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Dulęba, Przemysław. "New data for studies on settlement and economy of the La Tène culture in Lower Silesia". Recherches Archéologique Nouvelle Serie 10 (31 de diciembre de 2019): 79–136. http://dx.doi.org/10.33547/rechacrac.ns10.03.
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The paper presents results of research carried out on two La Tène culture settlements situated in the vicinity of present-day Wrocław. The sites of Wrocław-Partynice 6 and Ślęza 11–12 revealed relics of La Tène culture buildings including semi-sunken houses, storage pits, and post-built structures, which are typical of La Tène culture villages distinguished by highly dispersed housing. The research yielded a considerable series of pottery and a small number of small finds made of clay, metal, and glass. Based on abundant analogies, the ceramic material, which included both wheel- and hand-made vessels, can be dated to the close of the Early La Tène period and the beginnings of the Middle La Tène period. The analysis of animal bones retrieved from archaeological features revealed that cattle was the predominant species in animal husbandry practiced by the people from both sites.
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Dulęba, Przemysław. "La Tène culture in Silesia. Remarks on the state of research and new cognitive perspectives". Recherches Archéologique Nouvelle Serie 10 (31 de diciembre de 2019): 137–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33547/rechacrac.ns10.04.
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The article presents the latest state of research on the issues of La Tène culture settlement in the area of modern-day Silesia. The text discusses the specific of field research and their interpretation in the light of all the discoveries that are known from the analysed region. Until recently, studies on the La Tène culture in Poland were considerably hampered by a particular state of research. The vast majority of finds which can be dated to the Early La Tène period have sepulchral nature, while the settlement sites represented the Middle La Tène period. The author also discusses the model of periodization used for the territory of Central Europe, the settlement potential of the local populations, their interregional connections and contacts with indigenous societies.
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Danielisová, Alžběta. "Bohemia at the End of the La Tène Period: Objects, Materials, Chronology, and Main Development Trends – A Review". Památky archeologické 111 (7 de diciembre de 2020): 113–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.35686/pa2020.3.
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The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of current knowledge concerning the late La Tène chronology in Bohemia and Moravia during the LT C2–D2 phases (150–0 BC) with an emphasis on developments in the latter stages of the La Tène occupation of the Middle Danube zone (LT D1b – LT D2). During the first century BC, specifically from the 70s and 60s BC onwards, a succession of events caused a rapid chain of reactions that resulted in the abandonment of the oppida and the replacement of the La Tène population in Bohemia by incomers of Germanic origin on the one hand, and a final rapid rise of the La Tène elites in the Middle Danube zone on the other. These processes are accompanied by a distinctive material culture of both local and external origin (Mediterranean and Germanic) and these objects tell us much about the society and its socio-economic strategies, distribution patterns and long-distance communication. The article does not aim to provide an historical account of the events that took place around the second half of the first century BC, such as Ceasar’s military campaigns against the Helvetians and in Gaul, the supposed participation of the Boii in these events, and the demise of the Celtic occupation of the Bratislava oppidum as a result of the (supposed) devastating incursion by the Dacians under the leadership of Burebista. The objective is to summarise what is known about the chronology of this turbulent period of the first century BC and to offer an archaeological overview of the developments of material culture in the Middle Danube zone. Key Words: Late La Tène, chronology, material analysis, metals, glass, oppida, Central Europe
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Repka, Dominik, Matej Styk, Róbert Ölvecky, Miriama Tábiová, Katarína Šimunková, Ivo Světlík y Kateřina Pachnerová Brabcová. "Cremation Graves from La Tène Period in Sládkovičovo". Slovenská archeológia 71, n.º 2 (31 de diciembre de 2023): 315–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31577/slovarch.2023.71.11.
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Burešová, Lucie. "Instruments for diagnostic and treatment purposes from the la Tène period in Central Europe." Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia 27 (29 de diciembre de 2022): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/fpp.2022.27.02.
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Sources of knowledge of treatment practices in the La Tène period in Central Europe are limited. Archaeologists very often classify findings on the basis of their personal opinions which are not substantiated by evidence. The theories that have been proposed so far are not widely accepted by the academics. Artefacts that are expected to be used for diagnostics and treatment are not usually chosen to deduce the form and processes of therapeutic practice in the La Tène period. The main issue of the topic is the possibility to distinguish between tools for therapeutic procedures and artefacts created for other purposes. However, there is also the question of whether it is possible to distinguish between tools originating from Central Europe and tools originating in the Roman or Greek environment, artefacts which originated in the studied period from medieval or modern objects, and the real artefacts, for which there are no suitable analogies, from counterfeits created in the 18th‒19th centuries. For this purpose, specific debatable sets of artefacts are used. The goal of the research is to clarify the real purpose of the examined artefacts, for which it was previously proposed that they were used for therapy or diagnostics in the La Tène period. The results of the review and analysis of the artefacts have their explanatory ability about the state of practice in the studied geographical area.
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Daňová, Klaudia y Miroslava Kissová. "New Settlement from the La Tène Period in Sereď". Slovenská archeológia 69, supplementum 2 (31 de diciembre de 2021): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31577/slovarch.2021.suppl.2.7.
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Saliari, Konstantina y Peter Trebsche. "Cattle Make the Difference: Variations and Developments of Animal Husbandry in the Central European La Tène Culture". Animals 13, n.º 11 (1 de junio de 2023): 1847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13111847.
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The first part of our research focuses on the analysis of animal remains (>6000 identified specimens, NISP) from the Middle La Tène central settlement Haselbach in Lower Austria, one of the largest investigated archaeozoological assemblages of present-day Austria. Based on the age and sex profiles, the faunal assemblage from Haselbach shows characteristics of urbanization and centralization and bears striking similarities to the archaeozoological material of the central settlement of Roseldorf (Lower Austria), some 35 km northwest of Haselbach. The second part of our research discusses the historical and regional context of the archaeozoological results from Haselbach and compares them with other sites, based on a detailed review of published archaeozoological data from the La Tène period (c. 450 BC to the end of the first century BC). In total, 55 faunal assemblages from 46 sites in nine countries in Central Europe, representing different types of sites (lowland settlements, hilltop settlements, central settlements, oppida, assemblages of ritual activity, and mining sites) were examined. The synthesis of the archaeozoological data exhibits different husbandry strategies and suggests major changes, especially during the Middle La Tène period indicating agricultural intensification. The differences in the biological profiles of the major domesticated species are of crucial importance to better understand aspects of socio-economic organization; especially in the case of cattle, age and sex profiles are used to distinguish different patterns of cattle husbandry. Finally, morphometric and recent genetic analyses on cattle bones and teeth from La Tène sites in Central Europe provide new insights into the complex socio-economic behavior as well as long-distance networks, involving animal supply and mobility in an exciting period of change involving centralization and increasing influence from the South during the pre-Roman late Iron Age.
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Salae, Vladimir. "Production and Exchange During the La Tène Period in Bohemia". Journal of European Archaeology 1, n.º 2 (septiembre de 1993): 73–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/096576693800719329.
