Literatura académica sobre el tema "Lead soaps"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Lead soaps"
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M.H. Zeiny, Sarmad. "Isolation of Some Microorganisms from Bar Soaps and Liquid Soaps in Hospital Environments". Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-ISSN: 1683 - 3597 , E-ISSN : 2521 - 3512) 18, n.º 1 (30 de marzo de 2017): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31351/vol18iss1pp28-32.
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This study was designed to determine the colonization of the in-use hand washing soaps in hospital settings. It is a comparative cross-sectional research in a surgical specialties and Baghdad teaching hospital in Baghdad, Iraq. Swabs from surfaces of bar soaps and from liquid soaps via their applicator tips; at the sinks of toilets of hospital staff and working rooms of the wards were taken in January 2008. Conventional microbiologic methods were used for culture of the swabs and identification of the isolates. Colonization was detected 60% and 15.9% in bars and liquid forms respectively. And this lead to the conclusion that bar soaps could be colonized with microorganisms excessively. Liquid hand washing soaps are more appropriate in hospital environments. Proper using conditions of the hand washing items should be defined in health care settings.
Keywords: Bar soap, liquid soap, pseudomonas aeruginosa, nosocomial infections.
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Catalano, Jaclyn, Yao Yao, Anna Murphy, Nicholas Zumbulyadis, Silvia A. Centeno y Cecil Dybowski. "Analysis of Lead Carboxylates and Lead-Containing Pigments in Oil Paintings by Solid- State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance". MRS Proceedings 1656 (18 de julio de 2014): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2014.707.
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ABSTRACTSoap formation in traditional oil paintings occurs when heavy-metal-containing pigments, such as lead white, 2Pb(CO3)2·Pb(OH)2, and lead-tin yellow type I, Pb2SnO4, react with fatty acids in the binding medium. These soaps may form aggregates that can be 100-200 μm in diameter, which swell and protrude through the paint surface, resulting in the degradation of the paint film and damage to the integrity of the artwork. In addition, soap formation has been reported to play a role in the increased transparency of paint films that allows the painting support, the preparatory drawing, and the artists’ alterations to become visible to the naked eye. The factors that trigger soap formation and the mechanism(s) of the process are not yet well understood. To elucidate these issues, chemical and structural information is necessary which can be obtained by solid-state 207Pb, 119Sn, and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). In the present study, a combination of 207Pb NMR pulse sequences was used to determine accurately the NMR parameters of lead-containing pigments and lead carboxylates known to be involved in soap formation, such as lead palmitate, lead stearate, and lead azelate. These results show that the local coordination environment of lead azelate is different from lead palmitate or lead stearate and therefore it is unlikely that lead azelate would be incorporated into an ordered structure containing lead palmitate and lead stearate. In addition, the chemical shifts of the pigments obtained are different from those of the soaps, demonstrating that 207Pb NMR is useful in characterizing the components when present in a mixture, such as a paint film. The NMR methods discussed can also be applied to other Pb-containing cultural heritage materials, electronic and optoelectronic materials, superconducting materials, and environmentally contaminated materials.
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Cotte, Marine, Emilie Checroun, Wout De Nolf, Yoko Taniguchi, Laurence De Viguerie, Manfred Burghammer, Philippe Walter et al. "Lead soaps in paintings: Friends or foes?" Studies in Conservation 62, n.º 1 (2 de octubre de 2016): 2–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00393630.2016.1232529.
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Givens, D. I., Jeannie M. Everington y N. Shepperson. "The rumen solubility of a calcium soap of palm fatty acids". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1989 (marzo de 1989): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600011417.
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Several experiments have shown (see Armstrong and Ross, 1968) that the addition of fats to ruminant diets can lead to a reduction in the digestibilities of forage cell walls due to adverse effects on the rumen microflora. Jenkins and Palmquist (1982) showed in vitro that the in situ formation of calcium soaps in the rumen could prevent this problem. Subsequently Jenkins and Palmquist (1984) have provided evidence that the feeding of preformed calcium soaps of tallow and soya oil fatty acids to dairy cows allowed normal rumen digestion of cell walls whereas non-saponified tallow fatty acids caused cell wall digestibility to be reduced.Givens et al (1988) reported that a calcium soap of palm fatty acids (Protector, UFAC-UK Ltd) did not cause any reduction in the digestibility of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) when fed to sheep at up to 152.4 gkg-1 of total diet dry matter (DM). Since it is believed that these beneficial effects of calcium soaps are due to their reduced rumen solubility, the present experiment has examined this aspect in further detail.
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Corbeil, Marie-Claude y Laurianne Robinet. "X-ray powder diffraction data for selected metal soaps". Powder Diffraction 17, n.º 1 (marzo de 2002): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1154/1.1431950.
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In order to better characterize metal soaps found in paint films or on metal surfaces, several metal soaps were synthesized and their X-ray powder diffraction patterns measured. Metal soaps were obtained from four different fatty acids found in drying oils, two saturated (palmitic and stearic acids) and two unsaturated (oleic and linoleic acids), and from copper, zinc, and lead, three metals that are typically found in metal alloys and paint systems. X-ray powder diffraction data are reported for the following compounds: palmitic acid, stearic acid, zinc palmitate, zinc stearate, zinc oleate, zinc linoleate, copper palmitate, copper stearate, copper oleate, lead palmitate, lead stearate, and lead oleate. Features that are characteristic of specific compounds were observed. Soaps obtained from different fatty acids with the same metal ion show differences, as do soaps obtained with the same fatty acid but with different metal ions. Differences were observed when X-ray powder diffraction data obtained for stearic acid and zinc stearate were compared to published data for these two compounds (PDF 38-1923 and 5-0079, respectively). In the case of stearic acid, differences could be explained by the fact that the specimen reported previously in PDF 38-1923 was likely contaminated with palmitic acid. In the case of zinc stearate, low angle data were missing from the original pattern PDF 5-0079 and peaks that were reported in other angular regions in fact consisted in more peaks that were not resolved due to broadening.
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Keune, Katrien, Annelies van Loon y Jaap J. Boon. "SEM Backscattered-Electron Images of Paint Cross Sections as Information Source for the Presence of the Lead White Pigment and Lead-Related Degradation and Migration Phenomena in Oil Paintings". Microscopy and Microanalysis 17, n.º 5 (11 de abril de 2011): 696–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927610094444.
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AbstractScanning electron microscopy backscattered-electron images of paint cross sections show the compositional contrast within the paint system. They not only give valuable information about the pigment composition and layer structure but also about the aging processes in the paint. This article focuses on the reading of backscatter images of lead white-containing samples from traditional oil paintings (17th–19th centuries). In contrast to modern lead white, traditional stack process lead white is characterized by a wide particle size distribution. Changes in particle morphology and distribution are indications of chemical/physical reactivity in the paint. Lead white can be affected by free fatty acids to form lead soaps. The dissolution of lead white can be recognized in the backscatter image by gray (less scattering) peripheries around particles and gray amorphous areas as opposed to the well-defined, highly scattering intact lead white particles. The small particles react away first, while the larger particles/lumps can still be visible. Formed lead soaps appear to migrate or diffuse through the semipermeable paint system. Lead-rich bands around particles, at layer interfaces and in the paint medium, are indications of transport. The presence of lead-containing crystals at the paint surface or inside aggregates furthermore point to the migration and mineralization of lead soaps.
