Tesis sobre el tema "Law – spanish"

In the context of globalization, the idea of place is reputed to be losing its footing. This thesis explores the implications of these developments with respect to the way that place is constructed in law by focusing on tensions between the concept of jurisdiction and the ways that the contexts of law overspill it, threatening to engulf comparative analysis. Central to the idea that jurisdiction is losing its familiar moorings is the implication that other forms of thinking about legal normativity are emerging as more commonsensical alternatives to the state-based idea of jurisdiction that emerged in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The thesis explores this hypothesis by bringing elements of the discipline of comparative law (conventionally state based) into play with elements of the discipline of legal anthropology (conventionally culture based). The focus for this theoretical intrigue is an Gitano population in the South of Spain that served as the fieldwork locale for seven months of ethnographic fieldwork carried out in 1995. Investigations are centered on the theme of family law. Familiar notions of state and culture, and the legal sensibilities associated with each, are examined through exploring the interplay between local expressions of Gitanitude in Jerez de la Frontera and regional, national, international, and global forces that structure legal sensibilities in the area. The first chapter explores the interplay by focusing on the context surrounding Spain's reforms to family law in the 1980s. The familiar frontiers of the state are prodded through this analysis. The second chapter then explores the frontiers of culture through an examination of a variety of expressions of Gitanitude in Spain. The third chapter brings modified versions of state and culture together in a reconceptualisation of family law. As a whole, the thesis suggests a new way of approaching the problematic relationship between context and the disciplines of comparative law an

Within the scope of the Spanish legislation, in this article we will develop the regulation about private security on oil rigs. In this sense, it is necessary to give a possible legal responses to this fact, because of the current drawbacks for proper regulation in the European country. It is therefore necessary to provide answers from the different perspectives of law such as the Public, Private International Law, Administrative Law, Commercial Law and Labor Law, International Law which will lead us to determine what should be the role of State.
Dentro del ámbito de aplicación de la legislación española, en el presente artículo desarrollaremos la regulación que existe respecto a la seguridad privada en las plataformas petroleras. En este sentido, es necesario dar unas posibles respuestas jurídicas ante este hecho, debido a los actuales inconvenientes para su adecuada regulación en el país europeo. Por ello, es necesario proporcionar respuestas desde las distintas perspectivas del derecho como son el Derecho Internacional Público, Derecho Internacional Privado, Derecho Administrativo, Derecho Mercantil y Derecho Laboral, lo que nos guiará a determinar cuál debería ser el papel de Estado.

The seventeenth century represents formankind the creation of great literary works that narrate the events that occurred in the reality of that time flawlessly. This article wants to analyze the implications and reviews of some literary texts by renowned authors of that time like Miguel de Cervantes and William Shakespeare with modern legal institutions. Also, to think about how literature enriches the science of law.
El siglo XVII representa para la humanidad la creación de grandes obras literarias que narran los sucesos acontecidos en la realidad de aquella época de manera impecable. El presente artículo busca analizar las implicancias y críticas de algunos textos literarios de renombrados autores de aquella época como Miguel de Cervantes y William Shakespeare con instituciones jurídicas modernas. Asimismo, reflexionar acerca de la manera en que la Literatura enriquece la ciencia del Derecho.

The thesis investigates the behavior of Spain’s persistently high unemployment rate. Rigid labor laws, unemployment insurance generosity, and the demographics of the unemployed are part of the cause, but they are only underlying factors driving the hysteresis that has been present for nearly four decades. The thesis attempts to extract explanations for this persistence by comparing Spain to other countries, such as its next-door neighbor, Portugal. Special attention is placed on the role that recessions and subsequent changes in real GDP growth play in sustaining a high rate of unemployment.

A number of labour and social security reforms adopted by EU countries in the aftermath of the 2008 crisis have been challenged before national Constitutional Courts, which have sought to resolve the conflict between fundamental labour rights and conflicting economic interests, through balancing exercises. The thesis investigates the legal reasoning developed by the Italian and Spanish Constitutional Courts in crucial post-crisis judgments. The study draws on neo-constitutional theories and starts from the assumption that fundamental labour rights, understood as rights aimed at protecting workers and their dignity either during their working life or after retirement, must be fully enforced, albeit can be subject to limitations in order to protect other rights and interests constitutionally guaranteed. In order to achieve this objective, the thesis focuses on the jurisprudential theories on balancing characteristic of the two judicial constitutional traditions addressed and designs an analytical framework that allows a comprehensive assessment of the units of analysis. Overall, the research has shed light over a number of issues, which have a general relevance as far as concerns the relationship between Constitutional Courts and fundamental labour rights. With regard to the specific cases investigated, the study suggests that both Courts tend to supervise the balancing conducted by the legislator, rather than to balance actively the conflicting constitutional interests. However, the techniques applied substantially diverge. The analysis shows that while the Spanish Judge has failed to both apply the proportionality test and guarantee a full enforcement of fundamental labour rights, the unstructured and dialectic technique traditionally used by the Italian Court has been – more – functional to this aim. On the other hand, in both cases, despite the significant differences, the Courts have uphold the limitations to the scope of fundamental labour rights, imposed by post-crisis policies.

A number of labour and social security reforms adopted by EU countries in the aftermath of the 2008 crisis have been challenged before national Constitutional Courts, which have sought to resolve the conflict between fundamental labour rights and conflicting economic interests, through balancing exercises. The thesis investigates the legal reasoning developed by the Italian and Spanish Constitutional Courts in crucial post-crisis judgments. The study draws on neo-constitutional theories and starts from the assumption that fundamental labour rights, understood as rights aimed at protecting workers and their dignity either during their working life or after retirement, must be fully enforced, albeit can be subject to limitations in order to protect other rights and interests constitutionally guaranteed. In order to achieve this objective, the thesis focuses on the jurisprudential theories on balancing characteristic of the two judicial constitutional traditions addressed and designs an analytical framework that allows a comprehensive assessment of the units of analysis. Overall, the research has shed light over a number of issues, which have a general relevance as far as concerns the relationship between Constitutional Courts and fundamental labour rights. With regard to the specific cases investigated, the study suggests that both Courts tend to supervise the balancing conducted by the legislator, rather than to balance actively the conflicting constitutional interests. However, the techniques applied substantially diverge. The analysis shows that while the Spanish Judge has failed to both apply the proportionality test and guarantee a full enforcement of fundamental labour rights, the unstructured and dialectic technique traditionally used by the Italian Court has been – more – functional to this aim. On the other hand, in both cases, despite the significant differences, the Courts have uphold the limitations to the scope of fundamental labour rights, imposed by post-crisis policies.

This thesis argues that the popularity of the clandestine marriage plot in English and Spanish drama following the Reformation corresponds closely to developments and emerging conflicts in European matrimonial law. My title, ‘casos de honra,' or ‘honour cases', unites law and drama in a way that captures this argument. Taken from the Spanish playwright Lope de Vega's El arte nuevo (1609), a treatise on his dramatic practice, the phrase has been understood as a description of the honour plots so common in Spanish Golden Age drama, but ‘casos' [cases] has a further, and related, legal meaning. Casos de honra are cases touching honour, whether portrayed on stage or at law, a European rather than a strictly Spanish phenomenon, and clandestine marriages are one such example. I trace the genealogy of three casos de honra from their recognisable origins in Italian novelle, through Italian, French, Spanish, and English adaptations, until their final early modern manifestations on the English and Spanish stage. Their seeming differences, and often radical divergences in plot can be explained with reference to their distinct, but related, legal concerns.

Throughout the history of international law, there have been diverse interpretations about the nature of Francisco de Vitoria’s ideas. Among the most influential are Critical Legal Studies’ views. According to them, Francisco de Vitoria was the founder of an international legal discourse that was ethnocentric, pro-colonial and imperialistic. As an original contribution to the study of international legal ideas and contrary to CLS interpretations, this study demonstrates that Vitoria’s international normative doctrines were a 16th century effort to promote universal ideas, which had some ethnocentric and pro-colonial distortions. This study considers the importance of the philosophical, theological and anthropological dimensions of Vitoria’s international legal doctrines. It analyses Vitoria’s views on the status of indigenous people, especially the Inca, in the 16th century historical context of the Spanish conquest of indigenous nations. Vitoria’s doctrine on the human nature of indigenous people was the foundation for his recognition of the existence of political communities in the New World, and the participation of indigenous nations in the international community. Vitoria’s rejection of medieval doctrines, on the universal authority of the pope, was the foundation for his dismissal of Spanish legal instruments, such as the Requerimiento, which justified the conquest of the Inca and other indigenous nations. Vitoria’s doctrines on the natural law of nations’ norms of trade, travel and evangelism were a central aspect of his normative justification for the Spanish presence in the New World. In the 16th century Spanish intellectual context, these norms were not inherently ethnocentric. However, because of Vitoria’s disregard of the consequences of the implementation of these norms in the historical context of the Spanish-indigenous nations’ international relations, they could have served to justify the Spanish conquest and colonization of the New World. This study shows that Vitoria’s most compelling justification for the Spanish use of force was the ending of the indigenous custom of human sacrifice, which was a violation of the right to life in the internal jurisdictions of indigenous nations.

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the lived experiences of Spanish-speaking men in the United States with limited English proficiency following their release from prison. The study specifically examined the experiences of these men in their efforts to access health care treatment, housing, education, and employment in Central Pennsylvania. An empirical, phenomenological research design was employed that used self-stigma, critical race, and self-determination theories for in-depth interviews with 8 men who spent 5 to 24 years in prison. A tiered coding method was used to generate 6 interconnected themes that tell the story of these men's lives: (1) a genuine desire to change (2) a lack of effective communication, (3) a sense of dependency on others, (4) a persistent lack of social support, (5) a perception of resentencing by society, and (6) a perception of entrapment with little possibility to get out. This study promotes positive social change by demonstrating a need for more effective transitional programs for this demographic and additional need for counselor training programs to actively recruit and train more Spanish-speaking counselors for work with this population. The results can be used by counselors and mental health providers to develop programs that would support families such as job training and second language instruction within correctional facilities. Implementing these recommendations is expected to reduce crime and facilitate the healthy integration of this population into the mainstream society post incarceration.

