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1
Bobkov, Vladimir A. "Statutory Regulation of Living of Employees of Military Industry Enterprises of Russia in the Second Half of the XIX to the Beginning of the XX Century". Military juridical journal 2 (4 de febrero de 2021): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/2070-2108-2021-2-25-28.
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On the basis of historical documents that were not previously introduced into a wide scientific circulation, the features of the normative legal regulation of the life of workers of military-industrial enterprises (arsenals and factories) of Russia in the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries are reconstructed. The dependence of the social relations considered in the article on the development of civil and military legislation of the Russian Empire is shown. The publication found that the legal regulation sought to cover most aspects of the life of workers in military enterprises. The military authorities gave legislative incentives to impeccable and high-quality work, designated socio-economic guarantees for workers in the event of injury, injury or retirement. The corresponding punitive norms of the military legislation were applied to the workers of the military-industrial enterprises who were careless about the case, and sometimes committing antisocial actions. In general, civil and military legislation were harmoniously combined and successfully regulated the life of workers of military-industrial enterprises of Russia in the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries. Effective legislative regulation helped boost productivity in military factories and arsenals, and ultimately ensured the strength of domestic weapons and increased Russia’s national security.
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Tevlina, Victoria. "Can they be compared?" Journal of Comparative Social Work 3, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2008): 42–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/jcsw.v3i1.36.
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This essay concentrates on the social modernization that took place in Russia and Norway during the period from the late 19th to the early 21st century by examining the origins and the subsequent development of their welfare systems, including the social legislation passed. The focus is on the professional assistance provided and the specialized workers engaged in social care for the underprivileged sections of the population.
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Ivanov, S. Yu. "Legal status of national minorities on the Ukrainian territory in the 19th century". Bulletin of Kharkiv National University of Internal Affairs 99, n.º 4 (21 de diciembre de 2022): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32631/v.2022.4.04.
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The peculiarities of the formation and development of legal status of national minorities, who were on Ukrainian territory during the studied period and were engaged in various types of economic activity, as well as the influence of the general imperial and local legislation on certain aspects of the life of national minorities, have been investigated.
The regulatory and legislative acts that determined the legal status of various national communities have been analyzed. The conditions and circumstances under which the process of forming the legal status of national minorities on the territory of Ukraine took place during the 19th century have been shown in general terms. Changes in imperial legislation have been demonstrated depending on the attitude of the current government to certain events in the empire, which ranged from providing comprehensive assistance and support to a restrained attitude, and sometimes to open persecution, introduction of economic restrictions, confiscation of granted lands, etc. This was the case with representatives of the Jewish, German and Polish national minorities.
Particular attention has been paid to such legislative documents of various levels as the Regulations on the settlement of Jews, the Regulations on Jews, the Instruction of the Office of Guardianship of Novorossiysk foreign settlers, the Statute on foreign colonies in the empire, the Laws “On the lease of landed property to foreigners for up to 36 years”, “On restricting the right of Catholic peasants to acquire land property in nine Western provinces”, “On the analysis of the gentry in the Western provinces and on the arrangement of this kind of people”, Regulations on the Main Department of Colonists of the Southern Territory, etc. It has been shown that the imperial power fully supported the actions aimed at the gradual assimilation and Russification of national communities, increased social tension, thereby weakening the tendency of the formation of national political forces.
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Garreto, Gairo, João Santos Baptista, Antônia Mota y Mário Vaz. "Modern Slavery Characterisation through the Analysis of Energy Replenishment". Social Sciences 10, n.º 8 (9 de agosto de 2021): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10080299.
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The Brazilian economy was, until the end of the 19th Century, based on slave labour. However, in this first quarter of the 21st Century, the problem persists. These situations tend to be mistaken with “simple” violations of labour laws. This work aims to establish Occupational Health and Safety parameters, focusing on energy needs, to distinguish between the breach of labour legislation and modern rural slavery in the 21st Century in Brazil. In response to this challenge, bibliographical research was carried out on the feeding and energy replenishment conditions of Brazilian slaves in the 19th Century. Obtained data were compared with a sample where 392 cases of neo-slavery in Brazil are described. The energy spent and the energy supplied was calculated to identify the enslaved workers’ general feeding conditions in the two historical periods. The general conditions of food and water supply were analysed. It was possible to identify three comparable parameters: food quality, food quantity, and water supply. It was concluded that there is a parallelism of energy replenishment conditions between Brazilian slaves and neo-slaves of the 19th and 21st centuries, respectively, different from that of free workers. This difference can help authorities identify and punish instances of modern slavery.
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Baranovska, T., H. Shpytalenko y H. Lipska-romanchenko. "Establishment and development of state and legal mechanisms to prevent bankruptcy: domestic and foreign experience". Society and Security, n.º 1(1) (28 de diciembre de 2023): 88–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.26642/sas-2023-1(1)-88-93.
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This article analyzes the historical development of the institution of bankruptcy, highlights its evolutionary changes in the context of the general principles of humanism. It is noted that in the past bankruptcy was considered a serious crime, but in the 19th century a transformation of approaches was observed, where harsh sanctions gave way to the humanization of society. Changes in modern trends are considered, pointing to the rejection of the separation of bankruptcy systems and emphasizing the concept of an effective system of insolvency law and bankruptcy prevention. The article is aimed at a retrospective analysis and highlighting of key aspects of the evolution of the bankruptcy institution with an emphasis on the transition from a punitive to a compensatory concept and the importance of preventive measures. The period from the Middle Ages to the beginning of the 20th century was considered. The norms and legislative acts of France, Germany, and Italy are analyzed, highlighting the variety of approaches to determining the insolvency and responsibility of debtors. In particular, the laws issued in the 16th century, which for the first time distinguished between unfortunate and malicious insolvency, are examined. An important stage is the analysis of the period of bankruptcy law reforms in the 19th century, when a change in the direction of legislation on business preservation and social protection of employees of debtor enterprises is noted. The article also notes reforms in French and German legislation aimed at balancing liquidation and rehabilitation procedures. The general conclusion is that the history of bankruptcy is closely related to the social organization of the country and the financial challenges of its era.
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Ghazaleh, Pascale. "TRADING IN POWER: MERCHANTS AND THE STATE IN 19TH-CENTURY EGYPT". International Journal of Middle East Studies 45, n.º 1 (febrero de 2013): 71–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743812001262.
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AbstractIn this article, I argue that commercial legislation promulgated and implemented in Egypt during the first half of the 19th century was one of several factors that diminished the effect of merchants’ social networks, reduced merchants’ identity to a purely professional dimension, and made profit dependent upon association with the state. The transformation of merchants’ social roles was not part of a natural evolution toward modernization and the specialized division of labor. Rather, it resulted from interactions between state-building endeavors, pressures from established merchants who sought to parry threats to their position while profiting from new business opportunities, and an influx of merchants from outside the Ottoman sultanate, who could draw neither on personal connections nor on knowledge of local markets but instead had to depend on the protection of the European consulates and the influence of the growing Egyptian state apparatus.
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Gordeev, I. A. y M. I. Gordeeva. "HISTORY OF LEGISLATION DEVELOPMENT ABOUT CHILD LABOUR IN RUSSIA TILL OCTOBER 1917". Proceedings of the Southwest State University 21, n.º 6 (28 de diciembre de 2017): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2017-21-6-201-211.