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Martínez-Casado, F. J., M. Ramos-Riesco, J. A. Rodríguez-Cheda, M. I. Redondo-Yélamos, L. Garrido, A. Fernández-Martínez, J. García-Barriocanal, I. da Silva, M. Durán-Olivencia y A. Poulain. "Lead(ii) soaps: crystal structures, polymorphism, and solid and liquid mesophases". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, n.º 26 (2017): 17009–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp02351k.
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Quinlan, P. T., S. Lockton, J. Irwin y A. L. Lucas. "The Relationship between Stool Hardness and Stool Composition in Breast‐ and Formula‐Fed Infants". Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 20, n.º 1 (enero de 1995): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1536-4801.1995.tb11493.x.
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Summary“Constipation” and “hard stools” are associated with formula feeding of both term and preterm infants and, in the latter, can lead to life‐threatening complications. This study tested the hypothesis that stool hardness is related to excretion of fatty acid (FA) soaps in term infants, and in the extreme to milk bolus obstruction in premature infants. Stools (n = 44) were collected from 20 formula‐fed and 10 breast‐fed infants aged 6 weeks and were classified using visual charts for stool hardness on a 5‐point scale (1, watery; 5, hard). Stools were analysed for nitrogen, minerals, and lipid, the latter divided between the soap and nonsoap fractions. We explored the relationship between stool hardness or solids content and stool constituents, relative to both wet and dry weight. Calcium and FA soaps were the dominant factors significantly related to stool solids and hardness score across the breast‐ and formula‐fed groups. An 8% increase in stool dry weight FA soap content corresponded to a 1‐point change in stool hardness score. Stools from formula‐fed infants had a higher solids content and were classified as significantly harder than those from breastfed infants (hardness scores, 4.0 ± 0.5 versus 2.6 ± 0.7, mean ± SD) and on both a wet‐ and dry‐weight basis contained severalfold higher levels of minerals and lipid and considerably less carbohydrate. Differences in lipids between formula‐ and breast‐fed infants' stools were due almost entirely to FAs (mainly C16:0 and C18:0) excreted as soaps (27.7 ± 7.5% compared to 3.1 ± 4.1% of dry weight), suggesting the groups differed markedly in their handling of saturated FAs. An inspissated stool sample from a premature infant requiring surgical disempaction of an obstructed small intestine was found to be enriched in FA and calcium relative to the preterm formula. FA soaps, predominantly saturated, accounted for one third of the stool dry weight. These data support the hypothesis that calcium FA soaps are positively related to stool hardness; we speculate that this may, at least in part, explain the greater stool hardness in formula‐ versus breast‐fed infants and milk bolus obstruction in preterm infants. This conclusion is consistent with the physical properties of calcium FA soaps.
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Givens, D. I., Jeannie M. Everington y N. Shepperson. "Metabolisable Energy Content of a Saponified Palm Fat Product for Ruminants". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1988 (marzo de 1988): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600016652.
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Many experiments have shown (see Armstrong and Ross, 1968) that the addition of fats to ruminant diets can lead to a reduction in the digestibility of forage cell walls due to adverse affects on the rumen microflora. Jenkins and Palmquist (1982) showed in vitro that the formation of insoluble calcium soaps in rumen fluid could prevent this problem. Additionally, Jenkins and Palmquist (1984) reported that the feeding of the preformed calcium soaps of tallow and soya oil fatty acids to dairy cows allowed normal rumen digestion of fibre whereas non-saponified tallow fatty acids caused a reduction in fibre digestion.The main aims of the present experiment were to examine a new calcium soap of palm fatty acids for its effects on whole tract digestibility of various feed fractions and to measure its effective metabolisable energy (ME) content at maintenance, the present United Kingdom standard.
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Bertin, Mikolo, Tsoumou Kedar y Massamba Daniel. "Quality improvement of soaps perfumed with some selected essential oils". Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 9, n.º 1 (30 de marzo de 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2020.9101.
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This work concerned the valorization of shea butter, palm, coconut and kolo oils and, essential oils from Eucalyptus citriodora, Ocimum gratissimum, Cymbopogan citratus and Plectranthus glandulosus by applying a few stages of quality management procedures for soap making. For this purpose, the consumers' needs regarding the soap quality characteristics have been identified. It emerged that the soap smell was of more concern to them. The product was then designed by mixture design of experiment and, 50 g soap samples produced were subject to consumer assessment. Results showed that samples made with coconut (25 g) and kolo (25 g) oils gave the most popular soap according to the rates they received. Among the data of the four quality characteristics, only those from physical measurements of foam height suited the quadratic model. This lead to optimize this characteristic and the values of variables found were coco (17.171 g) and kolo (32.829 g) for a 9 cm maximum and 8 cm minimum foam height. There was no significant discrimination between both the odors of lemongrass and waya essential oils tested. The soaps perfumed with essential oils from Eucalyptus citriodora, Ocimum basilicum and Plectranthus glandulosus exerted an antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.
Tesis sobre el tema "Lead soaps"
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Laporte, Lucie. "Propriétés des huiles utilisées en peinture : rôle des siccatifs au plomb". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2022SORUS375.pdf.
