Tesis sobre el tema "Law of properties"

The thesis deals with selected competition issues that occur within the dynamic and high-risk market of shipping, examining competition law issues in liner consortia and tramp pools through an EU Competition Law prism. These partial function joint ventures are the predominant form of alliances in the maritime sector. Liner trade is primarily organised in consortia, while pools are the most common form of tramp shipping alliance. The thesis' synthetic and analytic research incorporates the methodology and structure used in its competition law bibliography, while the legal analysis is informed with sources from microeconomics and maritime economics. The issues that are examined in relation to shipping include the four main areas of competition law: the relevant market, indicators of dominance, compliance of the alliance agreements with Article 101 TFEU and abusive conducts by dominant undertakings under Article 102 TFEU. The development of the above areas aims to demonstrate the interaction of sector particularities with competition law as a whole.

Proteins are the most important molecules in the cell since they take care of most of the biological functions which resemble life. To ensure that everything is working properly the cell has a rigorous control system to monitor the proper function of its proteins and sends old or dysfunctional proteins for degradation. Unfortunately, this system sometimes fails and the once so vital proteins start to misbehave or to accumulate and in the worst case scenario these undesired processes cause the death of their host. One example is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS); a progressive and always fatal neurodegenerative disorder that is proposed to derive from accumulation of aberrant proteins. Over 140 mutations in the human gene encoding the cytosolic homodimeric enzyme Cu/Zn-Superoxide Dismutase (SOD1) are linked to ALS. The key event in SOD1 associated ALS seems to be the pathological formation of toxic protein aggregates as a result of initially unfolded or partly structured SOD1-mutants. Here, we have compared the folding behaviour of a set of ALS associated SOD1 mutants. Based on our findings we propose that SOD1 mediated ALS can be triggered by a decrease in protein stability but also by mutations which reduce the net charge of the protein. Both findings are in good agreement with the hypothesis for protein aggregation. SOD1 has also been found to be able to interact with mitochondrial membranes and SOD1 inclusions have been detected in the inter-membrane space of mitochondria originating from the spinal cord. The obvious question then arose; does the misfolding and aggregation of SOD1 involve erroneous interactions with membranes? Here, we could show that there is an electrostatically driven interaction between the reduced apo SOD1 protein including ALS associated SOD1-mutants and charged lipid membrane surfaces. This association process changes the secondary structures of these mutants in a way quite different from the situation found in membrane free aqueous environment. However, the result show that mutants interact with charged lipid vesicles to lesser extent than wildtype SOD1. This opposes the correlation between decreased SOD1 stability and disease progression. We therefore suggest that the observed interaction is not a primary cause in the ALS mechanism.

A black body is an ideal object that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation and simultaneously emits radiation that only depends on the temperature. The radiation is described by Planck's radiation law and its maximum by Wien's displacement law. The aim of this project is to study Planck's and Wien's laws in the frequency and wavelength domains, by theoretical studies and numerical studies in the programming language Python. Planck's law can be derived by regarding a cavity where the internal radiation either can be regarded as waves or as a gas of photons. In this study, the main focus lies in the derivation assuming radiation can be treated as waves, which uses the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. This derivation is also used when the radiation is simulated numerically in Python. The numerical studies use the stochastic method "hit and miss" to generate the different properties of the emitted radiation. Planck's law occurs in many different forms, the differences between some of them is explained in this project. When transforming between the domains one must use a Jacobian. If this is forgotten Wien's law, which is derived from Planck’s law, efficiently shows how the peaks of the correct and the transformed curves are at different positions. The results show that Planck's law accurately can be derived numerically. Even though the chosen method successfully reproduces the Planck distribution the program can be improved by using the inverse transform method for sampling. To study this subject further one could consider deriving and simulating the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution.
En svart kropp är intressant att undersöka på grund av dess unika förmåga att absorbera och emittera elektromagnetisk strålning. Dessvärre kan den svarta kroppen vara svår att föreställa sig. Det vedertagna knepet för att illustrera detta fenomen är att tänka sig en låda inuti vilken det finns fotoner, och därmed energi. Fotoner kan som bekant betraktas som vågor likväl som partiklar och turligt nog spelar det ingen roll vilket sätt man väljer, svartkroppsstrålningen kan studeras ur båda dessa infallsvinklar. Tänker man sig också att det finns ett mycket litet hål i lådans vägg är det lätt att inse att fotonerna kommer att lämna lådan ur detsamma. Det är denna strålning som är svartkroppsstrålning. Svartkroppsstrålningen är fördelad enligt Plancks strålningslag som vanligtvis härleds med hjälp av teorin kring statistisk fysik som appliceras på den tänkta lådan. Detta görs även i denna studie, såväl som en numerisk simulering i programmeringsspråket Python. Ett program för studier av svartkroppsstrålning, vars främsta syfte är att simulera denna med utgångspunkt i samma låda, har skapats och förväntas kunna hjälpa den intresserade att skaffa sig förståelse för egenskaperna hos Plancks lag. För detta program används med framgång den stokastiska metoden "hit and miss" som tillåter användaren att sampla slumptal från en given fördelning. Utöver Plancks lag studeras också Wiens lag. Wiens lag beskriver vid vilken frekvens strålningen kommer att ha sitt maximum och härleds ur Plancks lag. Plancks lag förekommer i många olika former vilka beskriver olika fysikaliska storheter. I denna studie utreds dessa. Att transformera mellan de olika formerna av lagen är inte så simpelt som man kan luras att tro, utan kräver viss matematisk eftertanke. Det visar sig vara avgörande att använda en mycket viktig transformationsfaktor kallad Jacobian. Detta ger såklart också konsekvenser för Wiens lag som kommer att se olika ut beroende på vilken form av Plancks lag den härleds ur.

This thesis provides a critical evaluation of the statutory framework for the co- ownership regulations in Turkish law and it acquaints the Turkish jurists with the existence of trust of land of English law. It is posited upon the argument that solutions to the problems observed in the administration and enjoyment of co-owned properties in Turkish law may be overcome by the introduction of a new institution, which is inspired by the trust mechanism of English law. This entails the existing Turkish regulation for the management of the co-owned properties outdated, unreasonably complex, and extremely artificial with some assumptions. After successfully establishing that the Turkish system is currently inadequate to provide an efficient system, this thesis provides the indications for a solution. Having been aware of the limitations of the Turkish legal system and the restricted possibility of the direct reception of trust, this thesis examines to what extent the current institutions in Turkish law would replace the functions of trust in the context of co- ownership. This examination results in searching for a new system as it is concluded that any of the trust-like devices in the current Turkish law could not effectively and comprehensively serve the purposes that English trust does. Therefore, this thesis suggests that a new mechanism, inspired by the English trust of land, would provide the required mechanisms for an efficient managerial system for co-owned properties. Rather than asserting to solely focus on a comprehensive new system, this thesis discusses the possible solutions and urges further research about the matter. Hence, the so-called alien system, trust of land, and its capability to provide an alternative but efficient and productive solution to the managerial problems of the co-owned properties, would be made familiar with the Turkish jurists.

In questa tesi si affronta il problema di determinare il tempo di rilassamento di una random walk a partire dalle proprietá strutturali del network sottostante. In particolare nel primo capitolo si affrontano alcuni teoremi di teoria delle matrici random per determinare come si distribuiscano gli autovalori di matrici stocastiche i cui elementi opposti abbiano una correlazione o meno. Nel secondo capitolo si ripercorre la teoria generale delle catene di Markov e si collegano i risultati teorici alla determinazione del tempo di rilassamento di una random walk su un network. Infine si presentano alcuni risultati numerici a supporto delle tesi espresse in precedenza.

There is a link between the thermal and electrical properties of metal. The equation which links these two properties is called the Wiedemann-Franz Law. Also there is an emerging technology within Additive Manufacturing called Binder Jet Printing which can print high purity copper without heat stress within the material. Due to the Binder Jet Printings ability to print high resolution prints without any print through, this makes future use of this technology a necessity for future electrical and thermal components within computers . However a thermal and electrical conductivity analysis of binder jetted copper has never been performed, and needs to be for simulation with this material. Therefore within this thesis the relationship of the thermal and electrical properties of printed binder jetted copper part will be researched. To find the electrical resistivity of binder jetted copper, three sets of 2mm diameter rods where printed and then placed within a modified four wire resistance method test. For the thermal conductivity measurements a laser flash diffusivity machine was used, and three sets of 11 copper disks of approximately 1cm diameter by 1mm where printed. The data shows a strong linear trend linking electrical resistivity to the density ratio of the copper. Within the thermal conductance measurement, a lot more variability was seen within the three different prints. The 70% density ratio prints saw a large 13% spread in density ratios throughout the prints, which is believed to be caused by improper sintering due to temperature gradients near the door of the kiln. The 82% density prints saw better grouping of density ratios by placing the specimens in the back of the kiln. Lastly, the 92% prints saw the best density ratio grouping but the largest thermal conductivity variance. Even though the scatter plot for the thermal conductivity measurements are not as precise as the electrical resistivity measurements, it still shows a linear trend which matches the NASA data from 1971. Overall, these linear trends can be modeled and compiled into a new form of the Wiedemann-Franz law, which accounts for the density ratio of the binder jetted print.
Master of Science

The aim of this thesis is to analyze the effects of political instability on the market performance. The Anti Extradition movement in Hong Kong will be the study object and its impact on the Hang Seng Properties Index will be tested. The market performance will be measured with the parameters market risk and risk premium. Two regression models will be built where the political event serve as dummy variables and categorized into relatively peaceful protest (PI1t), massive conflict (PI2t) and election period (EPt). The results indicate that all political events cause increased market fluctuation, except for EPt variable (in the risk premium model) which had a market stabilizing effect. The conclusion that the real estate market is sensitive to political turmoil is drawn.
Syftet med denna avhandling är att undersöka hur en marknad reagerar under ett politiskt ostabilt läge. För att göra detta kommer påverkan av demonstrationerna (mot det kontroversiella lagförslaget) i Hong Kong 2019 på Hang Seng Properties Index att studeras. För att mäta marknadsresultatet kommer parametrarna marknadsrisk och riskpremie att användas. Regressionsanalyser utförs och de politiska störningsmomenten är indelad i tre kategorier; mild protest, masskonflikt och valperiod. kommer att agera som dummyvariabler i analysen. Resultatet från analysen indikerar att alla typer av politiska störningsmoment ger en ökad marknadsvolatilitet. Därmed kan slutsatsen att marknader är känsliga mot politisk turbulens härleddas.

Light is electromagnetic radiation that could be shown in a spectrum with a wide range of wavelengths. Blackbody radiation is a type of thermal radiation and is an important topic to explore due to it being an ideal body that materials’ properties are often described in comparison to it. Therefore, it helps in understanding how materials behave on the quantum level. One must understand its interaction with light spectrum and how electron excitation happens. Thus, concepts such as Planck’s law, energy quantization and band theory will be discussed to try to grasp of how light interacts with materials.