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Tomaž, Alenka y Monika Zorko. "Prehistoric settlement at Ribnica near Brežice (south-east Slovenia)". Annales Instituti archaeologici 19, n.º 1 (2023): 19–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33254/aia.19.1.2.
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The archaeological site of Ribnica near Brežice has been known to the general public since the mid-1950s as the location of the Roman roadside station Romula. Between 2001 and 2004, extensive archaeological excavations took place on the site because of the planned construction of the Ljubljana – Obrežje highway; among other things, it proved that this location was attractive not only to the Romans, but also to settlers in prehistory, the Middle Ages, and modern times. The earliest archaeological remains at Ribnica date to the Eneolithic period, followed by the Bronze Age settlement and a few pits from the La Tène period. Among the prehistoric finds, those from the Bronze Age are the most numerous, while those from the Eneolithic and the La Tène period appear only sporadically. Although two decades have passed since the excavations at Ribnica, the research results have not been published yet. In this paper, we provide an overview of the prehistoric remains discovered in Ribnica near Brežice.
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Venclová, Natalie, Václav Hulínský, Šárka Jonášová, Jaroslav Frána, Marek Fikrle y Tomáš Vaculovič. "Hellenistic mosaic glass vessels in Bohemia and Moravia". Archeologické rozhledy 67, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2015): 213–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.35686/ar.2015.11.
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Imported artefacts from the Late La Tène period also include mosaic glass vessels produced using millefiori, reticella and ribbon mosaic glass techniques. The artefacts are part of the assemblages from the oppida of Stradonice and Staré Hradisko and from the Jičina-Požaha hillfort of the Púchov culture. Their origin can be traced to a Hellenistic workshop(s) in the eastern Mediterranean that was probably in operation in the second and first centuries BC. According to their chemical composition determined by means of SEM-EDS, NAA and LA-ICP-MS, the chemical type of glass of the mosaic vessels is the same as the glass used to make La Tène ring ornaments – soda-lime natron glass.
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Dulęba, Przemysław, Renata Abłamowicz, Agata Sady-Bugajska y Jacek Soida. "The economy of the La Tène culture communities based on the example of research from Upper Silesia". Praehistorische Zeitschrift 96, n.º 2 (17 de noviembre de 2021): 511–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pz-2021-2043.
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Abstract The results of excavations show that the La Tène culture community which inhabited the microregion of the contemporary village of Samborowice (Upper Silesia, Poland) in the Iron Age did not differ from its brethren from the area of Moravia and the middle basin of the Danube. Our intention is to try to identify the most important features of local economy based on newly acquired archaeobotanical and archaeozoological sources. The results from Samborowice in the form of a set of cereals characteristic of La Tène culture settlements from Central Europe suggest that the set of remains being analysed comes from a period when changes to the selection of cereals had yet to occur. The population in this period of history applied a model of economy based on agriculture and livestock rearing, with cattle being the most important animals, followed by pigs and small ruminants interchangeably.
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Fröhlich, Július. "Tri neznáme typy keltských mincí zo stredných Čiech / Three unknown types of the Celtic coins from central Bohemia". Numismatické listy 73, n.º 3-4 (2019): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/nl.2018.012.
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Reportedly in 2018, three Celtic coins of unpublished types were found in the territory of central Bohemia. The first type is represented by a gold 1/8-stater, reportedly discovered on unknown location of the Kolín district. Its new iconography is confirmed by the reverse image of the sitting figure holding an object of the disc form in front and a stick bent in form of the reversed letter ‘U’. Based on the typological features, it is possible to judge that the coin was produced in horizon of the middle La Tène Period LT C1. Two remaining types of the Celtic coins are represented by one obol with image of standing bird (?) / horse and one obol with image of boar protoma (?) / horse. Both coins reportedly come from the south-east outer bailey of the Závist oppidum, and they were very likely produced during the late La Tène Period LT D1a.
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Brașoveanu, Casandra, George Bodi y Mihaela Danu. "Paleorecords of Domesticated and Wild Grapevine in Romania: a Review". Botanical Review 86, n.º 3-4 (31 de agosto de 2020): 211–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12229-020-09223-1.
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AbstractThis paper reviews the, so far available, paleorecords of Vitis sylvestris C.C. Gmel and Vitis vinifera L. from Romania. The study takes into consideration the presence of Vitis pollen from Holocene peat sediment sequences and archaeological context, but also the presence of macrorests from various archaeological sites that date from Neolithic, Chalcolithic, Bronze Age, and La Tène. Both paleobotanical arguments and archaeological discoveries support the theory that places the beggining of viticulture in Romania a few millenia ago, in Neolithic period. Also, written evidences (works of classical authors, epigraphical sources) confirm, indirectly, the presence of grapevine in La Tène period. Occurrences of Vitis vinifera and those of Vitis sylvestris manifest independently of the climate oscillations, being present both through colder and more humid episodes, as well as through drier and warmer events. Probably prehistoric communities have made a constant and deliberate effort, all along the Holocene, to maintain grapevine crops.
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Vakulenko, Liana. "Late La Tène Period in the Territory of Bukovina and Galicia". Archaeology 2 (22 de junio de 2020): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/archaeologyua2020.02.042.
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Danielová, Barbora Lofajová, Joanna A. Markiewicz, Marcin S. Przybyła y Jan Ledwoń. "“Late Hallstatt” hillforts in the Western Carpathians: new contribution to an old discussion". Acta Archaeologica Carpathica 56 (diciembre de 2021): 221–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/00015229aac.21.009.15350.
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The article presents new research on fortified settlements from the Early Iron Age in the Orava and Dunajec river valleys. Based on the characteristics of the construction of the fortifications and similarities in terms of material culture, we propose recognizing the hillforts discovered here as a manifestation of one cultural and settlement horizon related to the so-called Pre-Púchov stage. The radiocarbon determinations obtained for the contexts stratigraphically related to the ramparts from the Nižná-Ostražica, Zabrzeż-Babia Góra, and Maszkowice-Góra Zyndrama sites are already located on the calibration curve after the so-called Hallstatt plateau and allow this horizon to be dated to the 4th century BC, i.e. to the times corresponding to the La Tène B1–B2 phases. Our observations confirm the opinions appearing in more recent literature about the need to date the Pre-Púchov stage in Slovakia earlier, and discuss the thesis about the continuation of settlement at the beginning of the La Tène period. With regard to the Polish Carpathian zone, arguments indicating the possibility of the survival of settlements with Early Iron Age traditions up to the 4th century BC are presented for the first time. This allows us to assume that the process of the formation of the cultural tradition of the La Tène period here progressed in a similar manner to Slovakia, and it was not solely the result of migration from the latter.
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Venclová, Natalie, Dagmar Dreslerová, René Kyselý, Michal Dyčka, Jiří Šebesta, Kateřina Pachnerová Brabcová, Jarmila Bíšková y Václav Matoušek. "Paths to this and the next world". Archeologické rozhledy 75, n.º 4 (19 de mayo de 2024): 329–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.35686/ar.2023.25.