This dissertation analyzes the representations of immigrants from North Africa, Latin America, and Eastern Europe in Spain. As engaged scholarship, it seeks to better the portrayal of immigrants in the mass media through the study of literature, film, and music about immigration spanning from the year 2000 to 2016. Because misconceptions continue to propagate in the media, this dissertation works to counteract anti-immigrant, xenophobic representations as well as balance out overly positive and orientalized portrayal of immigrants with a call to recognize immigrants as human beings who deserve the same respect, dignity, and rights as any other citizen. Chapter 1 examines and analyzes the background to immigration in Spain by covering demographics, the mass media, and political theories related to immigration. Chapter 2 analyzes Spanish music about immigration through Richard Rorty’s social theory of ‘sentimental education’ as a meaningful way to redescribe marginalized minorities as full persons worthy of rights and dignity. Chapter 3 investigates the representation of immigrants in Spanish filmic shorts and cinema. Lastly, Chapter 4 demonstrates how literary portrayals of immigrants written by undocumented immigrants can give rise to strong characters that avoid victimization and rear empathy in their readers in order to affect a social change that minimizes cruelty.

The present research aims to study the special rights other than shares in Spanish Law and the protection of their holders in cross-border mergers of limited liability companies within the European Union frame. Special rights other than shares are recognised as an independent legal category within legal systems of some EU Member States, such as Germany or Spain, through the implementation of the Third Directive 78/855/CEE concerning mergers of public limited liability companies. The above-cited Directive contains a special regime of protection for the holders of securities, other than shares, to which special rights are attached, consisting of being given rights in the acquiring company, at least equivalent to those they possessed in the company being acquired. This safeguard is to highlight the intimate connection between this type of rights and the company whose extinction determines the existence of those. Pursuant to the Directive 2005/56/CE on cross-border mergers of limited liability companies, each company taking part in these operations shall comply with the safeguards of members and third parties provided in their respective national law to which is subject. In this regard, the protection for holders of special rights other than shares shall be ruled by the domestic M&A regime. As far as Spanish Law are concerned, holders of these special rights are recognized a right of merger information, in the same terms as shareholders, as well as equal rights in the company resulting from the cross-border merger. However, these measures are not enough guarantee for a suitable protection, thus considering those holders of special rights as special creditors, sometimes it will be necessary to go to the general protection regime for creditors. In Spanish Law, it would involve the recognition of right to the merger opposition, whose exercise would prevent the operation was completed until ensuring equal rights.

The present research aims to study the special rights other than shares in Spanish Law and the protection of their holders in cross-border mergers of limited liability companies within the European Union frame. Special rights other than shares are recognised as an independent legal category within legal systems of some EU Member States, such as Germany or Spain, through the implementation of the Third Directive 78/855/CEE concerning mergers of public limited liability companies. The above-cited Directive contains a special regime of protection for the holders of securities, other than shares, to which special rights are attached, consisting of being given rights in the acquiring company, at least equivalent to those they possessed in the company being acquired. This safeguard is to highlight the intimate connection between this type of rights and the company whose extinction determines the existence of those. Pursuant to the Directive 2005/56/CE on cross-border mergers of limited liability companies, each company taking part in these operations shall comply with the safeguards of members and third parties provided in their respective national law to which is subject. In this regard, the protection for holders of special rights other than shares shall be ruled by the domestic M&A regime. As far as Spanish Law are concerned, holders of these special rights are recognized a right of merger information, in the same terms as shareholders, as well as equal rights in the company resulting from the cross-border merger. However, these measures are not enough guarantee for a suitable protection, thus considering those holders of special rights as special creditors, sometimes it will be necessary to go to the general protection regime for creditors. In Spanish Law, it would involve the recognition of right to the merger opposition, whose exercise would prevent the operation was completed until ensuring equal rights.

The authors bring us a general approximation of the regulatory model related to hydrocarbon exploration and production activities in Spain. In this sense, the analysis is focused in the increased use of the hydraulic fracturing technique, better known as «fracking». In particular, the authors analyze the case of the refusal of some Spanish Autonomous Communities regarding the implementation of this technique and how the Central Government has faced that opposition.
Los autores nos brindan una aproximación general al modelo regulatorio de las actividades de exploración y producción de hidrocarburos en España. En ese sentido, centran su análisis en el uso, cada vez más extendido, de la técnica de la fractura hidráulica, más conocida como fracking. En particular, analizan el caso de la negativa de algunas Comunidades Autónomas españolas respecto a la implementación de esta técnica y cómo ha afrontado el Gobierno Central dicha oposición.

Inspired by the visual allegory ("Conquista, embarcáronse a las Indias" fol. 73 of the Nueva corónica), Legnani contends that the development of the laws of peoples (jus gentium) by 16th century Spanish jurists should be analyzed within the corpus of commercial law (lex mercatoria) employed by sea merchants, bankers and mercenaries throughout the 15th and 16th centuries. This dissertation explores the movement from figure to fiction in discourses of capital and violence.
Romance Languages and Literatures

Según los términos del Artículo 1 Común a los cuatro Convenios de Ginebra de 1949, los Estados partes quedan sujetos a una obligación de respetar y de hacer respetar el Derecho Internacional Humanitario (DIH). En este contexto, el objetivo de esta tesis es el de analizar si la Unión Europea (UE) y dos de sus Estados Miembros – Francia y España – ejecutan su obligación de hacer respetar el DIH. Concretamente, se trata de analizar cómo dos corpuses jurídicos originalmente indiferentes el uno al otro, el DIH y el Derecho de la Unión, llegaron a converger y entrelazarse. Se sostiene que la aplicación del DIH ha de ser analizada desde una perspectiva multinivel. Mientras el DIH depende de los Estados para asegurar su efectividad, el proceso de integración europea obliga a añadir el nivel supranacional: la UE. Esta configuración genera un círculo virtuoso de cumplimiento del DIH según el cual la autoridad jurídica del Artículo 1 Común queda reforzada, lo cual conlleva una mejor implementación del DIH. Asimismo, la UE proyecta sus valores en la escena internacional y se ve reforzada en su calidad de líder en materia de derechos humanos. Además, la UE constituye un nivel adicional tanto de garantía como de actuación para sus Estados Miembros, que la usan para dar efecto a sus obligaciones derivadas del DIH. Se sostiene pues, que la UE se ha establecido como un actor esencial del DIH en la escena internacional. La UE – un autoproclamado líder en materia de derechos humanos – y sus Estados Miembros no solamente quedan vinculados por el Artículo 1 Común, sino que han aceptado de ejecutar su mandato de manera efectiva en la escena internacional.
Pursuant to Common Article 1 to the four Geneva Conventions of 1949, the State parties have the obligation to respect and to ensure respect for International Humanitarian Law (IHL). In this context, the objective of this thesis is to analyze whether the European Union (EU) and two of its Member States – France and Spain – have enforced their obligation to ensure respect for IHL. It seeks to scrutinize how two juris corpuses, namely IHL and EU law, which used to follow separate paths, appeared to converge and be interlinked. This thesis takes the view that the enforcement of IHL must must be analyzed from a multilevel perspective. While IHL rely on national law to be truly effective, the process of European integration makes it imperative to add the supranational level: the EU. This configuration generates a virtuous circle of compliance whereby the legal authority of Common Article 1 is reinforced, thus leading to the improved enforcement of IHL. In turn, the EU projects its values on the international scene and is ‘confortée’ as a leader in human rights. Likewise, the EU constitutes an additional level of guarantee and action for its Member States in the enforcement of their obligation arising under IHL. It is argued that the EU has established itself as an essential actor of IHL on the international scene. The EU – a self-proclaimed leader in human rights matters – and its Member States are not only bound by Common Article 1, but they also have accepted their mandate to effectively enforce it on the international scene.

The competence of the European States in the field of international relations seems to conceive at the present time as an all-embracing faculty, which embraces all responsibility for any activity with external significance. In the Spanish case, this trend has meant a return to the prevailing conception during the primary stage of constitutional development, and refers to coverage in an expansive reading of the State’s competency title on international relations and on the functions of international treaties and Direction Foreign policy constitutionally conferred on the Government.
La competencia de los Estados europeos en materia de relaciones internacionales parece concebirse en la actualidad como una facultad omnímoda, que abraza toda responsabilidad sobre cualquier actividad con trascendencia exterior. En el caso español, esta tendencia ha supuesto un regreso a la concepción prevalente durante la etapa primaria de desarrollo constitucional, y pretende hallar cobertura en una lectura expansiva del título competencial del Estado sobre las relaciones internacionales y en las funciones sobre tratados internacionales y dirección de la política exterior conferidas constitucionalmente al Gobierno.