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This article is devoted to history of legislation development about child labour in Russia till October 1917. The beginning of industry development in Russia in the 19th century demanded a large number of “working hands”. At the same time businessmen didn't want to lose planned benefit and tried to look for such workers who would be less exacting in compensation at sufficient labor efficiency. Children were such labor and their work was necessary for many factories and plants. State support of Russian bourgeoisie of central part didn't hurry to regulate legislatively labor relations, establish obligations of industrialists in relation to workers in general and juvenile workers in particular. All this explains why restriction projects of juveniles’ labor couldn't be implemented within the 1870th years. Legal labour support in Russia at the end of XIX - the beginning of the XX century was progressive. Acts were adopted in the conditions of not only industrialists’ opposition and workers, but also in the conditions of businessmen competition. Laws governed public relations on labor wage application, children and women labor involvement and also initial training of juveniles in pre-revolutionary Russia. The value of factory legislation acts in regulation of minor workers is high. They opened a way to legal settlement of disputes in industrial environment of the end XIX - the beginning of the XX century. Originally adopted acts were conditional. However under the influence of social, political and legal factors more accurate forms were corrected. Authors note that serfdom cancellation and other reforms of the beginning of the 60th years of the 19th century in Russia were made for broad development of market relations which caused the necessity of working legislation formation. There was a legislative fixing of parties' inequality at enterprises and unpunished exploitation of children.
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Cuno, Kenneth M. "Joint Family Households and Rural Notables in 19th-Century Egypt". International Journal of Middle East Studies 27, n.º 4 (noviembre de 1995): 485–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800062516.
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During the past thirty years, the study of the family in European history has developed with a strong comparative emphasis. In contrast, the study of the family in Middle East history has hardly begun, even though the family is assumed to have had a major role in “the structuring of economic, political, and social relations,” as Judith Tucker has noted. This article takes up the theme of the family in the economic, political, and social context of 19th-century rural Egypt. Its purpose is, first of all, to explicate the prevailing joint household formation system in relation to the system of landholding, drawing upon fatwas and supporting evidence. Second, it argues that rural notable families in particular had a tendency to form large joint households and that this was related to the reproduction and enhancement of their economic and political status. Specifically, the maintenance of a joint household appears to have been a way of avoiding the fragmentation of land through inheritance. After the middle of the 19th century, when it appeared that the coherence and durability of the joint family household were threatened, the notables sought to strengthen it through legislation. Their involvement in the law reform process contradicts the progressive, linear model of social and legal change that is often applied in 19th-century Egyptian history.
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Shcherbak, Mykola y Nadiia Shcherbak. "ARCHIVAL DOCUMENTS ABOUT SOCIAL ANTAGONISM IN THE DNIEPER UKRAINE IN THE 19th CENTURY". Almanac of Ukrainian Studies, n.º 29 (2021): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-2626/2021.29.28.
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The article highlights the specifics of the Right Bank of Ukraine and notes that it is in the XIX century was a polyethnic region, which, having its own history, was characterized by ethnic, religious, socio-economic, administrative features and even had its own legislation. Throughout this period, the right-bank Ukrainian lands remained a field of sharp political and social confrontation. Describing the situation on the Right Bank of Ukraine, the authors of the article argue that since joining the Russian Empire, the tsarist government has not taken into account all the features of this territory. He did not pay attention to the Ukrainian people, but saw here only the Polish nobility, which he tried to persuade to his side by various concessions. At the same time, the majority of the population of the Right Bank were Ukrainians, almost all of whom were peasants. At the beginning of the XIX century. There were about 3 million such peasants. Land real estate on the Right Bank of Ukraine was owned by a small number of Polish magnates. It is concluded that after the suppression of the Polish uprising of 1830-1831, an active policy of Russification began. Right-bank Ukraine has become a field of sharp political and social confrontation. This is confirmed by archival sources, first of all, the office documents of the Chancellery of the Governor-General of Kyiv, Podil and Volyn, which are preserved in the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Kyiv. The authors of the article emphasize that in the second half of the XIX century. the issue of reducing Polish land ownership on the Right Bank of Ukraine was very important in the activities of the local administration. The large number of laws and regulations contained in the collections of legislative acts, the numerous correspondence between local authorities and the center, which is stored in the archives, testify to its special relevance.
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Tsiamis, Costas, Georgia Vrioni, Effie Poulakou-Rebelakou, Vasiliki Gennimata, Mariana А. Murdjeva y Athanasios Tsakris. "Medical and Social Aspects of Syphilis in the Balkans from the mid-19th Century to the Interwar". Folia Medica 58, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2016): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/folmed-2016-0001.
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Abstract The current study presents some aspects of syphilis in the Balkan Peninsula from the 19th century until the Interwar. Ever since the birth of modern Balkan States (Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey and Serbia), urbanization, poverty and the frequent wars have been considered the major factors conducive to the spread of syphilis. The measures against sex work and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) were taken in two aspects, one medical and the other legislative. In this period, numerous hospitals for venereal diseases were established in the Balkan countries. In line with the international diagnostic approach and therapeutic standards, laboratory examinations in these Balkan hospitals included spirochete examination, Wassermann reaction, precipitation reaction and cerebrospinal fluid examination. Despite the strict legislation and the adoption of relevant laws against illegal sex work, public health services were unable to curb the spread of syphilis. Medical and social factors such as poverty, citizen’s ignorance of STDs, misguided medical perceptions, lack of sanitary control of prostitution and epidemiological studies, are highlighted in this study. These factors were the major causes that helped syphilis spread in the Balkan countries during the 19th and early 20th century. The value of these aspects as a historic paradigm is diachronic. Failure to comply with the laws and the dysfunction of public services during periods of war or socioeconomic crises are both factors facilitating the spread of STDs.
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N. A., Chetyrina. "PRACTICE OF MEDIATOR'S COURT IN URBAN SETTLEMENTS OF THE FIRST QUARTER OF THE 19th CENTURY". Human research of Inner Asia 3 (2022): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18101/2305-753x-2022-3-28-33.
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Mediation is an integral part of pre-trial conflict resolution. The decrees on me-diation available in the Russian legislation of the 18th–19th centuries regulate the main criteria for functioning of this institution and include such elements as court composition, scope of regulation, terms, etc. The report considers three main laws on the practice of the mediator’s court covering almost a century. The first mention of the term refers to 1727 and used to mean an intermediary. Through time, the mediator’s court undergone changes affecting its social, professional and procedural scope of regulation, and by the beginning of the 19th century it had acquired the features of arbitral tribunal. Despite the complica-tion of legal proceedings, the basic feature of mediator’s court was the unchanging agree-ment of the parties with the candidates for mediators and the decisions they made. The in-cident that happened in Sergiyev Posad demonstrates the use of mediation in practice in the first quarter of the 19th century, and allows us to conclude that mediation is one of the most important components of municipal government, it is historically determined, de-pends on changing real conditions, and is adjusted by life circumstances.
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Wolf, Jacqueline H. "“They Lacked the Right Food”: A Brief History of Breastfeeding and the Quest for Social Justice". Journal of Human Lactation 34, n.º 2 (15 de marzo de 2018): 226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890334418757449.
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In the late 19th-century United States and Europe, infants died at high rates from diarrhea. Physicians and social justice advocates responded to the public health crisis with attempts to clean up the water and cows’ milk supplies, as well as social welfare legislation and assorted educational efforts to help mothers better care for their children. Most visible among the educational efforts were breastfeeding campaigns. A century later in developing countries, physicians and activists were confronted with a similar problem—infants dying from diarrhea due to the unethical advertising and marketing practices of formula companies. I argue in this article that crusades for social justice at the most basic level—to ensure that children will live to adulthood—have long been connected with efforts to safeguard mothers’ ability to adequately breastfeed their children.
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Kaliyeva, Gaukhar. "CORRUPTION ONSET IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY IN KAZAKHSTAN". CBU International Conference Proceedings 1 (30 de junio de 2013): 125–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v1.24.
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This study discloses the public officers’ corruption at the end of 19th century. I have post-evaluated tsarist Russia legislative acts. We have emphasized legal-social essence of corruption. We have tried to reveal and proof that giving presents and gifts in return for various assistance in a Kazakh society is a regular thing. We have manifested the reasons for corruption among the governmental officials. Based on the research we have concluded that corruption was distinctive for the governmental officials of the peripheral region because of its specific features, legal traditions and incomplete legislative system of Russia, which by the end of the 19th century spread in Kazakhstan.