This thesis concerns some aspects that have influence on the strength of adhesive layers. The strength is determined by the stress deformation-relation of the layer. This relation is also referred to as cohesive law. The aspects having influence on the cohesive laws that are studied in this work are temperature, fatigue, multi-axial fatigue and mixed mode loading. For each aspect, a model is developed that can be used to describe the influence of the aspects on the cohesive laws numerically, e.g. by using the finite element method. These models are shown to give good agreement with the experimental results when performing simulations that aims at reproducing the experiments. For the aspect of temperature, a FE-model is suggested that can be used to simulate the mechanical behaviour in pure mode loadings at any temperature within the evaluated temperature span. Also, a damage law for modelling high cycle fatigue in a bonded structure in multi-axial loading is presented. Lastly, a new experimental set-up is presented for evaluating strength of adhesives during mixed mode loading. The set-up enables loading with a constant mode-mix ratio and by the experimental results, a potential model for describing the mechanical behaviour of the evaluated adhesive is presented.

This thesis concerns studies of aqueous soft matter systems, especially surfactant micelle systems. The aim has been to study the molecular arrangement and electronic structure of the constituents of, as well as transport properties in such a system. The molecular arrangement and electronic structure has been studied by means of X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and resonant inelastic X-ray spectroscopy (RIXS). The transport properties have been investigated by low-frequency dielectric spectroscopy (LFDS) and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) as well as a theoretical modelling. The latter was based on Fick’s laws of the release from binary surfactant system and was validated by experiments. The RIXS and XAS measurements show the electronic structure in bulk water and the influence of the chemical surrounding of the water molecule in bulk water and of the water molecules confined in a micelle lattice. The spectra are highly dependent on the molecular arrangement in such systems. For glycine and sodium polyacrylate RIXS and XAS spectra show features which are unique for carboxyl and carboxylate groups and such measurements can thus be used for fingerprinting. The LFDS and SAXS measurements show a strong correlation between structure in a surfactant/poly-ion system and apparent mobility of surfactants. This conclusion is in line with earlier observations. By the theoretical modelling a predictive model for the surfactant release from a binary surfactant micelle system has been obtained and the importance of different factors for surfactant release has been further clarified.

L’objectif de la thèse est de présenter de nouveaux résultats d’analyse sur les espaces métriques mesurés. Nous étendons d’abord à une certaine classe d’espaces avec doublement et Poincaré des inégalités de Sobolev pondérées introduites par V. Minerbe en 2009 dans le cadre des variétés riemanniennes à courbure de Ricci positives. Dans le contexte des espaces RCD(0,N), nous en déduisons une inégalité de Nash pondérée et un contrôle uniforme du noyau de la chaleur pondéré associé. Puis nous démontrons la loi de Weyl sur les espaces RCD(K,N) compactes à l’aide d’un théorème de convergence ponctuelle des noyaux de la chaleur associés à une suite mGH-convergente d’espaces RCD(K,N). Enfin nous abordons dans le contexte RCD(K,N) un théorème de Bérard, Besson et Gallot fournissant, à l’aide du noyau de la chaleur, une famille de plongements asymptotiquement isométriques d’une variété riemannienne fermée dans l’espace de ses fonctions de carré intégrable. Nous introduisons notamment les notions de métrique RCD, de métrique pull-back, et de convergence faible/forte de métriques RCD sur un espace RCD(K,N) compacte, et nous prouvons un résultat de convergence analogue à celui de Bérard, Besson et Gallot
The aim of this thesis is to present new results in the analysis of metric measure spaces. We first extend to a certain class of spaces with doubling and Poincaré some weighted Sobolev inequalities introduced by V. Minerbe in 2009 in the context of Riemannian manifolds with non-negative Ricci curvature. In the context of RCD(0,N) spaces, we deduce a weighted Nash inequality and a uniform control of the associated weighted heat kernel. Then we prove Weyl’s law for compact RCD(K,N) spaces thanks to a pointwise convergence theorem for the heat kernels associated with a mGH-convergent sequence of RCD(K,N) spaces. Finally we address in the RCD(K,N) context a theorem from Bérard, Besson and Gallot which provides, by means of the heat kernel, an asymptotically isometric family of embeddings for a closed Riemannian manifold into its space of square integrable functions. We notably introduce the notions of RCD metrics, pull-back metrics, weak/strong convergence of RCD metrics, and we prove a convergence theorem analog to the one of Bérard, Besson and Gallot

Cette thèse de doctorat aborde les sujets des propriétés des églises latines catholiques et leurs ordres religieux affiliés dans les districts chrétiens d’Istanbul du point de vue de la doctrine et de la pratique juridiques ottomanes. Ces thèmes sont principalement explorés à travers les sources primaires ottomanes des archives conventuelles des Dominicains des Sts Pierre et Paul à Galata et des Capucins de St Louis des Français à Pera. La 1ère partie situe la communauté catholique, les religieux et les propriétés en matière de localisation, de démographie et de statut juridique. La 2ème partie présente une vue d'ensemble des droits fonciers et de propriété des minorités de Galata en général et des biens ecclésiastiques catholiques en particulier. La 3ème partie examine trois litiges de propriété ainsi que les implications conceptuelles et pratiques du vakıf chrétien. La 4ème partie se concentre sur le rôle diplomatique joué par la France et son influence sur les affaires des églises
This doctoral thesis addresses the subjects of Latin Catholic ecclesiastical properties and their affiliated religious orders in Istanbul’s traditionally Christian districts of Galata and Pera from the perspective of Ottoman legal doctrine and practice. These themes are explored primarily through Ottoman primary sources from the conventual archives of the Dominicans of SS. Peter and Paul in Galata and of the Capuchins of St. Louis of the French in Pera. Part I situates the Latin Catholic community, religious orders and properties in terms of their location, demographics, legal status and representatives. Part II presents an overview of the land and property rights of minorities in Galata in general and of Latin Catholic ecclesiastical properties in particular. Part III examines three property disputes as well as the conceptual and practical implications of the Christian vakıf. Part IV focuses on the diplomatic role played by France and its influence over the churches’ affairs

Dans une vision d’attractivité et de compétitivité dans la vie des affaires, le droit OHADA se veut être un instrument de sécurité juridique afin d’attirer les investisseurs étrangers et permettre un dynamisme des investissements nationaux. Cependant, les espoirs suscités par ce système juridique sont loin d’être consolidés. Le bilan de l’OHADA reste mitigé après plus de 30 ans d’existence. Au vu de ce constat et par le prisme du droit des sûretés, il nous est loisible de poser des interrogations sur la capacité du droit OHADA à apporter les garanties suffisantes dans les rapports entre créancier et débiteur. Le cas particulier du droit de rétention dont l’efficacité est compromise du fait de son approche inadéquate est un indicateur sur la nécessité d’une approche nouvelle du droit des sûretés dans sa globalité. Ne faudrait-il pas repenser l’ossature et la structuration du droit des sûretés en droit africain ? La présente étude propose une approche qui priorise les réalités de l’environnement juridique de l’OHADA afin de parvenir à une refonte profonde qui redonnera au droit OHADA la place qu’il se doit de tenir face aux défis économiques de son espace
In a vision of attractiveness and competitiveness in the life of affairs, the ohada’s law wants to be a tool of juridical security so that to attract foreign investors and permit a dynamism of national investments. However, the aroused hopes by this juridical system are far to be consolidated. The results of the OHADA remain unclear after more than thirty (30) years of existence. From this remark and by the prism of the law of sureties, we are free to ask questions on the capacity of the OHADA’s law to bring sufficient guaranties in the relationship between the creditor and the debtor. The particular case of the retention law which effectiveness is compromised for its inadequate appproach, is an indicator on the necessity of a new approach of the law of sureties in its enirety. Shouldn’t we rethink the skeleton and the structuration of the law of sureties in african law ? This current study suggests an approach which priorises the realities of the juridical environnment of the OHADA so that to find a deep reshape which will give back to the OHADA law its real position that it must hold face to the economic challenges of its space

