Literatura académica sobre el tema "Law of local authorities"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Law of local authorities"
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Farley, Peter M. "Local Authorities' Use of Private Law". Adoption & Fostering 15, n.º 2 (julio de 1991): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030857599101500208.
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Bix, Brian y Adam Tomkins. "Local Authorities and Libel Again". Modern Law Review 56, n.º 5 (septiembre de 1993): 738–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2230.1993.tb01902.x.
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Masson, Judith y Sheelagh Morton. "THE USE OF WARDSHIP BY LOCAL AUTHORITIES". Modern Law Review 52, n.º 6 (noviembre de 1989): 762–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2230.1989.tb02627.x.
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Kusiak-Winter, Renata. "Frame Agreement For Cross-Border Cooperation Between Local Authorities". Wroclaw Review of Law, Administration & Economics 9, n.º 2 (1 de diciembre de 2019): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/wrlae-2019-0012.
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Abstract The cross-border cooperation of local authorities, taken up based on the administrative law of each of the states, is marked by both integrating factors that refer to the similarities of the applicable system of law and separating factors arising from the principle of territoriality of administrative law. The frame agreement is a smart solution (a smart tool) of cross-border cooperation, because it enables cooperating territorial self-government units to conduct a unique operation of ‘recompensing’ separating factors with integrating factors.
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Meredith, Paul. "The fall and rise of local education authorities". Liverpool Law Review 20, n.º 1 (marzo de 1998): 41–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02786459.
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McLean, Hazel. "Defective Or Dangerous Premises—Limitation and Local Authorities". Cambridge Law Journal 46, n.º 1 (marzo de 1987): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197300113479.
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Bosworth, Tony. "Local authorities and sustainable development". European Environment 3, n.º 1 (6 de julio de 2007): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eet.3320030106.
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Shagoyko, Evgeniy Yu. "On Redistribution of Powers between Local Self-Government Authorities and Government Authorities of a Constituent Entity of the Russian Federation". Constitutional and municipal law 10 (22 de octubre de 2020): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1812-3767-2020-10-71-75.
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The article examines and analyzes the practice of applying the provisions of the Federal Law No. 136-ФЗ of 27.05.2014 “On Amendments to Article 26.3 of the Federal Law “On General Principles of Organization of Legislative (Representative) and Executive Government Authorities of the Constituent Entities of the Russian Federation” and the Federal Law “On general principles of the organization of local government in the Russian Federation” regarding the redistribution of powers between local authorities and state authorities of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation; an attempt was made to formulate typical problems as a result of law enforcement in the specified area.
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Dobrzhanska, Iryna. "THE IMPACT OF THE GENDER QUOTA LAW ON LOCAL AUTHORITIES". BULLETIN OF CHERNIVTSI INSTITUTE OF TRADE AND ECONOMICS IV, n.º 84 (24 de diciembre de 2021): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.34025/2310-8185-2021-4.84.01.
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The change in the political status of Ukraine in the modern world, and its transformation into an independent state has led to a conscious redistribution of social roles in Ukrainian society. There is an objective need to change the traditional functional role division between men and women, which doesn’t diminish the reluctance or inability of society to realize this need. The article presents research and analysis of the state policy of local government authorities using the law on gender quotas as new amendments to the Electoral Code of Ukraine. The relevance of this topic is in being little studied and needs its own analysis by studying all the nuances of the impact of the law regarding gender quotas on the work of local authorities, identifying priorities and shortcomings. The purpose of the article is to analyze the project of implementation and change of the state policy of local governments using the law on gender quotas, advantages and disadvantages. In the process of research, the following general scientific theoretical methods were used: systems analysis - to clarify the main categories of research; abstract-logical method - for the implementation of theoretical generalizations and conclusions about the essence of the impact of the law regarding gender quotas on the work of local authorities, its effectiveness and features. The article presents the results of changes in the electoral process in Ukraine, namely the introduction of gender quotas in the electoral lists of political parties and how personnel changes have taken place in local authorities. The peculiarity of the application and result of the introduction of gender quotas in the electoral process by different political parties and what changes have occurred as a result of changes in the last elections to local authorities for women have been studied. The author analyzed the effectiveness and impact of the law on gender quotas. The positive changes and shortcomings of this law and how it changed women's representation in the work of local authorities are indicated. The object of the study is the influence of the law on gender quotas, as the latest subject of the last local elections. The subject of the research is the concept of "gender quotas", features of their influence and functioning in Ukraine. As the law is not perfect and Ukrainian society continues to live in the remnants of patriarchal society in terms of the women’s role in politics, especially at the level of local and regional councils, this topic remains prospective for further study.
