by 48% of the females after loss of nest or brood. Males were now nonterritorial, and lived solitarily in overlapping home ranges averaging 170 ha. In June and July, they used successional stages in proportion to availability, but in August they preferred old, natural forest. Females, having home ranges averaging 103 ha, commonly formed small social groups of two to four individuals. They preferred young plantations throughout summer, and also preferred denser habitats than males. Both sexes returned to the same summer ranges in consecutive years. Home ranges of both sexes were distributed in a clumped spacing pattern. This can be explained by preference for patchily distributed habitat types in males, and habitat preference and sociality in broodless females.
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Braga‐Pereira, Franciany, Thais Q. Morcatty, Hani R. El Bizri, Aline S. Tavares, Carla Mere‐Roncal, Carlos González‐Crespo, Carolina Bertsch, et al. "Congruence of local ecological knowledge (LEK)‐based methods and line‐transect surveys in estimating wildlife abundance in tropical forests." Methods in Ecology and Evolution 13, no. 3 (December 5, 2021): 743–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/2041-210x.13773.
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LATIEF AHMAD and RAIHANA HABIB KANTH. "Characterization of climate of Leh district of cold-arid Himalaya." Journal of Agrometeorology 16, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 214–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v16i2.1525.
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Miettinen, Janne, Pekka Helle, and A. Nikula. "Lek area characteristics of capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) in eastern Finland as analysed from satellite-based forest inventory data." Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 20, no. 4 (August 2005): 358–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02827580500201619.
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Bosholn, Mariane, Dilson Vargas-Peixoto, Tainara Venturini Sobroza, and Jean Fernando Nunes. "A NEW BEHAVIOR AT THE LEK BY MALE VIOLET‐CROWNED PLOVERCRESTS (STEPHANOXIS LODDIGESII)." Ornitología Neotropical 28 (February 23, 2017): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.58843/ornneo.v28i0.43.
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ABSTRACT ∙ Males of the Violet‐crowned Plovercrest (Stephanoxis loddigesii) exhibit a lekking reproductive system where agonistic interactions are relatively common. Here we describe a new behavior performed when Violet‐ crowned Plovercrest males are alone on perches. This study was conducted in 2011 at two Violet‐crowned Plovercrest leks located in semi‐deciduous forests of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. We performed ad libitum observations on seven males. The new behavior is always performed by solitary males. During the displays the hovering male with raised crest, pointed the beak towards the display perch while flying sideways in semicircles or circles. This behavior is similar to aggressive displays performed in front of perched rival males. Such a display is also present in other species of hummingbirds and may help to prepare males for aggressive aerial exhibitions or, alternatively, may represent a displacement behavior.RESUMO ∙ Um novo comportamento em leques de Beija‐flor‐de‐topete (Stephanoxis loddigesii) Machos do Beija‐flor‐de‐topete (Stephanoxis loddigesii) se agregam em leques, onde interações agonísticas são relativamente comuns. Aqui, nós descrevemos um novo comportamento que é realizado quando machos do Beija‐flor‐de‐ topete estão sozinhos nos leques. O estudo foi conduzido em 2011 em dois leques do Beija‐flor‐de‐topete localizados em uma Floresta Semidecidual, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Nós utilizamos o método de ad libitum para observar sete machos. O novo comportamento é realizado por machos solitários. Durante as exibições, os machos pairam no ar com os seus topetes eriçados, dirigindo seus bicos para o poleiro de corte enquanto voam lateralmente formando círculos e semicírculos. Este comportamento é similar às exibições agressivas realizadas na frente de poleiros de machos rivais. Essa exibição também está presente em outras espécies de beija‐flores, e podem colaborar para preparar os machos para exibições agressivas aéreas ou, alternativamente, podem representar um comportamento de deslocamento.
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AMEEN, MUHAMMAD, ABDUL MAJID KHAN, MUHAMMAD TAHIR WASEEM, RANA MANZOOR AHMAD, MUHAMMAD IMRAN, AYESHA IQBAL, and AMTUR RAFEH. "Were late Gomphotheres (Plio-Pleistocene) of the Siwaliks at more Stress as Compared to early Gomphotheres (middle to late Miocene)?" Journal of Bioresource Management 7, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35691/jbm.0202.0158.