The PhD project Siblings Overseas aims to contribute to the global urban history of Hispanic grid cities, building connections between practices, morphologies, and ideas from both shores of the Atlantic Ocean. This line of research has its precedent in the previous work Granada Des-Granada, published in Colombia in 2018 (Ed. Uniande9, which offered a survey on Muslim medinas and the evolution of Christian grid cities between the 11th and 15th centuries. Siblings Overseas takes over where Granada Des-Granada ended and focuses on grid cities founded in Spanish domains during the early modern period. After the first fortified settlements in the American coastline were created, the 16th century brought diverse transformations to Spanish colonial new towns both in the Iberian Peninsula, the Mediterranean, and the American frontier. Urban laws and foundational acts gained relevance, shifting the main urban efforts in America from fortified positions in the early 1500s to open grid cities in the 1530s. Despite the ample literature studied this phenomenon in America, its presence in Europe and the Mediterranean has received less attention. Spanish archives conserve original 16th-century settlement books and logs of several cities founded in the Iberian south and the former Andalusian frontier, which have been studied and transcribed by local historians who signaled their familiarity with their American sisters. No comparative analysis has been developed in this sense, keeping these "Andalusian colonies" away from international historiography. The objective of this dissertation is to present an in-depth comparative study of European and American urban plantation protocols, focusing on unfortified new towns whose foundational processes evolved during the 16th century. The general hypothesis is that Spanish practices for the plantation of cities in Europe and America present a set of shared aspects based on their common frame of laws, institutions, agents, and beliefs. These elements were in constant evolution in both shores of the Atlantic due to their dynamic socio-political situation. Their similarities and differences have been studied and evidenced through the analysis of primary written sources, historical cartographies, and detailed foundational records. The urban grid is the most visible of these cities’ traits, even an archetypical one; but it did not operate by itself. The evidence presented in Siblings Overseas show that there was no pre-established model for all these new towns around the global Spanish Empire, but a shared set of urban protocols organically applied in diverse contexts. The leading case of study in this project is the foundational process of four new towns in Sierra Sur de Jaen (Andalusia), which took place between 1508 and 1539 and includes the settlements of Mancha Real, Valdepeñas de Jaén, Los Villares, and Campillo de Arenas. Sierra Sur was the main friction point between the kingdoms of Jaen and Granada during the last centuries of the Reconquista, making it a strategic territory for colonization after the Granada War (1582-92). Available primary sources are mainly written documents: instructions for founding agents, judicial processes, lawsuits over land rights, independence privileges, etc. Only one of the four foundational plans survives but is well conserved and show with precision the layout of streets and the distribution of urban parcels. American cases include two cities, both influenced by urban principles stated in the Indies Laws. This legal body reunites edicts from the earliest 16th century until its publication in 1681, each with its respective date and ordering king/queen. Its analysis shows how Laws enacted by monarchs like the Catholic Kings, Juana I, Charles V, and Philip II recommend the same principles and rules for America as those applied in Sierra Sur. However, official records and foundational plans of most early Spanish colonial settlements have not survived. The oldest partition plan conserved of an American foundation is the one of Mendoza, first Spanish city in the province of Cuyo (1561-2), originally under the jurisdiction of Capitanía General de Chile and later included in the Viceroyalty of La Plata (Argentina). Mendoza was founded in two acts,with plans and written records conserved for each of them at the Archivo General de Indias (Seville). The second American case is Villa de Leyva in the Kingdom of New Granada (Colombia), firstly planted in 1572 and then moved in 1582. The foundational acts conserved for this city are some of the oldest in Colombia and South America. Villa de Leyva depended on Tunja's jurisdiction, forty kilometers away, in the same manner that Sierra Sur's new towns were under the authority of Jaen.
El Proyecto de doctorado Siblings Overseas tiene como objetivo contribuir a la historia urbana global de las ciudades hispanas en retícula, construyendo conexiones entre prácticas, morfologías e ideas provenientes de ambas orillas del océano Atlántico. Esta línea de trabajo tiene un precedente directo en el trabajo previo Granada Des-Granada, publicado en Colombia en 2018 (Ed. Uniandes), en donde se ofrecía una exploración del urbanismo de medina islámica y grilla cristiana en España entre los siglos XI y XV. Siblings Overseas toma el relevo donde Granada Des-Granada terminó, concentrándose en ciudades de trama ortogonal fundadas en reinos españoles durante la modernidad temprana. Tras la creación de los primeros asentamientos costeros fortificados en América, el siglo XVI trajo consigo diversas transformaciones urbanas en ciudades de tipo colonial creadas tanto en la Península Ibérica y el contexto mediterráneo como en la frontera americana. Leyes urbanas y actas fundacionales ganaron relevancia, redirigiendo los principales esfuerzos urbanos en América desde las posiciones fortificadas de principios de la década de 1500 a los asentamientos reticulares abiertos en la década de 1530. A pesar de la amplia literatura existente en cuanto al estudio de este fenómeno en América, su presencia en Europa y el Mediterráneo ha recibido mucha menos atención. Diversos archivos españoles conservan libros y registros de fundación originales de diversas ciudades del siglo XVI creadas en el sur ibérico y la antigua frontera andaluza, los cuales han sido estudiados transcritos y estudiados por historiadores locales que han señalado su familiaridad con sus “hermanas” americanas. Sin embargo, ningún análisis comparativo ha sido desarrollado en este sentido, manteniendo así a las fundaciones “coloniales” andaluzas del XVI apartadas de la historiografía internacional. El objetivo de esta tesis doctoral es presentar un estudio comparativo profundo entre protocolos de fundación de ciudades aplicados en Europa y América, concentrándose en ciudades de nueva planta no fortificadas cuyos procesos fundacionales se desarrollaron a lo largo del siglo XVI. La hipótesis general se basa en la idea de que las prácticas fundacionales españolas aplicadas en Europa y América presentan una serie de aspectos comunes basados en su marco legal compartido a nivel de leyes, instituciones, agentes y creencias, entre otros factores. A lo largo del siglo XVI, estos elementos experimentaron una evolución constante a ambos lados del Atlántico dada su divergente situación sociopolítica. Sus similitudes y diferencias han sido estudiadas y evidenciadas en este proyecto a través del análisis de fuentes escritas de carácter notarial, registros de procesos de fundación, así como mapas y cartografías históricas. La grilla urbana es la más visible de estas características comunes, incluso la más arquetípica, más sin embargo no operaba por si misma. La evidencia presentada en Siblings Overseas demuestra que no existía ningún modelo preestablecido para todas estas ciudades a lo largo del imperio español global, sino más bien una serie de protocolos urbanos comunes aplicados orgánicamente en contextos diversos que arrojaban, por tanto, resultados igualmente diversos. El caso de estudio principal de este proyecto es el proceso fundacional de cuatro ciudades de nueva planta en la Sierra Sur de Jaén (Andalucía) llevado a cabo entre 1508 y 1539 y que incluye las poblaciones de Mancha Real, Valdepeñas de Jaén, Los Villares y Campillo de Arenas. Sierra Sur había sido el principal punto de fricción entre los reinos de Jaén y Granada durante los últimos siglos de la Reconquista, haciendo de ella un territorio altamente estratégico de cara a ser colonizado tras la Guerra de Granada (1482-1492). Las fuentes primarias disponibles al respecto de este proceso fundacional son principalmente documentos escritos: instrucciones impuestas a los agentes fundadores, procesos judiciales, demandas sobre derechos de propiedad de la tierra, privilegios de independencia, etc. Sólo uno de los cuatro planos fundacionales de estas villas ha sobrevivido, si bien se encuentra bien conservado y muestra con precisión la distribución de vías y parcelas urbanas. El grupo de casos americanos incluidos en este trabajo consta principalmente de dos ciudades, ambas influenciadas por los principios urbanos recogidos más adelante en las llamadas Leyes de Indias. Este cuerpo legal reúne edictos y normas emitidas desde principios del siglo XVI hasta su compilación en 1681. En dicha edición, cada ley o norma incluye una nota indicativa de la fecha en que fue hecha oficial y el monarca a cargo de su firma. Su análisis muestra cómo las leyes aprobadas por reyes y reinas tales como los Reyes Católicos, Juana I, Carlos V o Felipe II recomendaba los mismos principios y reglas para América que ya se venían aplicando en la Sierra Sur. A pesar de la existencia de esta base legal común abundantemente documentada, casi ningún asentamiento colonial de primera generación en América conserva documentación de su fundación. El plan de repartimiento colonial americano más antiguo que se conserva es el de Mendoza (1561-2), la primera ciudad española en la provincia de Cuyo, originalmente en la jurisdicción de la Capitanía General de Chile y más adelante integrada en el Virreinato de La Plata con capital en Buenos Aires, hoy Argentina. Mendoza fue fundada a través de dos actas distintas, cada una con sus propios registros y planos conservados en el Archivo General de Indias, Sevilla. El segundo caso americano es Villa de Leyva, en el Reino de Nueva Granada (Colombia), fundada por primera vez en 1572 y más adelante desplazada a una nueva localización en 1582. Las actas de fundación que conserva esta ciudad son algunas de las más antiguas tanto de Colombia como de América Latina, con Mendoza como antecedente cercano en el tiempo más no en el espacio. Villa de Leyva dependía de la jurisdicción de Tunja, a cuarenta kilómetros de distancia, de un modo similar a como las nuevas fundaciones de la Sierra Sur dependían de la autoridad provincial en Jaén

En la presente tesis doctoral se realiza una investigación en la traducción al chino de la terminología jurídica de la Ley de Sociedades de Capital española. El interés por dicha investigación surge de la constatación de que existe un gran contraste entre el panorama próspero a nivel empresarial y la escasez de estudios académicos al respecto en ambos países. Los términos de nuestro corpus han sido seleccionados de la mencionada ley y representan los conceptos esenciales de la fase fundacional de las sociedades capitalistas. El objetivo principal de nuestra investigación consiste en encontrar los equivalentes funcionales de los términos españoles en el derecho societario chino o, en el caso de que no existan, ofrecer nuestras propuestas de traducción. Para ello, nos apoyamos principalmente en teorías y metodologías de dos campos de conocimiento: la traductología y el derecho comparado. Asimismo, utilizamos algunas nociones procedentes de la Teoría General de la Terminología. La presente tesis se divide en tres partes: los Fundamentos Teóricos, que consisten en presentar las teorías y metodologías de los campos de conocimiento mencionados; el Estudio Empírico, que incluye los análisis de los términos del corpus y sus traducciones al chino y las conclusiones del estudio empírico; por último, las Conclusiones Finales. Se pretende, mediante la presente investigación, contribuir de algún modo en la traducción jurídica del español al chino, que requiere tanto de fundamentos teóricos como de datos empíricos.
In the present doctoral thesis, the translation of the legal terminology of Spanish Company Law into Chinese has been investigated. This investigation was born from the stark contrast between the prosperous financial outlook between the two countries and the current lack of academic studies dedicated to exploring it. The terms of the corpus have been selected from the aforementioned Spanish law and represent the essential concepts required for the early stages of company foundation. The main goal of this investigation consists of finding the functional equivalents of the Spanish terms in Chinese law or, in the cases in which they do not exist, offering a proposed translation. In order to achieve this, specific theories and methodologies from two fields of knowledge have been drawn upon: Translation Studies and Comparative Law. At the same time, some notions from the General Theory of Terminology also have been used. This dissertation is divided into three parts: Theoretical Foundations, which consists of the presentation of the theories and methodologies of the aforementioned fields of knowledge; an Empirical Study, which includes the analysis of the terms in the corpus and its corresponding translation into Chinese, as well as the conclusions of the Empirical Study, followed by brief overall Conclusions. The purpose of this doctoral dissertation is to contribute to the growing field of legal translation from Spanish into Chinese, which requires theoretical foundations and empirical data.
En aquesta tesi doctoral es realitza una investigació de la traducció al xinès de la terminologia jurídica de la Llei de Societats de Capital espanyola. L'interès per aquesta recerca sorgeix de la constatació que existeix un gran contrast entre el panorama pròsper a nivell empresarial i l'escassetat d'estudis acadèmics en aquest àmbit en els dos països. Els termes del corpus han estat seleccionats de l'esmentada llei espanyola i representen els conceptes essencials de la fase fundacional de les societats capitalistes. L'objectiu principal d’aquesta investigació consisteix a trobar els equivalents funcionals dels termes espanyols en el dret xinès o, en el cas que no existeixin, oferir propostes de traducció. Per aconseguir aquest objectiu ens recolzem principalment en teories i metodologies pròpies de dos camps de coneixement, que són la traductologia i el dret comparat. Així mateix, utilitzem algunes nocions procedents de la Teoria General de la Terminologia. La tesi es divideix en tres parts: els fonaments teòrics, que consisteixen en la presentació de les teories i metodologies dels camps de coneixement esmentats; l'estudi empíric, que comprèn l’anàlisi dels termes del nostre corpus i les seves traduccions al xinès, així com les conclusions de l'estudi empíric; i, finalment, les conclusions finals. Aquesta investigació doctoral pretén contribuir d’alguna manera en la traducció jurídica de l'espanyol al xinès, que requereix tant de fonaments teòrics com de dades empíriques.