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À partir du XVe siècle, les peintres préparent leurs peintures en broyant les pigments en présence d’huiles siccatives, comme l’huile de lin. Cette dernière constitue le liant, et forme un film solide après un long temps d’exposition à l’air. Afin d’accélérer le processus de séchage, il était d’usage pour les peintres de traiter leurs huiles avant d’y adjoindre des pigments. De nombreuses recettes historiques recommandent de chauffer les huiles en présence d’oxydes métalliques, appelés siccatifs. Parmi eux, l’oxyde de plomb (II) PbO était le plus fréquemment utilisé. En complément, de l’eau pouvait être ajoutée dans le milieu réactionnel. De tels traitements modifient la composition chimique des systèmes : les triglycérides de l’huile sont partiellement saponifiés et des savons de plomb sont formés. Simultanément, les propriétés physico-chimiques des huiles (consistance, couleur) évoluent. Ce travail vise à préciser les changements induits par le pré-traitement des huiles et à en comprendre l’origine. Dans ce but, les recettes historiques ont été transcrites en un protocole de formulation reproductible. Dans un second temps, la caractérisation des huiles traitées obtenues a été effectuée aux trois échelles : macroscopique, mésoscopique et moléculaire. L’impact de la quantité initiale de PbO (de 0 à 50% mol) et de l’ajout d’eau a été étudié. À l’échelle macroscopique, les propriétés rhéologiques sont fortement modifiées : l’huile seule, initialement newtonienne, voit sa viscosité augmenter avec la teneur en savons de plomb. Au-delà de 50% de PbO, les huiles saponifiées sont rhéofluidifiantes. L’échantillon d’huile chauffé avec 50% de PbO est également viscoélastique. À l'échelle supramoléculaire, des analyses SAXS et cryo-TEM ont révélé la présence de domaines lamellaires dispersés dans une matrice non organisée. La teneur en savons de plomb a un impact sur l’étendue et la distance caractéristique des domaines lamellaires. Afin de comprendre l’impact du cisaillement sur la structuration lamellaire identifiée au repos, les échantillons ont ensuite été analysés en rhéo-SAXS avec un faisceau synchrotron. Sous cisaillement continu, les lamelles ont adopté une orientation préférentielle dite parallèle. Un délaminage progressif a également été observé, plus marqué pour les échantillons les plus saponifiés. De manière surprenante, le cisaillement oscillatoire de l’échantillon viscoélastique a induit la formation de cylindres unilamellaires alignés dans le plan de cisaillement, conjointement à une diminution de l’élasticité de l’échantillon. En parallèle, l’influence de l’ajout d’eau au cours du chauffage a été étudiée : un déphasage progressif des échantillons a été observé, et les deux phases ont été caractérisées aux trois échelles. La caractérisation fine de la composition chimique des huiles saponifiées s’est avérée délicate mais a mis en évidence la grande diversité des espèces présentes dans les huiles traitées (savons, triglycérides partiellement saponifiés, chaînes aliphatiques isomérisées, cyclisées, etc.), et ce en raison des nombreux mécanismes réactionnels impliqués lors du chauffage. Aborder les huiles saponifiées selon une approche multi-échelles apporte un éclairage nouveau sur ce type de matériaux : le lien entre structuration supramoléculaire et comportement rhéologique a clairement été établi. La reconstitution de recettes historiques d'huiles chauffées en présence de PbO et l'utilisation de techniques analytiques complémentaires nous permet de mieux comprendre les pratiques picturales en usage à partir du XVe siècle. Afin d’affiner encore notre connaissance de ces systèmes, l’étude des huiles saponifiées au cours du séchage gagnerait à être poursuivie. Les observations faites sur les systèmes liquides pourraient ainsi être reliées aux altérations constatées à long terme sur les œuvres d’artSince the 15th century, artistic painters have prepared paint mixtures by adding oil binders to various pigments. Oils commonly used in historical paints, such as linseed oil, are called drying oils: they exhibit natural hardening properties after a long period of exposure to air. To accelerate the drying process, numerous historical recipes mention the use of inorganic drying compounds (or “driers”). Among them, lead (II) oxide PbO was the most frequently used. The driers were ground, added to the oil and the mixture was heated, possibly with water. Such treatments modify the chemical composition of the systems: the triglycerides of the oil are partially saponified and lead soaps are formed. Simultaneously, the physicochemical properties of the oils (consistency, color) change. This work aims to detail the changes induced by the pre-treatment of oils and to understand their origin. To do so, the historical recipes were first translated into a reproducible formulation protocol. In a second step, the characterization of the obtained treated oils was performed at the macroscopic, mesoscopic and molecular scales. The impact of the initial amount of PbO (from 0 to 50 mol%) and of the addition of water were studied. On a macroscopic scale, the rheological properties are significantly modified: oils cooked with 0 to 31% PbO behaved like Newtonian fluids. With 50% PbO, metal soaps induced important modifications of the rheological properties, leading to viscoelastic systems with shear-thinning behavior. At the supramolecular scale, SAXS and cryo-TEM analyses revealed the presence of lamellar domains dispersed in an unorganized matrix. The lead soap content has an impact on the extent and on the characteristic distance of the lamellar domains. To understand the impact of shear on the lamellar structuring identified at rest, the samples were then analyzed by rheo-SAXS on a synchrotron beamline. Continuous shear led to a preferential parallel orientation of the lamellae. A progressive delamination was also observed, increasingly marked for the most saponified samples. Surprisingly, an oscillatory shear on the viscoelastic sample induced the formation of unilamellar cylinders aligned in the shear plane, together with a decrease in the elasticity of the sample. In parallel, the influence of the addition of water during heating was studied: a progressive demixing of the samples was observed, and the two phases were analyzed. The fine characterization of the chemical composition of the saponified oils proved to be arduous but highlighted the great diversity of species present in the treated oils (soaps, partially saponified triglycerides, isomerized and cyclized aliphatic chains, etc.), due to the numerous reaction mechanisms involved during heating. The multi-scale approach applied to saponified oils sheds new light on this type of material: the link between supramolecular structuring and rheological behavior has been clearly established. The reconstitution of historical recipes of oils heated with PbO and the use of complementary analytical techniques allow us to better understand the pictorial practices in use from the 15th century. In order to further refine our knowledge of these systems, the study of saponified oils during drying would require further research. Observations performed on the liquid systems could thus be correlated with the alterations that occur on the works of art in the long term
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Devesa, Joana Moura. "Treatment of a nineteenth century male portrait in oil including the characterisation of materials, technique and a study of the lead soap aggregation in the paint composite". Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/9754.
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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em
Conservação e RestauroThis project involved the conservation of a 19th century portrait in oils from the Ecomuseu do Seixal (Portugal). The painting of “João Luiz Lourenço” was in very poor condition. Because of the range and severity of the problems presented, it offered an opportunity to explore important aspects of painting conservation in-depth. The approach to its treatment required an empirical investigation of a number of materials and techniques used in the field of conservation/restoration. Of additional interest, the painting exhibits widespread evidence of metal soap (lead carboxylate) aggregates protruding through the paint from the ground layer. The painting’s materials and the metal soaps aggregates were studied and characterised with different analytical techniques: μ-EDXRF (Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence), μ-Raman Spectroscopy, μ-FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) and SEM-EDX (Electron Scanning Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy). Part 1: describes the study of the materials and the technique of the painting, and of the metal-soap aggregation within the painting’s ground layer. Observation with the Optical Microscope and with SEM-EDX of paint/ground cross-sections reveals the presence of two visually distinct lead carboxylate aggregates: one, completely white, and the other with a white centre surrounded by distinct red particles identified as red lead (minium: Pb3O4) by μ-Raman. The presence of these two types raises questions about whether there are different starting materials for the aggregates or whether they could be in different states of evolution. Part 2: describes the design and implementation of the conservation/restoration treatment. The treatment of the painting raised challenges and at various stages involved the exploration of non-traditional methods. At every stage during the treatment the consequences of an intervention was carefully considered in relation to the subsequent steps. All decisions were taken according to the painting’s intrinsic conservation problems and materials and with regard to the future environment of the painting.
Libros sobre el tema "Lead soaps"
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VIVIENNE, BLATTEIS ANGELA VELLA. SOUP CLEANSE: Eat your way to a clean, lean, nourished body in less than a week. [Place of publication not identified]: QUERCUS Publishing, 2016.