La presente tesis doctoral, titulada "Contribution to the modelling of the light field distribution within Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 cultures and its influence on cellular photosynthesis processes", engloba diversos trabajos cuyo objetivo es avanzar en la compresión de la distribución lumínica en cultivos de cianobacterias y en los efectos de la luz sobre los mecanismos fotosintéticos de dichos microorganismos. Se trata, en definitiva, de otro paso hacia la integración de modelos matemáticos sobre la fotosíntesis a nivel celular y a escala de cultivo. En primer lugar, para comprender cómo se comporta un cultivo de bacterias fotosintéticas, es fundamental predecir la distribución del campo de luz a lo largo del perfil del biorreactor, tanto a nivel de intensidad total, como respecto a su distribución de flujo de fotones. La distribución de longitudes de onda presente en el medio es importante puesto que muchos procesos de la fotosíntesis están regulados por ciertas longitudes de onda y, por tanto, están modulados por la distribución espectral - el color - de la luz. Aprovechando las propiedades inherentes ópticas del cultivo, se desarrolló un modelo matemático basado en el concepto de campo auto-consistente. Este algoritmo, bautizado en la correspondiente publicación como Auto-consistent Field Approximation Algorithm (AFA), proporciona una predicción del campo lumínico, incluyendo la evolución espectral del mismo a lo largo del camino óptico, para cultivos aclimatados a distintos valores de radiación. Dicha investigación se publicó en la revista Algal Research mediante el artículo titulado "Light distribution and spectral composition within cultures of micro-algae: Quantitative modelling of the light field in photobioreactors", en el que se valida el algoritmo con datos experimentales de dos cepas de estudio de la cianobacteria Synechocystis. Si bien los resultados fueron satisfactorios, el empleo de la ley de Lambert-Beer con un valor constante de atenuación no permite modelizar la parte del campo de luz con menor intensidad, donde el coeficiente de atenuación deja de ser constante y el comportamiento se desvía del exponencial. Por ello, se decidió modelizar el campo de luz con una función que generaliza el caso exponencial mediante el uso de cálculo fraccionario. Se empleó una función de Mittag-Leffler que cumplía con los requisitos formales y ofrecía un ajuste de los datos mejor al obtenido mediante la ley de Lambert-Beer. Como un hallazgo notable, se determinó que el valor de dicho parámetro, que caracteriza la función de Mittag-Leffler, era el mismo para los datos empíricos de las dos cepas estudiadas. Este trabajo se publicó en la contribución llamada "Estimation of the light field inside photosynthetic microorganism cultures through Mittag-Leffler functions at depleted light conditions" en la revista Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer. Después se procedió a utilizar sendos trabajos de investigación para calcular el campo de luz en un cultivo de Synechocystis y relacionarlo con su productividad máxima. En concreto se ha estudiado, como indicador del rendimiento de la fotosíntesis, la producción de oxígeno y los mecanismos respiratorios asociados a distintas intensidades de luz. Esta investigación está en su fase final y se está ultimando la escritura del artículo para enviarlo a una revista científica próximamente. Dicho manuscrito se titula "Experimental characterisation of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 cultures productivity up on light conditions". Finalmente, se está desarrollando una cuarta contribución titulada "Individual pigment contribution to overall in vivo absorption in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 cells". Esta investigación estudia la cantidad de luz absorbida por los cromóforos de Synechocystis en función del tipo de iluminación utilizada y calcula la concentración de pigmentos presentes en la célula.
The present doctoral thesis, entitled "Contribution to the modelling of the light field distribution within Synechocystis sp PCC 6803 cultures and its influence on cellular photosynthesis processes", includes several works whose objective is to advance in the understanding of the light distribution in cyanobacterial cultures and in the effects of light on the photosynthetic mechanisms of these microorganisms. It is, ultimately, another step towards the integration of mathematical models on photosynthesis at the cellular level and at the scale of culture. First, to understand how a culture of photosynthetic bacteria behaves, it is essential to predict the distribution of the light field along the bioreactor profile, both at the level of total intensity and with respect to its photon flux distribution. The distribution of wavelengths present in the medium is important since many processes of photosynthesis are regulated by certain wavelengths and are therefore modulated by the spectral distribution - the colour - of the light. Taking advantage of the inherent optical properties of the culture, a mathematical model based on the self-consistent field concept was developed. This algorithm, named in the corresponding publication as Auto-consistent Field Approximation Algorithm (AFA), provides an estimation of the light field, including the spectral evolution thereof along the optical path-length, for acclimated cultures to different radiation values. This research was published in the journal Algal Research through the article entitled "Light distribution and spectral composition within cultures of micro-algae: Quantitative modelling of the light field in photobioreactors", in which the algorithm is validated with experimental data of two strains of study of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis. Although the results were satisfactory, the use of the Lambert-Beer Law with a constant attenuation value, cannot correctly model the part of the light field with less intensity, where the attenuation coefficient ceases to be constant and the behaviour deviates from the exponential. Therefore, it was decided to model the light field with a function that generalizes the exponential case through the use of fractional calculus. A Mittag-Leffler function was used that fulfilled the formal requirements and offered a better data fit than that obtained with the Lambert-Beer law. As a remarkable finding, it was determined that the value of this parameter, which characterises the Mittag-Leffler function, was the same for the empirical data of both studied strains. This work was published in the contribution called "Estimation of the light field in photosynthetic microorganism cultures through Mittag-Leffler functions at depleted light conditions" in the journal Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer. Thereafter we proceeded to use both research works to calculate the light field within Synechocystis cultures and relate it to its maximum productivity. Specifically, it has been studied, as an indicator of the performance of photosynthesis, the production of oxygen and the associated respiratory mechanisms under different light intensities. This research is in its final phase and the writing of the article is being finalised to submit it to a scientific journal soon. This manuscript is entitled "Experimental characterization of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 cultures productivity up on light conditions". Finally, a fourth contribution entitled "Individual pigment contribution to overall in vivo absorption in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 cells" is under development. This research studies the amount of light absorbed by Synechocystis chromophores according to the type of employed illumination and calculates the concentration of pigments present in the cell.
La present tesi doctoral, titulada "Contribution to the modelling of the light field distribution within Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 cultures and its influence on cellular photosynthesis processes", engloba diversos treballs l'objectiu dels quals és avançar en la compressió de la distribució lumínica en cultius de cianobacteris i en els efectes de la llum sobre els mecanismes fotosintètics d'aquests microorganismes. Llavors, es tracta en definitiva d'un altre pas cap a la integració de models matemàtics sobre la fotosíntesi a nivell cel·lular i a escala de cultiu. En primer lloc, per a comprendre com es comporta un cultiu de bacteris fotosintètics, és fonamental predir la distribució del camp de llum al llarg del perfil del bioreactor, tant a nivell d'intensitat total, com pel que fa a la seua distribució de flux de fotons. La distribució de longituds d'ona present en el medi és important ja que molts processos de la fotosíntesi estan regulats per certes longituds d'ona i, per tant, estan modulats per la distribució espectral - el color - de la llum. Aprofitant les propietats inherents òptiques del cultiu, es va desenvolupar un model matemàtic basat en el concepte de camp auto-consistent. Aquest algoritme, batejat en la corresponent publicació com Auto-consistent Field Approximation Algorithm (AFA), proporciona una predicció del camp lumínic, incloent l'evolució espectral del mateix al llarg del camí òptic, per a cultius aclimatats a diferents valors de radiació. Aquesta investigació es va publicar a la revista Algal Research mitjançant l'article titulat "Light distribution and espectral composition within cultures of micro-algae: Quantitative modelling of the light field in photobioreactors", en què es valida l'algoritme amb dades experimentals de dues soques d'estudi de la cianobacteri Synechocystis. Si bé els resultats van ser satisfactoris, l'ús de la llei de Lambert-Beer amb un valor constant d'atenuació no permet modelitzar la part del camp de llum amb menys intensitat, on el coeficient d'atenuació deixa de ser constant i el comportament es desvia del exponencial. Per això, es va decidir modelitzar el camp de llum amb una funció que generalitza el cas exponencial mitjançant l'ús de càlcul fraccionari. Es va emprar una funció de Mittag-Leffler que complia amb els requisits formals i oferia un ajust de les dades millor a l'obtingut mitjançant la llei de Lambert-Beer. Com una troballa notable, es va determinar que el valor d'aquest paràmetre, que caracteritza la funció de Mittag-Leffler, era el mateix per a les dades empíriques de les dues soques estudiades. Aquest treball es va publicar en la contribució anomenada "Estimation of the light field inside Photosynthetic microorganisme cultures through Mittag-Leffler functions at depleted light conditions" a la revista Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer. Després, es va procedir a utilitzar sengles treballs d'investigació per calcular el camp de llum en un cultiu de Synechocystis i relacionar-lo amb la seua productivitat màxima. En concret s'ha estudiat, com a indicador del rendiment de la fotosíntesi, la producció d'oxigen i els mecanismes respiratoris associats a diferents intensitats de llum. Aquesta investigació està en la seua fase final i s'està ultimant l'escriptura de l'article per enviar-lo a una revista científica pròximament. Dit manuscrit es titula "Experimental characterisation of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 cultures productivity up on light conditions". Finalment, s'està desenvolupant una quarta contribució titulada "Individual pigment contribution to overall in vivo absorption in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 cells". Aquesta recerca estudia la quantitat de llum absorbida pels cromòfors de Synechocystis en funció del tipus d'il·luminació utilitzada i calcula la concentració de pigments presents en la cèl·lula.
Fuente Herraiz, D. (2018). Contribution to the modelling of the light field distribution within Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 cultures and its influence on cellular photosynthesis processes [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/106362
TESIS

Parkinson's disease, a disease first described by James Parkinson two centuries ago is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. The prominent feature of this disease is the selective degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain resulting in a decrease in dopamine levels in the brain. The substantia nigra appears to be an area of the brain that is highly susceptible to oxidative stress. Supplementation with antioxidants may protect the neurons from the damaging effects of oxidation by reacting with oxygen radicals and other reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant properties of the leaves of the plant Plumbago auriculata and to evaluate its antioxidant activity on rats. Four solvents; petroleum ether, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and ethanol were used successively to extract substances from the leaves of the plant using the soxhlet apparatus. The Thiobarbituric Acid-Reactive Substances (TBARS) and the Nitro-Blue Tetrazolium (NBT) assays were performed to evaluate antioxidant activity. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was done to determine the relative toxicity of each extract. The results showed that the ethyl acetate and the ethanol crude extracts had significantly higher antioxidant activity than the petroleum ether and the dichloromethane extracts. In the TBARS assay the ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts each at 2.5 mg/ml reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels significantly (p < 0.001) compared to the toxin (H²O² + FeCl³ + Vit. C). Ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts each had values of 0.0058 nm MDA/mg tissue and 0.0067 nm MDA/mg tissue respectively in comparison to the toxin's 0.0257 nm MDA/mg tissue. Results of the NBT assay results showed that at concentration ranges of 0.625 -2.5 mg/ml, the ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts had the best (p < 0.001) superoxide scavenging activity compared to the toxin (KCN). The ethyl acetate and petroleum ether extracts significantly inhibited the proliferation of HeLa cells by 11.52 % (p < 0.05) and 27.3 % (p < 0.001) respectively at 10 mg/mL, compared to the control when evaluated with the MTT assay. Although the MTT assay results showed toxicity with the 10 mg/ml concentration of the ethyl acetate extract, this extract is one of the two extracts that had the most promising antioxidant activity. It is possible that different compounds in each extract contributed to the antioxidant activity and toxicity. Therefore, the ethyl acetate extract was put through bioassay-guided fractionation using column chromatography to isolate antioxidant compounds. Two compounds, PS and OS were isolated. 13C NMR, DEPT 13C NMR, 1H NMR and FT-IR were used to characterize 'the structures of the isolated compounds. PS was found to be β-sitosterol, while OS was proposed to be β-carotene. OS reduced MDA levels significantly at all concentrations. At 2.5 mg/ml, the reduction in MDA was almost to the level of the control. The isolated compounds are common in most plants and are known to have antioxidant activity. Further fractionation needs to be done to isolate less common compounds.
Thesis (M.Sc. (Pharmaceutical Chemistry))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

All satellites need a propulsion system for orbit correction maneuvers. Electric Hall effect thrusters are an interesting technology for space applications. The big advantage compared to chemical propulsion devices is the higher specific impulse Isp, a higher ejection speed and thus a substantial gain in terms of propellant consumption. In a Hall effect thruster the ions are created and accelerated in a low pressure discharge plasma in a magnetic field. The first part of the work concerns scaling laws for Hall effect thrusters. A semi-empirical scaling model based on analytical laws and relying on simplifying assumptions is developed. This scaling model can be used to extrapolate existing thruster technologies in order to meet new mission requirements. In a second part, the influence of the channel width on the thruster performance level is investigated. It has been demonstrated that enlarging the channel width of a low power Hall effect thruster leads to an increase in thruster efficiency. Finally, electron properties are measured by means of electrostatic probes in the plume of different Hall effect thrusters. Experimental data on electron properties is of great interest for the validation of numerical plume models that are essential for the integration of the thruster on the satellite. Time-averaged and timeresolved measurements of the electron properties have been carried out for different operating conditions of the thruster. A fast-moving probe system has been developed in order to perform measurements of the electron properties close to the thruster exit plane.

This work involves laser welding austenitic and duplex stainless steel to zinc-coated mild steel, more specifically 1.2mm V1437, which is a Volvo Truck Coiporation rephosphorised mild steel. The work investigates both tensile and lap shear properties of similar and dissimilar metal laser welded butt and lap joints, with the majority of the investigation concentrating on the fatigue properties of dissimilar metal laser welded lap joints. The problems encountered when laser welding zinc-coated steel are addressed and overcome with regard to dissimilar metal lap joints with stainless steel. The result being the production of a set of guidelines for laser welding stainless steel to zinc-coated mild steel. The stages of laser welded lap joint fatigue life are defined and the factors affecting dissimilar metal laser welded lap joint fatigue properties are analysed and determined; the findings suggesting that dissimilar metal lap joint fatigue properties are primarily controlled by the local stress at the internal lap face and the early crack growth rate of the material at the internal lap face. The lap joint rotation, in turn, is controlled by sheet thickness, weld width and interfacial gap. Laser welded lap joint fatigue properties are found to be independent of base material properties, allowing dissimilar metal lap joints to be produced without fatigue failure occurring preferentially in the weaker parent material, irrespective of large base material property differences. The effects of Marangoni flow on the compositions of the laser weld beads are experimentally characterised. The results providing definite proof of the stirring mechanism within the weld pool through the use of speeds maps for chromium and nickel. Keywords: Laser welding, dissimilar metal, Zinc-coated mild steel, Austenitic stainless steel, Duplex stainless steel, Fatigue, Lap joint rotation, Automotive.