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Gomphotheres existed in the Siwaliks from the middle Miocene (14.2Ma) to the middle Pleistocene (0.8Ma) and became extinct later on. In this paper, we tried to discuss the reasons of such extinction of gomphotheres in the lower Pleistocene time span by considering Linear Enamel Hypoplasia (LEH) among 114 isolated tooth samples to assess whether ecological changes correlate with the stress factor in gomphotheres. For this purpose, the Siwalik gomphotheres were divided into two Groups viz. early gomphotheres (middle Miocene to late Miocene) and late gomphotheres (Pliocene to middle Pleistocene). We presented the hypothesis, that as the gomphotheres are characterized by the brachydonty and relied on browsing for their feeding while inhabiting the semi forest land setting thus, expected to have higher stress in Plio-Pleistocene time span as vegetational change around ~6 Ma may have exerted stress on late gomphotheres. The results for the occurrence of frequency of LEH indicated severe ecological stress in late gomphotheres (33%). The significant differences were found (P < 0.05) among the early gomphotheres and late gomphotheres which can be correlated to the vegetational change from C3 to C4, higher aridity indices and intensified seasonality after the late Miocene vegetational shift which may have resulted in substantial faunal turnover, extinction and speciation. We assume that such palaeoecological changes forced a competition with more pronounced grazers like of family Elephantidae and Bovidae resulting in extinction of gomphotheres during the late Pleistocene in the Siwaliks of Pakistan.
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HEINDL, MARTIN, and HANS WINKLER. "Vertical lek placement of forest-dwelling manakin species (Aves, Pipridae) is associated with vertical gradients of ambient light." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 80, no. 4 (December 1, 2003): 647–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2003.00264.x.
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Endler, John A., and Marc Thery. "Interacting Effects of Lek Placement, Display Behavior, Ambient Light, and Color Patterns in Three Neotropical Forest-Dwelling Birds." American Naturalist 148, no. 3 (September 1996): 421–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/285934.
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FRANCISCO, MERCIVAL R., H. LISLE GIBBS, MAURO GALETTI, VITOR O. LUNARDI, and PEDRO M. GALETTI JUNIOR. "Genetic structure in a tropical lek-breeding bird, the blue manakin (Chiroxiphia caudata) in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest." Molecular Ecology 16, no. 23 (December 2007): 4908–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03519.x.
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Théry, Marc, and Denis Larpin. "Seed dispersal and vegetation dynamics at a cock-of-the-rock's lek in the tropical forest of French Guiana." Journal of Tropical Ecology 9, no. 1 (February 1993): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400007045.
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Robinson, Willard S., Delina E. Dority, Andy J. Kulikowski, and Scott R. Shaw. "The recently described parasitoid braconid wasp, Napo townsendi (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Euphorinae: Dinocampini), forms leks and deters predators in the Ecuadorian cloud forest." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 35, no. 03 (June 23, 2015): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758415000107.
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In the Ecuadorian cloud forest, males of the parasitoid braconid waspNapo townsendiShaw displayed facultative lekking, appearing both singly and in groups of 2–7 on the leaf tops of various plant species. To attract females, they constantly employed a stereotypical, spread-winged calling behaviour, apparently releasing a sex pheromone combed from the lateral metasomal exocrine glands and applied to the wings and hind legs. Aggregated males used the same posture in conspecific agonistic displays, often leading to physical fighting. While female wasps were attracted to and mated with displaying singletons, they also made a choice among aggregated males. When females approached, males vibrated their wings in a brief courtship and mounted. Details of copulation behaviour, which lasted on an average of 3–4 min, are described. Without apparent physical weaponry, the displaying wasps successfully warded off attacks from an assortment of predatory arthropods, particularly salticid spiders. We present case studies of repeated unsuccessful predation attempts by salticids. Here, we postulate that calling and release of sex pheromone may double as both an intrasexual agonistic display and an aposematic advisory to predators that the wasps employ a chemical defence.
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Vika, Blerina, and Ilir Vika. "Forecasting Albanian Time Series with Linear and Nonlinear Univariate Models." Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 10, no. 5 (September 5, 2021): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2021-0140.