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The article presents the assemblage of finds from a sunken hut in Nižbor opposite the Stradonice oppidum on the other bank of the Berounka River. The inventory from the sunken hut, which testifies to its contemporaneity with one of the phases of settlement at the oppidum in the Late La Tène period, was composed of common settlement finds of pottery and animal bones but also the skeletal remains of an older male. As such, it is a source for the study of excarnation, or the handling of the body of the deceased in the central European Late La Tène period following the end of burials at the so-called flat cemeteries. Radiocarbon dating of human and animal bones is important for establishing the chronology of the accompanying find assemblage, especially painted pottery in Bohemia. The location of the site near a probable ford over the Berounka River is the starting point for the reconstruction of the roads in the broader vicinity of the oppidum.
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Lafe, Ols y Errikos Maniotis. "A middle La Tène Period sword from the Museum of Durrës, Albania". Gladius 43 (30 de diciembre de 2023): 7–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/gladius.2023.01.
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The present paper examines a sword dated in the La Tène Period, currently exhibited in the Archaeological Museum of Durrës, Albania. According to the scientific staff of the Museum the archaeological context of the sword has not been specified but the blade had been found in the necropolis of the city. The analysis of the sword is based on its typological features but also the historical, the archaeological and ethnological aspects of the region had been taken into consideration. The most significant feature of the blade is of course the bending. This feature led us to correlate the examined object with the Celts, who practiced this ritual of the intentional destruction “killing” a weapon. This is the first folded sword which had been found in the territory of the modern-day Albania.
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F. Kovács, Péter. "Egy maszkos üveggyöngy töredéke a Közép-Tisza-vidékről (Szajol-Széle II. lelőhely, Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok vármegye)". Archaeologiai Értesítő 147, n.º 1 (3 de marzo de 2023): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/0208.2022.00029.
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AbsztraktA La Tène kultúra Kr. e. 4–3. századi elterjedése az Alföldön, annak kapcsolatrendszere és viszonya a helyi, illetve szomszédos kulturális entitásokhoz továbbra is számos kérdést vet fel. Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok vármegyében zajló terepi és kutatói munkának köszönhetően bővülő késő vaskori régészeti leletanyag rendszeres feldolgozásával a korábbi évekhez képest jóval teljesebb képet alkothatunk a korszakban zajló folyamatokról. A Szolnoktól keletre fekvő Szajol település határában végzett terepbejárás és fémkeresőzés során egy maszkos üveggyöngy került elő. A korábban azonosított maszkos gyöngyök elsősorban az Északi-középhegység és az Alföld átmeneti zónájában, a Dunakanyarban, valamint a Felső-Tisza-vidéken kerültek elő. A jelen közleményben bemutatásra kerülő példány mostani ismereteink szerint a legdélebbi elfordulása ennek a tárgytípusnak Magyarország területén.The spread of the La Tène culture during the 4th–3th c. BC in the in the Great Hungarian Plain its system of relations and its relationship with local and neighbouring cultural entities still raises a number of questions. Thanks to the regular field works and researches we can have a more detailed picture of the La Tène period of Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County. During a field walk and metal detecting a new face-bead shard come to light from east of Szolnok at Szajol-Széle site II. This fragment is probably the most southern occurrence of this time of beads at the moment. From this aspect it is necessary to publish this freshly occurred archaeological find.
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Kazakevich, Gennadiy. "Celtic Military Equipment from the Territory of Ukraine: Towards a New Warrior Identity in the Pre-Roman Eastern Europe". Studia Celto-Slavica 6 (2012): 177–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.54586/lydv9158.
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The lands of present day Ukraine are stretched across the distinct periphery of the ‘Celtic world’. From the midfirst millennium BC the cultural background of this part of Eastern Europe was defined mainly by the Scythian culture of North Pontic steppes as well as by Hellenistic influences from the Greek colonies of the Black sea littoral zone and the kingdom of Bospor in the Crimea. However, starting from the early third century BC, the influence of the Central European La Tène culture extended to a much degree. This process was traditionally viewed as a result of either Celtic invasion (Machinskij 1974) or indirect trade contacts with the La Tène zone of Central Europe (Maksymov 1999).Currently both ‘migration-focused’ and ‘autochthon-based’ approaches seem to be out of date. In recent studies, the Latènisation of Southern and Eastern Europe is interpreted as a culture-restructuring process affecting indigenous communities similar in many aspects to the Hellenisation of the Mediterranean region (see Džino 2007). The adaptation of La Tène cultural aesthetics and technical achievements, as well as Celtic linguistic elements caused the emergence of new ways of expressing identity. However, in some cases the traditional colonization paradigm still cannot be totally rejected. The aim of this paper is to show the finds of Celtic and related military equipment from the territory of Ukraine in the broad context of ‘Latènisation’ of Eastern Europe in the third–first centuries BC period.
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Erdman, Katherine M. y Bruno Chaume. "Tracing 2000 Years at the Source of the Douix, Côte-d’Or, France: Water, Offerings, and Recurrence". Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 85 (14 de noviembre de 2019): 307–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2019.13.
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The Source of the Douix in Châtillon-sur-Seine, France, has been visited by local inhabitants for over 2000 years and served as a watery focal point for the ritual deposition of various types of offerings. While water deposits are by no means uncommon across Europe, the continued use of a single space over multiple millennia is. An examination of the preserved offerings at the Douix indicate there are three phases of depositional activity: late Hallstatt to early La Tène periods, late La Tène to Gallo-Roman periods, and the early modern period. Despite being separated by hundreds of years there are similarities across depositional phases including the importance of modified metallic objects, personal ornamentation, and possible connections to women. Could the persistence of these ritual practices be the result of behavioural and ideological continuities? If not, how can we interpret this complex record of intermittent deposition? We examine the deposits from each phase in their wider social and ritual contexts, including the Douix’s connection to the Hallstatt princely centre of Mont Lassois, Gallo-Roman ritual traditions, and the historic folklore surrounding springs. We then explore the inter-depositional phases and discuss the conditions that could lead to the persistence of ideas despite the dearth of material evidence and summarise what these patterns mean for the history of ritual activity at the Source of the Douix.
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Rustoiu, Aurel. "Commentaria archaeologica et historica (III). Chronology of the Dacian Silver Hoards". Ephemeris Napocensis 30 (10 de febrero de 2021): 11–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33993/ephnap.2020.30.11.