O presente trabalho versa sobre a gestão dos recursos hídricos sob a ótica dos princípios ambientais. O acesso à água é um direito humano fundamental. A implementação desse direito encontra-se dificultada em razão do contexto fático global de crise da água. As causas e conseqüências da escassez quali-quantitativa da água estão relacionadas diretamente ao homem, da mesma forma que seu necessário enfrentamento depende de mudanças de percepção e comportamento do próprio ser humano. Preconiza-se o rompimento do paradigma antropocentrista, que deve ser transmutado para uma visão ecocêntrica. A efetivação do direito fundamental de que se trata depende de inúmeras providências, destacando-se a publicização integral da propriedade da água pela Constituição de 1988. A finalidade dessa relevante alteração no regime de dominialidade hídrica foi dar ao Estado o meio para o adequado gerenciamento da água como forma de estabilizar ou reduzir a crise e promover justiça social. Compete ao Estado social a satisfação do bem-estar coletivo, o que é mais factível se tiver sob seu domínio o recurso atualmente escasso e de relevância pública. Os recursos hídricos ingressam no patrimônio estatal na categoria dos bens de uso comum do povo. Apesar disso, sua gestão se dá de forma descentralizada e participativa. Na tarefa de administrar as águas, o jurista utiliza-se dos princípios estruturantes do Direito Ambiental, notabilizando-se os princípios materiais do desenvolvimento sustentável, prevenção, precaução, poluidor-pagador e usuário-pagador. Todos eles estão previstos pela Constituição Federal. O desenvolvimento sustentável é um sobreprincípio, sendo mais do que um princípio. O critério de ponderação que é utilizado para solver o conflito entre princípios, no caso do ecodesenvolvimento aplica-se apenas entre seus elementos internos, não entre o desenvolvimento sustentável e outros princípios. Este princípio-reitor é muito útil na apreciação do modelo de produção de energia hidrelétrica, que causa degradações ambientais significativas, e sempre tem repercussão, também, nos planos econômico e social. Os princípios da prevenção e da precaução servem à proteção dos mananciais superficiais e subterrâneos. A precaução, porém, auxilia de forma mais apropriada na defesa das águas subterrâneas, uma vez que o estado da técnica não permite mensurar qual o impacto ambiental do consumo excessivo de água de poços, que consiste em uma realidade contemporânea crescente. Os princípios do poluidor-pagador e do usuário-pagador fundamentam teoricamente o instrumento da cobrança pela utilização dos recursos hídricos, que o legislador resolveu adotar como forma de incentivar a racionalização do uso da água. A pesquisa é do tipo bibliográfica. O método-base adotado é o analítico. Diversas formas de análise foram empregadas, registrando-se a estruturalista, a histórica e a descritiva. Como a adoção de um método-base não afasta a aplicação dos demais, pois cada trabalho científico acaba sendo construído de modo singular, utilizaram-se também, ao longo da dissertação, os métodos dialético, hermenêutico e sistêmico.
Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-15T16:32:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Eduardo C Viegas.pdf: 909624 bytes, checksum: 5542d0380064804357b53f30abdf1bfb (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-15T16:32:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Eduardo C Viegas.pdf: 909624 bytes, checksum: 5542d0380064804357b53f30abdf1bfb (MD5)
The present work concerns the natural water resource management under the evironmental principles. Access to water is a basic human right. The implementation of this right is made all the more difficult on account of the global water crisis. The causes and consequences of these quality and quantity shortages of fresh water are directly related to man, likewise, in adequately facing this problem, a change in perception and behavior must be undertaken by humankind. A move away from the pattern of anthropocentrism to a more ecocentric view is needed. Carrying out these basic laws depends on innumerable steps, clarified in the integral publication of water properties in the constitution of 1988. The objective of this relevant alteration in water property was to give the state the means for the adequate management of water as a form of stabilizing or reducing the crisis and promoting social justice. It is the responsibility of the state to see to collective well being, which is made easier when the resource, which is presently scarce, is held under it s domain of public relevance. Natural water resources are held under the category of common use resources within the patrimony of the state. Despite this, it is managed in a decentralized and collaborative fashion. In the task of managing these water resources, the jurist uses the structured principles of Environmental Law, observing the main principles of sustainable development, prevention, precaution, paying pollutant and paying user. All of which have been foreseen by the Federal constitution. Sustainable development is more than a principle. The basis of consideration used to solve the conflict between the principles, in the case of eco-development is only applied within its internal elements, not within sustainable development and other principles. This fundamental principle is very useful in the appreciation of the model of production of hydroelectric energy, which causes significant environmental degradation and always has repercussions within economic and social plans. Precaution, however, acts as a more appropriate method of protecting subterranean waters, whereby the technical state no longer permits the measuring of the environmental impact of excessive consumption of well water, which includes a growing contemporary reality. The principles of the paying pollutant and the paying user theoretically substantiate the instrument of collective use of natural water resources, which the legislator resolved to adopt in order to stimulate rationing in the use of water. The research is in a bibliographical format. The method-base is analytical. Various forms of analysis were used, including structuralistic, historic and descriptive types. As the adoption of a certain method-base does not dismiss the need of others, so each scientific project is formed in a singular fashion, including, within the dissertation, dialectic, hermeneutic and systemic methods.

Le mouvement de la spécialisation du droit des biens révèle toute la richesse de cette discipline.Plus précisément, la spécialisation du droit des biens suscite de nombreux troubles et apporte de profonds enrichissements au droit commun des biens.La spécialisation du droit des biens cause de nombreux bouleversements au sein du droit commun des biens. D’une part, la métamorphose de l’objet du droit des biens se manifeste parl’inflation de nouvelles richesses notamment au travers de l’émergence de nouvelles valeurs etde nouveaux biens. D’autre part, l’étude de la spécialisation du droit des biens a conduit àconfronter logiquement ces nouvelles valeurs et ces nouveaux biens aux catégories existantes ausein du Code civil, ce qui n’a pas manqué de mettre en évidence des difficultés d’insertion dansle Code civil notamment à travers la quête ardue de modes de protection. Ce phénomène de« spécialisation du droit des biens » apparaît et se traduit parfaitement à travers le fourmillementde droits qui existe aujourd’hui à l’extérieur du Code civil. Dès lors une métaphore se dessinecelle d’un atome où une multitude d’électrons gravitent autour de leur noyau.Par ailleurs, la spécialisation du droit des biens s’affirme comme une source de régénérescencedu droit commun des biens. L’incessante confrontation entre la spécialisation du droit des bienset le droit commun des biens révèle de profondes interactions. D’une part, la spécialisation dudroit des biens va participer au renouvellement des notions de bien et de patrimoine qui irriguentle Code civil. D’autre part, la lecture de la spécialisation du droit des biens à travers le prisme dela propriété et des droits réels contenus dans le Code civil a suscité la renaissance des principesféconds posés par le Code civil qui s’avèrent transposables aux nouvelles richesses.L’articulation du « droit spécial des biens » et du droit commun des biens démontrel’extraordinaire plasticité des principes directeurs du Code civil, témoignant par là des fabuleuxressorts que concentre toujours aujourd’hui le Code civil. Le dynamisme de ce mécanismerévèle l’infinie richesse de leur collaboration.La spécialisation du droit des biens se présente tour à tour comme un mouvement comportantdes dispositions dérogatoires au droit commun mais encore des dispositions créatrices de droitcommun
The movement of the specialization of the law of the properties reveals all the wealth of this discipline.More exactly, the specialization of the law of the properties arouses numerous disorders and brings profound enrichments to the common law of the properties.This phenomenon of « specialization of the law of the properties » appears and is perfectly translated through the swarming of rights which exists outside of the civil code today. From then on a metaphor is outlined that of an atom where a multitude of electrons revolves around their nucleus.The joint of « the special law of the properties » and of the common law of the properties demonstrates the extraordinary plasticity of the guiding principles of the civil code, showing there fabulous springs which concentrates always today the civil code

Under consideration is the finite-size scaling of two thermomechanical responses of random heterogeneous materials. Stochastic mechanics is applied here to the modeling of heterogeneous materials in order to construct the constitutive relations. Such relations (e.g. Hooke's Law in elasticity or Fourier's Law in heat transfer) are well-established under spatial homogeneity assumption of continuum mechanics, where the Representative Volume Element (RVE) is the fundamental concept. The key question is what is the size L of RVE? According to the separation of scales assumption, L must be bounded according to d<L<<LMacro where d is the microscale (or average size of heterogeneity), and LMacro is the macroscale of a continuum mechanics problem. Statistically, for spatially ergodic heterogeneous materials, when the mesoscale is equal to or bigger than the scale of the RVE, the elements of the material can be considered homogenized. In order to attain the said homogenization, two conditions must be satisfied: (a) the microstructure's statistics must be spatially homogeneous and ergodic; and (b) the material's effective constitutive response must be the same under uniform boundary conditions of essential (Dirichlet) and natural (Neumann) types.
In the first part of this work, the finite-size scaling trend to RVE of the Darcy law for Stokesian flow is studied for the case of random porous media, without invoking any periodic structure assumptions, but only assuming the microstructure's statistics to be spatially homogeneous and ergodic. By analogy to the existing methodology in thermomechanics of solid random media, the Hill-Mandel condition for the Darcy flow velocity and pressure gradient fields was first formulated. Under uniform essential and natural boundary conditions, two variational principles are developed based on minimum potential energy and complementary energy. Then, the partitioning method was applied, leading to scale dependent hierarchies on effective (RVE level) permeability. The proof shows that the ensemble average of permeability has an upper bound under essential boundary conditions and a lower bound under uniform natural boundary conditions.
To quantitatively assess the scaling convergence towards the RVE, these hierarchical trends were numerically obtained for various porosities of random disk systems, where the disk centers were generated by a planar Poisson process with inhibition. Overall, the results showed that the higher the density of random disks---or, equivalently, the narrower the micro-channels in the system---the smaller the size of RVE pertaining to the Darcy law.
In the second part of this work, the finite-size scaling of effective thermoelastic properties of random microstructures were considered from Statistical to Representative Volume Element (RVE). Similarly, under the assumption that the microstructure's statistics are spatially homogeneous and ergodic, the SVE is set-up on a mesoscale, i.e. any scale finite relative to the microstructural length scale. The Hill condition generalized to thermoelasticity dictates uniform essential and natural boundary conditions, which, with the help of two variational principles, led to scale dependent hierarchies of mesoscale bounds on effective (RVE level) properties: thermal expansion strain coefficient and stress coefficient, effective stiffness, and specific heats. Due to the presence of a non-quadratic term in the energy formulas, the mesoscale bounds for the thermal expansion are more complicated than those for the stiffness tensor and the heat capacity. To quantitatively assess the scaling trend towards the RVE, the hierarchies are computed for a planar matrix-inclusion composite, with inclusions (of circular disk shape) located at points of a planar, hard-core Poisson point field. Overall, while the RVE is attained exactly on scales infinitely large relative to microscale, depending on the microstructural parameters, the random fluctuations in the SVE response become very weak on scales an order of magnitude larger than the microscale, thus already approximating the RVE.
Based on the above studies, further work on homogenization of heterogeneous materials is outlined at the end of the thesis.
Keywords: Representative Volume Element (RVE), heterogeneous media, permeability, thermal expansion, mesoscale, microstructure.