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Albanian economic time series show irregular patterns since the 1990s that may affect economic analyses with linear methods. The purpose of this study is to assess the ability of nonlinear methods in producing forecasts that could improve upon univariate linear models. The latter are represented by the classic autoregressive (AR) technique, which is regularly used as a benchmark in forecasting. The nonlinear family is represented by two methods, i) the logistic smooth transition autoregressive (LSTAR) model as a special form of the time-varying parameter method, and ii) the nonparametric artificial neural networks (ANN) that mimic the brain’s problem solving process. Our analysis focuses on four basic economic indicators – the CPI prices, GDP, the T-bill interest rate and the lek exchange rate – that are commonly used in various macroeconomic models. Comparing the forecast ability of the models in 1, 4 and 8 quarters ahead, we find that nonlinear methods rank on the top for more than 75 percent of the out-of-sample forecasts, led by the feed-forward artificial neural networks. Although the loss differential between linear and nonlinear model forecasts is often found not statistically significant by the Diebold-Mariano test, our results suggest that it can be worth trying various alternatives beyond the linear estimation framework. Received: 19 June 2021 / Accepted: 25 August 2021 / Published: 5 September 2021
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Westcott, David A., and Frederieke J. Kroon. "Geographic Song Variation and its Consequences in the Golden Bowerbird." Condor 104, no. 4 (November 1, 2002): 750–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/104.4.750.
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Abstract Geographic variation in birdsong is known from a variety of taxa, but is especially common and most frequently reported in passerines with resource-based territorial mating systems. To date, relatively little data have been presented on patterns of song variation in species with lek and leklike mating systems. In this paper, we describe geographic song variation in the Golden Bowerbird (Prionodura newtonia) a species with a leklike mating system. We compared recordings of the species advertisement song, collected from five isolated forest blocks from across the species range in northeastern Australia. Golden Bowerbird advertisement song shows marked geographic variation in form. All males within a population sing a song similar to each other, but distinct from that of males from other locations. The song traits important in discriminating between the songs of the different populations were bandwidth, number of peaks, dominant frequency, fundamental frequency, internote interval, and pureness. Discriminant function analyses based on these traits were highly accurate in assigning songs to their population of origin. We then used playback experiments to test whether geographic song variation in Golden Bowerbirds is functional. In the playback experiments males responded more strongly to song from local dialects than from foreign dialects. We discuss our results in light of current hypotheses on the evolution of geographic song variation. Variación Geográfica del Canto y Sus Consecuencias en Prionodura newtonia Resumen. La variación geográfica del canto de las aves es conocida para muchos taxa, pero es especialmente común en paserinos con sistemas reproductivos territoriales basados en la disponibilidad de recursos. Hasta ahora, se han presentado relativamente pocos datos sobre la variación del canto en especies con un sistema reproductivo con asambleas de cortejo (lek) y con sistemas reproductivos similares al tipo lek. En este trabajo, describimos las variaciones geográficas del canto de Prionodura newtonia, una especie que presenta un sistema reproductivo del tipo lek. Comparamos grabaciones de los cantos de anuncio, colectados en cinco bosques aislados a lo largo del rango geográfico de la especie en el noreste de Australia. El canto de anuncio de P. newtonia mostró una marcada variación geográfica en cuanto a la forma. Todos los machos pertenecientes a una misma población cantaron de forma similar entre ellos, pero difirieron de machos pertenecientes a otras poblaciones. Los caracteres importantes que permitieron discriminar los cantos de las diferentes poblaciones fueron el ancho de la banda, el número de picos, la frecuencia dominante y fundamental, el intervalo entre notas, y la pureza. Los análisis de función discriminante basados en estos caracteres fueron altamente precisos en asignar los cantos a sus poblaciones de origen. Luego, utilizamos experimentos de play-back para probar si la variación geográfica del canto en esta especie es funcional. En los experimentos de play-back los machos respondieron más fuertemente a los cantos de los dialectos locales que a los extranjeros. Discutimos nuestros resultados en relación a las hipótesis actuales respecto a la evolución de la variación geográfica del canto.
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A. Y. MUNJ, B. S. RANA, and S. K. GODASE. "Population dynamics of mango hopper, Idioscopus niveosparsus Leth and its natural enemies under coastal Konkan conditions of Maharashtra." Journal of Agrometeorology 19, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 372–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.54386/jam.v19i4.612.