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Cowden, Lisa. Ladle, Leaf and Loaf: Soup, Salad, and Bread for Every Season. Houghton Mifflin, 2000.
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Asbell, Robin. Great Bowls of Food: One-Bowl Meals Made with Healthy Grains, Noodles, Lean Proteins, and Veggies. Norton & Company, Incorporated, W. W., 2016.
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Lloyd, Maia. Eating Clean But Keep It Lean Weight Loss Secrets and Recipes ? Soups and Salads. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2016.
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Foster, Sarah. Lean and Green Cookbook 2021 Lean and Green Soup and Stew Recipes: Healthy easy-to-make and tasty recipes for your Soups and Stews that will slim down ... With Lean&Green Foods and Foods to Avoid. Writebetter Ltd, 2021.
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Hallam, Lindsay. Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me. Liverpool University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781911325642.001.0001.
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When David Lynch's film Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me, a prequel to the television series Twin Peaks, premiered at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival, it was met with met with outright hostility. Subsequent reviews from critics were almost unanimously negative, and many fans of the show felt betrayed, as their beloved town was suddenly revealed as a personal hell. Yet in the years since the film's release, there has begun to be a gradual wave of reappraisal and appreciation, one that accelerated with the broadcast of Twin Peaks: The Return in 2017. What has been central to this reevaluation is the realization that what Lynch had created was not a parody of soap opera and detective television but a horror movie. This book argues that the horror genre aids Lynch's purpose in presenting the protagonist Laura Palmer's subjective experience leading to her death as the incorporation of horror tropes actually leads to a more accurate representation of a victim's suffering and confusion. The book goes on to explore how the film was an attempt by Lynch to take back ownership of the material and to examine the initial reaction and subsequent reevaluation of the film, as well as the paratexts that link to it and the influence that Fire Walk with Me now has on contemporary film and across popular culture.
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Day, Ivan P. Cooking in Europe, 1650-1850. www.greenwood.com, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400631986.
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From the Baroque Era to the Victorian Era, 1650-1850, unprecedented changes took place in the food ways and dining habits of European society. This daily life aspect of history comes alive for students and food enthusiasts as they read and try out these recipes, most translated into English for the first time. There are nearly 200 recipes, organized overall by the mini-periods of the Baroque and Rococo Era, the Reign of Louis XV to the French Revolution, and the reign of Napoleon to the Victorian Era. Author Ivan Day, a renowned food historian who specializes in meticulous recreation of these amazing dishes for museum exhibitions, makes them accessible with clear explanations of techniques and unusual ingredients. Recipes include examples from France, Italy, England, Austria, Germany, Holland, Portugal, Spain, and Scotland, from the simple Salad of Pomegranate from La Varenne Careme's 1651 cookbook to the elaborate Boar's Head in Galantine of Careme's 1833 cookbook. This unique cookbook is a culinary treasure trove to complement all European History library collections. As Day shows in his narrative and recipes, the principal theme in the story of food during the two centuries is the rapid spread of French fine cooking throughout Europe and its gradual percolation down the social scale. However, despite the domination of French cuisine at higher levels, most nations managed to cling proudly to their own indigenous traditions. A lively introduction explains the dramatic shift in culinary taste led by the exuberant creativity of French cooks. Cookbooks started to emerge from the Paris printing presses after a hundred years of silence. Numerous innovations completely transformed French cuisine and swept away all remnants of lingering medieval taste. There were new efficient cooking techniques for the kitchens of powerful and wealthy. For all, there were new ingredients from New World and new cooking mediums such as the mechanical spit and roasting ranges that made cooking cleaner and less back breaking. The recipes, each with a short explanation, are organized by type of dish. Categories include salads and cold dishes; soups; meat; poultry; fish and seafood; vegetables and fungi; eggs and dairy; sauces; savory pastries; starches, pastas, and legumes; breads and cakes; sweet pastries and puddings; fruit, nuts, and flower preserves; sweets and confections; jellies and ices; and drinks. Occasional sidebars offer period menus of, for example, elaborate feasts. A glossary and an appendix listing suppliers of equipment and ingredients are added features.
Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Lead soaps"
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Keune, Katrien, Rick P. Kramer, Suzanne Stangier y Margriet H. van Eikema Hommes. "Impact of Lead Soaps on the Formation of Age Craquelure". En Metal Soaps in Art, 107–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90617-1_6.
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Catalano, Jaclyn, Anna Murphy, Yao Yao, Nicholas Zumbulyadis, Silvia A. Centeno y Cecil Dybowski. "Understanding the Dynamics and Structure of Lead Soaps in Oil Paintings Using Multinuclear NMR". En Metal Soaps in Art, 69–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90617-1_4.
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Cotte, Marine, Laurence De Viguerie, Emilie Checroun, Jean Susini y Philippe Walter. "Historical Evolutions of Lead-Fat/Oil Formula from Antiquity to Modern Times in a Set of European Pharmaceutical and Painting Treatises". En Metal Soaps in Art, 85–106. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90617-1_5.
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Martínez-Casado, Francisco J., José A. Rodríguez-Cheda, Miguel Ramos-Riesco, María Isabel Redondo-Yélamos, Fabio Cucinotta y Alejandro Fernández-Martínez. "Physicochemistry of Pure Lead(II) Soaps: Crystal Structures, Solid and Liquid Mesophases, and Glass Phases – Crystallographic, Calorimetric, and Pair Distribution Function Analysis". En Metal Soaps in Art, 227–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90617-1_13.
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Van Loon, Annelies, Laura Eva Hartman, Julia van den Burg, Ralph Haswell y Carol Pottasch. "The Development of an Aqueous Gel Testing Procedure for the Removal of Lead-Rich Salt Crusts on the Surface of Paintings by Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini (1675–1741) in the “Golden Room” of the Mauritshuis". En Metal Soaps in Art, 283–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90617-1_16.
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Sawicka, Alysia, Aviva Burnstock, Francesca Caterina Izzo, Katrien Keune, Jaap J. Boon, Kathrin Kirsch y Klaas Jan van den Berg. "An Investigation into the Viability of Removal of Lead Soap Efflorescence from Contemporary Oil Paintings". En Issues in Contemporary Oil Paint, 311–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10100-2_21.
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U H, Dr ASHA JYOTHI. "BUILDING SERVICES". En HABITATS: HOLISTIC APPROACHES TO BUILDING, INTERIORS AND TECHNICAL SYSTEMS. NOBLE SCIENCE PRESS, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.52458/9788196897444.nsp2024.eb.ch-10.
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The strength and composition of the domestic wastewater varies based on the time of the day, activities, and season. The waste depends upon the living style of the inmates, the quantity of water consumption, eating habits, and the standard of living. The waste water called grey water is categorized with a musty smell and content of solid matter. The solid matter is a mixture of grease, oil, food remains, soaps, salts, feces, detergents, metals, sand, and grit. The solid may be suspended or dissolved consisting of chemical and biological processes. The suspended solid can lead to sludge formation which can get deposited leading to anaerobic conditions in the sewage chamber.