This thesis is an analysis of the X-ray, optical, infrared and radio properties of a sample of candidate BL Lac objects, identified from two catalogues of colour-selected point sources, the 2QZ and 6QZ. The importance of the sample lies in the fact that it is the first BL Lac sample in which initial selection has been made from optical spectra, independent of the objects' flux levels at X-ray and radio frequencies. These optically selected candidate BL Lac objects thus provide an unbiased sample (in terms of radio flux density) with which to study the proportion of radio- dominant and X-ray-dominant BL Lac objects in the global population. The observed number counts and redshift distribution of the 2BL are consistent with theoretical predictions based on the QSO evolutionary model. Given the small number statistics we are not, however, able to show that this distribution is significantly different to that of the 2QZ/6QZ white dwarfs. A median redshift of z=1.25 was computed for these candidate BL Lacs, a value supported by redshift information obtained for ~25% of the sample. This median redshift is much higher than redshifts found for X-ray selected BL Lac objects and suggests that in the past high redshift, low luminosity, radio-weak BL Lacs may have been missed in radio- and X-ray-selected samples. From results of the above studies it appears that this sample of optically selected candidate BL Lac objects is different to that of hitherto known radio-loud BL Lacs. We explore mechanisms that might produce such radio-weak/radio-quiet continuum objects, and also demonstrate that such radio-quiet BL Lac objects could exist at low redshift. Failure to include these radio-quiet BL Lacs in X-ray selected samples could explain the negative evolution found for this class of object.

This thesis is an analysis of the X-ray, optical, infrared and radio properties of a sample of candidate BL Lac objects, identified from two catalogues of colour-selected point sources, the 2QZ and 6QZ. The importance of the sample lies in the fact that it is the first BL Lac sample in which initial selection has been made from optical spectra, independent of the objects' flux levels at X-ray and radio frequencies. These optically selected candidate BL Lac objects thus provide an unbiased sample (in terms of radio flux density) with which to study the proportion of radio- dominant and X-ray-dominant BL Lac objects in the global population. The observed number counts and redshift distribution of the 2BL are consistent with theoretical predictions based on the QSO evolutionary model. Given the small number statistics we are not, however, able to show that this distribution is significantly different to that of the 2QZ/6QZ white dwarfs. A median redshift of z=1.25 was computed for these candidate BL Lacs, a value supported by redshift information obtained for ~25% of the sample. This median redshift is much higher than redshifts found for X-ray selected BL Lac objects and suggests that in the past high redshift, low luminosity, radio-weak BL Lacs may have been missed in radio- and X-ray-selected samples. From results of the above studies it appears that this sample of optically selected candidate BL Lac objects is different to that of hitherto known radio-loud BL Lacs. We explore mechanisms that might produce such radio-weak/radio-quiet continuum objects, and also demonstrate that such radio-quiet BL Lac objects could exist at low redshift. Failure to include these radio-quiet BL Lacs in X-ray selected samples could explain the negative evolution found for this class of object.

Viscoelastic and viscoelastoplastic characterization of pavement materials by means of simple testing and simple equipment is of great concern to pavement technologists. Another area of great concern is the replacement of premium aggregates by local materials after improving the engineering properties of the local materials. Such replacement is for the avoidance of the high costs of hauling the well-graded aggregates whose resources are also being depleted. These two research areas were combined in this study. A uniformly graded dune sand which is abundant in desert-like areas was upgraded with hydrated lime and stabilized with asphalt to improve its engineering properties. By variation of some of the mix design variables, a mix that complied with Marshall and Hveem stability criteria was produced. The effect of lime on the engineering properties of the mix was studied, and substantial improvements due to the addition of lime were observed. A mix that contained 10% Type S lime was found to have engineering properties that were comparable with those of conventional asphaltic concrete. Also, the effect of lime on the thermorheological, thermal, and elastic properties of bituminous mixes in general was studied. In addition to complying with the above-mentioned stability criteria, the lime-sand-asphalt mix was characterized by creep compliance, over wide ranges of time and temperature, so that the mix is available for thickness design by both the empirical and the theoretical methods of pavement design. New, simple equipment by which repeated as well as constant load creep tests can be easily performed was introduced and used to develop a viscoelastic-plastic constitutive law of the designed lime-sand-asphalt mix. Both the equipment and the testing are simple and gave repeatable measurements. Models for the elastic, plastic, viscoelastic and viscoplastic responses of the designed mix were derived from measurements taken by this equipment and by using computerized regression analysis techniques. Generalized models for the viscoelastic strain during the N-th loading and the N-th recovery period were developed. A FORTRAN computer program was written for computing the four strain components mentioned above separately, and for computing the total strain component for large numbers of load repetitions.

L'utilisation du CO2 comme matière première pour la synthèse de produits à haute valeur ajoutée, comme les carbonates cycliques, est aujourd'hui l'une des alternatives proposées dans la réduction des émissions gazeuses à effet de serre. Ce travail de thèse vise à comprendre et concevoir un procédé de valorisation de CO2 à partir de la modélisation de la thermodynamique et des cinétiques de transfert de matière et de réactions, qui sont engendrées dans la synthèse de carbonates cycliques à partir des époxydes et un composé hétérocyclique comme catalyseur. Grâce à ce nouveau système, les carbonates cycliques très utilisés dans l'industrie de polymères, cosmétique ou pharmaceutique, sont obtenus avec de bons rendements, dans des conditions opératoires douces et en absence de solvants. Des propriétés thermodynamiques telles que la solubilité et la constante de Henry ont été estimées pour les systèmes binaires CO2/époxyde. L'étude du transfert de matière sans ou avec réactions a permis de déterminer respectivement le coefficient de transfert de matière en phase liquide et le régime de la réaction. Des suivis cinétiques ont été réalisés afin de proposer un modèle cinétique capable de représenter la réaction et d'estimer les paramètres cinétiques. Ces derniers ont été utilisés pour la conception préliminaire et la simulation du procédé de production du carbonate d' épichlorohydrine sur Aspen Hysys
Today, the utilisation of CO2 as raw material for the synthesis of high-value added products like cyclic carbonates, is one of the alternatives used for reducing greenhouse gases. This thesis aims to understand and design a CO2 valorisation process by modelling the thermodynamic and the mass transfer/reaction kinetics generated during the cyclic carbonates synthesis from CO2, epoxides and a heterocyclic compound as catalyst. By using this new catalytic system, cyclic carbonates, which are used in the polymeric, pharmaceutic or cosmetic industry, can be produced with good yields at low temperatures and pressures and without any solvent. Thermodynamic properties as solubility and Henry's law constant have been estimated for CO2/epoxide binary systems. Mass transfer occurring without and with reaction has been studied in order to determine respectively the liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficient and the reaction regime. A kinetic study has been performed to propose a model able to represent the reaction and to estimate the kinetic parameters. This information has been used in the design and the simulation of the production process of epichlorohydrin carbonate on Aspen Hysys

Numerical studies, calibrated and validated using experiments, were carried out to develop a constitutive law for powder compaction. In order to simulate powder compaction at particle level, single particle compression/breakage test is used to characterise the mechanical properties, which include elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio and yield strength. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of single particle compression was carried out and validated vs. single particle compression testing and then used to establish a suitable hardening law. The particle size, shape and packing arrangement were obtained using X-ray computed tomography. This information was transferred to FEA. Due to the presence of complex geometrical structures, Meshlab and Solidworks were chosen to deal with the arrangement of particles in the structure. The multi-particle finite element method (MPFEM) was implemented into the finite element software package Abaqus/EXPLCIT v6.14 and used to simulate the powder compaction process. The model input parameters include mechanical properties (of the single particle) and interactions between particles (e.g. friction). The stress-strain curves predicted by MPFEM were validated experimentally using compaction tests performed in a die instrumented with radial stress sensors. The method proposed was used for constitutive model development for powder compaction as an alternative to bulk powder characterisation. The stress-strain curves MPFEM were analysed using the deformation plasticity framework. Contours of constant complementary work in Kirchhoff stress space were established and a model consistent with the behaviour of the materials was identified in order to capture the materials response under conditions experienced in practical die compaction processes.

This research consists of experimental load tests and numerical simulations of structural steel connections with various filler materials to study the effect of non-steel fillers on the connection strength. Non-steel fillers are used in the steel connections to provide thermal insulation by reducing thermal bridging. Eight specimens having steel and polypropylene filler plates of various thicknesses were tested in the laboratory. The collected data were compared to a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) using ABAQUS to validate the numerical results. After validation, three parametric studies were conducted using ABAQUS to provide insight into general behavior of connections with a variety of fillers that could be used as thermal breaks. In addition, an extreme case of having air gaps instead of alternative fillers was also considered. The Research Council on Structural Connections (RCSC 2014) suggests a reduction in the bolt shear strength when undeveloped fillers with a thickness of more than 0.25 inch are used while using any non-steel material is prohibited due the limited research available. Most research studies have investigated the mechanical behavior of thermal breaks in either end-plate moment connections or slip-critical connections. No data is available for thermal breaks in bearing-type connections up to failure. This research aims to study the effects of filler material properties such as modulus of elasticity and strength on bolt strength, as well as investigate whether the current equation in RCSC 2014 is applicable for alternative filler materials like polypropylene that has less than 0.5% of the steel modulus of elasticity and less than 10% of steel strength.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:35:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:26:51Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 tavares_ba_dr_bauru.pdf: 1248092 bytes, checksum: da6929f1575f2be1fe621cd06198cce0 (MD5)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Dentre os compostos mais pesquisados atualmente encontram-se os eletrólitos sólidos com elevada condutividade iônica, pois estes apresentam potenciais aplicações em baterias de estado sólido, entretanto, na literatura, há poucos trabalhos que descrevam o processo de preparação e caracterização de pós com estrutura tipo perovskita para aplicações como catodos em baterias de lítio. Assim, este projeto teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento do processo de preparação do pó de La0.50Li0.50TiO3 pelo método de precursores poliméricos. O comportamento térmico do pó obtido a 350ºC foi avaliado através das técnicas de Análise Termogravimétrica (TGA) e Análise Térmica Diferencial (DTA); já a evolução térmica do pó obtido a 350 e 700ºC foi analisada por meio das técnicas espectroscópicas de Infravermelho (IR) e Raman. O processo de cristalização do pó foi realizado por Difração de Raios X (DRX), em conjunto com o Método de Rietveld que identificou uma fase pervskita altamente cristalina durante o processo de cristalização, no entanto, uma fase secundária, LiTi2O4, também foi detectada. A morfologia do pó foi observada por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV-FEG), que revelou uma microestrutura de grãos esféricos e homogêneos. Quanto às medidas eletroquímicas, foram utilizadas as técnicas de Titulação Galvanostática Intermitente (GITT), Cronopotenciometria e Voltametria Cíclica que evidenciaram a presença de dois processos cinéticos diferentes
Among the most researched compounds currently are the solid electrolytes with high ionic conductivity, because of their potential applications in solid state batteries, however, in the literature there are few studies that describe the preparation and characterization of powders with perovskite structure for applications such as cathodes in lithium batteries. Thus this project aimed to develop the process of preparing the powder La 0.50Li0.50TiO3 by the polymeric precursor method. The thermal behavior of the power obtained at 350ºC was evaluated using the techniques of Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), whereas the thermal evolution of the power obtained at 350 and 700ºC was analyzed by spectroscopic techiniques IR and Raman. The crystallization process was analyzed by X-ray powder diffraction together with the Rietveld Method that identified a highly crystalline perovskite phase during the crystallization process; however, a secondary phase LiTi2O4 was also detected. The morphology of the powder was observed by field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM), which revealed a microstructure of spherical and homogeneous grains. As for the eletrochemical measurements, we have used the Galvanostatic Intermittent Intermittent Titration Technique (GITT), Chronopotenciometry and Cyclic Voltammetry demonstrating the presence of two different kinetic processes