L’objectif de cette étude est d’analyser comparativement le droit contractuel d’auteur dans quatre systèmes juridiques de l’Union Européenne, à savoir les droits allemand, anglais, espagnol et français, et de s’interroger sur les perspectives d’harmonisation européenne en la matière. Seront tout d’abord explorés les points communs et les particularités des dits systèmes à propos d’un certain nombre d’éléments fondamentaux du droit contractuel d’auteur ; ensuite seront formulées des propositions de rapprochement pouvant constituer une base de discussion dans le cas d’une éventuelle harmonisation européenne. L’étude prend en compte le droit d’auteur, le droit commun des contrats, le droit des biens, le droit commun de la personnalité, les droits fondamentaux, la théorie du droit comparé, et certains projets scientifiques européens
The objective of the present study is the comparative analysis of contract law relating to copyright in four legal systems of the European Union, which are German, English, Spanish and French law, and to analyse the resulting prospects of European harmonization on this subject. First, the similarities and specificities of the aforementioned legal systems will be explored on a certain number of fundamental issues of copyright contract law. Then, propositions of convergence will be formulated, which could provide a basis for discussions in the case of a possible European harmonization. The study considers aspects from copyright law, general contract law, property law, personality rights, fundamental rights, comparative law theory, as well as some European scientific projects

Cette étude comparative entre la France et l’Espagne oppose deux systèmesconstitutionnels, s’organisant de deux manières différentes. En France, l’interprétationconstitutionnelle s’élabore selon une collaboration absolue des interprètes. La juridictionconstitutionnelle n’a pas les moyens d’agir directement sur l’interprétation élaborée par lesjuges ordinaires. En Espagne, la collaboration est en revanche relative, puisque la juridictionconstitutionnelle peut être saisie directement par les justiciables. La comparaison permet deprocéder à une modélisation du contrôle de constitutionnalité des lois autour du critère del’interprétation conforme des lois à la Constitution. Cette modélisation part des influencesétrangères qui s’exercent sur l’organisation des systèmes constitutionnels comparés. Elle sepoursuit par l’adaptation de ces systèmes au phénomène d’européanisation du droit. Elles’achève par la recherche d’une optimisation de la collaboration entre interprètes
This comparative study between France and Spain bring into conflict twoconstitutional systems, with two distinct organization. In France, the constitutionalinterpretation is built by an absolute collaboration of the interpreters. The constitutionaljurisdiction don’t have the resources for acting directly on the ordinary judges’sinterpretation. However, the collaboration is relative in Spain, for the reason that theconstitutional court can be directly seised by the litigant. The comparison allows to proceedfor a modelization of the constitutionality review of laws around the interpretation inconformity with the Constitution’s criterion. This modelization start from the foreigninfluences on the organization of the comparative constitutional systems. It continues by theadaptation of these systems to the europeanisation of law. It ends with the search of anoptimisation of the collaboration of the interpreters

Les droits administratifs français et espagnol sont traditionnellement présentés comme des idéaux-types opposés dans leur rapport aux droits administratifs étrangers. Comme exportateur, le droit administratif français considère ses homologues étrangers comme un réceptacle de son influence ; comme importateur, le droit administratif espagnol les envisage comme source de son enrichissement. Si une telle présentation repose sur des raisons temporelles et culturelles qui ont fait du droit administratif français un modèle et du droit administratif espagnol un imitateur, et s’illustre par de nombreuses manifestations, elle se révèle être partiellement inexacte. Historiquement, elle est trop réductrice en envisageant l’exclusivité de ces deux postures. Elle est ensuite dépassée aujourd’hui, à l’heure de la globalisation, puisque les solutions juridiques circulent sans que l’on identifie clairement des exportateurs ou des importateurs. Cette recherche invite alors à poser un regard différent sur ces présupposés qui considèrent le droit administratif français comme un exportateur et le droit administratif espagnol comme un importateur
French and Spanish Administrative Laws are, traditionally, presented as two opposed “ideal-types”. Indeed, their relations to foreign Administrative Laws and their way to think these relations are deeply different. While French Administrative Law is viewed as understanding its foreign equivalents as recipients of its own influence, Spanish Administrative Law is seen as using them as a way to enrich its own representations. A such picture is induced by temporal and cultural reasons that make French administrative law a model for other administrative laws and Spanish one an imitator. This observation has many manifestations but is partially inaccurate . Historically, these two positions are too reductive. Moreover, nowadays, in a time of globalization a such affirmation is outdated. The increase of interactions between legal systems makes difficult to identify which concept is derived from which legal system. Hence, the purpose of this study is to view in a critical way the assumptions that make French administrative law an exporter and Spanish administrative law an importer