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These comments stem from the recent publication of a number of studies regarding the silver artefacts of pre-Roman Dacia, with important implications for the relative and absolute chronology of the late La Tène period in the region in question, and also for some cultural and historical transformations that happened in the same area. Some of the conclusions presented in these studies are insufficiently supported by arguments. Their publication requires a detailed analysis, which is meant to clarify a number of controversial aspects. For example, D. Spânu has recently divided the evolution of the Dacian silver hoards into two phases dated to the La Tène D2a and D2b (the period between ca. 75 – 65 BC and the Augustan age). To support this chronology, he chose to ignore a series of hoards, or only certain artefacts from other hoards, which did not fit into the suggested model. These efforts to push the chronology of the Dacian silver hoards within a particular time frame stem from his aim to use these discoveries as arguments for a series of a priori historical interpretations for which archaeological evidence is scant. This includes the idea that the local silver ornaments were all made exclusively of melted Mediterranean coins which supposedly reached pre-Roman Dacia massively only after the defeating of Mithridates VI Eupator and the fall of the Kingdom of Pontus. However, the analysis of the silver jewellery from pre-Roman Dacia is demonstrating that the artefacts in question were made using both locally-sourced silver and melted Mediterranean coins. Chronologically, these hoards can be divided into three phases: first group dated to the La Tène D1, 150/125 – 75/50 BC; second group belongs to the La Tène D2, 75/50 – 30/25 BC; third group dated to the Augustan – Tiberian period, 30/25 BC – AD 25/30. It can be therefore concluded that the scenario proposed by D. Spânu for the chronology of the end of the Late Iron Age in the lower Danube region and Transylvania, based on an erroneous dating of the silver hoards, is not credible. This kind of analysis requires the incorporation of different categories of archaeological evidence belonging to the last three centuries before the Roman conquest. Their contextual interpretation could provide a more reliable and detailed chronology of the evolution of the communities from each of the two territories in question. Lastly, this evolution was not uniformly equal across wide areas, as suggested by the typo-chronological tables and schemes drawn in the office by some researchers, since each community had its own history and evolution governed by a multitude of different social, economic, demographic or ecological factors.
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Dulęba, Przemysław, Renata Abłamowicz, Agata Sady-Bugajska y Jacek Soida. "Farming and stock-breeding in the La Tène culture communities in Poland". Acta Archaeologica Carpathica 56 (diciembre de 2021): 257–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/00015229aac.21.010.15351.
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In this article, the basic information on the research on the economy of the La Tène culture communities living in the southern part of Poland in the early and middle La Tène period is presented. The analysis of natural data shows that the local economy of the Celtic settlers from Silesia and Lesser Poland did not differ in quality from that of their countrymen from the area south of the Carpathians and the Sudetes. Agriculture was based on the cultivation of cereals, among which different varieties of wheat dominated with a relatively small share of barley and common millet. Contrary to earlier opinions, rye and oat cultivation was not widespread. In typical rural settlements, cattle farming was by far the dominant activity. Breeding swine and small ruminants were in the second position, but the proportion between these species varied from region to region. The very small proportion of wild animal bones known from the surveyed settlements indicates an advanced process of deforestation of the inhabited area and well-developed domestic animal husbandry.
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Craddock, Paul, Michael Cowell y Ian Stead. "Britain's First Brass". Antiquaries Journal 84 (septiembre de 2004): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000358150004587x.
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Stamps on the blade of a sword from the Thames, originally considered to be Anglo-Saxon, now place the sword stylistically in the La Tène II period (late third to early second century BC). X-ray fluorescence tests have shown that the gold-coloured foil covering the stamps consists of 80 per cent copper and 20 per cent zinc, this being the formula for brass. The sword therefore represents the earliest known use of brass in Britain.
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Лысенко, С. C. "HALLSTATT — LA TÈNE AND LATE CLASSICAL BRACELETS WITH PROJECTIONS". Proceedings in Archaeology and History of Ancient and Medieval Black Sea Region, n.º 13 (15 de febrero de 2022): 483–534. http://dx.doi.org/10.53737/2713-2021.2021.96.26.013.
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Довольно часто в литературе используются название: браслеты с «выступами», «шишечками», «выпуклинами» и т.п. Причём изделия называемые таким образом имеют отличающийся декор и разную датировку. Зачастую исследователи приводят в качестве аналогий совершенно разнотипные вещи. Назрела необходимость более подробного и детального рассмотрения таких браслетов. В данной статье сделана подборка браслетов с выступами с территории Восточной Европы. Предлагается разделение этих изделий на типы, соответствующие периоду их бытования: гальштатские, латенские и позднеантичные. Bracelets with “projections”, “knobs”, “bulges”, etc. are quite often terms used in the literature. Moreover, the items called in this way have different decor and different dates. Researchers often cite completely different types of things as analogies. There is a need for a more detailed study of these bracelets. This paper deals with the selection of bracelets with projections from the territory of Eastern Europe. It is proposed to divide these items into types corresponding to the period of their existence: Hallstatt, La Tène and late Classical.
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Vannier, Emilie. "The Funerary Architecture of the La Tène Period in North-western Gaul and Southern Britain". Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 86 (7 de septiembre de 2020): 285–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2020.7.
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This paper concerns the architecture of formal burials from the La Tène period in north-western Gaul and southern Britain. The research focuses on the shape and dimensions of sepulchral pits containing inhumed or burnt human remains, on the different materials used for the internal elements, and the external constructions and structures covering, framing, or marking the burials. The study of these data exposes the preferred choices in the funerary architecture of Gallic and British communities during the last five centuries bc. The results reveal different regional funerary groups within three main cross-Channel zones according to the architectural elements of the graves and the main treatments of the body. The distinct characteristics of these groups highlight their common features and relationships with neighbouring areas of the Continental and Atlantic zones.
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Obelić, Bogomil, Marija Šmalcelj, Nada Horvatinčič, Romana Bistrovič y Adela Sliepčević. "Radiocarbon Dating of the Zagreb Upper Town Prehistoric Settlement". Radiocarbon 37, n.º 2 (1995): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200030721.
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During the 1989–1994 renovation of the Zagreb Town Museum, it became obvious that the area was inhabited in prehistoric times. We 14C dated 40 samples to determine various settlement periods. The ages of the samples span a much longer time than expected, from the Early Iron Age (Hallstatt period) to the 19th century ad. 14C dates on charcoal samples placed the remains of dwelling pits in the Hallstatt period, 8th to 4th century bc. A late La Tène settlement dated between the 4th century bc and the 2nd century ad. Medieval fortifications were identified in the western part of the complex, consisting of a well-preserved wooden structure used for construction of the royal castrum. 14C measurements on wooden planks and posts date the construction of the fortification between the 13th and 15th centuries ad and branches, beams, and tools found below the basement of the Convent of St. Clare span the 16th to the 19th century ad.
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Ardagna, Y., A. Richier, G. Vernet y O. Dutour. "A case of beheading dating from the celtic period (la Tène B, Sarliève-Grande Halle, France)". International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 15, n.º 1 (31 de diciembre de 2004): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oa.776.
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Pare, Christopher. "Fürstensitze, Celts and the Mediterranean World: Developments in the West Hallstatt Culture in the 6th and 5th Centuries BC". Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 57, n.º 2 (1991): 183–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0079497x00004552.