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Jones, R. A. L. "Introduction and overview". En Soft Condensed Matter, 1–4. Oxford University PressOxford, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198505907.003.0001.
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Abstract Soft condensed matter (or soft matter, for brevity) is a convenient term for materials in states of matter that are neither simple liquids nor crystalline solids of the type studied in other branches of solid state physics. Many such materials are familiar from everyday life-glues, paints, and soaps, for example-while others are important in industrial processes, such as the polymer melts that are moulded and extruded to form plastics. Much of the food we eat can be classed as soft matter, and indeed the stuff of life itself shares the qualities of mutability and responsiveness to its surroundings that are characteristic of soft matter. We are ourselves soft machines, in William Burroughs’ apt phrase, and the material we are made of is soft matter. In more precise terms, the materials we are discussing include colloidal dispersions, where submicrometre particles of solid or liquid are dispersed in another liquid, polymer melts or solutions in which the size and connectivity of the molecules lead to striking new properties, such as viscoelasticity, which are very different to those of a simple liquid, and liquid crystals, where an anisotropic molecular shape leads to states with a degree of ordering intermediate between a crystalline solid and a liquid.
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Manzoor, Javid y Manoj Sharma. "Impact of Textile Dyes on Human Health and Environment". En Impact of Textile Dyes on Public Health and the Environment, 162–69. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0311-9.ch008.
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The textile industry is one of the important industries that generates a large amount of industrial effluents. Color is the main attraction of any fabric. Manufacture and use of synthetic dyes for fabric dyeing has therefore become a massive industry. Synthetic dyes have provided a wide range of colorfast, bright hues. However, their toxic nature has become a cause of grave concern to environmentalists. Use of synthetic dyes has an adverse effect on all forms of life. Presence of sulphur, naphthol, vat dyes, nitrates, acetic acid, soaps, enzymes chromium compounds, and heavy metals like copper, arsenic, lead, cadmium, mercury, nickel, and cobalt and certain auxiliary chemicals all collectively make the textile effluent highly toxic. These organic materials react with many disinfectants, especially chlorine, and form byproducts (DBPs) that are often carcinogenic and therefore undesirable. This effluent, if allowed to flow in the fields, clogs the pores of the soil resulting in loss of soil productivity. This chapter gives an overview on the health and environmental impact of dyes.
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Jayathilaka, Hiranya, Chandra Krintz y Rich Wolski. "Service-Driven Computing with APIs". En Advances in Systems Analysis, Software Engineering, and High Performance Computing, 355–79. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6178-3.ch015.
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While both SOAP and REST have been used widely to implement Web services and software integration, over time REST has emerged as the predominant approach. REST provides developers with a lower barrier to entry for implementation and greater development flexibility than SOAP. Its architectural conventions and best practices can be integrated into Web services incrementally as opposed to the all-or-nothing adoption of SOAP. In order to achieve generality, SOAP standards are extensive, rigid, and complex. This complexity can lead to implementations that introduce significant overhead on the network bandwidth consumption, execution times, and throughput of SOAP services, especially in the emerging resource-restricted mobile realm. This chapter provides an overview of the logical and physical design of modern Web services and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the predominant styles. It provides evidence and reasoning behind the emergence of REST as the leader for the development of next-generation Web APIs and services. The chapter also delineates the key technologies that underlie REST and describes emerging and future research directions in support of REST-based APIs and service development.
Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Lead soaps"
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Hincapie, Rafael E., Ante Borovina, Torsten Clemens, Markus Lüftenegger, Eugen Hoffmann, Jonas Wegner, Louis-Georgian Oprescu y Muhammad Tahir. "Alkali Polymer Flooding of Viscous Reactive Oil". En SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210240-ms.
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Abstract Displacing viscous oil by water leads to poor displacement efficiency owing to the high mobility ratio and viscous fingering. Polymer injection increases oil recovery by reducing viscous fingering and improving sweep efficiency. We are showing how Alkali-Polymer (AP) flooding is substantially improving production of reactive viscous oil from a Romanian oil field. IFT measurements, coreflood and micro-model experiments were used to understand and optimize the physico-chemical processes leading to incremental oil recovery. Extensive IFT measurements were performed at different alkali and AP concentrations. In addition, phase behavior tests were done. Furthermore, micro-model experiments were used to elucidate effects at the pore-scale and as screening tool for which chemicals to use. Single and two-phase coreflood experiments helped defining the displacement efficiency on a core scale. Various sequences and concentrations of alkali and polymers were injected to reduce costs and maximize incremental recovery of the reactive viscous oil. IFT measurements showed that saponification (110 μmol/g saponifiable acids) at the oil-alkali solution interface is very effectively reducing the IFT. With time, the IFT is increasing owing to diffusion of the generated soaps away from the interface. Phase experiments confirmed that emulsions are formed initially. Micro-models revealed that injection of polymers or alkali only leads to limited incremental oil recovery over waterflooding. For alkali injection, oil is emulsified due to in-situ saponification at the edges of viscous fingers. AP injection after waterflooding is very effective. The emulsified oil at the edges of the viscous fingers is effectively dragged by the viscous fluid substantially increasing recovery. Corefloods confirmed the findings of the micromodels. In addition, the effect of di-valent cations for the selection of the polymer concentration was investigated. Water softening leads to significantly higher viscosity of the AP slug than non-softened brine. Reducing the polymer concentration to obtain the same viscosity as the polymer solution containing divalent cations resulted in similar displacement efficiency. Hence, significant cost savings can be realized for the field conditions, for which AP injection is planned after polymer injection. The results show that alkali solutions lead to initial low IFT of reactive viscous oil owing to soap generation at the oil-alkali solution interface increasing with time due to diffusion. Injecting alkali solutions into reactive viscous oil is not effective to reduce remaining oil saturation, a limited amount of oil is mobilized at the edges of viscous fingers. AP flooding of reactive viscous oil is substantially increasing incremental oil recovery. The reason is the effective dragging of the mobilized oil with the viscous fluid and associated exposure of additional oil to the alkali solutions. Furthermore, the economics of AP flooding projects can be substantially improved by adjusting the polymer concentration to the AP slug containing softened water.
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Jaw, Shenq-Yuh, Robert R. Hwang y K. L. Shyu. "Development and Application of LED Illumination Color PIV". En ASME 2006 2nd Joint U.S.-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting Collocated With the 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2006-98090.
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In this study, red, green, and blue light-emitting diodes (LED) are adopted as the light source to illuminate sequentially a two-dimensional soap film channel flow. Triple-exposure particle image is recorded on the same image frame by a 3-ccd color camera. Since the particles illuminated by the R, G, B LED will only be recorded on the R, G, B ccd-chip of the digital camera, three sequential exposure, R, G, B particle images can be obtained from separating the triple-exposure particle image. Two sequential velocity fields can be determined from the correlation analysis of the R-G and G-B sequential particle images. Time derivative of the velocity fields, and hence the evolution of the unsteady flow or the characteristics of turbulent flows can be analyzed from the two velocity fields determined. The color PIV method incorporated with the LED light has proven to be a cheap, safe, and powerful tool for the full-field flow measurements. Results of the flow past circular cylinder in the confined soap film channel flow are presented.