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Lukoyanov, K. V. y D. M. Usmanova. "Evolution of the Concept of Vagrancy in Russian Legislation (from the Second Half of the 17th to the First Half of the 19th Centuries)". Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta Seriya Gumanitarnye Nauki 166, n.º 2 (8 de julio de 2024): 100–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2024.2.100-113.
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This article focuses on the evolution of the concept of vagrancy in Russia during the period between the second half of the 17th to the first half of the 19th centuries. A set of legislative acts defining vagrants as a separate social group are analyzed. The stages and causes that underlie the transformation of the concept of vagrancy in the state discourse of the Russian Empire are singled out, systematized, and described. A qualitative shift in the Russian state’s perception and understanding of vagrancy as a multifaceted phenomenon is revealed. Based on the results obtained, it is shown that the evolution of vagrancy unfolded in three stages. In the first stage (from the second half of the 17th to the first quarter of the 18th centuries), this concept had no legal status. In the second stage (from the second quarter to the end of the 18th century), vagrancy was gradually introduced into the official legal space of Russia. The third stage (the first half of the 19th century) was marked by the criminalization of this concept in Russian criminal legislation. The key indicators of this process were the introduction of the passport system, the discussions circulating in the Russian public around the status of fugitive people, the recognition of people «who do not remember their kinship» as a social group, and the efforts to curb poverty. The conclusions drawn contribute immensely to the development of historiographic research, as the concept of vagrancy and its formation have escaped the attention of most scholars and remain insufficiently explored.
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Nevzorov, Evgeniy. "Soldiers’ children in legislation and law enforcement practice in Russian Empire of 18th–19th centuries". Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, n.º 179 (2019): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2019-24-179-131-142.
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We consider historical and legal aspects of social and class status of minor members of “military class”: soldiers’ children, recruit’s children, soldiers’ daughters. These children had special status in legislation and law enforcement practice in Russian Empire in 18th–19th century as they were born in the families of recruits, lower ranks soldiers during their service in Russian army, retired soldiers, soldiers on indefinite leave and service-disabled veterans. On the basis of wide range of archival and published materials we reconstructed the legal regulation and social characteristics of “military offspring” in military forces and civil society. We also reveal recorded in primary archival documents and legal acts social and legal, class and household collisions and trends, which determined life and destiny of “military children”. We clarify statistical uncertainties, which occurred during estimation members of military class – soldiers’ children – in Russian province. We also give detailed historiographic assessment of studying legal status of cantonists and soldiers’ daughters. We conclude about the prospects of studying this scientific problem by domestic historians, as well as the presence of primary archival documents, which are waiting for the introduction into scientific circulation. It is proved that the category of “soldiers’ children” was not only a subject, but was often the object of Russian legislation, this category also made it possible to successfully defend their rights. We reveal features of transformation of the former cantonists into professional soldiers, and also their role in military and social history of the Russian Empire of the considered chronological period.
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Magnani, Italo. "La Riforma sociale nella formazione di Nitti economista". HISTORY OF ECONOMIC THOUGHT AND POLICY, n.º 1 (junio de 2009): 21–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/spe2009-001002.
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The paper attempts to trace the character and work of Francesco Saverio Nitti by reflecting on the economic and social contents of the review he founded: "La riforma sociale". The historical period is the end of the 19th century, by which the "Giornale degli Economisti" of Antonio de Viti de Marco, Ugo Mazzola and Maffeo Pantaleoni had already established as the principal Italian journal of political economy. "La riforma sociale" was born in the February of 1894 under the initiative of Francesco Saverio Nitti with the aim of containing the dominant liberal thought and reviving a way of making research in the field of economics that may be ascribed to the German Historicism. The paper focuses on the roots of the ideals of Nitti's review and on the meaning of the disagreement with the "Giornale degli Economisti", on the ground of method, ideology and economic policy. More in detail, the paper considers Nitti's views on production, distribution and their possible connections; labour protection and social legislation; the relationship between internal social policy and international competition; and lastly, regional imbalances and public intervention.JEL classification: B 3; B 31, B 40.Keywords: Saverio Nitti; Social reform; Production and distribution; Legislation of labor; Protectionism; Regional economics.
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Seelkopf, Laura y Hanna Lierse. "Democracy and the global spread of progressive taxes". Global Social Policy 20, n.º 2 (7 de mayo de 2020): 165–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468018120911567.
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The adoption of modern tax policies is crucial for social development. Taxes raise revenue, which allows governments to invest in public goods and social protection. At the same time, they can be highly redistributive and thus are complementary to social policies. Hence, the adoption of modern taxes is a critical step towards social development as it allows for the very financial foundation for investing in and increasing the well-being of individuals. But how can we explain the global spread of taxes around the world? While most countries nowadays have adopted similar tax instruments, the timing of legislation has varied widely. A common explanation is that democracies are more likely to adopt new and redistributive forms of taxes as they are more accountable to the poor. In this article, we shed light on the link between regime type and tax legislation based on a new historical and global dataset for up to 131 countries since the 19th century. Our findings show that whereas regime type has no influence on the introduction of regressive taxes, democratic countries are more likely to adopt progressive taxes.
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Konovalov, Igor A. "Features of the district bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in Siberia in the 19th century". Law Enforcement Review 3, n.º 2 (13 de septiembre de 2019): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24147/2542-1514.2019.3(2).14-20.
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The subject. The reorganization of the district police in Siberia in the second half of the XIX century is comprehensively examined in the article on the basis of pre-revolutionary legislation. Special attention is paid to the organizational and legal issues of the activities and structure of the district police.The purpose of the paper is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that the practice of implementing legislative innovations on the status of internal affairs bodies in Siberia in the 19th century was characterized by systematic seizures and violations.The theoretical and methodological basis of the study includes the principles of historical knowledge – objectivity, historicism, alternative and social approach. These principles let use an unbiased approach to the analysis of the studied problems, as well as a critical attitude to the sources.The main results and scope of their application. The author concludes that the powers of the police bodies in the region had their own specifics and were much broader than in the central provinces of the Russian Empire. Reorganization of the general police in Siberia in the second half of the XIX century changed the structure and method of staffing the Ministry of Internal Affairs. It was not principled, but rather external. Returning to the forgotten traditions of the organization and activities of the police, it is important to take full account of the historical experience that has been accumulated over the centuries. It is also necessary, taking into account modern realities, to take a fresh look at the already known facts and events in order to overcome old myths and misconceptions and prevent the birth of new ones.Conclusions. The police reform of 1867 in Siberia left almost unchanged the limits of power, the distribution of duties, procedures, responsibility and accountability of the general police. A large range of prerogatives remained for the police. In addition, many police officers continued to work the old-fashioned way, trying to ignore changes in the current legislation. The legislator failed to put the Siberian internal Affairs bodies in the strict framework of the law, it was recognized by local leaders and visiting auditors.
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Radchenko, Nataliia. "Municipal public bank as a component of life the Ukrainian city in the late 19th – early 20th century". Bulletin of Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University, n.º 2 (356) (2023): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/2227-2844-2023-2(356)-59-76.
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The emergence of financial institutions such as municipal public banks had a significant positive impact on the socio-economic development of cities. The purpose of the study is to analyze the impact of municipal public banks on economic and social development of cities, as well as on the development of urban infrastructure during the second half of 19th – early 20th century. The research methodology is based on the principle of historicism, application of general scientific and special scientific methods, in particular analysis of the information potential of statistical and information resources of the Central Statistical Committee of 1866–1918, provincial and zemstvo statistics. The main stages of the government's policy concerning the activities of these banks and its impact on the level of development of the latter are highlighted. The network of municipal public banks in the Ukrainian provinces of the late 19th – beginning of the 20th century was reconstructed. Since their inception, municipal public banks contributed to urban development in several areas, such as increasing the financial capacity of the local population and the capacity of the city government. The top of the city administration joined the ranks of bank management and supervisory boards for their activities. Banks were becoming one of the most active city patrons. The main problem in the development of municipal banks was to determine the relationship between government regulation and the independence of bank boards. This trend can be traced in the banking legislation of the last third of the 20th century.