Reinforcement preforms for the vacuum assisted resin transfer moulding (VARTM) manufacturing of large composite parts are made from different layers where presence of double curvature and varying fibre orientation imposes the use of superimposed lap joints. A series of tests were conducted to investigate the compaction of jointed preforms, flow through jointed preforms and the structural behaviour of composite parts featuring superimposed lap joints. A variety of lap joint configurations was investigated, characterized by specific values of overlap length, OL, horizontal distance between joints, HD, and number of immediately superimposed joints, NS, for a random matt and a woven reinforcement. The compaction of reinforcements was evaluated using a novel thickness measurement system for preforms. The thickness measurement system utilizes Hall effect sensors. The local fibre volume fraction, vf, was derived from the readings of Hall effect sensors positioned at selected locations above the jointed preforms. Different vf values were observed around joints; consequently, simulations of the manufacturing and performance of jointed composite parts must feature variable vf at the joints. The effective permeability to resin of jointed preforms parallel to the joints was investigated. The flow of resin in the preform was different from that in un-cut preforms. Specimens cut from cured panels were tested in four-point bending tests based on ASTM standard D790-03. The structural stiffness, maximum flexural stress and failure mode of specimens, were investigated. The structural stiffness and failure mode followed clear trends, while the maximum flexural stress was affected by local stress concentration at the joints. It is concluded that the presence of lap joints in VARTM preforms changes the behaviour during manufacturing and in service. This should be considered in design of parts and simulation of VARTM manufacturing.

Le domaine privé des personnes publiques, ensemble de biens publics classiquementappréhendé par opposition au domaine public, subit actuellement une profonde mutation. Lamodification des critères de définition du domaine privé engendre l’insertion de nouveauxéléments dans cette catégorie juridique, et invite à redéfinir son rôle au sein de laclassification des propriétés publiques. Le domaine privé ne peut plus être perçu comme unpatrimoine que l’administration exploiterait « à titre privé ». Il remplit indéniablement unefonction d’intérêt général, en fournissant des revenus à ses propriétaires, ou en leur offrant dessupports pour mener leurs missions. Le développement des hypothèses d’utilisation des biensdu domaine privé à des fins non financières conduit à formuler une proposition dehiérarchisation des utilités publiques qu’ils sont susceptibles de procurer. Elle permet deconcilier la recherche d’un profit avec les autres objectifs de l’action publique. Cette qualitése reflète dans la définition du régime de la domanialité privée, qui accorde une placesignificative à l’objectif de préservation de la valeur économique d’un patrimoine public, ets’ouvre, en parallèle, à une logique de protection des fonctions d’utilité publique remarquabledont ses biens sont les supports. La mutation de la domanialité privée dessine les contoursd’un nouveau régime juridique, apte à concilier les impératifs de protection avec la recherchede valorisation économique des patrimoines publics, ce dont la domanialité publique estincapable. On peut alors envisager de l’étendre à l’ensemble des biens publics, comme unesolution à la crise que traverse la domanialité publique
The private domain of public entities, which is the ensemble of public possessions inopposition to the public domain, is facing a deep mutation. Criterias of definition of private domain are changing, which leads to the insertion of new elements in this legal field and to a redifining of its role in public properties classification. The private domain can not be perceived anymore as an heritage that the administration uses in a private capacity. It undeniably has a role for the general interest by granting incomes to its owners or by giving them supports to achieve their assignements. The growing number of hypothesis where assets of the private field are used to non-financial aims lead us to suggest a scale of public interests these usages can lead to. This scale is aimed to reconcile a profit-driven approach with public action other objectives. This is shown by the definition of the system of private domain, which gives much importance to the fonction of preserving the economic value of a public asset while opening up to a logic of protection of its public interests fonctions which are supported by its assets. The mutation of the definition of the private domain draws a new legal system by joining the search for an economic exploitation of public assets with its protection imperatives where the definition of the public domain fails. We can consider to extend this new legal system to the field of public domain to try to counter the crisis it isfacing

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:27:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexandre Levin.pdf: 2476819 bytes, checksum: 5e9fe12834d959608d97bad5447fc74a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-30
The enactment of the Brazilian urban law referred to as Estatuto da Cidade, or Urban Act (Brazilian Law 10.257/2001), was a landmark in the affirmation and development of Brazilian Urban Law. Said statute established the guidelines for urban policy, and provided for the tools aimed at achieving the stated goals. The guideline highlighted in this paper is the fight against the speculative retention of urban real properties. Such speculation activity most of the time stems from the underutilization or non-utilization of the urban real property. One waits for the occasional increase in the value of the property, often as a result of investments made by the very Public Administration, to sell it afterwards at a price significantly higher than that at which it was bought, without having to worry about the social harm caused by such practice, and clearly infringing the constitutional principle that provides for the social function of the property. This form of retaining urban real property is deleterious to urban planning, the basis of which is the statute that introduces the municipal zoning ordinance. Such ordinance sets the criteria for the assessment of the lawful use of urban real estate. If the property is not used in accordance with the terms provided for by it, legal and constitutional remedies may be applied in order to compel the owner to fit his property to the terms stipulated by the zoning ordinance, which sets the parameters for the assessment of the regular use of urban real properties. If the property does not comply with the legal prescriptions, legal and constitutional measures may be applied in order to compel the owner to arrange for its property to follow the zoning ordinance legislation. Among such measures, one approached the mandatory parceling, building, and use of urban property, the graduated real estate tax, and the expropriation paid with government bonds, all of which are provided for in the Federal Constitution and in the Urban Act, and grounded on the social function of property. The main objective of this paper, however, was the analysis of the possible application of such measures to the public urban property that fails to comply with the rules provided for by the city zoning ordinance. For this purpose, one sought to prove, based on the Federal Constitution and the urban law, the possibility of application of the principle that stipulates the social function of property also to public urban real properties which fail to meet the prescriptions set by the city zoning ordinance. Finally, one demonstrated that there are no legal reasons for the non-application of said zoning-ordinance measures to public properties. Otherwise, one would cause the rules of urban planning to be violated and thus prejudice the fulfillment of the social functions of the city, which is the primary objective of urban policy, and guaranteed by the Federal Constitution
A edição do Estatuto da Cidade (Lei 10.257/2001) significou um marco para a afirmação e o desenvolvimento do Direito Urbanístico brasileiro. Referido diploma legal estabeleceu as diretrizes da política urbana, e previu os instrumentos para o alcance das metas traçadas. Dentre tais diretrizes, destacou-se no presente trabalho a do combate à retenção especulativa do imóvel urbano. Tal processo de especulação imobiliária é, no mais das vezes, levado a cabo pela subutilização ou pela não utilização do imóvel urbano. Aguarda-se eventual valorização do bem imobiliário, muitas vezes decorrente de investimentos realizados pelo próprio Poder Público, para aliená-lo por um valor bem superior ao de aquisição, sem qualquer preocupação com o prejuízo social decorrente dessa atividade, e em evidente contrariedade ao princípio constitucional da função social da propriedade. Essa forma de retenção do imóvel urbano é prejudicial ao planejamento urbanístico, que é consubstanciado na lei que institui o plano diretor municipal. É o plano diretor que fixa os parâmetros para a aferição do regular aproveitamento do imóvel urbano. Caso o bem imobiliário não seja utilizado nos termos de suas prescrições, podem ser utilizados instrumentos previstos legal e constitucionalmente para compelir o proprietário a adequar o seu imóvel ao que prevê a legislação de ordenação urbana. Dentre tais instrumentos, foram abordados o parcelamento, edificação e utilização compulsórios do imóvel urbano, o imposto predial e territorial urbano progressivo no tempo e a desapropriação com pagamento em títulos, todos previstos na Constituição Federal e no Estatuto da Cidade, e fundamentados no princípio da função social da propriedade. O objeto principal do trabalho, no entanto, foi a análise da possibilidade de aplicação de tais instrumentos à propriedade pública urbana que desatenda aos preceitos do plano diretor municipal. Para tanto, buscou-se comprovar, com fundamento no Texto Constitucional e na legislação urbanística, a possibilidade de aplicação do princípio da função social também à propriedade urbana pública. Ao final, demonstrou-se que não há razões de ordem jurídica a impedir a aplicação de tais instrumentos de ordenação urbanística à propriedade pública. Atitude em sentido contrário significaria uma afronta ao planejamento urbano e prejudicaria a realização das funções sociais da cidade, objetivo primordial da política urbana, garantido constitucionalmente