La te si doctoral tracte d' una causa d' exempció de la responsabilitat penal reconeguda a l'article 20.6 del vigent codi penal: la por insuperable. L' objectiu principal de la tesi és donar un contingut a aquesta eximent per tal de que trobi l'adient reconeixement als tribunals, que tradicionalment han ignorat aquesta eximent.
El primer capítol de la tesi tracta del seu fonament, és a dir, de la raó o raons que han portat al legislador a reconèixer la por insuperable com a una causa de exempció de la responsabilitat penal. L'anàlisi del fonament de la por insuperable s'estudia a l'àmbit de les doctrines de justificació del dret penal (teories de la pena). Partint d' aquestes doctrines de justificació trobem que la doctrina utilitarista no pot fonamentar sòlidament l'eximent de por insuperable, doncs aquesta eximent no té a veure amb la maximització de la felicitat col·lectiva sinó més aviat amb qüestions de responsabilitat personal. Per això, en la tesi el fonament de la por insuperable es situa al marc de les doctrines retribucionistes i mixtes.
Per a aquestes doctrines el fonament de l'exempció de pena en el cas de la por insuperable és l'afecció a la voluntat o llibertat d'elecció que es dóna en les situacions de por insuperable. Però aquesta afecció de la llibertat d' elecció no es pot interpretar com una pèrdua de les facultats psíquiques de la persona, tal i com, erròniament interpreten els nostres tribunal s, doncs la persona que es veu amenaçada no perd les seves facultats per valorar la situació. Per tant, "insuperable" no vol dir insuperable psicològicament, sinó que amb aquest adjectiu el legislador està fent referència a una avaluació normativa: es tracta d'una situació en la que no es pot exigir a la persona que superi la por que pateix i s'enfronti al amenaça.
A la tesi es defensa aquesta reconstrucció normativa de l'eximent, posant de relleu, però, que el fonament de l'exempció de pena és la preferència legítima pels propis interessos. La base del principi d'inexigibilitat o raonabilitat és la legitimitat d'una valoració parcial del conflicte en el que es troba la persona, quan l' amenaça afecta als seus bens o als d'aquells pels que se sent afectivament lligat.
Al segon capítol s' analitza el problema de la naturalesa jurídica de l'eximent de por insuperable. El cert és que la doctrina penal majoritària considera que la por insuperable és una causa d'inculpabilitat, malgrat que no han tampoc faltat autors que hagin catalogat a aquesta eximent com una causa de justificació. A la tesi s'analitzen els arguments tradicionalment utilitzats per la doctrina penal per a concloure que la por insuperable pertany a la categoria de la culpabilitat, posant de relleu que aquests arguments no semblen convincents. Això no obstant, no vol dir que l'eximent de por insuperable sigui en realitat una causa de justificació, però cal trobar una explicació més solida pel fet que aquesta eximent es consideri una causa d'inculpabilitat.
Aquesta explicació pren com a punt de partida la diferència entre la valoració imparcial d'un conflicte (és a dir, la valoració que faria una persona no implicada en el conflicte) i la valoració parcial (és a dir, la valoració que fa la persona que es troba en aquell conflicte) del mateix. A la tesi es defensa que en las situacions d'amenaça i conflicte de bens jurídics, quan ambdós es troben en la mateixa situació enfront el dret, la justificació de la conducta necessita una fonamentació més forta que la valoració parcial del conflicte, doncs a nivell d' antijuridicitat, on el legislador valora els conflictes, s' ha de donar el mateix valors als bens jurídics de tots els ciutadans, sense que es pugui aquí apel·lar a preferències personals. La valoració parcial del conflicte queda amb això reservada per a un altre nivell de la teoria del delicte: la culpabilitat, on no és tracte ja de valorar un conflicte d'interessos com de decidir si la persona mereix un càstig pel seu fet.
El tercer capítol tracta de la qüestió relativa als requisits que cal exigir per poder aplicar l'eximent de por insuperable. Certament, la llei penal no demana cap requisit concret per aplicar l'eximent, però les exigències normatives es troben en realitat resumides en l'adjectiu "insuperable" que acompanya i defineix a la por.
La doctrina penal ha utilitzat tradicionalment el paràmetre del "home mig en la posició de l'autor" per a determinar quan la por és insuperable. Però aquest criteri de determinació de la insuperabilitat de la por té greus problemes, que porten que a la tesi es rebutgi i en el seu lloc es presentin tota una sèrie de requisits normatius que han de servir per determinar quan es pot considerar que la por és (normativament) insuperable. Aquests requisits es poden dividir en dos grans grups: per una part els requisits referents al mal que amenaça a la persona. Es tracta aquí de determinar com ha de ser aquest mal per tal de que es pugui aplicar l'eximent. Per altra banda, en segon lloc els requisits referents a l'acció defensiva duta a terme per la persona.
Per últim, el quart capítol de la tesi es dedica a la delimitació de la por insuperable davant la resta d' eximents reconegudes pel codi penal. Es tracta aquí de determinar si la por insuperable té un àmbit reservat d' aplicació que justifiqui el seu manteniment al codi penal.
La dificultat d'aquest tema és que l'eximent de por insuperable té relacions amb tota la resta d'eximents penals. En primer lloc amb les causes d'inimputabilitat reconegudes a l'art. 20.1 del codi penal: alienació mental i trastorn mental transitori. Però aquests casos no pertanyen en realitat a l'eximent de por insuperable sinó a les eximents d'alienació o trastorn mental transitori
En segons lloc, l'eximent de por insuperable està relacionada amb les causes de justificació de legítima defensa, estat de necessitat i exercici legítim de un dret, ofici o càrrec i compliment del deure. A la tesi es defensa que l'eximent de por insuperable només es podrà aplicar quan, per no donar-se tots el requisits necessaris per aplicar alguna d'aquestes eximents, no es pugui justificar la conducta, però, malgrat això, hi hagin raons per no castigar la conducta, considerant-la inculpable. A la tesi s'analitzen detingudament aquests supòsits.
Amb tot es pot afirmar que l'eximent de por insuperable és una eximent necessària que pot complir el paper d'eficaç clàusula de tancament del sistema de causes d'exempció de la responsabilitat penal.
La tesis doctoral estudia una causa de exención de la responsabilidad criminal reconocida en el código penal español (art. 20.6), y que lleva por nombre el "miedo insuperable". El objetivo fundamental de la investigación es dotar de contenido a esta eximente, con el fin explícito de que ello posibilite una mayor atención de los tribunales hacia esta eximente, tradicionalmente marginada en el foro penal.
El primer capítulo de la tesis se dedica al fundamento de la eximente. La discusión sobre el fundamento de la eximente de miedo insuperable se sitúa en un determinado marco teórico: las doctrinas de justificación del derecho penal (las "teorías de la pena").
En el capítulo se comienza analizando la fundamentación del miedo insuperable desde la perspectiva de la doctrina utilitarista, concluyendo que una doctrina de este tipo no puede fundamentar convincentemente la eximente de miedo insuperable. Por ello, el fundamento de la eximente se sitúa en el marco de una doctrina retribucionista o mixta de justificación del castigo.
Según estas doctrinas el fundamento de la eximente se sitúa en la afección a la voluntad o libertad de la persona que acontece en los supuestos de miedo insuperable. El aspecto decisivo de la eximente no reside en la cantidad de presión psíquica que recibe el afectado, sino que estamos ante una cuestión sobre las exigencias normativas que pueden requerirse de la persona que se encuentra en una situación de presión (miedo) que limita su voluntad o libertad de elección. Exigencias normativas que se han resumido en los conceptos de razonabilidad o inexigibilidad.
Por tanto, se eximirá de pena por miedo insuperable cuando la persona amenazada por un mal que le provoca miedo solucione razonablemente el conflicto ante el que se enfrenta, siéndole inexigible el comportamiento conforme a la ley. El por qué se exime de pena en estas situaciones tiene que ver con el reconocimiento de la especial relación que el autor tiene con el bien jurídico en peligro y la aceptación de un doble nivel de enjuiciamiento de las acciones que una sociedad liberal debe reconocer: la valoración imparcial versus la valoración parcial del conflicto.
En el capítulo segundo se analiza la naturaleza jurídica de la eximente de miedo insuperable. La posición mayoritaria de la doctrina y jurisprudencia española considera al miedo insuperable como una eximente perteneciente a la culpabilidad. Nuestro T.S. llega a esta conclusión al considerar el miedo insuperable como un supuesto de inimputabilidad análogo al trastorno mental transitorio, pero con ello se desconoce el verdadero fundamento de la eximente.
Por su parte, la doctrina apoya la catalogación del miedo insuperable como causa de inimputabilidad en su propio fundamento, esto es, la inexigibilidad de otra conducta, principio que se liga a la categoría de la culpabilidad. Sin embargo, con ello se desconoce que, tal y como es aceptado mayoritariamente tras la obra de HENKEL, el principio de inexigibilidad no se limita a desempeñar un papel en la categoría de la culpabilidad, sino que está presente en cada una de las diversas categorías del delito, por 10 que no parece un argumento concluyente en favor de la inclusión del miedo insuperable en la categoría de la culpabilidad. Debido a esta problemática en la doctrina penal se han barajado otra serie de argumentos que llevarían al miedo insuperable a la culpabilidad al negar que pueda ser una causa de justificación (falta de un interés preponderante, desvalor del comportamiento, consecuencias reflejas de la justificación de la conducta, responsabilidad civil). Pero estos argumentos adicionales tampoco parecen concluyentes.
En este capítulo se defiende que la resolución del problema sobre la naturaleza jurídica de la eximente de miedo insuperable, tras la aceptación del papel multifuncional que su principio fundamentador (la inexigibilidad) desempeña en toda la teoría del delito, requiere la presentación de las razones materiales que conducen a una institución penal fundamentada en dicho principio en una u otra categoría penal.
Descartada la posibilidad de situar tales razones en la diferenciación del parámetro de enjuiciamiento de la inexigibilidad (general versus individual), creo que 10 que conduce a la eximente de miedo insuperable a la categoría de la culpabilidad es que se fundamenta en la valoración parcial del conflicto ante el que se enfrenta la persona amenazada por un mal, y dicha valoración (y consiguiente resolución) parcial no puede dar lugar a la justificación de la conducta (que se base, por contra, en un juicio imparcial, esto es, con independencia de quién es el afectado por la situación) sino todo lo más a su exculpación.
En el tercer capítulo se analiza el problema de los requisitos necesarios para la aplicación de la eximente de miedo insuperable, pues aunque es cierto que esta eximente supone reconocer la valoración parcial de la persona, en todo caso, su alcance no es ilimitado.
En la doctrina penal, la referencia normativa a la insuperabilidad del miedo se ha concretado tradicionalmente a través del parámetro del "hombre medio en la posición del autor": insuperable sería así aquel miedo que el hombre medio situado en la posición del autor no pudiera (en sentido normativo y no psicológico) vencer. Al criterio del hombre medio en la posición del autor se le ha criticado, con razón, que es demasiado vago e impreciso para poder concretar la referencia a la insuperabilidad del miedo. Sin embargo, creo que éste no es el problema fundamental que debe afrontar el criterio del hombre medio en la posición del autor. A mi entender más importante es el hecho de que este parámetro ha producido en la práctica el nocivo efecto de encubrir la discusión sobre las exigencias normativas que deben requerirse para aplicar la eximente de miedo insuperable. Por otra parte, a dicho criterio puede también reprochársele que no permite tomar en consideración todas las características individuales relevantes en el juicio sobre la insuperabilidad del miedo.
Por ambas razones, en la tesis se estima inadecuado el parámetro del hombre medio en la posición del autor como medio de delimitación de las exigencias normativas que cabe requerir a quien obra por miedo insuperable. En su lugar, se presentan una serie de requisitos normativos que pueden servir de base para dicha concreción.
Estos requisitos pueden agruparse en dos grandes categorías, una relativa a las exigencias concernientes al mal amenazante (esto es, se trata aquí de averiguar qué características debe tener el mal amenazante para poder aplicar la eximente de miedo), y otra referente a los requisitos relativos a la acción defensiva llevada a cabo (es decir, interesa aquí cómo debe ser la reacción defensiva para que pueda estimarse el miedo insuperable).
El cuarto y último capítulo de la tesis se dedica a la delimitación entre el miedo insuperable y el resto de causas de exención de la responsabilidad penal. Se trata, en definitiva, de comprobar si el miedo insuperable tiene un ámbito específico de aplicación que pueda explicar, de un lado, su relación con el resto de eximentes, y de otro, su mantenimiento dentro del catálogo general de causas de exención.
La relación entre la eximente de miedo insuperable y el resto de causas de exención de la pena puede agruparse en dos grandes grupos. Por una parte, el constituido por la relación entre la eximente de miedo y las causas de ausencia de acción e inimputabilidad (permanente o transitoria: arto 20.1 CP) y por otra parte, el grupo configurado por la delimitación entre el miedo insuperable y las causas de justificación de legítima defensa, estado de necesidad, y ejercicio legítimo de un derecho, oficio o cargo, y cumplimiento de un deber.
This doctoral dissertation studies the DURESS defence regulated in the Spanish criminal law. It focuses on the Spanish regulation of the duress defence ("unavoidable fear" article 20.6 Spanish Penal Code), but also analyzes the German and Anglo-American (English and North-American) provisions. The basic problem of duress, in the Spanish criminal system, is that the courts hardly apply this defence. Naturally, this opens the question about the relevance of the defence in the criminal process, and more specifically, its necessity considering all the other criminal defences. The aim of the dissertation is to offer an 'explanation of duress in order to avoid the conclusion that this defence is not necessary in our criminal code, and to make possible its implementation by the courts.
The first and most important question in order to understand duress relates to the fundamentation of this defence. This issue is analyzed by examining the explanation of duress offered by the different punishment justification theories (utilitarism, just desert and mixed theories). It is discussed that the utilitarian theory cannot give a convincing basis for the defence and so the fundamentation of duress must be searched in the retribution or mixed theory of justification. Both theories consider that the fundamentation of duress is the affection to the free will or liberty. What explains the defence is the difficulty to obey the law in certain circumstances due to the threat (pressure) of an evil. But this difficulty (or affection of the free will) cannot be understood as a psychological incapacity to act (as the Spanish courts do). For this reason the literature considers that the fundamentation of duress has a normative nature: in fact, this defence opens the question about how far can the law condone a citizen acts done precisely in order to avoid one's danger or evil. To sum up this normative fundamentation the literature requires clear normative concepts, like the reasonability of the action. In short, duress is a defence that requires an inquiry about why can be fairly expected of the actor under certain circumstances.
In the dissertation this understanding of duress is defended and it is also accepted that the basis of the reasonability of the action lays on agent-relative reasons: the person acts to avoid an evil that threatens himself or a relative or close persons. This is the basic difference between duress and the defence of necessity, based in agent-neutral reasons (the weight of the interests at stake).
This fundamentation of duress can also explain in a more coherent way why duress has been traditionally considered as a paradigmatically example of excuse. It is so regarded by the great majority of authors, but the explanations offered are not conclusive. Claims of justification need a stronger reason than the alleged reason, based in agent-relative motives, provided by the duress defence. So, the difference between the agent-neutral and agent-relative reasons to act can be assumed by the criminal law through the difference between justification and excuses. At the level of justification the legislator values the conflicting interests, and here the legislator cannot value the particular goods of one citizen as more important than the goods of another. At the level of excuse the issue is not to value the interests at stake in order to allow the act, but to decide if the actor is accountable for a wrongful act. At that level an agent-relative reason can play a significant role, explaining and giving a rationale to the defence.