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Nevzorov, Evgeniy, Svetlana Bukalova y Sergey Simonov. "Soldiers' children as a special social institution in the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century". Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, n.º 181 (2019): 164–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2019-24-181-164-172.
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We consider the social and legal status, family status and class transformations of soldiers’ offspring in the second half of the 19th century. The great reforms of the 60–70s of the 19th century did not actually affect the regulation of children of lower ranks and reserve soldiers. In this context, it is clear that there has been very little change in the situation of such children compared to the recruitment period. Soldiers’ children in the 19th century continued to fill up the lumpenized population groups of the Russian Empire, and their situation remained shaky, unstable and uncertain. We reveal the historical and legal dynamics aspects of the social and class status of children of representatives of the “military class”: soldiers’ children, reserve soldiers’ children, recruits’ children. We ascertain features of the charity and welfare organization for the families with called up soldiers during the Crimean War of 1853–1856 and the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878. Attracting a wide range of archival sources and published materials allowed quite successfully to reconstruct existing social and legal regulation and the practice of charity “military offspring” of lower ranks soldiers. We reveal features of the “reflection” of soldiers’ position in primary archival documents and legislative acts, including social and legal conflicts and trends that determined the life and fate of “military children”. We give a historiographic assessment of the study of legal status of soldiers’ children and their everyday life in the war and peace years of the second half of the 19th century. We identify research gaps in the works of domestic and foreign historians on the stated issues. We draw conclusions about the prospects of studying the post-reform ethnic and social, social and cultural, class and legal features of the soldier’s offspring, which is still “in the shadow” of research interest in the history community. We prove that “soldiers’ children” were and remained a special social institution in the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century. We reveal the peculiarities of studying this category of “military class” in pre-reform and post-reform Russia.
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Ashrafli, Nazifa. "The gender problem in the 19th century summary". Scientific Bulletin 1, n.º 1 (2021): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.54414/porv2035.
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This article addresses the gender issue of the 19th century. XIX century in England. This century is generally considered Victorian, although this is not quite the correct idea. The Victorian era refers to the period from 1837 to 1901, when Great Britain was ruled by Queen Victoria. So Queen Victoria began her reign only in 1837. In the Victorian era (1837-1901), it was the novel that became the leading literary genre in English. Women played an important role in this growth in the popularity of both authors and readers. Circulating libraries that allowed books to be borrowed for annual subscriptions were another factor in the novel's popularity. The 1830s and 1840s saw the rise of the social novel. It was a lot of things response to rapid industrialization, as well as social, political, and economic challenges associated with it and was a means of commenting on the abuses of government and industry and the suffering of the poor who did not profit from the English economy. Stories about the working-class poor were aimed at the middle class to help create sympathy and foster change. The greatness of the novelists of this period is not only in their veracity description of modern life, but also in their deep humanism. They believed in the good qualities of the human heart and expressed their hopes for a better future. At the end of the eighteenth century, two young poets, W. Wordsworth and S. Coleridge, published a volume of poems called "Lyric ballads". From this moment began the period of romanticism in England, although it did not last long, only three decades, but it was truly bright and memorable for English literature. It was this time that gave us many great novels. Even in the Middle ages, clear and distinct gender boundaries were drawn and stereotypes of gender behavior were defined. Everyone was assigned their own specific roles and their violation caused public hatred. A Victorian married woman was her husband's "chattel"; she had no right property and personal wealth; legal recourse in any question, if it was not confirmed by her husband. Socio-economic changes in the middle of the XIX century lead to changes in the status of women middle and lower strata: gaining material independence and sustainable development socio-economic status, women acquire a social status equal to that of men. Women are beginning to fight against double standards in relation to the sexes, for reforms in the field of property rights, divorce, for ability to work. The next step was to raise the issue of women's voting rights as a means to ensure legislative reform. Women they sought independence from men.
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Garreto, Gairo, João Santos Baptista y Antônia Mota. "Characterisation of Contemporary Slavery through the Analysis of Accommodation Conditions". Social Sciences 11, n.º 5 (13 de mayo de 2022): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci11050214.
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Slave labour or work in conditions analogous to slavery continues on all continents and sometimes tends to be mistaken for “simple” violations of labour laws. Therefore, this work aims to identify parameters that allow distinguishing between situations of non-compliance with labour legislation and modern rural slavery in Brazil through the analysis of accommodation conditions. To achieve this objective, a bibliographic research was developed in six databases on sanitary, accommodation and clothing issues of enslaved workers in the 19th century in Brazil. The resulting data were compared with data from a sample of 392 proven cases of neoslavery detected between 2007 and 2017 in Brazil. The analysis focused on the general conditions of the physical structures necessary to protect workers against bad weather, animal attacks, violence, sanitary conditions to support physiological and asepsis needs, as well as the clothing provided and used. Similarities were found in the accommodation conditions between enslaved and neoenslaved workers in Brazil between the 19th and 21st centuries. The availability of sanitary conditions (toilets), rest (bedrooms/dormitories), and the general housing structure are very similar. Future research may point towards identifying other parameters and developing a tool to help authorities unequivocally identify neoslavery situations.
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Dziuban, Agata. "Threats, Victims and Unimaginable Subjects of Rights: A Genealogy of Sex Worker Governance in Poland". Studies in Social Justice 18, n.º 2 (4 de abril de 2024): 243–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.26522/ssj.v18i2.4382.
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This paper sketches the emergence of, and shifts within, the social, legal, and political figurations of sex workers in Poland. By adopting a genealogical perspective, I investigate how sex workers have been (re)constituted as subjects of governance and unimaginable social justice claimants in legislation, political debates, and law enforcement strategies. With a broad temporal scope, this article traces continuities, transformations, and disruptions within modes of sex work governance in Poland from the adoption of the first laws relating to sex work enacted during the early 19th century to the present day. Through analysis of policy documents, scholarly work on the history of sex work policies in Poland, and personal accounts by sex workers, I identify and examine two dominant discursive and legal figurations of a sex worker: as a threat, and as a victim in need of rescue and protection. While analysing the emergence of and interplay between these two figurations, this article demonstrates how these seemingly contradictory frames of recognition gradually conjoined within 20th-century Polish sex work governance strategies, rendering sex workers unimaginable subjects of rights and social justice claimants.
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Kharitonashvili, Nino. "Social Context of Civil Process for Sustainable Development". European Scientific Journal, ESJ 20, n.º 37 (20 de febrero de 2024): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2024.v20n37p382.
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This paper focuses on the existing mechanisms for the participation of vulnerable persons, including persons with disabilities and children, in civil disputes. As modern democratic society develops the concept of a social state, ensuring equal conditions for the participation of vulnerable persons in civil turnover is essential. Hence, the aim of the study is to identify existing legislative gaps and challenges that prevent the participation of vulnerable persons in civil disputes. Humanity has agreed on a sustainable development plan, in which social sustainability is set as one of the main goals. However, modern civil procedure law is mainly based on the codification of the 19th century, which in turn originates from Roman law. Since then, public relations have changed and modern technologies are constantly developing. The concept of a digital judge, smart contracts, and a blockchain system has already emerged. Therefore, the regulations of civil proceeding do not respond to modern challenges, and it is necessary to update civil procedure legislation in order to provide an equal platform for the participation of vulnerable persons in civil disputes. The purpose of the article is to review the rules of civil procedure law in terms of a social context based on the international approaches, practices, and research. Through a mixed-quantitative, qualitative, and general research methods, as well as comparative analysis, specific recommendations are introduced that will bring civil dispute resolution closer to sustainable development plans and ensure the equal participation of vulnerable persons in civil dispute.
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Oleynikova, Elena. "State Concept of Social Management and Its Implementation in the Second Half of the 19th – Early 20th Century (On the Materials of Saratov Province)". Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, n.º 1 (febrero de 2020): 208–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2020.1.17.