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Zhang, Lulu, Chunyang Yu, Yue Zhang, Menglan He y Wei Wang. "Calibration Device for Reference Leak Value by Soap Film Flowmeter". En 19th International Flow Measurement Conference 2022. Budapest: IMEKO, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/tc9-2022.019.
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Marliati, N., I. Pranita Sirega y C. Ulina Tarigan. "Formulation of transparent soap with pandan leaf powder (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.)". En 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ADVANCED INFORMATION SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT (ICAISD) 2021: Innovating Scientific Learning for Deep Communication. AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0110903.
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Putri, Windi Eka Syah. "The Quality Of Transparent Soap With Addition Of Moringa Leaf Extract". En 1st International Conference on Social, Applied Science and Technology in Home Economics (ICONHOMECS 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iconhomecs-17.2018.22.
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Igleski, Joseph R., Douglas L. Van Bossuyt y Tahira Reid. "The Application of Retrospective Customer Needs Cultural Risk Indicator Method to Soap Dispenser Design for Children in Ethiopia". En ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-60530.
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We present here the design and analysis of a cost-effective soap dispenser that prevents bar soap theft in schools in developing countries. The intended region of deployment is within Ethiopia and surrounding areas. Lack of public hygiene is attributed to 1.4 million global deaths annually due to preventable diarrheal diseases. Using soap while washing hands is estimated to decreases death due to diarrheal diseases by half. Theft of soap from public wash stations, such as those found in schools, is believed to contribute to the spread of diarrheal diseases. Currently there exists no adequate cost-effective solutions to protect bar soap from theft although there appears to be a demand and there is a need for such a device. An undergraduate student mechanical design team in a sophomore design course at Purdue University was tasked with developing a soap dispenser that prevents theft of bar soap. The project prompt was provided by Purdue Global Engineering Programs’ Innovation to International Development (I2D) Lab. Students were instructed to complete the first step (Product Concept) of the Lean Design for the Developing World (LDW) method to develop a Minimum Viable Product (MVP). The team then completed a retrospective analysis of the MVP using the Customer Needs Cultural Risk Indicator (CNCRI) method to determine potential shortcomings that may be identified in the second step (Validated Learning) of the LDW method. Several customer needs and their component and design solutions that need close monitoring during the second step of the LDW method were identified. The highest risk customer needs included: culturally appropriate design, aesthetic appeal, security, and durability. Based on the experiences of the design team, several important lessons were learned that can both be applied to improving the secure bar soap dispenser product and to the broader field of product design for the developing world. These lessons include: Customers in the developing world may be more concerned with cost than durability, cultural appeal of a device is highly dependent on first -hand experience and can easily be misunderstood or misrepresented, the LDW method is an invaluable tool in identifying customer needs that may be overlooked due to cultural and socio-economic differences. The use of the LDW framework and the CNCRI method in an undergraduate design group was found to be useful, viable, and valuable to both the undergraduate student learning outcomes and the development of a product that can be deployed to its intended market. Further development of an end-to-end tool chain is needed to better integrate product development for the developing world into mainstream engineering curriculum.
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Viani, Vivin, Vivi Oktaviani, Habibi Hidayat y Is Fatimah. "Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Ocimum citriodorum leaf extract for antibacterial soap application". En 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CHEMISTRY, CHEMICAL PROCESS AND ENGINEERING (IC3PE). AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0062196.
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Liu, Jing y Yang Yang. "Cryogenic and Fluidic Ways Lead to Low Cost Micro/Nano Devices". En ASME 2009 7th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2009-82143.
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Building systems as compactly as possible has been a major theme in modern science and engineering practices. However, such enthusiastic endeavor often encounters big troubles due to high cost and complexity of the process it involves. Part of the reasons comes from the methodology itself, the fabrication, designing and characterization procedure etc. Among various disciplines to making micro/nano object, those enabled from the thermal and hydrodynamic science plays a rather important role. In this article, we will illustrate a cryogenic way for realizing a group of different micro/nano devices which can be implemented as mechanical, hydraulic, electrical, or optical functional units. The basic principle of the method lies in the formation of ice crystals in small area, from which micro/nano aqueous objects or signals transmitting across them can be blocked, manipulated and analyzed. In this way, a series of micro/nano devices such as freeze tweezer, ice valve, freeze-thaw pump, electrical or optical signal switch and micro thermal analyzer etc. can be developed via a rather simple and low cost way. As examples, some latest advancement made in the authors’ lab will be reviewed. Their innovative applications in a wide variety of micro/nano engineering fields will be discussed. Further, to illustrate the low cost way to directly manufacture micro/nano objects, we will explain a bubble fabrication method whose basic principle lies in the chemical reaction occurring at the fluidic interfaces between two or more soap adjacent bubbles. A unique virtue of the bubble is that it can have a rather huge diameter however an extremely small membrane thickness, whose smallest size can even reach nano scale. Therefore, the administrated chemical reaction in the common interface of the contacting bubbles would lead to products with extremely small size. Particularly, all these results were achieved via a rather straightforward way. The bubble builds up a bridge between the macroscopic manipulation/observation and the fabrication in small world. Several typical micro structures as fabricated in the lab will be illustrated. As a flexible, easily controllable, and low cost method, the bubble fabrication can possibly be developed as a routine strategy for making micro/nano structures in the near future.
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Kobayashi, Takashi. "A Rapid Testing Procedure to Characterize Fundamental Sealing Behavior of Gaskets". En ASME 2005 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2005-71457.
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In this paper, a testing procedure to obtain fundamental sealing behavior of gasket is discussed. The testing procedure consists of 12 combinations of gasket stresses and internal pressures. It takes about 3 hours to complete one test, which is acceptable for gasket manufacturers. In order to clarify the validity of the testing procedure, measurements of leak rates of compressed fiber sheet gaskets were carried out and also experiments to check a detectable leak rate by the soapy bubble test were carried out separately. It has shown that the fundamental sealing behavior can be well characterized using the proposed testing procedure with reasonable time and cost.
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Elabrashy, Manar, Zubair Khan, Haris Shakeel Abbasi, Ayesha Alsaeedi, Mohammed Al zeyoudi, Marinus Grutters, Eissa Al Mheiri et al. "Unloading Liquid Loaded Wells- How Conventional Solutions Contribute to Sustainability Targets". En ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211241-ms.