But, naturally, even an agent-relative defence has its own limits. The dissertation analyses the requirements to apply the defence of "unavoidable fear" through the comparative analysis of the conditions required by the German and Anglo-American law, and also by the courts. The conditions related to two major requirements: one refers to the threatening evil, and one refers to the action done under duress. The thesis depends, in any case, that the determination of the requirements necessary to apply the defence cannot be achieved through a general standard like "the average man".
Finally, the dissertation offers delimitation between duress and the others criminal defences, particularly the justifications of self-defence (art.20.4 Spanish Penal Code) and necessity (art. 20.5 Spanish Penal Code). The basic idea is that the defence of duress plays a significant role allowing the aquitment in cases where the courts cannot apply a justification, because a requirement is lacking, but there are still good (agent-relative) reasons not to punish the actor.

Ce travail de thèse est consacré principalement à l’étude historiographique et sociologique de l’exil républicain espagnol de 1939 (connu aussi sous le nom de La « Retirada »), en France et au Mexique. Cela nous permet de dévoiler certains points méconnus et les plus critiques de cette partie de l’Histoire du XXe siècle. Nous y avons procédé à un examen panoramique de l’héritage actuel de cette histoire, longtemps restée enfouie dans les mémoires de celles et ceux qui l’on vécue directement ou indirectement.Ainsi, c’est en nous confrontant directement aux mémoires des trois générations d’héritiers de cette mémoire, en particulier en Espagne, en France et au Mexique, que nous avons pu éclaircir certains points jusque-là non abordés, ou faiblement, permettant de la sorte de mettre quelque peu sous rature les blancs encore persistants de cette histoire.Il s’agit d’un travail en trois parties. La première partie rappelle les faits objectifs liés à la guerre civile espagnole (objet de notre investigation) ; on entre de cette façon progressivement dans notre problématique globale : l’exil républicain en France et au Mexique. Peu à peu, nous abordons l’ensemble des événements passés, les objectifs et conséquences de certaines activités humaines, l’attitude de certains héritiers face à leur héritage traumatique, parfois méconnu et/ou oublié. Dans la deuxième partie nous mettons en avant la situation du Mexique Cardeniste 1934-1940, afin de mieux comprendre le rôle du Mexique dans la guerre civile espagnole, l’accueil que le Mexique réserve aux exilés républicains, ainsi que la contribution de l’exil républicain dans l’épanouissement économique, social et culturel du Mexique postrévolutionnaire. Dans la dernière partie, nous faisons un bilan de l’héritage actuel de cette partie de l’histoire du XXe siècle qui affecte encore actuellement des milliers de descendants. Quelques témoignages de première main (transmis ou obtenus suite à des entretiens directs) qui mettent l’accent sur des points très précis, nous prouvent que tout ce qui se rapporte à la révolution espagnole (1931-1939) baigne dans une lumière insolite, à cause de l’absence ou du refus de sa reconnaissance officielle. Par voie de conséquence, les séquelles perdurent et les cicatrices sont toujours très profondes. Nous concluons ce travail par l’examen des oeuvres littéraires et poétiques de Jordi Soler et de Gregorio Oliván, de quelques oeuvres d’art, de différents genres et de différentes époques. Tous ont la particularité de se rapporter à l’exil républicain espagnol. Au-delà de la dimension artistique, leur contenu référentiel peut être considéré comme de dignes témoignages historiques, rendant compte de la triste vérité du drame historique qui fut l’exil républicain de 1939
This PhD work is mainly devoted to the historiographical and sociological study of the Spanish Republican exile from 1939 (also known as the “Retirada”), in France and Mexico. This allows us to reveal some unknown and the most critical points of this part of the history of the 20th century. We have proceeded to a panoramic review of the current heritage of this history which have been remained buried, for a long time, in the memories of people who have directly or indirectly experienced it. Thus, confronting us directly to the memories of three generations of heirs of this memory, especially in Spain, France and Mexico, we were able to clarify issues, not previously addressed, or poorly. In this way, it allows us to put under erasure some persistent blanks of this history. This work consist of three parts. The first part reminds the objective facts related to the Spanish Civil War (object of our investigation); in this way, we enter gradually into our global issue: Republican exile in France and Mexico. Little by little, we address all past events, the objectives and consequences of human activities, the attitude of some heirs face to their traumatic heritage, sometimes unknown and / or forgotten. In the second part we highlight the situation of Mexico, under the presidency of Cárdenas 1934-1940, in order to better understand the role of Mexico in the Spanish Civil War, the reception reserved by Mexico to the exiled Republicans, and the contribution of the Republican exile in the economic, social and cultural development of Mexico after its own revolution. In the last part, we make a review of the current heritage of this part of the history of the 20th century that still currently affects thousands of descendants. Some testimonies (transmitted or obtained as a result of interviews), that focus on very specific points, prove that all that relates to the Spanish Revolution (1931-1939) is immersed in a strange light, due to the absence or refusal of official recognition. Consequently, the after-effects remain and the scars are still very intense. We conclude this work, examining literary and poetic works of Jordi Soler and Gregorio Oliván, some masterpiece of different genres and periods. All have the characteristic to be related to the Spanish Republican exile. Beyond their artistic dimension, their reference content can be considered as worthy historical testimonies, reflecting the sad truth of the historical tragedy which occurs during the Republican exile in 1939

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This study aims to analyze State liability arising from an infringement of the right to reasonable duration of court proceedings. Whereas the theme is recent in Brazilian law and given the lack of works about it, the searchs were subsidied in Spanish law, in French law, in Italian law and European Court of human rights. We discussed the right to "reasonable term" and also that kind of responsibility in the countries mentioned, and in their courts too. In all countries analysed the violation of this right results in State responsibility, with the consequent damages reparation. It was seen also the definition of justice deny. In our law, we have been studying the origins of speedy procedure . The tradition of the courts is to deny State liability due to judicial activity, with arguments like sovereignty, iudicata, independence of judges and fallibility, we refute them all, notably with the most recent courts decisions of the countries of the european continent. In conclusion, we figured out that we can blame the Brazilian State for damage caused by unreasonable duration of the process
O presente estudo tem por objetivo analisar a responsabilidade do Estado resultante da violação ao direito a razoável duração do processo judicial. Considerando que o tema é recente no direito brasileiro e dado a falta de obras especializadas, buscamos subsídios no direito espanhol, no direito francês, no direito italiano e na Corte europeia dos direitos do homem. Analisamos o direito ao prazo razoável e também a responsabilidade nos países citados e na, respectiva, Corte. Em todos os países analisados a violação a esse direito enseja na responsabilidade do Estado, com a consequente reparação dos danos. Verificamos também a definição de denegação de justiça. Em nosso direito, estudamos as origens da celeridade processual até os dias atuais. A tradição dos Tribunais é negar a responsabilidade do Estado decorrente da atividade jurisdicional, com argumentos na soberania, coisa julgada, independência dos juízes e falibilidade humana, rebatemos todos, notadamente com as decisões mais recentes das Cortes dos países do continente europeu. Desta forma, concluímos que é possível responsabilizar o Estado brasileiro pelos danos provocados pela irrazoável duração do processo

The purpose of this thesis is the analysis of the anticipated agreement proposal, in its substantive and procedural aspects, through its consistency with the purposes assigned. It is an institution without precedents in the Spanish Bankruptcy Law, which has unique characteristics that distinguish it from the ordinary agreement proposal and that serve to achieve specific purposes, designed to configure a less costly and time-consuming procedure and ultimately contribute to maximize the satisfaction of the creditors of the debtor with financial difficulties. The originality of the anticipated agreement proposal lies in its processing, in which activities that traditionally take place during the bankruptcy procedure, such as negotiations between the debtor and its creditors, held outside of it, achieving this way less judicial intervention until the confirmation of the agreement by the court and therefore achieving a less expensive procedure.
L’objecte d’aquesta tesi doctoral és l’anàlisi del règim jurídic de la proposta anticipada de conveni, en la seva vessant substantiva i processal, a través de la consistència d’aquest règim amb les finalitats que el legislador li atribueix. Es tracta d’un instrument sense precedents en el Dret concursal anterior a la reforma operada per la Llei 22/2003, de 9 de juliol, Concursal, que presenta unes característiques pròpies que la distingeixen de la proposta ordinària i que serveixen per aconseguir una sèrie de finalitats específiques, tendents a configurar un procediment concursal poc costós i àgil i en última instància a contribuir a maximitzar la satisfacció dels creditors del deutor insolvent. L’originalitat de la proposta anticipada de conveni radica en una tramitació en què actuacions que tradicionalment tenen lloc durant el concurs es celebren fora del mateix, assolint-se d’aquesta manera un concurs més desjudicialitzat i en conseqüència menys costós.

The research highlights Salvadoran migrants’ identities within the United States since their departure from El Salvador during its Civil War. The purpose of this research is to provide a historical context of the Civil War and an analysis of the transitions of documentation that occur upon arriving to the United States. In doing so, I demonstrate how physical documentation builds an influential and detrimental power over the Salvadoran migrants’ participation within the community. It is important to mention the Civil War because of two reasons: one, for its introduction to various stages of enduring violence, and two, for its impact on migration laws towards Salvadoran refugees. This research not only portrays the various shifts of aggression, but it also distinguishes documentation as a juxtaposition between legality and classism. More importantly, the findings reveal a correlation between these dynamics of violent documentation and the Salvadorans’ distorted, misguided, and inconclusive perceptions that they hold about the concepts of belonging and identity.