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Introduction. The paper deals with the conception of state social management in Russia after the reform of the system of local self-government in the second half of the 19th century and the practical activities of charitable organizations at the provincial and district levels. Methods. The research is based on the social legislation of the period under study, the works of Russian social policy researchers of the 19th – early 20th centuries, materials of statistical collections, periodicals. Analysis. The concept of charity and philanthropy, being developed during the period under study, involved the transformation of public-private philanthropy into public charity. Its main actors are the provincial and city authorities, which solve social problems in conjunction with private charitable institutions and are responsible for the state of social problems. The state reserved coordination and control functions. Within the framework of this concept, specific guidelines for charitable work were developed, including: its distribution to all demographic and social groups in need, a wide range of types of social assistance, and even distribution of charitable institutions throughout the country. However, in practice, innovation touched mainly metropolitan and provincial cities. Territorial and city medical, educational, social and rehabilitation institutions that had emerged in provinces, expanded the possibilities of providing assistance to the most vulnerable segments of the population. However, their distribution was still not even, rural settlements lost significantly. In uyezds, charities were few and could not help all socially disadvantaged groups of society. Results. The article shows that in the period under study, the concept of public philanthropy was not fully implemented.
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Demin, Vadim A. "Liberal-Conservative and Liberal Views on the Popular Representation in the Beginning of the 20th Century and Their Reflection in the Legislation of 1905–1906". Almanac “Essays on Conservatism” 42 (3 de diciembre de 2018): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24030/24092517-2018-0-4-223-231.
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The article is devoted to the study of the views of Russian liberals and liberal-conservatives on the representative authority in the beginning of the 20th century. It is shown that since the 70-ies of the 19th century all of them supported the transfer to representative authority. By the beginning of the 20th century even moderate liberals could not envisage further development of the country without such reforms. The revolution of 1905 intensified the activity of all social and political movements. Liberal conservatives supported the introduction of advisory representation that was to be elected by the democratized “Zemstva” and that should submit their opinions directly to the Emperor. The liberals pressed for the introduction of the parliament elected by universal, equal, direct and secret voting, that would issue laws, approve the budget and effect political control of the government. The development of political system reforms had bureaucratic and secret character. The demands of liberal society were taken into account only occasionally and only on minor issues. And it became the factor that intensified confrontation of the government and the educated society.
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Shendrikova, S. P. y N. E. Vishnyakova. "Charitable Activities of German Settlers Representatives in the Social Life of the Crimea (Mid-19th - Early 20th Century)". IZVESTIYA VUZOV SEVERO-KAVKAZSKII REGION SOCIAL SCIENCE, n.º 3 (207) (19 de octubre de 2020): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2687-0770-2020-3-72-77.
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The article reveals the main issues of charitable activities of German landowners of the Tauride province of the 19th century, who not only created large model farms, but also devoted themselves to the social life of the Peninsula. The events of the Second World War (1939-1945) provoked the formation of negative public opinion about the German people, although the positive role of representatives of this nation is known in the history of Russia. However, today, the topic of charitable activities, patronage and philanthropy among the Ger-mans of the Crimea in the 19th - beginning of the 20th century is very inquisitive. The authors focus on the social activities of the German ethnic group in the territory of the Tauride province. Charitable activities in the Russian Empire initially did not have a sufficiently clear legal basis, however, with the adoption of the necessary legislative aspects, this direction became popular among a wealthy group of interested persons.
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Volodina, L. O. "The values of family education in the context of Russian legislation (historical and pedagogical aspect)". Penitentiary science 13, n.º 3 (9 de diciembre de 2019): 433–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.46741/2686-9764-2019-13-3-433-441.
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The article is devoted to the problem of the values of family education in the context of Russian legislation, the historical conditions of their formation as a factor in the positive development of the state from Ancient Russia to the second half of the 19th century, reflecting the national characteristics of the formation of family law and its traditions. Its content is aimed at public awareness of the role and degree of influence of the state on the creation of the family as a social institution, whose functions are determined by the tasks of procreation and the education of worthy citizens of their country. The author holds the main idea that the values of family life, family upbringing and the norms of family law are complementary categories. As research methods a structural analysis of texts of legislative acts sources and scientific research on ethnic history and legislation containing the norms of Russian legislation, analysis of regulatory legal acts in the field of family policy and family education is used. This allows you to identify, study and interpret data on the nature and content of the values of family education in the structure of family law in different historical periods. The text is addressed to a wide circle of readers interested in the history of their country. It can be used in the preparation of historical and pedagogical works, highlighting the problem of family education and values as its basis. The historical facts contained in the article will be interesting for specialists involved in the development of legislative and regulatory acts governing marriage and family relations.
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Beveridge, Allan y Edward Renvoize. "The presentation of madness in the Victorian novel". Bulletin of the Royal College of Psychiatrists 12, n.º 10 (octubre de 1988): 411–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.12.10.411.
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The major novelists of the Victorian era enjoyed a large readership amongst the general public. They dealt with the pressing social issues of the day and their work both reflected and shaped society's attitudes to contemporary problems. The 19th century saw fundamental changes in society's response to the mentally ill with the creation of purpose-built asylums throughout the country. The Victorians were ambivalent in their reaction to the mentally disturbed. Whilst they sought to segregate the insane from the rest of the population, they were also terrified by the prospect of the wrongful confinement of sane people. The trial of Daniel McNaughton in 1843 for the assassination of Sir Robert Peel's Private Secretary, and the subsequent legislation, provoked general public debate about the nature of madness.
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Bodenhorn, Howard. "Height, weight and body mass index values of mid-19th century New York legislative officers". Economics & Human Biology 8, n.º 2 (julio de 2010): 291–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2009.12.001.
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Stępkowski, Aleksander. "KSZTAŁTOWANIE SIĘ MIESZANEGO SYSTEMU SZKOCKIEGO PRAWA PRYWATNEGO W XIX I XX WIEKU". Zeszyty Prawnicze 2, n.º 1 (19 de marzo de 2017): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2012.2.1.02.
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FORMATION OF THE MIXED SYSTEM OF SCOTTISH PRIVATE LAW DURING 19™AND 20™ CENTURIES(Summary) This paper présents development of Scots law as a mixed jurisdiction in 19th and 20th centuries. This spécifie mixture of légal cultures which is Scots law, owes most of its peculiarity to, variable in its character, relationships with England and its precedent based legal culture. English influence on Scottish private law become predominant in 19th century, as an effect of advancement of internal integration within United Kingdome.Scots law - as described in 18th century classical legal treaties - was in general based on continental ius commune, as presented in French and Roman-Dutch legal thought. Political and social consequences of the Union of 1707 allowed extremely intensive influence of English law in Scotland since second quarter of 19th century. This impact had miscellaneous character and was performed in a various ways. The easiest one was legislative activity of British Parliament, whose statutes in 19th century started to be progressively more and more important source of English law. Statutory influence was the easiest as the number of Scots in British Parliament never exceeded ten percent, so there was no problem in ignoring their objections, until the establishment of the Scottish Law Commission in 1965, which started to supervise legislation touching Scotland.Except statutory influence, considerable changes took place in the way of administering justice in Scodand. The most spectacular was decision of the House of Lords which in the beginning of 18th century had recognised its authority to revise judgements of the Court of Session – Scottish supreme court. In effect House of Lords started - regardless differences existing between Scots law and English law - to apply English rules in reviewing judgements of the Court of Session. Further influence of English rules into Scots law was provoked by the reform of the Court of Session, whose organisation and proceedings became considerably anglicised. It provoked that its decisions started to be regarded as a primary source of law by progressive acceptance of English stare decisis rule - which was not the part of Scottish legal system before.A kind of reaction for this process of Anglicisation was the interest of Scottish lawyers in studies of Roman law, as performed on continent in Netherlands and Germany. This interest subsequently was manifested in following ideas of German historical school. In consequence they started to underline the unique - domestic - character of Scots law, independent as well from English law as from continental tradition of civil law.The article is finishing with considerations upon possible consequences for Scots law of the process of devolution in Scodand which took place in 1998. It presents different opinions of Scottish lawyers, as to the future development of Scots law.