Depuis une dizaine d’années, les personnes publiques prennent conscience du potentiel économique que représente leur "patrimoine immatériel". A l’analyse, celui-ci présente une grande diversité dans sa composition et comprend ainsi tout à la fois des éléments non appropriés et des éléments appropriés, qualifiables de "propriétés publiques immatérielles". Les personnes publiques doivent impérativement trouver un équilibre entre différents impératifs dans la valorisation qu’elles opèrent de leur "patrimoine immatériel". Elles doivent en effet pouvoir en tirer de nouvelles ressources financières en les exploitant tout en en assurant une protection adéquate. Les éléments non appropriés du "patrimoine immatériel" font souvent l’objet de régimes juridiques autonomes qui, dans l’ensemble, permettent aux personnes publiques d’en envisager une valorisation équilibrée. Quant aux propriétés publiques immatérielles, la démonstration se concentrera sur les difficultés rencontrées pour les faire bénéficier du régime de la domanialité – qu’elle soit publique ou privée –, puis sur les options envisageables pour mettre un place un régime juridique susceptible d’en assurer une valorisation optimale
Over the past decade, public entities have become aware of the economic potential of their "intangible assets". Upon analysis, such assets are highly diversified and include both irrelevant and relevant items, which can be described as "intangible public properties". It is critical for public entities to achieve a balance between different constraints when promoting their "intangible assets". They must be able to generate new financial resources from such assets by exploiting them while ensuring its adequate protection. Irrelevant elements usually included in the "intangible assets" are often subject to autonomous legal regimes which, taken altogether, allow public entities to contemplate a balanced valuation. As for intangible public properties, the analysis will focus on the challenges faced while incorporating them into the domain regime - whether public or private - and then on the available options to implement a legal regime capable of ensuring an optimal valuation

The main objective of this thesis is to derive hierarchies of q-discrete Painelevé equations. Some of the important properties of these hierarchies will also be given, namely Lax pairs, Bäcklund transformations, solutions of their associated linear problems for special values of parameters and their symmetry groups. To construct these hierarchies, we apply a geometric reduction and a staircase method on a multi-parameteric generalized lattice modified Korteweg-de Vries equation. In addition, the property of consistency around the cube is used in order to find Bäcklund transformations. Starting with the base case of q-discrete second, third and fourth Painlevé equations on A_5 initial-values surface, new hierarchies of q-discrete third and fourth Painlevé equations are discovered, and we also rediscover the hierarchy of q-discrete second Painlevé equation. In this thesis, we provide the Lax pairs for each member in these hierarchies. Using the consistency around the cube, we also provide Bäcklund transformation for the entire hierarchy of q-discrete second and third Painlevé hierarchies. We generate a hierarchy of special solutions starting with seed solutions for q-discrete second and third Painlevé hierarchies. An assumption made is that particular parameter values would enable the ability to diagonalize the Lax pair. As a consequence, we found that the associated linear problem for the three hierarchies can be solved in terms of q-Gamma function. Furthermore, the hierarchy of q-discrete fourth Painlevé hierarchy can be reduced to one equation that can be linearlized to become Riccati equation which has hypergeometric special solutions. Finally, we investigated the affine Weyl group structure of the symmetry group for each hierarchy. In this thesis, we construct the explicit representation of the symmetry group for the first and second member of these hierarchies.

Accurate three-dimensional stress-strain constitutive properties are essential to understanding complex deformation and failure mechanisms for materials with highly anisotropic mechanical properties. The large number of different methods and specimen types currently required to generate three-dimensional allowables for structural design slow down the material characterization. Also, some of the material constitutive properties are never measured due to prohibitive cost of the specimens needed. A method for measurement of three-dimensional constitutive properties using short-beam specimens subject to three-point bend load has been recently developed. This method is based on the Digital Image Correlation (DIC) full-field deformation measurement and closed-form stress approximation. The purpose of this work is to improve the accuracy of the constitutive properties through accurate stress solution. A method is developed based on a combination of full-field strain measurement and nonlinear finite element stress analysis in the material characterization. The nonlinear shear stress-strain relations are the major concern in this work. An iterative procedure is applied to update the nonlinear shear properties using iterative finite element simulations. The accuracy of the numerical procedure is verified by comparing the finite element strain results with full-field measurements. The procedure is further verified using the V-notched beam test results. Excellent agreement has been achieved in the verification. Simplicity of the short-beam specimens and accuracy of the constitutive property approximations make the present method attractive for measurement of three-dimensional stress-strain relations for anisotropic materials at various load rates.

Los trabajos de esta memoria persiguen un doble objetivo. Por un lado se ha pretendido ahondar en modelos de campo cristalino para cationes 3d(n) y su correlación con los datos experimentales, de sustancias de interés catalítico y básico. En segundo lugar, se trataba de iniciar un estudio amplio y ambicioso sobre sistemas desordenados. En esta Tesis hemos estudiado sistemas ferromagnéticos diluídos y se han utilizado modelos de campo medio y de simulación Monte Carlo para determinar diferentes magnitudes macroscópicas, a la vez que contestar a ciertas preguntas fundamentales, referidas al comportamiento crítico de estos sistemas. En el capítulo primero de este trabajo se desarrolla un formalismo matemático general que permite determinar la estructura electrónica de cationes 3d(n) situados en el seno de un campo cristalino, a partir de las propiedades magnéticas de la molécula considerada. En el caso particular de iones 3d(5) sometidos a un campo cristalino de elevado caracter tetragonal, hemos obtenido expresiones analíticas que describen la dependencia con la temperatura de la susceptibilidad y los momentos eficaces según las direcciones principales de la molecula. En el capitulo segundo se aplican los modelos citados al estudio de las propiedades magnéticas y, en consecuencia, de la estructura electrónica de algunos compuestos sintéticos análogos a las porfirinas naturales (ftalocianinas). En el Apéndice 2.I se comprueba la validez del modelo particular para cationes 3d(5), comparando las predicciones teóricas con los resultados experimentales para algunas mioglobinas férricas. El capitulo tercero está dedicado al estudio de tres teorías de campo medio de tipo Bethe-Peierls que describen dos situaciones particulares que se dan con frecuencia en sistemas magnéticos "desordenados": i) sistema ferromagnetico Ising con dilución de impurezas no-magnéticas, ii) sistema ferromagnético Ising con dilución de enlace. La validez de estas teorías se pone de manifiesto comparando con algunos resultados experimentales y de simulación Monte Carlo, asi como con las predicciones de teorias mas sofisticadas. Por último, en el capitulo cuarto presentamos un estudio Monte Carlo de un sistema Ising tridimensional diluido con impurezas no-magnéticas. De la simulación Monte Carlo se obtienen las dependencias con la temperatura de las principales magnitudes termodinámicas que caracterizan el sistema magnético. El estudio se restringe a concentraciones de impurezas relativamente pequeñas (X menor o igual que 0.2). Un análisis detallado de los resultados nos ha permitido deducir importantes consecuencias sobre el comportamiento crítico de este sistema.

In this thesis, a model for electrons transport properties in metallic Carbon Nanotubes is introduced, including also the effects of the coupling of electrons with optical phonons. The derived equations form a system of bi-dimensional hyperbolic conservation laws with collisionterms on the right hand side. The system is solved by a method of line scheme, with WENO reconstruction and a TVD Runge-Kutta scheme for time integration.
L'argomento presentato presentato in uqesta tesi riguarda le proprietà di trasporto degli elettroni in Nanotubi di Carbonio metallici, prendendo in considerazione le interazioni elettrone-fonone. Le equazioni derivate dal modello fisico considerato formano un sistema di Leggi di Conservazione iperboliche bi.dimensionali con termini di collisione a membro destro. Tale sistema è stato risolto tramite il metodo delle linee, con ricostruzione di tipo WENO e scheme di tipo Runge-Kutta di tipo TVD.

This thesis studies the effect produced by the reinforcement of polypropylene with a semichemical fibre of Leucaena collinsii in the mechanical, thermal and water uptake properties. Samples with different reinforcement content are obtained and stabilized in a climatic chamber for 48 hours before being tested to tensile, flexural and the termal properties are studied by TGA, DSC, TMA, DMA and thermal conductivity test. Finally, the water uptake maximum capacity was determined. The addition of increasing quantities of reinforcement increases the maximum resistance and stiffne of the material, but a diminution of the deformation capacity was observed. None of the thermal transitions were affected by the addition of reinforcement. However, the crystallinity increased when increasing the fiber content
La presente tesis estudia el efecto que produce reforzar una fibra semiquímica de Leucaena collinsii en las propiedades mecánicas, térmicas y de sorción de agua de materiales compuestos de polipropileno. Se obtienen probetas de materiales compuestos con distinto contenido de refuerzo y se estabilizan en una cámara climática durante 48 horas antes de ser ensayadas a tracción, flexión e impacto, y se analiza la morfologia de la fractura mediante SEM. Posteriormente se estudian sus propiedades térmicas mediante TGA, DSC, TMA, DMA y el análisis de la conductividad térmica de los materialses. Finalmente, se determinará la capacidad para absorber agua de estos compuestos. La adición de cantidades crecientes de refuerzo provoca un aumento de la resistencia máxima y de la rigidez del material, pero una disminución de su capacidad de deformación. Las temperaturas de transición no se ven afectadas pero sí su cristalinidad, aumentando al añadir contenidos superiores de refuerzo

Conventional and unconventional reservoirs are both critical in oilfield developments. After waterflooding treatments over decades, the petrophysical properties of a conventional reservoir may change in many aspects. It is crucial to identify the variations of these petrophysical properties after the long-term waterflooding treatments, both at the pore and core scales. For unconventional reservoirs, the productivity and performance of hydraulic fracturing in shales are challenging because of the complicated petrophysical properties. The confining pressure imposed on a shale formation has a tremendous impact on the permeability of the rock. The correlation between confining pressure and rock permeability is complicated and might be nonlinear. In this thesis, a series of laboratory tests was conducted on core samples extracted from four U.S. shale formations to measure their petrophysical properties. In addition, a special 2D microfluidic equipment that simulates the pore structure of a sandstone formation was developed to investigate the influence of injection flow rate on the development of high-permeability flow channels. Moreover, the multiple linear regression (MLR) model was applied with the predictors based on the development stages to quantify the variations of reservoir petrophysical properties. The MLR model outcome indicated that certain variables were effectively correlated to the permeability. The 2D microfluidic model demonstrated the development of viscous fingering when the injection water flow rate was higher than a certain level, which resulted in reduced overall sweep efficiency. These comprehensive laboratory experiments demonstrate the role of confining pressure, Klinkenberg effect, and bedding plane direction on the gas flow in the nanoscale pore space in shales.
Master of Science
Conventional and unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs are both important in oil-gas development. The waterflooding treatment is the injection of water into a petroleum reservoir to increase reservoir pressure and to displace residual oil, which is a widely used enhanced oil recovery method. However, after waterflooding treatments for several decades, it may bring many changes in the properties of a conventional reservoir. To optimize subsequent oilfield development plans, it is our duty to identify the variations of these properties after the long-term waterflooding treatments, both at the pore and core scales. In unconventional reservoirs, hydraulic fracturing has been widely used to produce hydrocarbon resources from shale or other tight rocks at an economically viable production rate. The operation of hydraulic fracturing in shales is challenging because of the complicated reservoir pressure. The external pressure imposed on a shale formation has a tremendous impact on the permeability of the rock. The correlation between pressure and rock permeability is intricate. In this thesis, a series of laboratory tests was conducted on core samples to measure their properties and the pressure. Moreover, a statistical model was applied to quantify the variations of reservoir properties. The results indicated that certain reservoir properties were effectively correlated to the permeability. These comprehensive investigations demonstrate the role of pressure, special gas flow effect, and rock bedding direction on the gas flow in the extremely small pore in shales.