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The traditional definition of a Fürstensitz, outlined in 1969 by W. Kimmig, is in need of modification. Greater precision is needed in the interpretation of imported and imitated Mediterranean pottery and élite burials. From our discussion, it becomes clear that both rich settlements and burials underwent crucial changes within the late Hallstatt period: the élite burial rite was becoming increasingly exclusive, and imported or imitated Mediterranean pottery generally appeared on hillforts only after the end of Hallstatt D1. Clearly, a model for the West Hallstatt culture should take account of its dynamic nature. Some important trends are described: (1) the spread of élite burial practices, (2) the foundation of the Fürstensitze, and (3) the ‘concentration of power’ in the late Hallstatt culture north-west of the Alps.The emergence of an élite during the Hallstatt period had an internal logic which did not necessarily require a Mediterranean instigator. The foundation of Massalia in 600 BC has traditionally been seen as providing the impulse for the emergence of the ‘princely’ culture of Hallstatt D. But neither the internal developments of the Hallstatt culture, nor the degree of contact with the Greek colonies in Hallstatt D1, can support this view.Previous emphasis on influence from the Greek colonies in the South of France has obscured the effects of contacts and trade with Italy, although it is certain that the increasing acquaintance with the civilized neighbours across the Alps led to events of historic importance: the Celtic invasion of Italy and the start of the Celtic diaspora. This process of acquaintance must be assigned to the late Hallstatt period (Hallstatt D2/3), when Italic imports became frequent north of the Alps. In fact, the transalpine areas which in the late Hallstatt period had especially close trading relations with Italy (particularly east central France) seem to have been the origin of most of the important contingents of Celtic invaders. The imported or imitated Italic objects in Hallstatt D2/3 and La Tène A reflect the changed political situation before and after the Celtic invasion. Whereas in both phases the Celts imported luxurious feasting equipment, only in the Early La Tène period is Italic influence apparent in Celtic weaponry.
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Dreslerová, Dagmar, Natalie Venclová, Peter Demján, René Kyselý y Václav Matoušek. "Did they leave or not?" Archeologické rozhledy 74, n.º 4 (1 de febrero de 2023): 505–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.35686/ar.2022.24.
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One of the key unresolved questions regarding the archaeology of La Tène Europe concerns the continuity of settlement around 400 BC. Archaeological evidence of settlement in the countries north of the Alps, including the Czech Republic, declines during this period – a decline which for decades has generally been attributed to population migration. Demographic growth, climate deterioration, land depletion, disease, and social crisis have all been put forward as reasons for this migration. Our contribution critically reflects on all these alternatives and asks whether there was indeed any significant migration out of Bohemia. We suggest that a reduction in archaeological visibility – the possibility of detecting archaeological traces of human activity – is behind most of the decrease in the number of recorded settlement sites during the transition from LT A to LT B. Some form of social ‘revolution’ is considered the main cause of the changes recorded in this period.
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Spânu, Daniel. "Reconstruction of the pre-roman tumulus : “Movila cu pietre” in Poiana". CaieteARA. Arhitectură. Restaurare. Arheologie, n.º 4 (2013): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.47950/caieteara.2013.4.02.
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The tumulus „Movila cu pietre” („The Tell with Stones”) in Poiana (Nicorești municipality, Galaţi county, România) has been partially studied between 27-31st August 1928 by Ecaterina Vulpe. The central grave was robbed. Very few materials were discovered: a few fragments of local ceramics and a few fragments of amphorae, as well as a strongly profiled fibula. Ecaterina Vulpe’s detailed drawings allowed the graphical reconstruction of the tumulus. It is highly probable that the mass of stones identified in the southern and in the northern part of the section had formed a massive, circular wall sustained by wooden poles. This structure resembles the „Pfostenschlitzmauer” system (or the murrus gallicus type Kelheim) attested in the Celtic fortifications of the late La Tène period.
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Spânu, Daniel. "Câteva materiale din perioada La Tène târzie de la Sighişoara – Dealul Viilor şi relevanţa lor microregională / Some materials from the Late La Tène period from Sighişoara – Dealul Viilor and their micro-regional relevance". Materiale şi cercetãri arheologice (Serie nouã) 13, n.º 1 (2017): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/mcarh.2017.1046.
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Čižmář, Ivan y Alžběta Danielisová. "Central Sites and the Development of Rural Settlements from the Middle to Late La Tène Period in Central Moravia". Památky archeologické 112 (1 de diciembre de 2021): 197–236. http://dx.doi.org/10.35686/pa2021.4.
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At a certain point in time, there were two central places in central Moravia: an older unfortified central agglomeration near the present-day village of Němčice nad Hanou and a younger oppidum at Staré Hradisko. Each of this centres had its own approach to raw materials, orientation of the socio-economic contacts, and possibly political focus as well. Němčice, being located at one of the main branches of the Amber Road, connected the Middle Danube area from the Mediterranean to the Adriatic; Staré Hradisko eventually expanded these contacts into a systematic trade network, being under the strong influence of the Bohemian region with links to Bavaria. During the LT C2, in addition to the location of the central place, changes took place in terms of material culture and settlement strategies in the region. This was further accentuated in LT D1 by the shift of settlements towards the west, to the vicinity of the oppidum and, at the same time, vacation of the corridor around the Morava River. In an attempt to chronologically assess the settlement pattern, it became evident how important it is to define, as precisely as possible, the dating of individual sites. This was only possible thanks to the detailed and extensive study of the material available (Čižmář 2018). Thanks to precise dating of settlements and classification based on the new chronology, the seemingly illogical group of settlements in central Moravia revealed a distinct settlement network which, in particular during the period contemporary with the oppidum, allows us to see the significant changes in the number of sites and in the orientation of long-distance contacts that were possibly associated with historical events.
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Gudea, Alexandru Ion, Vitalie Bârcă, Alexandra Irimie, Cristian Olimpiu Martonos y Antonia Socaciu. "La Tène Horse Remains from Alba Iulia CX 143 Complex: A Whole Story to Tell". Animals 14, n.º 11 (30 de mayo de 2024): 1624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14111624.
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The present paper deals with the archaeozoological investigation carried out on a horse skeleton discovered in a Late Iron Age La Tène tomb (coded CX 143) in Alba Iulia, Romania. The paper presents all the results of the investigation, with a description of finds, adding a detailed assessment of the dentition with some interesting conclusions on the usage of a horse bit and the possible consequences of this use. The morphological features of the horse indicate a 7–8-year-old male individual, with a recalculated height of 1200–1300 mm. What is also stressed in the investigated sample is the lack of the characteristic pathological lesions typical for horseback riding but showing distinctive elements of bit wear. A comparative perspective over the few findings from the same period is provided to ensure the framing of the identified individual into the much larger historical context.
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Kyselý, René. "Evidence of the use of a horn yoke in the Middle La Tène period, and an analysis of animal finds from La Te`ne features in the Velké Zboží and Malé Zboží cadasters, central Bohemia". Archeologické rozhledy 67, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2015): 432–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.35686/ar.2015.23.