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Abstract In the normal life of an oil or gas well, sometimes the well produce water in conjunction with the desired hydrocarbons. In the initial stage of life of the wells, the wells have sufficient energy to carry undesired water through the well bore and out of well to the surface. With the passage of time, the reservoir pressure depletes, and it leads to a decrease in well production. When this occurs the flowing pressure decrease and have an adverse effect on the well to carry and remove the undesired water being produced by the well. When the well can't carry said water out of the well bore it builds up in the production tubing and the well shuts off flow to the surface. Soap sticks are deployed on the wells to generate foam and to overcome the liquid loading, thereby reducing the surface tension and lowering the fluid density. The customer was experiencing liquid loading in many of its older gas wells which has a considerable impact on production targets. The liquid loading was a major challenge for the customer. The customer was using coil tubing and nitrogen kick off to offload the liquid loaded wells. The cost associated with nitrogen kick off was vey high. The customer was looking for a cost-effective solution to offload liquid loaded wells. This paper describes the application of Soap Sticks on liquid loaded wells and demonstrates that the use of Soap Sticks is cost effective and sustainable alternative to unloading by coil tubing. Initially, two liquid loaded wells were selected for Soap Sticks treatment. The data for two wells, Well X-1 and Well X-2 was used for analysis and to prepare best treatment plan. The Well X-1 was a deviated well with 4-1/2-inch single string completion. The well was producing 4944Mscf/d and 39 bbl/day liquids. The well was loaded up with water and was unable to deliver the desired production rates. As per the analysis, the Soap sticks were launched, and the well was unloaded successfully. The Well X-2 located in the same field and was a vertical well with 4-1/2" single string completion. Based on historical data, this well was producing around 4310 Mscf/day. The production from this well dropped to 1704Mscf/day and it was kept dropping continusly. Prior to the field trial the liquid column height was determined, and the required number of Soap Sticks was calculated for the candidate well. Commencing the field trial, Soap Sticks were dropped in the well and wellhead pressure was building up. After several hours of pressure build up the well was opened whilst monitoring the flow rate and wellhead pressure.
Informes sobre el tema "Lead soaps"
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Mikula, R. J., I. S. Parsons, V. A. Munoz, W. W. Lam, C. Payette y K. C. McAuley. High-temperature settling of bitumen from Aostra's underground test facility. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331489.
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Several bitumen samples from AOSTRA's Underground Test Facility were obtained (heat exchanger outlet) in order to characterize the emulsion droplet size distribution and to ultimately establish whether or not high temperature settling could successfully be used to separate the bitumen and water phases. Characterization of the dispersed phase was not straightforward since the samples varied. The samples would sometimes be separated into a large bitumen mass and significant free water and sometimes be quite fluid with dispersed bitumen. It was our opinion that sampling contamination, perhaps with residual soaps, lead to some samples remaining as a bitumen in water emulsion without separating. Normally, one would expect that the bitumen would separate from the free water. Preliminary characterization of the solids in the feed was also done since it is known that mineral/solids composition can influence emulsion formation and the stability of rag layers in bitumen/water separation schemes. High temperature settling evaluations proved the feasibility of this type of settling as a method of bitumen separation producing a product of less than 5% water. Good results were achieved with temperatures from 190 to 220 °C and 250 to 1000 ppm demulsifier. Separation without demulsifiers vas not successful. Product samples were examined microscopically to determine the dispersed water size distributions.
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Rosato-Scott, Claire, Dani J. Barrington, Amita Bhakta, Sarah J. House, Islay Mactaggart y Jane Wilbur. Incontinence: We Need to Talk About Leaks. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), octubre de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2020.005.
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Anyone, of any gender, at any age, can leak urine or faeces. What would you do if it happened to you? Imagine if you’d woken up this morning and you’d wet the bed. What would you do? Have a wash, put on clean clothes, change the bedding and put it in a washing machine? You may go to the shop and buy an incontinence pad. And perhaps if you knew that there was help available for leaking urine you’d make an appointment to see a doctor next week and then just carry on with the rest of your day, dignity intact. Now imagine if you’d woken up this morning and you’d wet the bed. But to have a wash, or clean your clothes and bedding, you’d have to walk for an hour to collect water. Imagine you are frightened to walk there alone, the path is steep and you struggle to use the hand pump. Even if you did get water, you don’t have enough soap so the smells would linger anyway. And after all that effort, you have nothing to wear to soak up urine if it happens again. What if you didn’t know that leaking urine was common, and you spent the rest of the day worried about your health and too embarrassed to go to work in case people could tell? What if you were worried that your partner would hit you again for making a mess so you had very little to drink all day for fear of it happening again? What can you do to support people living with incontinence? To start, we need to talk about leaks.
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Rosato-Scott, Claire, Dani J. Barrington, Amita Bhakta, Sarah J. House, Islay Mactaggart y Jane Wilbur. Incontinence: We Need to Talk About Leaks. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), octubre de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2020.011.
Texto completoResumen
Anyone, of any gender, at any age, can leak urine or faeces. What would you do if it happened to you? Imagine if you’d woken up this morning and you’d wet the bed. What would you do? Have a wash, put on clean clothes, change the bedding and put it in a washing machine? You may go to the shop and buy an incontinence pad. And perhaps if you knew that there was help available for leaking urine you’d make an appointment to see a doctor next week and then just carry on with the rest of your day, dignity intact. Now imagine if you’d woken up this morning and you’d wet the bed. But to have a wash, or clean your clothes and bedding, you’d have to walk for an hour to collect water. Imagine you are frightened to walk there alone, the path is steep and you struggle to use the hand pump. Even if you did get water, you don’t have enough soap so the smells would linger anyway. And after all that effort, you have nothing to wear to soak up urine if it happens again. What if you didn’t know that leaking urine was common, and you spent the rest of the day worried about your health and too embarrassed to go to work in case people could tell? What if you were worried that your partner would hit you again for making a mess so you had very little to drink all day for fear of it happening again? What can you do to support people living with incontinence? To start, we need to talk about leaks.
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Thompson, Joseph. How WASH Programming has Adapted to the COVID-19 Pandemic. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), diciembre de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.001.
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Since first appearing at the end of 2019, the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread at a pace and scale not seen before. On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a pandemic. A rapid response was called for, and actors across the globe worked quickly to develop sets of preventative measures to contain the disease. One mode of transmission identified early on in the crisis was via surfaces and objects (fomites) (Howard et al. 2020). To combat this, hand hygiene was put forward as a key preventative measure and heralded as ‘the first line of defence against the disease’ (World Bank 2020). What followed was an unprecedented global focus on handwashing with soap. Health messages on how germs spread, the critical times at which hands should be washed, and methods for correct handwashing were shared (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2020). Political leaders around the world promoted handwashing and urged people to adopt the practice to protect against the coronavirus. The primary and secondary impacts of COVID-19 have affected people and industries in a variety of different ways. For the WASH sector, the centring of handwashing in the pandemic response has led to a sudden spike in hygiene activity. This SLH Rapid Topic Review takes stock of some of the cross-cutting challenges the sector has been facing during this period and explores the adaptations that have been made in response. It then looks forwards, thinking through what lies ahead for the sector, and considers the learning priorities for the next steps.