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Hristov, Petko. "Imaginary Historical Pattern of Family and a Model for Construction of Political and Social Organizations—Extended Family (Zadruga) in Bulgaria". Genealogy 6, n.º 3 (27 de junio de 2022): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy6030059.
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The notion of “zadruga” (named by Vuk Karadjić in 1818) was introduced in the scientific research literature, as well as in the social and political discourse, of the then young Balkan countries in the 19th century to mark the multitude of historical forms under which the “complex family organization” was known among the South-Slavic people in the region. The young Bulgarian science adopted this term in ethnographic studies of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Bulgarian scientists, lawyers, and researchers of customary law norms attempted to implement some of the features of this family model in modern Bulgarian legislation. In the period between the two world wars, the nascent cooperative movement in the agrarian sector also used the model of the “partnership” to justify its organization. This paper analyzes similar attempts to use scientific descriptions of the zadruga in the construction of various social and economic associations in Bulgaria during the interwar period. It also analyses the attempts of the new communist leaders to use the traditions of the pre-modern society in terms of communal living in zadruga through the imposition of a cooperative system, and the nationalization of the arable land in the first years under the totalitarian system following the Second World War. Part of the Bulgarian scientific community and Bulgarian ethnography has been involved in these attempts since the early 1950s.
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LEČIĆ, BORIŠA. "PRINCIPLE OF OPPORTUNITY OF CRIMINAL PROSECUTION – LEGAL AND THEORETICAL ASPECTS". Kultura polisa, n.º 46 (18 de octubre de 2021): 231–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.51738/kpolisa2021.18.3r.3.03.
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All social, political and economical progress that was made in the end of 19th century and beginning оf 20th century had a really strong consecuensed a wide reforms of processes of criminal law and criminal proceedings law by a legislation of Republic of Serbia, which showed uneficcience, inert and uneffective plan of crime prevention in practice. Practical analysis proved that it's necessary to make structural changes to pervious criminal procedure, first through the changed act of a public prosecutor, than in aplyying a simplified form of actions in his criminal cases. Effective fight against criminal, which has showing a constant trend of growth, always requiered quick, adequate and contemporary procedure and trial in short time. That was the interest of a whole society, and a defendant too. In that circumstances, principle of opportunity hac become a important instrument that requieres eficient procedure of minor crimes. Ratio legis and criminal political justification of the introduction of this principle in the criminal law of Republic of Serbia, reflected first throuht relief of courts, reduction of the number of cases and rationalization of criminal law. In this way, Republic of Serbia was followed aplyed trends of European comparative legislation, creating conditions for a new aproach of a criminal procedure in threating perpetrators of a minor crimes. The point was in a efficient, effective, and deformalised crime procedures.
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Taripo-Walter, Inano. "Tracing the intersections of wāhine Māori, whakapapa and mana in the Native Land Court, 19th century Aotearoa 2". MAI Journal. A New Zealand Journal of Indigenous Scholarship 12, n.º 1 (30 de junio de 2023): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20507/maijournal.2023.12.1.3.
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Connection to land through whakapapa is premised on mana inherited at birth from the atua. These fundamental principles have supported land claims in the Native Land Court since 1865 and were of importance to Ngāti Kahungunu women in the late 19th century. Yet, exactly how whakapapa and mana informed cases for wāhine Māori has been difficult to examine, due to the omnipresent patriarchal workings of the Native Land Court and its comprehension of customary principles. This article highlights the interconnected relationship between whakapapa and mana, wāhine Māori and the Native Land Court in Hawke’s Bay and adds to a more balanced gendered scholarship of the Native Land Court. I argue that the power of whakapapa and mana transcended into a Western infrastructure of land legislation and management—one of the first times these two systems of law had to intersect. Furthermore, for a small period in New Zealand’s nation-building histories, the Native Land Court respected these principles and also provided a platform for Māori women to become equal players in the management and distribution of tribal lands within a European legal framework. Yet, wāhine Māori involvement in tribal land affairs was not uncommon in Māori society because of whakapapa and mana. Centring wāhine Māori is vital to tribal narratives and history more broadly, but also in tracing the intersections of gendered roles in traditional Māori society, and European society, which was dependent on colonial patriarchal operations upheld by the Native Land Court.
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Bara, Lelde y Aija Ziemelniece. "Causes and consequences of cultural and historical manor landscape fragmentation in the 19th - 21st century Latvia". Landscape architecture and art 18 (7 de octubre de 2021): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/j.landarchart.2021.18.07.
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In the post-war years (50s-80s of the 20th century), the legislation of the Soviet Union defined that the list of monuments to be protected by the state is deemed a political document with ideological significance. Due to this reason, the list of architectural monuments was subject to politically motivated manipulations not only during Stalin's time, but also later. The political situation after the occupation in 1940 required to adapt to the sovietization demands, didactically dividing cultural monuments into “progressive” and “bourgeois” or those unfit for socialist construction. The history of the cultural heritage protection measures has been related to politics. With the growing importance of cultural heritage in the formation of historical memory, the protection and promotion of monuments becomes an essential part of the ideology of nation states. A change in the state power means a change in the dominant political ideology, which affects the work of state institutions in the protection of cultural heritage. The research topic has an interdisciplinary nature with the intertwining of political, economic and social aspects. The cultural heritage includes the political dimension and its role in shaping national identity models. The rise of the Duchy of Courland in the first half of the 18th century made a serious contribution to the landscape of the Lielupe left bank basin in the Zemgale region. The landscape of the both historical ensembles of Svete and Vircava manors was disturbed (fragmented) by the economic and political position of the state. The basis for that was bringing new infrastructure in the nature. As a result of political, economic and social pressures, the landscapes of cultural and historical manors have, over the centuries, fragmented and transformed the use of the original structure and functional landscape. The aim of the research is to identify and emphasize the causes and consequences of the fragmentation of the cultural and historical landscape of manors.
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Paev, Kostadin. "The Law on Holidays in the Principality (1900): Beginnings of Labour Legislation in Bulgaria". Epohi 30, n.º 2 (19 de diciembre de 2022): 307–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.54664/epab6835.
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The holidays of a nation have different characteristics: political, historical, national, cultural, professional, personal, etc. Apart from a purely cultural and spiritual dimension, they have great social significance and a direct relation to the economic life and work activities of people. The state has always carried out legal regulation of official national holidays. The first special law act in this direction was the Law on Public Holidays in the Principality of 1900. The appearance of the law was a consequence of the economic upsurge of Bulgarian society in the last decade of the 19th century. The debates in the National Assembly during the discussion of the draft law were mainly focused on issues related to labour and legal matters – non-working days, restrictions on the exercise of trade and services, and their impact on the results of labour activity. The ideological, political, spiritual, and cultural dimensions of the holidays occupied significantly less space in the debates. Although the Principality Public Holidays Act of 1900 regulated a limited range of matter, its scope was considerably wide, and, in this sense, it can be defined as one of the earliest pieces of legislation in the field of labour law.
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Vinogradov, A. V. "Combating Industrial Pollution in the Russian Empire: Legal Context (1800—1917)". Nauchnyi dialog, n.º 2 (3 de marzo de 2021): 277–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2021-2-277-291.
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The article is devoted to the consideration of the Russian pre-revolutionary legislation regulating the control over industrial pollution of the environment. The early Russian sanitary legislation and features of its development in the XIX — early XX centuries are analyzed. Particular attention is paid to the positions of various social groups on the issues of state and public control over the sanitary state of industrial enterprises. It is shown that the first norms prohibiting water and air pollution appeared already at the beginning of the 19th century. The author notes that although they did not contain clear criteria and measures for eliminating pollution, this was typical of many European countries during the study period. As the range of studied sources and literature shows, active work on the development of comprehensive measures against industrial pollution began in the 1890s and continued until the revolution: it did not bring practical results in the legal field, but contributed to a significant deepening of scientific understanding of the environment. The author concludes that, despite the revolutionary events of 1917, the pre-revolutionary experience in combating environmental pollution had a significant impact on the development of Soviet environmental policy.