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During archaeological excavations of three La Tène features in 2001 and 2002 at the periphery of the Velké Zboží and Malé Zboží cadasters (Nymburk district), a total of 33 animal bones were obtained. Only domestic mammals were determined in the material: cattle, sheep/goat (of which only sheep is reliably documented), pig, horse and dog. A valuable find from feat. 8 (LT C2-D1) is a horn core from a domestic cattle (Bos taurus), which shows signs of pathology. The pathology comes in the form of a depression on the anterior surface, which leads to the narrowing of the horn. Such pathology is considered to be the result of long-term use of a forehead yoke. The find represents one of a few documented cases of the use of the yoke in prehistory in the territory of today’s Czech Republic. A hornless sheep is documented at another feature.
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BULYK, Natalia y Roman BEREST. "SCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATION OF LVIV ARCHAEOLOGISTS ON THE EXAMPLE OF RESEARCH OF LA TÈNE AND ROMAN SITES IN THE INTERWAR PERIOD". Ukraine: Cultural Heritage, National Identity, Statehood 35 (2022): 113–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/ukr.2022-35-113-129.
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The history of research of La Tène and Roman sites by Lviv archaeologists in the interwar period is considered. Special attention is paid to the activities of scientists of the Jan Kazimierz University of Lviv and the Shevchenko Scientific Society in this research branch. Archaeological excavations of the period carried out by the conservator Bohdan Janusz, who represented the State Group of Conservators of Prehistoric Sites, are presented separately. In particular, this refers to the excavations in Holyn' near Kalush at the settlement of the Carpathian Tumuli culture. During the Second Commonwealth of Poland, several sites were discovered and researched, including burial complexes in Hryniv, Kolokolyn, Luchka, settlements in Zalistsi, Holyn', Holigrady, and Novosilka Kostiukova, and other important sites. The works of Yaroslav Pasternak, Markiian Smishko, Tadeusz Sulimirski, Kazimierz Majewski, and other archeologists were significant at this time. Their important contribution to the development of methodology and practice of research of sites of the first centuries A.D was noted. It is concluded that in the interwar period a process of formation of modern archaeology took place. There was a large number of planned field excavations for which relevant permits from the conservator were obtained, the processing of the results became systemic, and the analysis of discovered materials was conducted with the involvement of the whole set of available methods. Most of the research results were published by the authors of the excavations, which allowed them to transfer all the results of fieldwork to descendants as much as possible. Archaeological finds from the researched sites are stored in museums of Lviv, which allows modern researchers to work with these collections.
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Bujna, Jozef. "Approach to the study of the Late Hallstatt and Early La Tène periods in eastern parts of Central Europe: results from comparative classification of ‘Knickwandschale’". Antiquity 65, n.º 247 (junio de 1991): 368–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00079874.
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The chronological sequence of the latest phases of prehistory in Central Europe is a critical question, concerning the relationship between the Hallstatt and La Téne periods, and their regional variants. My aim in this article is to draw attention to one source of chronological evidence, the pronounced Late Hallstatt pottery form which is represented by the bowl with curved neck and sharply carinateded belly, the ‘Knickwandschale’. The genesis of this form may be looked for in cups of the Middle Hallstatt period (Hallstatt C2–D1), and its final development in the Early La Téne period (La Téne A–Bl). Its long tradition and morphological development, together with its extraordinarily broad geographical distribution, make it one of the leading types for relative chronological periodization of the Late Hallstatt and Early La Téne periods as well as for the synchronization of cultural development in central Europe (FIGURE 1).
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Vích, David, Jan Jílek, Jiří Kmošek, Marcin J. Biborski, Mateusz R. Biborski y Jan Martínek. "Soubor kovových předmětů z doby římské z Boršova na Moravskotřebovsku An Assemblage of Metal Roman Iron Age Artefacts from Boršov in the Moravská Třebová Region". Památky archeologické 111 (7 de diciembre de 2020): 159–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.35686/pa2020.4.
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An archaeological situation documented in 2016 in the cadastral territory of Boršov (Svitavy district, Pardubice Region, Czech Republic) contained more than 70 metal artefacts scattered mostly over an area of 5 x 2 m. The finds were made with the use of metal detectors in an otherwise unsettled space in close proximity to defunct roads crossing a sharp local terrain fault. The finds were concentrated on hilly terrain between two slight watercourses. The collection is composed mainly of fragments of intentionally broken artefacts made from a copper alloy, castings of the mouth of casting channels, ingots, as well as craft tools, coins, a fragment of a bronze mould, fibula parts, etc. The assemblage dates to the end of the Marcomannic Wars or the period immediately following them and documents a close relationship with the processing of non-ferrous metals. The assemblage also contains antiques, especially in the form of a La Tène belt hook. Roman Iron Age, Marcomannic Wars, copper metallurgy, imports, roads, ritual activities, Moravia
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Vaday, Andrea y Károly Tankó. "The Celtic Cemetery at Ménfőcsanak. The Excavation Before the Construction of Road No. 83 in 1993–94". Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 71, n.º 2 (30 de noviembre de 2020): 443–560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/072.2020.00012.
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One of the important cemetery and settlement of the Celts lies in a plateau on the southern side of the the Öreg Rába river, in the vicinity of Győr-Ménfőcsanak. The first burials were found in 1967 during a short rescue excavation, however it made Ménfőcsanak a key La Tène site in the Carpathian Basin. Excavations investigated on a larger scale in the area of previously known cemetery in 1993–94. The burial rite of the necropolis was mainly inhumation and only two graves were cremated and two biritual graves. Celtic warriors with swords and richly furnished female with fibulae, coral, amber, and glass beads jewelry were also buried in this part of cemetery. Few graves were limited by rectangular enclosing trenches. According to find analyzing this part of the cemetery dates to the LT B period, and that is why Ménfőcsanak became an important archaeological site in terms of burials in the history of the Celtic “migrations” in the fourth century BC.
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Markiewicz, Joanna A. "Familiarising the landscape: the development of prehistoric settlement in the middle Dunajec River valley". Acta Archaeologica Carpathica 55 (2020): 305–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/00015229aac.20.012.13517.
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Despite the continuous increase of archaeological data coming from the Polish Western Carpathians, the colonisation process of the Beskidy Mountains in prehistory is still relatively poorly recognized. The subject of discussion is, in particular, the impact of environmental and cultural factors on the formation of settlement networks in individual periods. This paper considers these questions on the example of a part of the middle Dunajec River basin in the chronological framework from the Neolithic to the La Tène period. Based on the archaeological and paleoenvironmental record, an analysis of settlement dynamics in terms of preferences and economy in the subsequent periods was carried out. The observations made were then interpreted in the context of cultural phenomena. A comparison of the results with the situation observed in other Central European mountain ranges made it possible to formulate some universal tendencies in the settlement development in these zones. In particular, the impact of climate and environmental conditions on the economy was considered, as well as the role of natural resources and communication routes. It has been demonstrated that three main stages can be distinguished in the process of prehistoric mountain colonisation. This mechanism was correlated with the gradual adaptation of the economy and the “familiarising” of the mountain landscape, which offered both some limitations and strategic values determining the specific cultural function of these areas.