Este trabalho de pesquisa tem como objetivo essencial verificar quais as contribuições que a experiência pedagógico-organizacional dos Centros de Estudos de Línguas do estado de São Paulo e, em específico, de alguns de seus docentes pode oferecer para uma implementação de boa qualidade e eficaz (BROOK; SOARES, 2008; HOPKINS, 1987; HOPKINS, 1997; MURILLO, 2007) da língua espanhola nos currículos das escolas públicas do Ensino Médio paulista. Para tanto, daremos enfoque especial a duas questões: ao contexto educativo no qual o ensino de castelhano está inserido nas unidades do CEL pesquisadas e às estratégias de ensino que seus docentes utilizam no desenvolvimento de atividades pedagógicas cotidianas. Os dados que embasam o estudo dessas questões foram obtidos, essencialmente, em contexto de pesquisa qualitativa (LUDKE e ANDRÉ, 1986) em três unidades do CEL-SP, na Capital, Grande São Paulo e Interior. Também serão fundamentais os elementos coletados na pesquisa de Santos (2007) acerca das representações (ROUSSIAU e BONARDI, 2000) de alunos, coordenadores e professores dos CEL sobre a qualidade de ensino e aprendizagem de espanhol da instituição. Por meio da análise de tais dados, verificamos se as relações (sociais, afetivas, culturais e organizacionais) existentes nas escolas pesquisadas e se a prática pedagógica dos docentes fundamentam-se em princípios de qualidade educativa expostos em documentos oficiais para o ensino de línguas estrangeiras no Brasil como os Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCN, 1998; 2000) e as Orientações Curriculares (OC, 2006) e, ainda, em princípios teóricos que descrevem a boa qualidade de ensino (AÇÃO EDUCATIVA, UNICEF, INEP, 2007; HOPKINS, 1987; HOPKINS e LAGESWEUJ, 1997, MACHADO, 2007 et al.).
The main goal of this research is to make an assessment of how the historical knowledge and analysis of the pedagogical activities developed by São Paulo Language Study Centers (CEL-SP) units can contribute to an effective and high quality implementation (BROOK and SOARES, 2008; HOPKINS, 1987; HOPKINS, 1997; MURILLO, 2007) of the spanish language in the curriculum of the public schools of São Paulo. With this objective, we will approach mainly two questions: the educational context of the spanish education in the analyzed schools and the approaches and teaching methodology used by teachers in the development of daily pedagogical activities. The data that sustains the study of these questions were obtained basically through a qualitative research (LUDKE e ANDRÉ, 1986) in three units of CEL-SP, in the Capital, Great São Paulo and countryside. The elements gathered by Santos (2007) research about the CELs students, coordinators and teachers representations (ROUSSIAU e BONARDI, 2000) about the teaching and learning quality of the institution are also fundamental. Through data review, we will clarify if the relations (social, affective, cultural and organizational) present in the analyzed schools and the teachers pedagogical practice are related to the principles of the educational quality stated in official documents for education in Foreigner Languages like the Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCN, 1998; 2000) and the Orientações Curriculares (OC, 2006) and, also, the theoretical principles that characterize high quality education (AÇÃO EDUCATIVA, UNICEF, INEP, 2007; HOPKINS, 1987; HOPKINS and LAGESWEUJ, 1997, MACHADO, 2007 et al.).

This paper analyzes the taxation on foreign dividends in comparative tax law. In particular, we study the European and North American system. Finally, we want to assess the Spanish system to avoid international double taxation and its reform, which will be put in force in 2015.
El trabajo tiene por objeto exponer cuál es el gravamen de los dividendos de fuente extranjera en el Derecho comparado, partiendo de la experiencia europea y la norteamericana. Dicho análisis tiene por finalidad última valorar el sistema español de eliminación de la doble imposición internacional, así como, sobre todo, su reforma, que entrará en vigor en 2015.

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This research presents the politics of implementation of Spanish language teaching in Brazilian public schools, especially high school, according to the law 11.161, from August 5, 2005 (BRASIL, 2005). This study debates the end of the time limit to implement the law and the constant challenges to put the law into practice. The main objective was to investigate the process of implementation of the Spanish language in the curriculum of some schools in Ponta Grossa city, Paraná, Brazil. To do this investigation, it was necessary to understand the history of teaching foreign languages in Brazil, and to discuss the importance of a foreign language as a subject in the curriculum. The theory related to this discussion was based on Cury (1986), Kosik (2002) and Pêcheux (1988, 1990). Besides that, this research used the concepts of “habitus”, “field” and “cultural capital” by Bordieu, to comprehend all the movement the Spanish language teaching has caused in Brazilian culture since the 1990’s. Goodson (1995) and Saviani (1994) were also a reference to relate the Spanish language teaching to the high school curriculum. Furthermore, concerning specifically Spanish language teaching, there were other authors who were important, such as Celada (2002) and Picanço (2003). The research used the following strategies to collect information: choosing four schools in Ponta Grossa city – PR which already have added the Spanish language to their curriculum and comparing these schools to others in the same city. To access these schools, a questionnaire was used with principals. An interview was also organized with the coordinator of the Spanish area for all public schools in Ponta Grossa. The analysis of the information indicated the following: a) most schools chose the most practical way to put the law 11.161/2005 into practice; b) There are contributions of public policy, but they are not always plausible for all schools; c) the principals of the schools can contribute to promote the insertion of the Spanish language in the school curriculum; d) to insert the Spanish language in the curriculum effectively in all grades of high school in Ponta Grossa city – PR is a challenge to be overcome.
Este trabalho apresenta a política de implantação da língua espanhola na matriz curricular da Educação Básica da Rede Pública, no Ensino Médio, a partir da Lei nº 11.161, de 5 de agosto de 2005 (BRASIL, 2005). A pesquisa se justifica pelo término do prazo para a implementação da língua espanhola e a constante verificação de muitos desafios para sua real aplicabilidade. O principal objetivo foi investigar o processo de implantação da referida disciplina em algumas escolas do município de Ponta Grossa - PR. Para tanto, fez-se necessário um resgate histórico do ensino de línguas estrangeiras (LEs) no Brasil, assim como uma reflexão sobre o papel da língua estrangeira como disciplina curricular. Como referencial teórico, foram utilizados autores como Cury (1986), Kosik (2002) e Pêcheux (1988, 1990). O presente estudo recorreu, também, aos conceitos de habitus, campo e capital cultural de Bourdieu, a fim de compreender toda a movimentação causada no brasileiro com relação à língua espanhola, a partir da década de 1990. Goodson (1995) e Saviani (1994) foram utilizados para relacionar a língua espanhola com o currículo do Ensino Médio. Ainda, contribuíram para a pesquisa os estudos de autores que tratam especificamente da língua espanhola, como Celada (2002) e Picanço (2003). A pesquisa envolveu as seguintes estratégias de coletas de dados:seleção de quatro escolas do município de Ponta Grossa - PR com implantação da língua espanhola de forma diferenciada e como exemplo de como ocorre nas outras escolas do mesmo município. Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se o questionário aplicado às direções dos respectivos estabelecimentos de ensino. Também foi realizada uma entrevista com a coordenadora de espanhol no Núcleo Regional de Educação de Ponta Grossa. A análise dos dados indicou como resultados da pesquisa: a) a maioria dos estabelecimentos de ensino optou pela maneira mais prática de aplicar a Lei nº 11.161/2005; b) há contribuições das políticas públicas, mas nem sempre são cabíveis a todos os estabelecimentos de ensino; c) as direções dos estabelecimentos de ensino têm muito a contribuir para a real implantação da língua espanhola na matriz curricular; d) a implantação da língua espanhola enquanto disciplina curricular efetiva em todas as séries do Ensino Médio e em todos os estabelecimentos de ensino do município de Ponta Grossa - PR ainda é um desafio a ser superado.

Al investigar este problema en el caso específico de Ecuador podemos ver algunos patrones que otros investigadores y políticos podrían aplicar en otros contextos de abusos laborales y trabajo infantil. En un mundo más consciente de los derechos humanos, es necesario impedir el trabajo infantil donde se pueda o por lo menos asegurar que los niños que trabajan lo hagan en la forma más sana y segura. En esta investigación se analizan las leyes y regulaciones de las últimas dos décadas, la implementación, y los efectos en las vidas de los niños trabajadores. La implementación de las leyes y regulaciones es mayormente analizada a través del papel de las inspecciones. Las entrevistas mencionadas en la investigación son realizadas por otros grupos pero muestran las experiencias de los niños. Usando reportes anuales de Ecuador, Estados Unidos, y organizaciones internacionales la investigación explora las varias razones por las cuales Ecuador no ha logrado eliminar el trabajo infantil. La investigación sugiere recomendaciones para realizar inspecciones más eficaces y hacer esfuerzos más impactantes en el campo de trabajo infantil. Ecuador ya lleva dos décadas de regulaciones e iniciativas dirigidas al trabajo infantil sin embargo no ha logrado erradicar este fenómeno. En fin el bienestar y protección de los derechos de los niños es lo que está siendo comprometido; por eso es urgente poder encontrar las soluciones que harán Ecuador el país exitoso en erradicar trabajo infantil.