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Gardaš, Miro y Slavko Čandrlić. "Legislative regulation of public health in Croatia in the second half of the 19th century". Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta, Novi Sad 54, n.º 2 (2020): 805–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrpfns54-25627.
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In the provisions of the 1868 Croatian-Hungarian Settlement, internal administration was seen as one of the autonomous areas that Croatia regulated on its own. Part of that was public health, which had been regulated in a very outdated manner up to that point. Appointing Ivan Mažuranić the Ban of Croatia paved way for substantial reforms in numerous areas of public and social life. Among other reforms, legal regulation of public health was proved to be necessary. In this paper we will attempt to present the legal framework regulating public health in Croatia, as well as use specific examples from the archival fonds of the Croatian State Archives in Osijek to portray how these laws were applied in everyday life.
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Chernoukhov, E. A. "THE PHYSICIANS OF GERMAN ORIGIN IN MINING WORKS OF THE URALS IN THE 1ST HALF OF THE 19th CENTURY". Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 31, n.º 1 (25 de febrero de 2021): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2021-31-1-131-137.
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The article analyzes the contribution of physicians of German origin in the development of the medical sphere in state and private mining districts in the Urals in the first half of the 19th century. Their active involvement to the service in this distant region in the period under consideration is due to the escalating shortage of qualified specialists in the conditions of the new medical system’s emergence for persons who served directly to the state. The author identified 37 such doctors: the Russian Germans, mainly from the Baltic provinces, and the subjects of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, and natives of several German states. This was the fifth part of all doctors who served in the mining plants of the Urals in the first half of the 19th century, which is basically more than the representation of other foreigners. This ratio shows the leading positions of the German medical school at that time. The author systematized the materials on the number, level of education, and motives for admission to the service of doctors of German origin, its place and conditions. M. G. Wolf and K. A. Time made the most successful administrative careers, became medical inspectors of the Ural Mining Board. For three decades, they methodically carried out departmental control of the medical sphere of the region’s private mining plants, sought to fulfill the requirements of legislation. The diverse, including administrative, activity of physicians of German origin made a significant contribution to the process of medicalization in the Urals, which is part of a more global process of social modernization.
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Lefterova-Stoycheva, Tatyana. "THE EDUCATION OF WORKING-CLASS CHILDREN IN ENGLAND IN THE 19-TH CENTURY". Годишник на Шуменския университет. Факултет по Хуманитарни науки XXXIIIA, n.º 2 (10 de noviembre de 2022): 80–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.46687/dqou9939.
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The Industrial Age and urbanization inherently presuppose hard living and working conditions for the children of the working class but many legislative changes have gradually improved their situation. According to the sources, at the beginning of the 19th century the level of literacy of the poor population was very low, and the schools appeared as a result of religious or private initiative, and were not enough for the increasing population. However, the political elite began to appreciate the social role of education and the government started to show interest in opening and controlling the schools. Thus, the foundations of the British educational system were laid and the children of the working class were given access to education and opportunity for development and improvement of their social status.
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Sinko, Galina, Tatyana Sidnenko y Ol’ga Erokhina. "Changes in the life of Germans in St. Petersburg in the late 19th – early 20th century". Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski 12, n.º 1 (24 de septiembre de 2021): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/pw.6459.
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The subject of this paper is an overview of changes in the material and spiritual life of Germans living in St. Petersburg in the late 19th – early 20th century. The overview of various facets of life of German population of St. Petersburg makes it possible to comprehensively address the problem of transformation of the State nationalities policy toward the largest ethnic diaspora in the Imperial Capital. The research work of Russian and foreign scholars became the theoretical framework for the article that enabled to ensure continuity of historical analysis. This study used a problematic and chronological approach to review the dynamics of state legislative initiatives related to in relation to the German community of St. Petersburg. The legislative acts issued in the Russian Empire during the period under study to toughen up the legal regulations governing the life of Russian Germans served as the factual basis of the overview. The conclusions drawn in the paper give a better idea of general trends in the nationalities policy of the Russian state in the midst of the most important domestic and international events of the late 19th and early 20th century.
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Walsh, Dermot. "The lunatic asylums of Ireland 1825-1839". Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 25, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2008): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700011307.
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AbstractObjectives: By the early 19th century the social manifestations of psychiatric disorder had become a matter of public and parliamentary pre-occupation in Ireland. This concern led to legislative provision for the establishment of a national system of district lunatic asylums. This paper describes some details of the early foundation of this system.Method: Examination of House of Commons papers on the lunatic asylums of Ireland 1835-1839.Results: Details are presented concerning the activities, numbers of residents, admissions and costs of the 11 asylums in operation by 1839.Conclusions: By 1839 the operational, administrative and cultural characteristics of a national asylum system that would take another half century to complete and would extend well into the 20th century had been established.
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Graban, Marcin. "The labor issue in the USA in the first half of the 20th century. The contribution of the Catholic Church to its solution". Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym 20, n.º 7 (25 de febrero de 2017): 131–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1899-2226.20.7.10.
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The stance of the Catholic Church in the United States of America on the problems related to workers’ wages is an interesting issue from the point of view of the ethics of economic life and the development of Catholic social thought. The interpretation of the main Catholic social ideas contained in Leo XIII’s encyclical letter Rerum novarum was made by Father John Augustine Ryan (1896–1945), who soon became a major proponent of the idea that a good economic policy can only result from good ethics. In the history of the United States of America, the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries was a time of the development of labor unions, associations and workers’ organizations as well as the consolidation of efforts to achieve equitable remuneration (a living wage) and regulate working conditions. It was also a time of struggling with the ideas of socialism and nationalism. The Catholic Church played a significant role in the discourse on these issues, including the influence of John A. Ryan. His efforts led to one of the most important interpretations of economic life: The Program of Social Reconstruction (1919), and some of its postulates can be found in the New Deal legislation.
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Ploscaru, Cristian. "The Institution of the Prefecture in Romania (1864– 1892): Between Social Relations of Patronage and Political Networks". Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Historia 68, n.º 2 (15 de marzo de 2024): 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbhist.2023.2.04.
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Historical research on the institution of the prefecture in Romania (United Principalities) in the 19th century, as a fundamental institution of modern state administration, involves several levels of analysis, combining institutional, political and social history. Our paper will focus on several aspects, in relation to a number of historical features specific to the Romanian case. These features stem from the implementation of a Western-origin institutional model in Romania, after the union of the Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, until the end of the 19th century. During this period, a maturation of the modern administration can be observed, both legislatively and functionally. In addition to the legislative framework of this period (the communal law of April 1864, amended in March 1872 and March 1883, the law on county councils of April 1864 and the law on the organization of administrative authorities of November 1892), other factors are also noteworthy, which made the prefect in Romania not only a government agent at the local level, but also a county administrator: the patronage relations of the Romanian elite – a legacy of the Old Regime, and the gradual consolidation of the power networks of the governing political parties, both of which had a relevant impact on the selection process of local officials and the conduct of parliamentary elections. Keywords: Institutional history, administrative reform, ispravnik, prefect
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Guimarães, Paulo. "Violence, Science, and Cotton in Colonial-Fascist Mozambique (1934-1974)". Perspectivas - Journal of Political Science 25 (17 de diciembre de 2021): 89–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.21814/perspectivas.3229.
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Since the 19th century, Portuguese authorities had made unsuccessful attempts to promote cotton production in Angola and Mozambique. Under colonial fascist rule, the cotton plantations expanded significantly to meet the demands of the Portuguese textile industry. Eventually, cotton became the major agricultural export in Mozambique. This text explores the causes for this success, focusing on the rapid growth of indigenous cotton fields in northern Mozambique. In our research, we analysed contemporary "grey" cotton scientific literature, labour legislation, administration reports, agronomical thesis and the extensive collection of anthropological and social history studies carried out since the 1970s. We demonstrate that fascism created a specific model for the exploitation of humans and nature. This model involved labour mobilization based on daily physical and psychological violence and the humiliation of the indigenous people, the promotion and advancement of colonial cotton science for the industrialization of nature, and the creation of new economic institutions and rules to promote neo-mercantilist policies.