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Gębica, Piotr, Anna Michno, Mateusz Sobucki, Sylwester Czopek, Katarzyna Trybała-Zawiślak y Agnieszka Wacnik. "Temporal variation of prehistoric human settlement recorded in the oxbow lake deposits of San river (Sandomierz Basin, SE Poland)". Geochronometria 46, n.º 1 (6 de marzo de 2020): 148–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geochr-2015-0119.
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AbstractThis study presents the sedimentological and pollen analysis, and radiocarbon dating of the palaeochannel fill deposits situated on the wide alluvial ridge on which 131 archaeological sites were discovered. The analyzed territory covers the right bank of the San river valley (in the area of the Leszno profile) with an area of 72.5 km2. Increase of fine-grain sand sediments, and the presence of redeposited fragments of clayey silts (soil aggregates) correlates well with the increase man’s activity in the 2nd and the 1st half of the 1 st millennia BC (the decline of the Mierzanowice culture, the Trzciniec culture, the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture) as well as in the 1st millennium AD (the Przeworsk culture and the early Medieval settlement) and with transformation of plant communities recorded in the palynological sequence. The layer of sediments at the depth of 85–69 cm with the highest proportion of the finest clay fraction may indicate the reduction of cultivation or abandonment of arable land (the pre-Roman (La Tène) period).
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Knierzinger, Wolfgang, Ruth Drescher-Schneider, Klaus-Holger Knorr, Simon Drollinger, Andreas Limbeck, Lukas Brunnbauer, Felix Horak, Daniela Festi y Michael Wagreich. "Anthropogenic and climate signals in late-Holocene peat layers of an ombrotrophic bog in the Styrian Enns valley (Austrian Alps)". E&G Quaternary Science Journal 69, n.º 2 (25 de septiembre de 2020): 121–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/egqsj-69-121-2020.
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Abstract. Using peat bogs as palaeoenvironmental archives is a well-established practice for reconstructing changing climate and anthropogenic activity in the past. In this paper, we present multi-proxy analyses (element geochemistry, pollen, non-pollen palynomorphs, stable Pb isotopes, humification, ash content) of a 500 cm long, 14C-dated peat core covering the past ∼5000 years from the ombrotrophic Pürgschachen Moor in the Styrian Enns valley (Austrian Alps). Early indications of low settlement and agricultural activity date to ∼2900 cal BCE. An early enrichment of Cu was found in peat layers corresponding to the late Copper Age (∼2500 cal BCE). These enrichments are attributed to Cu mining activities in the Eisenerz Alps. More pronounced increases in cultural indicators (cultivated plants, shrubs, herbs, charcoal) in the pollen record and enrichments of trace metals suggest significant human impact in the vicinity of Pürgschachen Moor in the middle Bronze Age (∼1450–1250 cal BCE), in the late Bronze Age (∼1050–800 cal BCE) and in the period of the late La Tène culture (∼300 cal BCE–1 cal CE). The greater part of the Iron Age and the Roman imperial period are each characterized by a general decline in anthropogenic indicators compared to previous periods. Distinct enrichments of Pb and Sb in the sample that corresponds to ∼900 cal CE are attributed to medieval siderite mining activity in the immediate vicinity of Pürgschachen Moor. The results of this interdisciplinary study provide evidence that strong, climate-controlled interrelations exist between the pollen record, the humification degree and the ash content in an ombrotrophic environment. Human activity, in contrast, is mainly reflected in the pollen record and by enrichments of heavy metals. The study indicates a dry period in the region of the bog around ∼1950 cal BCE.
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Mangel, Tomáš y Tereza Jošková. "East Bohemian finds of belt segments with a central knob and side plates as evidence of interregional contacts during the La Tène period". Studia Historica Nitriensia 23, S (30 de junio de 2019): 465–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17846/shn.2019.23.s.465-480.
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Lysenko, Aleksandr V. y Valentina I. Mordvintseva. "Metal Jewellery in the Context of a Sanctuary: Interpretation Potential". Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia 25, n.º 2 (9 de diciembre de 2019): 255–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700577-12341352.
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Abstract Metal jewellery used as votive offerings is discovered at the “barbarian” mountain sanctuary of Eklizi-Burun (the Crimea) and dating from the 1st to the 3rd centuries AD. Most of these items were probably part of female costume known from funerary contexts in the Central Crimea, which differ both regarding their location (in the Crimean Foothills and on the South-Coast), as well as the specific features of the burial rite (“cremation” vs. “inhumation”). A small part of the jewellery is characteristic only for the cemeteries in the South-Coast area containing burials with remains of cremation. An analysis of the cultural environment, in which the jewellery items deposited in the Eklizi-Burun sanctuary of the Roman period were produced and used, suggests that its worshippers came from communities living on the southern macro-slope of the main ridge of the Crimean Mountains and practised cremation of the dead. Apparently, these people appeared in the Graeco-Roman narrative tradition and local epigraphic documents of the Roman period as “Tauri”, “Scythian-Tauri”, and “Tauro-Scythians” inhabiting “Taurica”. They are presumed to have appeared in the Crimean Mountains in the 2nd and 1st centuries BC (migrating from areas with archaeological cultures influenced by the La Tène culture?) and to have maintained their cultural identity until the beginning of the 5th century AD.
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ZAJKOŬSKI, Edvard. "SLAVONIC BURIAL WITH WOODEN BUCKETS: THE AREA OF SPREAD, CHRONOLOGY, ROOTS OF THE TRADITION, SEMANTICS". Materials and Studies on Archaeology of Sub-Carpathian and Volhynian Area 22 (11 de diciembre de 2018): 135–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/mdapv.2018-22-135-155.
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One of the attributes of funeral implements of Slavs in XІ–XІІ centuries were wooden buckets, which were absent in Eastern Europe only in barrows of Ilmen Slavs, Vjatichi, partially Kryvichs. They are also found in those burial grounds, where the burials of Scandinavians were. At the same time, wooden buckets were present in necropolises in the vastness of Poland, Slovakia and Czechia. In two last countries, this tradition was common still from VI–VII centuries and most likely was borrowed from German tribe of Longobards. Sufficiently early, the similar burials emerged on the Slavs territories of Transylvania and Croatia (including Adriatic coast). In the Roman influence period, wooden buckets were came across rather often in burial grounds of the Przeworsk culture, Luboszice culture, the Wielbark culture and other Germanic ethnical cultures. In turn, Germanic tribes borrowed the custom to bury with buckets from the Celts (the La Tène culture). Written histories of Kievan Rus' times, some archaeological finds, as well as more the late folklore give ground to reveal the semantics of the bucket in intellectual culture as marriage-sexual symbol. Key words: Slavs, wooden buckets, funeral implements, Germanic tribes, Celts, marriage-sexual symbol.
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Romsauer, Peter. "The earliest wheel-turned pottery in the Carpathian Basin". Antiquity 65, n.º 247 (junio de 1991): 358–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00079862.