The purpose of this work is to provide a metaphysical theory of properties and scientific laws. This sentence will require some unpacking. By a ‘metaphysical’ theory here, I mean a theory of what exists in the world. In this investigation I am primarily concerned with a theory of what properties there are in the world and the role they play in scientific laws. This may be contrasted with a linguistic or epistemic project, as it is not primarily about our language, ideas, or theorizing but rather about what is in the world itself. Properties are what we may pre-philosophically think of as the characteristics of an object: such as its height, weight, color, etc. Investigation may cause us to doubt whether some of these pre-philosophical properties are genuine in a metaphysical sense: whether or not the property is actually present as a feature of the world. By scientific laws, I mean the statements we make in the form of exceptionless generalities about the world within the sciences. Here I do not mean to evaluate how science comes about these generalizations, only that they do and how these generalizations may be grounded in a metaphysical theory of properties. The link between these two things: properties and scientific laws, comes about because our scientific laws prominently feature properties: velocity, temperature, charge, viscosity, etc. After a review of some of the theories currently proposed in the philosophical literature along with a treatment of some of the problems that arise out of these theories, I will propose a new theory. This theory, entitled ‘Constitutive Trope Theory’ is a form of a ‘bundle trope theory’ as it proposes that objects in the world are composed entirely out of particularized properties. However, rather than proposing a primitive relation that does the bundling, this theory will propose that, at least for the objects we are familiar with, properties arise out of relations between lower-level properties that instantiate them. For example, a mammal may exist because of the relationship between the organs that lead to its unique properties as a mammal. Those organs in turn exist because of relationships between their cells that lead to their unique properties as a particular kind of organ. And so on down the chain until we hit ‘foundational properties’: properties which are not dependent on any other properties for their existence. I will say very little about these properties as I do not believe that any such properties have currently been found and will argue that such theorizing is premature before such properties have been empirically identified. Following this account, I will consider some of the problems that must be overcome and some final considerations in favor of this theory over other competing theories of properties and scientific laws.

Ante la falta de materiales que cuentan con las propiedades mecánicas necesarias para ser usados como relleno estructural en algunas zonas en donde se realizan proyectos, surge la preocupación de mejorar las propiedades mecánicas del limo arenoso. En investigaciones anteriores adicionaron fibras de acero, fibras naturales y aditivos químicos para mejorar las propiedades mecánicas de los suelos. Por otro lado, el deterioro ambiental que actualmente viene sufriendo nuestra sociedad a causa del consumo masivo de productos descartables como el plástico, producto que se descompone en una media de 450 años, y que está compuesto principalmente con PET (Tereftalato de polietileno). Este material al ser arrojado al medio ambiente viene afectando a los animales acuáticos y al agua. Sin embargo, están surgiendo emprendimientos para darles un uso alternativo. La presente tesis se centra en la problemática de mejorar las propiedades mecánicas de la arena limosa de las inmediaciones de los Pantanos de Villa, con la inserción del PET reciclado en porcentajes de 1% al5%. Para desarrollar la hipótesis se realizaron ensayos de granulometría del suelo, PET, y en las mezclas de suelo más PET con porcentajes de 1%, al 5%; límite de Atterberg, gravedad especifica al suelo y al PET. También, se realizaron ensayos de proctor estándar y corte directo para todas las mezclas. Finalmente, se realizaron ensayos triaxiales CD de 3.5 mm al suelo puro y al porcentaje de la mezcla que mejor comportamiento mecánico obtuvo.
Due to the lack of materials that has the necessary mechanical properties to be used as a structural filler in some zones where projects are carried out, the concern arises to improve the mechanical properties of sandy silt. In previous investigations they added steel fibers, natural fibers and chemical additives to improve the mechanical properties of soils. On the other hand, the environmental deterioration that our society is currently suffering due to the massive consumption of disposable products such as plastic, a product that decomposes in an average of 450 years, which is mainly composed of PET (polyethylene terephthalate). This material, when released into the environment, has been affecting aquatic animals and water. However, ventures are emerging to give them an alternative use. This thesis focuses on the problem of improving the mechanical properties of the silty sand in the vicinity of the Pantanos de Villa, with the insertion of recycled PET in percentages of 1% to 5%. To carry out the development of the hypothesis, they were made soil granulometry tests, PET, and in the mixtures of soil plus PET with percentages of1% to 5%; Atterberg limit, specific gravity the soil and PET. Also, Proctor Standard and Direct Cut tests will be carried out for all mixtures. Finally, 3.5 mm Triaxial CD tests were performed to the pure soil and to the percentage of the mixture that obtained the best mechanically performance.
Tesis

Le niobate de lithium (LN) présente des propriétés piézo-électrique, électro-optique, optique non linéaire et photo-réfractive, qui sont riches d'applications matures (filtres acoustiques de surface, modulateurs EO, convertisseurs de fréquence) ou potentielles (mémoires holographiques, guide d'onde photo-inscrits). En utilisant la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité (DFT) couplée à la méthode des ondes planes augmentées linéarisées à potentiel total (FP-LAPW) implémentée dans le code WIEN2k_12, nous avons pu investiguer - avec plus de détails - les propriétés électroniques du LN stoechiométrique (SLN) tel que la structure de bande, les densités d'états, la densité de charges électroniques, les masses effectives, les intégrales du saut Nb-Nb et O-O, ainsi que les différentes propriétés optiques déduites de la fonction diélectrique à savoir l'indice de réfraction, le coefficient d'extinction, le coefficient d'absorption... Au cours de notre étude, nous avons essayé aussi d'analyser et d'interpréter, les désaccords qui apparaissent dans les résultats de calculs ab initio d'un auteur à un autre. Ces désaccords imputables aux méthodes de calcul employées sont parfois déjà très sensibles pour le matériau SLN exempt de défauts. La valeur expérimentale de l'énergie de gap (3.78 eV) correspondante à LN quasi stoechiométrique (NSLN) - fréquemment cité dans la littérature - fut suggérée plus grandes pour le SLN d'après des études ab initio récentes. Pour cette raison, nous avons tenté de la corriger en utilisant une nouvelle approche (en se référant à la valeur d'indice de réfraction expérimental du SLN). Ainsi, nous nous proposons une nouvelle valeur théorique Eg pour le LN pur. A cet effet, une correction de certains pics d'énergie des états excités des spectres optiques a été mise en évidence
Lithium niobate (LN) has piezoelectric, electro-optics, nonlinear optical and photorefractive properties, which are rich in mature (surface acoustic filters, EO modulators, frequency converters) or potential (holographic memories, photo-induced waveguide) applications. Using the density functional theory (DFT) combined with the full potential linearized augmented plane waves (FP- LAPW) method implemented in the WIEN2k_12 code, we investigated - with more details - the electronic properties of stoichiometric LN (SLN) such as the band structure, the density of states, the charge density, the effective masses, the hopping integral for Nb-Nb and O-O, as well as different optical properties derived from the dielectric function like the refractive index, the extinction index, the absorption coefficient ...etc. In our study, we also tried to analyze and interpret some disagreements that appear in the results of ab initio calculations of an author to another. These disagreements due to the methods of calculation employed may be very sensitive for the SLN material without any defects. The experimental value of the energy band gap (3.78 eV) corresponding to LN nearly stoichiometric (NSLN) - frequently cited in the literature - was suggested to be largest for SLN according to recent ab inito studies. For this reason, we have tried to correct it by using a new approach (referring to the value of the experimental refractive index of SLN). Thus, we propose a new theoretical value Eg for pure LN and we bring correction of some energy's peaks of excited states of the optical spectra

abstract: Fractal analyses examine variability in a time series to look for temporal structure or pattern that reveals the underlying processes of a complex system. Although fractal property has been found in many signals in biological systems, how it relates to behavioral performance and what it implies about the complex system under scrutiny are still open questions. In this series of experiments, fractal property, movement kinematics, and behavioral performance were measured on participants performing a reciprocal tapping task. In Experiment 1, the results indicated that the alpha value from detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) reflected deteriorating performance when visual feedback delay was introduced into the reciprocal tapping task. This finding suggests that this fractal index is sensitive to performance level in a movement task. In Experiment 2, the sensitivity of DFA alpha to the coupling strength between sub-processes within a system was examined by manipulation of task space visibility. The results showed that DFA alpha was not influenced by disruption of subsystems coupling strength. In Experiment 3, the sensitivity of DFA alpha to the level of adaptivity in a system under constraints was examined. Manipulation of the level of adaptivity was not successful, leading to inconclusive results to this question.
Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Psychology 2019

碩士
長榮大學
土地管理與開發學系碩士班
98
Abstract In this research we divide the Shihmen reservoir watershed into seven sub basin, and with 10 typhoon storm events of new landslide area to analyze scale of frequency. The results accorded with power law’s feature reveals that the number of new landslide more than 0.01 hectares has small scale but high frequency and with large scale but low frequency. Hence this research applied parameter κ and β of landslide scale frequency to discuss surroundings characteristic of landslide region. And with new landslides of 10 typhoon storm events we define the meaning of κ and β respectively represent of scale and unit of area occur frequency. κ and β response to the feature of lithologic character, sandstone and shale has small scale with high frequency; meta greywacke has small scale with low frequency; slate has large scale but it’s frequency is hard to classify. Applying the κ、β with landslide slope, we can find that minimum landslide slope (critical value of minimum landslide slope) has the relationship between κ and β. The relationship indicate that the larger of κ and β the smaller of critical value of slope. Via this relationship we conclude landslide character of seven sub basins as follows: Hsiuluan and Yufeng sub basin has large landslide scale due to lithologic character is slate and with the high frequency is because of the critical value of landslide slope much small. In Kaoi and Leng-Chiad sub basin the lithologic character in most area is greywacke、shale and meta greywacke respectively hence their landslide scale are small. And in these two sub basin the critical slope of landslide is high results in low frequency. The lithologic character of Sankuang sub basin in most area is sandstone and shale result in small scale with high frequency. But due to the critical value of landslide slope, when the events with small critical landslide slope the frequency and scale become much more and bigger. Xiayun sub basin locate in the slate region with the result that sometimes the landslide scale is much bigger. But owing to critical landslide slope was not sure in this sub basin use single event to calibrate landslide feature. In Shihmen sub basin most lithologic character is belong to sandstone and shale result in landslide scale much bigger but affected by the critical landslide slope hence when critical slope is higher the slump frequency become much small. In the seven sub basin with their geographic environment character and new landslide’s scale and frequency character in each sub basin not only just help for landslide occur condition but also helpful for related organization or department to design watershed management planning. Applied empiric formula of landslide volume by Hovius (1997) and substitute κ、β of each sub basin to estimate landslide volume. Using the whole year occurred landslide to estimate landslide volume and add soil surface erosion volume but the outcome compare with former research still less than measured sediment volume. Suppose that someday via parameter of representative value to estimate new landslide volume and cooperate with sediment transport and soil surface erosion volume will help for compare with measured sediment deposit volume.