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Thompson, Joseph. How WASH Programming has Adapted to the COVID-19 Pandemic. The Sanitation Learning Hub, Institute of Development Studies, diciembre de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.0015.
Texto completoResumen
Since first appearing at the end of 2019, the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread at a pace and scale not seen before. On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 a pandemic. A rapid response was called for, and actors across the globe worked quickly to develop sets of preventative measures to contain the disease. One mode of transmission identified early on in the crisis was via surfaces and objects (fomites) (Howard et al. 2020). To combat this, hand hygiene was put forward as a key preventative measure and heralded as ‘the first line of defence against the disease’ (World Bank 2020). What followed was an unprecedented global focus on handwashing with soap. Health messages on how germs spread, the critical times at which hands should be washed, and methods for correct handwashing were shared (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2020). Political leaders around the world promoted handwashing and urged people to adopt the practice to protect against the coronavirus. The primary and secondary impacts of COVID-19 have affected people and industries in a variety of different ways. For the WASH sector, the centring of handwashing in the pandemic response has led to a sudden spike in hygiene activity. This SLH Rapid Topic Review takes stock of some of the cross-cutting challenges the sector has been facing during this period and explores the adaptations that have been made in response. It then looks forwards, thinking through what lies ahead for the sector, and considers the learning priorities for the next steps.
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Rosato-Scott, Claire, Dani J. Barrington, Amita Bhakta, Sarah J. House, Islay Mactaggart y Jane Wilbur. How to Talk About Incontinence: A Checklist. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), octubre de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2020.006.
Texto completoResumen
Incontinence is the medical term used to describe the involuntary loss of urine or faeces. Women, men, girls, boys and people of all genders, at any age, can experience incontinence. A person with incontinence can experience leakage occasionally, regularly or constantly; and leakage can happen at any time, day or night. A person may also experience leakage of urinary or faecal matter due to not being able to get to the toilet in time or not wanting to use the toilet facilities available. This is known as social, or functional, incontinence. In many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) understanding of incontinence is still in its early stages: the term ‘incontinence’ may not be known, knowledge of the condition is rare, and the provision of support is lacking. Those who experience incontinence may face stigma due to having the condition, and this may affect their willingness or confidence to talk about it. There is a need to better understand incontinence in LMICs, and how best to support people living with the condition to improve their quality of life. This requires having conversations with individuals that experience the condition, and with individuals who care for those who do: they will have the lived experiences of what it means to live with incontinence practically, emotionally and socially for them and their families. Living with incontinence can have a range of impacts on the people living with it and their carers. These include increased stress and distress; additional needs for water and soap; and restricted ability to join in community activities, school or work. Living with incontinence can also lead to a range of protection issues. The potential challenges that people face may be quite diverse and may vary between people and households. The checklist below, and corresponding page references to ‘Incontinence: We Need to Talk About Leaks’ can be used to increase your understanding of incontinence and the options available to support people living with the condition; and provide guidance on how to have conversations to understand how best to support people living with incontinence in your area.
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Rosato-Scott, Claire, Dani J. Barrington, Amita Bhakta, Sarah J. House, Islay Mactaggart y Wilbur Jane. How to Talk About Incontinence: A Checklist. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), octubre de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2020.012.
Texto completoResumen
Incontinence is the medical term used to describe the involuntary loss of urine or faeces. Women, men, girls, boys and people of all genders, at any age, can experience incontinence. A person with incontinence can experience leakage occasionally, regularly or constantly; and leakage can happen at any time, day or night. A person may also experience leakage of urinary or faecal matter due to not being able to get to the toilet in time or not wanting to use the toilet facilities available. This is known as social, or functional, incontinence. In many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) understanding of incontinence is still in its early stages: the term ‘incontinence’ may not be known, knowledge of the condition is rare, and the provision of support is lacking. Those who experience incontinence may face stigma due to having the condition, and this may affect their willingness or confidence to talk about it. There is a need to better understand incontinence in LMICs, and how best to support people living with the condition to improve their quality of life. This requires having conversations with individuals that experience the condition, and with individuals who care for those who do: they will have the lived experiences of what it means to live with incontinence practically, emotionally and socially for them and their families. Living with incontinence can have a range of impacts on the people living with it and their carers. These include increased stress and distress; additional needs for water and soap; and restricted ability to join in community activities, school or work. Living with incontinence can also lead to a range of protection issues. The potential challenges that people face may be quite diverse and may vary between people and households. The checklist below, and corresponding page references to ‘Incontinence: We Need to Talk About Leaks’ can be used to increase your understanding of incontinence and the options available to support people living with the condition; and provide guidance on how to have conversations to understand how best to support people living with incontinence in your area.
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Bowles, David, Michael Williams, Hope Dodd, Lloyd Morrison, Janice Hinsey, Tyler Cribbs, Gareth Rowell, Michael DeBacker, Jennifer Haack-Gaynor y Jeffrey Williams. Protocol for monitoring aquatic invertebrates of small streams in the Heartland Inventory & Monitoring Network: Version 2.1. National Park Service, abril de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2284622.
Texto completoResumen
The Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network (HTLN) is a component of the National Park Service’s (NPS) strategy to improve park management through greater reliance on scientific information. The purposes of this program are to design and implement long-term ecological monitoring and provide information for park managers to evaluate the integrity of park ecosystems and better understand ecosystem processes. Concerns over declining surface water quality have led to the development of various monitoring approaches to assess stream water quality. Freshwater streams in network parks are threatened by numerous stressors, most of which originate outside park boundaries. Stream condition and ecosystem health are dependent on processes occurring in the entire watershed as well as riparian and floodplain areas; therefore, they cannot be manipulated independently of this interrelationship. Land use activities—such as timber management, landfills, grazing, confined animal feeding operations, urbanization, stream channelization, removal of riparian vegetation and gravel, and mineral and metals mining—threaten stream quality. Accordingly, the framework for this aquatic monitoring is directed towards maintaining the ecological integrity of the streams in those parks. Invertebrates are an important tool for understanding and detecting changes in ecosystem integrity, and they can be used to reflect cumulative impacts that cannot otherwise be detected through traditional water quality monitoring. The broad diversity of invertebrate species occurring in aquatic systems similarly demonstrates a broad range of responses to different environmental stressors. Benthic invertebrates are sensitive to the wide variety of impacts that influence Ozark streams. Benthic invertebrate community structure can be quantified to reflect stream integrity in several ways, including the absence of pollution sensitive taxa, dominance by a particular taxon combined with low overall taxa richness, or appreciable shifts in community composition relative to reference condition. Furthermore, changes in the diversity and community structure of benthic invertebrates are relatively simple to communicate to resource managers and the public. To assess the natural and anthropo-genic processes influencing invertebrate communities, this protocol has been designed to incorporate the spatial relationship of benthic invertebrates with their local habitat including substrate size and embeddedness, and water quality parameters (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, specific conductance, and turbidity). Rigid quality control and quality assurance are used to ensure maximum data integrity. Detailed standard operating procedures (SOPs) and supporting information are associated with this protocol.