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The Carpathian Basin and its chronologyThe Carpathian Basin (FIGURE 1), irrespective of its peripheral parts, was divided in the Hallstatt period into two major cultural–geographical units, with the river Danube forming the border line. Significant changes occurred in the whole region at the beginning of the 6th century BC. The development of local groups, reaching a climax about the turn of the 7th and 6th centuries BC, was interrupted. In the broader East Alpine region this break is documented by the desertion of the majority of fortified and open settlements, and is marked by the end of burials under barrows and in flat cemeteries (Romsauer in press; Teržan 1990: 120–21). Approximately in the same period objects of Scythian origin come into use in the Great Hungarian Plain, and the Vekerzug group formed with its specific manifestations in material culture, settlement pattern and burial rite. Its traces are distributed practically all over the Plain and reach southwestern Slovakia. The earliest finds are dated to the mid 6th century BC – about 560 BC (Párducz 1974: 330; Dusek 1974: 405). The independent development of the Vekerzug group was terminated by historical Celtic expansion at the beginning of the La Tène B2 phase, dated, in general, to the mid 4th century BC (Bujna 1982: 377f., 397f.). During its 200 years of existence, the Vekerzug group acted as an important cultural link between the regions within the reach of the expanding Classical world.
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Le Huray, Jonathan D. y Holger Schutkowski. "Diet and social status during the La Tène period in Bohemia: Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis of bone collagen from Kutná Hora-Karlov and Radovesice". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 24, n.º 2 (junio de 2005): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2004.09.002.
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Görman, Marianne. "Nordic and Celtic: religion in southern Scandinavia during the late bronze age and early iron age". Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis 13 (1 de enero de 1990): 329–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30674/scripta.67183.
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By means of modern archeological research it is today possible to gain much information even from non-written material, This paper covers the late bronze age and early iron age, ca. 1000 B.C. —O. It is based on material from Denmark, the Southwest of Sweden, and the Southeast of Norway. This region formed a cultural unity since the sea bound the area together. Our main sources of knowledge of Nordic religion during this time span are votive offerings and rock-carvings. During the bronze age and early iron age the Nordic peasant population had intensive contacts with the Southeastern and Centralparts of Europe. A great quantity of imported objects bear evidence of widespread connections. The inhabitants of the Nordic area not only brought home objects, but also ideas and religious conceptions. This is clearly reflected in the iconography. The cultures with which connections were upheld and from which ideas were introduced were those of Hallstatt and La Tène. They were both Celtic iron age cultures prospering in Central Europe at the same time as the late bronze age and early iron age in the Nordic area. This means that the new symbols in the Nordic area come from a Celtic environment. Consequently, Celtic religion such as it may be found in the pre-Roman period, can clarify the meaning of the conceptions, linked with these symbols.
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Łuczkiewicz, Piotr. "On the chronology of the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age in eastern Germania in the light of selected types of brooches". Archeologické rozhledy 72, n.º 2 (15 de octubre de 2020): 238–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.35686/ar.2020.8.
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On the basis of selected types of supra-regional brooches (A.65, Nauheim, Schüsselfibeln, A.18), an attempt was made to check whether they appeared in the eastern part of Germania in the same chronological rhythm as in their home zones. The service life of A.65 brooch and post-oppidial forms A.18 north of the Carpathians corresponds to the chronology in the primary distribution zone, no significant differences can be seen. Another picture – obtained, however, from a small number of finds – is drawn for Nauheim type brooches, which seem to remain in use a little longer in the zone between the Carpathian Mountains and the Baltic coast, until the younger stage of the LT D2 phase. Similarly, bowl-shaped brooches (Schüsselfibeln), probably made mostly in local workshops, were worn in the north for several decades longer than in the zone south of the Carpathian Mountains. In Pomerania they came into use probably slightly earlier than in the area of Przeworsk culture and probably went out of fashion a little faster. This indicates a slightly different rhythm of stylistic and fashion changes between southern and central Poland (Przeworsk culture) and the north – the region of the lower Vistula and the Gulf of Gdańsk. Late La Tène period – Late Pre-Roman Iron Age – chronology – brooches – Przeworsk culture – imports
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Horn, Jonathan A. "Tankards of the British Iron Age". Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 81 (2 de noviembre de 2015): 311–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2015.15.
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Iron Age tankards are stave-built wooden vessels completely covered or bound in copper-alloy sheet. The distinctive copper-alloy handles of these vessels frequently display intricate ‘Celtic’ or La Tène art styles. They are characterised by their often highly original designs, complex manufacturing processes, and variety of find contexts. No systematic analysis of this artefact class has been undertaken since Corcoran’s (1952a) original study was published in Volume 18 of these Proceedings. New evidence from the Portable Antiquities Scheme for England and Wales and recent excavations have more than quadrupled the number of known examples (139 currently). It is therefore necessary and timely to re-examine tankards, and to reintegrate them into current debates surrounding material culture in later prehistory. Tankards originate in the later Iron Age and their use continued throughout much of the Roman period. As such, their design was subject to varying influences over time, both social and aesthetic. Their often highly individual form and decoration is testament to this fact and has created challenges in developing a workable typology (Corcoran 1952a; 1952b; 1957; Spratling 1972; Jackson 1990). A full examination of the decoration, construction, wear and repair, dating, and deposition contexts will allow for a reassessment of the role of tankards within the social and cultural milieu of later prehistoric and early Roman Britain.
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Welc, Fabian, Jerzy Nitychoruk, Leszek Marks, Krzysztof Bińka, Anna Rogóż-Matyszczak, Milena Obremska y Abdelfattah Zalat. "2400 years of climate and human-induced environmental change recorded in sediments of Lake Młynek in northern Poland". Climate of the Past 17, n.º 3 (14 de junio de 2021): 1181–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1181-2021.
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Abstract. In the densely forested Warmia and Masuria region (northern Poland) there are many small endorheic lakes characterized by their low sedimentation rate, which makes them excellent archives of Holocene environmental and palaeoclimatic change. Lake Młynek, located near the village of Janiki Wielkie, was selected for multi-faceted palaeoenvironmental research supported with radiocarbon dates. Sediments from this lake also contain unique information about human impact on the environment, because a stronghold has been operating on its northern shore since the early Iron Age to the early Medieval period, giving the opportunity to correlate palaeoenvironmental data with the phases of human activity over the last 2400 years. During the second and third centuries BCE the lake was surrounded by a dense deciduous forest. From the first century BCE to second century CE the forest around the lake was much reduced, which can be associated with the first pre-Roman (La Tène) and Roman occupation phase evidenced by the construction of the stronghold located close to the lake. From the second up to ninth century CE gradual restoration of the forest and a decline in human activity took place, along with lake deepening and the onset of a colder and humid climatic phase which corresponded to the global cooling episode known as the Bond 1 event (1.5 ka BP). The next intensive phase of forest clearing around the lake occurred between the 9th–13th century CE as result of human activity (Middle Age settlement phase of the stronghold). Whilst this period is marked by a warming, the human impact which has transformed the landscape likely overprints any signals of climate-driven environmental changes.