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Саломатин, Алексей y Alexey Salomatin. "The formation of USA Legal System: main structural elements and dynamics of development". Comparative Research In Law and Politics 2, n.º 1 (15 de junio de 2014): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/5065.
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The article deals with the evolution of USA Legal System starting from the 1787 Constitution till the end of the 19th century. Taking corporate, land regulation, criminal law as examples the author considers participation of federal and state powers in solving actual legal problems. It is demonstrated that in spite of broad legal rights of states from the very beginning they were not able to decide themselves burning issues of social and economic life without interference of Federal Government. And Federal Government was clever enough to build up a strong federal court system in the early years of the Republic. This system not only furthered some kind of uniformity of law under grass roots federalism but safequarded American federalism itself. Thanks to broad interpretative powers of US Supreme Court which decided what was Constitutional or non-Constitutional in state and federal legislation American civilization not only has preserved itself from dangers of separatism but achieved great paces of development.
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Barthélemy, Ernest Joseph, Christopher A. Sarkiss, James Lee y Raj K. Shrivastava. "The historical origin of the term “meningioma” and the rise of nationalistic neurosurgery". Journal of Neurosurgery 125, n.º 5 (noviembre de 2016): 1283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2015.10.jns15877.
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The historical origin of the meningioma nomenclature unravels interesting social and political aspects about the development of neurosurgery in the late 19th century. The meningioma terminology itself was the subject of nationalistic pride and coincided with the advancement in the rise of medicine in Continental Europe as a professional social enterprise. Progress in naming and understanding these types of tumor was most evident in the nations that successively assumed global leadership in medicine and biomedical science throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, that is, France, Germany, and the United States. In this vignette, the authors delineate the uniqueness of the term “meningioma” as it developed within the historical framework of Continental European concepts of tumor genesis, disease states, and neurosurgery as an emerging discipline culminating in Cushing's Meningiomas text. During the intellectual apogee of the French Enlightenment, Antoine Louis published the first known scientific treatise on meningiomas. Like his father, Jean-Baptiste Louis, Antoine Louis was a renowned military surgeon whose accomplishments were honored with an admission to the Académie royale de chirurgie in 1749. His treatise, Sur les tumeurs fongueuses de la duremère, appeared in 1774. Following this era, growing economic depression affecting a frustrated bourgeoisie triggered a tumultuous revolutionary period that destroyed France's Ancien Régime and abolished its university and medical systems. The resulting anarchy was eventually quelled through legislation aiming to satisfy Napoleon's need for qualified military professionals, including physicians and surgeons. These laws laid the foundations for the subsequent flourishing of French medicine throughout the mid-19th century. Subsequent changes to the meningioma nomenclature were authored by intellectual giants of this postrevolutionary period, for example, by the Limogesborn pathologist Jean Cruveilhier known for the term “tumeurs cancéreuses de la duremère,” and the work of histopathologists, such as Hermann Lebert, who were influenced by Pasteur's germ theory and by Bernard's experimental medicine. The final development of the meningioma nomenclature corresponded to the rise of American neurosurgery as a formal academic discipline. This historical period of growth is chronicled in Cushing's text Meningiomas, and it set the scientific stage for the modern developments in meningioma research and surgery that are conducted and employed today.
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Medina Fernández, Óscar. "La Educación de Personas Adultas a los Cincuenta Años de la Ley General de Educación." Cuestiones Pedagógicas 2, n.º 29 (2020): 12–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/cp.2020.i29.v2.01.
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Using as a reference the 1970 General Education Act, as well as other earlier and later education laws, I address the evolution of adult education from the 19th century to the present day, exploring three great challenges essential for the implementation of a credible and viable educational policy: a) Specific educational offer versus compensatory and substitute character; b) Differentiated pedagogy versus school model; and c) Legislation on the educational universe versus formal and official educational system. This analysis, in which legislation is contrasted with educational achievements and with the theories of authors, leads us to conclude that, throughout more than two centuries of existence, in Spain there has been no educational policy whatsoever in the area of adult education. There are several reasons for this fact: because the growth that this educational sector has experienced is unknown, and the personal, cultural, economic, social, and political benefits of this reality are not known; because the laws have been limited to the regulation of the formal and official educational system, leaving out a good part of the education that adults have and carry out; and because the pedagogical concept that justifies it has not transcended society or the competent institutions in the field
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Komarova, A. A. y V. P. Podolnikov. "The Reasons for the Emigration of the Korean Population to the Far East in the 60-70s 19th Century". IZVESTIYA VUZOV SEVERO-KAVKAZSKII REGION SOCIAL SCIENCE, n.º 2 (206) (6 de julio de 2020): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2687-0770-2020-2-56-61.
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The article considers two groups of reasons that contributed to the emigration of the Korean population to the Far East in the second half of the 19th century. On the one hand, the resettlement of Koreans was facilitated by the internal problems of the Korean Peninsula, which included both the difficult socio-economic situation of the Korean peasants and a series of natural disasters that caused the majority of the population starvation. On the other hand, the migration legislation of the Russian Empire, aimed at the quickest settlement of newly acquired territories in the Far East, encouraged emigrants to choose our country with the promising benefits and desert fertile soils. The work also touches on the diplomatic relations of three countries (Russia, Korea and China), which were the prerequisites for the first Korean migration flows to territories belonging to the Russian Empire. The special relations of China and Korea are emphasized, as well as the main priorities of the foreign policy of Korea of that period, expressed in the so-called “closeness” of the country. The causes of economic and subsequent social problems of Korea are analyzed. The main stages of the annexation of the territories of the Far East to Russia are studied, and the attitude of the Russian authorities towards Korean immigrants is noted. It is concluded that there are a large number of unrelated factors that led to the subsequent migration of Koreans to the Far East.
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Minnikes, Irina y Natiq Salamov. "The Development of the Norms and Institutions of Criminal Law in the Transcaucasia Region at the Beginning of the 19th Century". Russian Journal of Criminology 15, n.º 6 (28 de diciembre de 2021): 766–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2021.15(6).766-774.
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The authors study the development of criminal law in the Transcaucasia region of the Russian Empire in the early 19th century, and discuss the political and legal significance of the accession of Transcaucasia to the Russian Empire. The normative basis of the research is various agreements of the Russian Empire, including agreements with the Khanates of Northern Azerbaijan, the acts of the supreme power —decrees, manifests and instructions, as well as the corresponding narrative materials. The methodological basis of this research is the general dialectic method of scientific cognition, the methods of empirical and theoretical character: description, formalization, comparison, analysis, generalization, deduction and induction, hypothesis, as well as the special legal methods: formal legal, comparative legal. Research results made it possible to prove that, before Transcaucasia joined the Russian Empire, social relationships in the region, including criminal law ones, were regulated by both written and common law, and that state and political changes lead to changes in criminal legislation throughout the whole history. When Transcaucasia, which has a multi-national and multi-confessional population, joined the Russian Empire, the central government faced the task of working out a special criminal law policy of protecting the society from criminal infringements, as well as some other goals and tasks in this area. The authors determine the degree to which the borderland policy of the state influenced the development of the borderland criminal policy, describe legal acts that enacted changes in the criminal legislation. Special attention is paid to describing the institutions of criminal law that underwent changes though the participation of the state in this process; specifics of the goals and tasks of government coercion, as well as the general basics of sentencing are evaluated. The conducted analysis of the contents of historical legal acts allowed the authors to conclude that, after joining the Russian Empire, the essential tasks of the criminal law of Transcaucasia were, for the first time, formulated at the normative level, including such tasks as crime prevention and the protection of individuals and public safety from criminal infringements. The fundamental principles of humanism and justice, different from the previously dominant ones, were established in the criminal law.