O presente trabalho investiga os métodos utilizados pelo etno-historiador Serge Gruzinski – as Connected Histories e a História das Sensibilidades – com a finalidade de compreender como foram construídas as instituições jurídico-políticas pela monarquia católica na América Espanhola até o final da dinastia dos Habsburgos, a partir de uma realidade hegemônica preexistente nos povos pré-colombianos. Não foi possível a simples implantação do sistema institucional hispânico e também não se perpetuaram as instituições pré-colombianas, criandose instituições mescladas. Trata-se de uma realidade complexa, na qual não podem ser considerados apenas indígenas e espanhóis, pois através deste contato surgiram os mestiços e na América nasceram os criollos. Aportaram no Novo Mundo negros, povos de outras raças que se misturaram. Esta mistura não ocorreu apenas no aspecto biológico, mas antes na religião, na escrita e nas instituições. O método das connected histories foi criado por Sanjay Subrahmanyam e adotado por Gruzinski. Os principais desencadeadores deste método, quando aplicado à América Espanhola, são: a função mediadora dos passeurs culturels a descentralização da história e as mestiçagens. Os passeurs são quem realiza os processos de ocidentalização e de globalização. A descentralização da história substitui o polo único europeu ou ibérico por uma pluralidade de centros localizados na periferia, buscando a elaboração da história de forma global e não reducionista. A Monarquia Católica é o campo de observação e aplicação deste método porque está para além dos limites do Estado-nacional. Os elementos mestiços tem sido ignorados ou desvalorizados ao longo da história, mas são importantes porque aprofundam a história e apresentam as realidades complexas, para além de espanhóis e indígenas. Destaca-se também a importância das imagens e do imaginário, que podem expressar uma ideia diretamente, cujas reações são difíceis de traduzir em palavras. É importante captar a história para além das expressões intelectuais ou técnicas, sob pena de haver um reducionismo na apreensão do passado. Trata-se do método da história das sensibilidades. Por fim, é importante destacar a visão de Matthew Restall em relação aos mitos da conquista espanhola, com sua crítica ao mito da superioridade dos espanhóis, pois não podemos partir da premissa de que os espanhóis eram em algum sentido melhores do que os nativos americanos, sob pena de não compreendermos a complexidade da história gerada a partir do contato entre estes dois mundos.
The present work searches the methods used by the etno historian Serge Gruziski – The Connected Histories and the Sensibilities’ History – to understand how the Catholic Monarchy built the political and juridical institutions of the Spanish America until the end of the Habsburg Dynasty, upon a hegemonic reality pre-existent in the pre-Columbian peoples. The simple implantation of the Spanish institutional system was impossible, as was the perpetuation of the pre-Columbian institutions, originating mixed institutions. It was a complex reality, in which we cannot just consider Indians and Spaniards, because from this very contact emerged mestizos and in America, creoles were born. Negroes and other races docked in America and mixed. This mix don´t happen only in the biologic sense, but also and above all in the religion, in the writings and in the institutions. The connected histories method was created by Sanjay Subrahmanyam and adopted by Gruzinski. The main elements of this method, when applied to the Spanish America, are the mediator paper of the passeurs culturels, the history´s decentralization and the miscegenation. The passeurs are the actors who made the processes of the westernization and globalization. The history´s decentralization replaces the only European pole by a plurality of centers situated in the periphery, seeking to elaborate a global history and not a reductionist version of it. The Catholic Monarchy is the field of observation and application of this method, because it is beyond the limits of the State Nation. The mestizos has been ignored or devaluated through the history, but they are important because they deepen the history and show complex realities, beyond Spaniards and Indians. Noteworthy is also the importance of the images and the imaginary, that can express an idea directly, whose reactions are difficult to translate in words. It´s important to understand the history beyond the intellectual and technical expressions, otherwise we generate a reductionist view and comprehension of the past. This is the method of the Sensibilities’ History. Finally, it’s important to highlight Matthew Restall’s view towards the myths of the Spanish Conquer, with his critic to the myth of the Spanish superiority, because we cannot start by the premise that the Spaniards were in either way better than the native Americans, otherwise we will be unable to understand the complexity of the history generated by the contact between this two worlds.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Feb. 17, 2009). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Arts in the Department of Political Science, concentration Transatlantic Studies." Discipline: Political Science; Department/School: Political Science.

This paper studies the criminal liability of legal persons, which has suffered a deep reform with the organic law 1/2015, after being introduced in Spain in 2010. This reform has brought important modifications and news, as the creation of an exemption of liability through the adoption of compliance programs, which supposes a change in the so called model of transfer of liability, that existed before. Parallel to this transformation in the Spanish criminal code, in Peru recently the law 30424 has come into forth, which contents a corporate liability model, very similar to the one foreseen in Spain. Both models of liability and the possibility of its exemption raise doubts about if they really tried to penalize legal persons or not.
El presente trabajo estudia la responsabilidad penal de las personas jurídicas en España, la cual, después de haberse introducido en el año 2010, ha sufrido una reforma de hondo calado con la ley orgánica 1/2015. Esta ha conllevado importantes modificaciones y novedades, como la creación de una eximente de responsabilidad mediante la adopción de programas de cumplimiento, que ha supuesto un cambio en el antes existente modelo de transferencia de responsabilidad. Paralelamente a esta transformación que ha tenido lugar en el Código Penal español, en el Perú recientemente se ha aprobado la ley 30424, que crea un modelo de responsabilidad para las personas jurídicas muy similar al previsto en España. Ambos modelos de responsabilidad y la posibilidad de su exención plantean la duda de si realmente se pretende responsabilizar penalmente a las personas jurídicas o no.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, 1990.
Includes Spanish copy of questionnaire and of the manual for the preparation of biblical sermons. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 218-223).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2005.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 191-197). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

This thesis seeks to investigate Emilia Pardo Bazán’s two short stories “Las medias rojas” and “El encaje roto” and how her works correlate with the “new woman” based upon the ideology “The Laugh of Medusa” by Hélène Cixous. I look at the two female characters and prove how Pardo Bazán created the “new woman.” The thesis pursues to display how the author changes how female characters are presented in literature by placing independent, strong, and hopeful women within her works.

duréndez@um.es
En el ámbito privado, el pluriempleo y la pluriactividad no constitutivos de concurrencia desleal son lícitos y están permitidos, salvo los supuestos limitativos contemplados por la normativa vigente, pudiendo eliminarse al acordar las partes el pacto de exclusividad o de plena dedicación mediante compensación económica expresa, o controlarse su desarrollo a través de los mecanismos establecidos al efecto en las normas estatales y convenios colectivos. In the private sector, multiple employment and pluriactivity, which do not constitute unfair competition, are legal and permitted with the exception of limited assumptions covered by existing legislation. They can be eliminated if the parties have agreed upon exclusivity and a non-competition agreement or full-time dedication through express economic compensation or control its development of state regulations and collective agreements through established mechanisms. Se analiza el marco socioeconómico actual, las delimitaciones conceptuales entre ambas situaciones, la constitucionalidad tanto de estas situaciones, como de sus diferentes régimenes jurídicos, así como de las prohibiciones y limitaciones establecidas en el sistema de fuentes del Derecho del Trabajo y de la Seguridad Social Español, efectuando una clasificación de las mismas.
The following are analyzed: the current socioeconomic framework, the conceptual boundaries between both situations and how they are formed as to their different legal regulations and established prohibitions and limitations in the system of sources of the Spanish Labour Law and Social Security, making a classification of them. En el ámbito de la Seguridad Social, se analizan los diversos regímenes jurídicos tanto en materia de cotización como prestacional, incluyendo la cuestión de la compatibilidad o incompatibilidad de prestaciones al hilo de las diversas contingencias protegibles en las que podrían tener repercusiones estas situaciones en el seno de los regímenes que integran el Sistema Español de Seguridad Social y considerando las diversas casuísticas que pudieran producirse. In the Social Security field, various legal systems are analyzed in terms of contribution and benefits, including the issue of compatibility or incompatibility of benefits along with the different secured contingencies that could impact these situations in the middle of the schemes that involve the Spanish System of Social Security, considering the various circumstances that may occur.

This doctoral thesis analyses the types of feminine identity represented in Adelaida Garcia Morales' works. It examines as well how these subjectivities are constituted and points out that this Spanish writer's narrative proposes alternative symbolic representations of Spanish women and new feminine identities who are not framed according to patriarchal standards. Furthermore, this study highlights how Garcia Morales' novels and short stories constitute what it has been labelled as "fiction of debate". That is, they represent different ideas and feminist concepts proposed by the two main Spanish feminist approaches: feminism of difference and feminism of equality. The texts analyzed in these theses provide a valuable channel of communication, and create a forum for both airing and debating the main concerns of Spanish women and issues at stake during the 80's and 90's. This study will follow a literary feminist approach, which focuses on the historical and social frameworks of Garcia Morales work's production as well as contextualizes her narrative with reference to the recent Spanish social and political history. Therefore, this study points out the dialectical relationship between texts and ideological structures, which allows an account of the interrelationships between literature and feminist politics.

The “I” speaks in each of the poems presented; but whose I? The collection explores the use of personae, and gives voice to “the other” I’s/las otras, women who came before us and those who walk among us. Sometimes in English, sometimes in Spanish, sometimes the voices cross between languages. Written primarily in free verse, the poems are ordered to allow the mingling of languages from the speakers on the page. Through other eyes, some of the characters revive the past, speak from the grave. They provide a glimpse into what lies beyond the “I.” We hear the women, their advice, their reflections, their stories. In taking on the different personae, the poet relinquishes her voice. However, some I’s leave us guessing as to who is speaking, and how much has the poet intertwined of her own voice.

La règle du précédent, clé de voûte de la Common law, impose au juge de respecter les décisions analogues précédentes, en l’absence de justification pour se départir de celles-ci. Cette règle est donc logiquement absente de la théorie du droit romano-germanique, selon laquelle, schématiquement, le juge n’est soumis qu’à la loi. Pourtant, l’étude des décisions des juridictions de tradition romaniste et, plus précisément, des cours constitutionnelles montrent que ces dernières n’hésitent pas à appliquer la règle du précédent. Il ne s’agit pas d’une volonté de se soumettre à un précédent contraignant et obligatoire, mais de juger en conformité et dans la logique des solutions antérieurement adoptées. L’autorité du précédent constitutionnel est donc, le plus souvent, psychologique et le juge constitutionnel peut renoncer à l’appliquer lorsqu’il l’estime nécessaire. Le précédent devient ainsi un instrument judiciaire universel, permettant d’assurer, indifféremment du système juridique, l’uniformité et la cohérence de la jurisprudence
Precedent, the key-stone of Common law, obliges the Court to comply with analogous preceding decisions, in the absence of justification for abandoning them. This rule is therefore logically absent from the theory of Civil law, according to which, schematically, the Court is only bound by written law. Nevertheless, the study of court decisions in Civil law systems and, more exactly, those of constitutional courts show that they do not hesitate to apply the rules of precedent. It is not a question of a will to be held by a binding and obligatory precedent, but to judge in conformity and within the logic of previously adopted solutions. The authority of constitutional precedent is therefore, more often than not, psychological and the constitutional court can desist from applying it when it deems necessary. Precedent thus becomes a universal judicial instrument, enabling to ensure, regardless of the legal system, the uniformity and the coherence of case-law