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Sahureka, Mersiana, H. Lelloltery, and J. Ch Hitipeuw. "IMPLEMENTASI PENGEMBANGAN EKOWISATA BERBASIS MASYARAKAT DI HUTAN LINDUNG GUNUNG SIRIMAU KOTA AMBON." JURNAL HUTAN PULAU-PULAU KECIL 1, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/jhppk.2016.1.2.128.
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Longterm goals to be achieved from this study was to determine the benefitts of ecotourism activities for the improvement of public welfare and conservation of natural resources in the protected forests of Mount Sirimau. Specific targets to be achieved is to know the tourism development strategy by focusing on real public participation through community participation in the entire ecotourism activities ranging from planning to evaluation monitoring.Metode research used survey method by observation, interviews and focus group discussions between groups of conscious travel, community and government Hukurila country. FGD conducted modified from the PRA method with the process includes the formulation of the problem, identification of alternative problem-solving and implementation. Cooperation with stakeholders through a partnership approach. Data were analyzed qualitative descriptive to describe implimentasi community-based ecotourism development. The results showed that the group of tourism awareness “Nine” into institutional forum in the village who managed Hukurila ecotourism in the country. Activities include participatory community activities in terms of return decisions, participation in the implementation of activities such as a tour guide providers, providers of food and beverage services, environmental cleanup and promotion of tourist sites and providers of travel and participation and maintenance of facilities and infrastructure. While the partnership approach includes the development of local human resources such as training Website creatio cooperation aware group travel with community organizations, counseling with the theme “Precious Hukurila” about the introduction of the surrounding environment. Cooperation Foundation Heka Leka, YES (Youth Exchanges and Study USA).
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Rucińska, Danuta Halina, and Andrzej Ruciński. "Commercial (Business) Parks in the Landside Areas - Research and Polemical Approach." Transport Economics and Logistics 83 (September 17, 2019): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/etil.2019.83.07.
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According to the forecasts of the development of air traffic in Europe by 2030, it will be doubled. Along with the dynamic development of the industry, branch and its infrastructure, the area around airports is becoming a place of concentration of diversified commercial activity-economic, investment, business, cultural etc. The vicinity of airports, airport-related zones, especially in the immediate vicinity, are convenient roundabouts are convenient locations for commercial (business) parks due to high availability of air transport, supply of land for investment and infrastructure investment for these areas. They are managed from the level of airports as part of their non-aeronautical activities or by entities independent of the airport. The strength of these locations is demonstrated by the activities of airport managers, investors and local government officials whose goal is to attract foreign companies (users of modern real estate in so-called airport towns). The aim of the article is to analyze the development processes of these functional space structures, including those related to the Gdańsk Lech Walesa Airport. Theresearch process uses the methodology developed by ACI (Airport Council International), and some results and opinions are the effect of in-depth studies and author’s experience.
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RAGHAVAN, S. "Observational aspects including weather radar for tropical cyclone monitoring." MAUSAM 64, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v64i1.658.
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Hkkjr ekSle foKku foHkkx ¼vkbZ- ,e- Mh-½ ds iwokZuqeku izn’kZu ifj;pkstuk ¼,Q- Mh- ih-½ ds lanHkZ esa dh xbZ fofHkUu izs{k.kkRed lqfo/kkvksa vkSj rduhdksa dh leh{kk dh xbZ gSA ftudk iz;ksx pØokr ds iFk dk irk yxkus vkSj m".kdfVca/kh; pØokrksa dks le>us ds fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA izkS|ksfxdh ds laca/k esa fd, x, iz;klksa ds okLrfod ijh{k.k ls izpkyukRed lanHkZ esa gekjs iwokZuqekuksa ds fu"iknu dk irk pyrk gSA bl laca/k esa vko’;d mik;ksa ij bl 'kks/k&i= esa fopkj&foe’kZ fd;k x;k gSA
 In the context of the Forecast Demonstration Project (FDP) of the India Meteorological Department (IMD), a review is made of the various observational facilities and techniques which can be deployed, for the detection tracking and understanding of tropical cyclones. The real test of the efforts in terms of technology is the performance of our forecasts in an operational context. The paper discusses the steps needed in this regard.