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Duliba, Yevhenia. "The peculiarities of organization of activity of local executive authorities and local self-government authorities during the martial law". Aktual’ni problemi pravoznavstva 1, n.º 4 (2022): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/app2022.04.046.
Texto completoTesis sobre el tema "Law of local authorities"
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Rodriguez, Yisell. "Immigration law and enforcement the role of states and local authorities". Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/610.
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Immigration law and its enforcement are controversial and highly debated topics. States are increasing their role in the enforcement of immigration law by enacting laws that allow local law enforcement to function as immigration officers with the intent of decreasing the illegal alien population within their jurisdiction. The primary focus of this thesis is to determine whether state and local police have the legal power to enforce immigration laws that have been the jurisdiction of the Federal Government for decades. There are two sides that are discussed in this thesis, the proponents who are in favor of increased participation and those who oppose it. The proponents argue that federal law has not preempted states from enforcing immigration law and that states have inherent authority to do this. The critics argue that this is unconstitutional because the constitution and other legal authorities grant exclusive power to the Federal Government in the area of immigration law. Through the analysis of constitutional provisions, case law and statutes, quantitative statistics, anecdotal evidence, federal and state programs, and governmental resources this thesis evaluates the current role of state and local authorities and proposes a different role for local jurisdictions in the enforcement of immigration law. Evidence shows that states are allowed to enforce some immigration laws but doing this has negative consequences for the people, the states, and the nation. Research shows that increased participation from local law enforcement leads to racial profiling, civil rights violations, and damages the relationship between the police and the community; therefore, the line between state and federal enforcement should be monitored carefully.B.A. and B.S.
Bachelors
Health and Public Affairs
Legal Studies
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Page, Lisa Jane. "The enforcement of environmental law in England and Wales". Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/408.
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The control of environmentally damaging activities has become one of the most important areas for concern in recent years. The amount of legislation relating to this subject area has increased several-fold, with European Directives and domestic laws being introduced in response to pressure from a variety of avenues. Key studies on the enforcement of environmental law have been carried out. However, this work was undertaken prior to the expansion of legislative provisions at the start of the 1990s. In the light of this new legislation,n ew regulatorya genciesa, ndc hangingp ublic opinion, the following researcha imsw ere formulated: 1. To assess the approach to enforcement by regulatory agencies (co-operation versus confrontation). 2. To determinet he extent and rate of utilisation of enforcemenmt ethodsb y the regulatory authorities, and the reasons for non-utilisation. 3. To determine which factors influence the strategic decision making process, and to measure the relative importance of each factor. 4. To investigate the types of enforcement policies prevalent in regulatory agencies and evaluate their varying levels of effectiveness. 5. To determine the level of consistency in the approach to enforcement within and between regulatory agencies. 6. To examine the consistency of the levels of penalties applied by the courts. 7. To suggest improvements to the system where required. The first phase of the research involved a postal questionnaire to local authorities. This was followed by structured interviews with NRA and HMIP personnel. An assessment of the consistency of the regulators' enforcement action was made through responses to a regulated community questionnaire, and an appraisal of the consistency of penalties applied by the courts was achieved by analysis of case reports. The main findings from the research were: I. Regulatory agencies adopted a co-operative enforcement approach in the first instance, followed by more stringent action if required. 2. Most regulatory bodies did not use the full array of enforcement methods at their disposal. 3. A large variety of factors relating to the incident affects the decision making process. 4. Not all local authorities had an enforcement policy. Of those that did, a wide variation in the type of enforcement policies existed. 5. Regulators were found to be inconsistent in their enforcement practices. 6. The levels of penalties applied by the courts were also found to be inconsistent. Improvements to the system were suggested as a result of these research findings.
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Rombauts-Chabrol, Tiphaine. "L'intérêt public local". Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON10043.
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L'intérêt public local est une notion du droit administratif français qui apparaît comme une fausse évidence, attachée à la mise en œuvre jurisprudentielle de la clause générale de compétence des collectivités territoriales. Sa singularisation conceptuelle aboutit à la constitution d'un fondement juridique tangible dans la personnalité morale de droit public des collectivités territoriales. L'évolution du droit de la décentralisation, notamment constitutionnel, permet de déterminer le cadre positif de son existence. Une démarche objective et prudente confère à la notion un contenu propre, de nature finaliste, correspondant à la vocation générale des collectivités territoriales à satisfaire les besoins propres de leur population locale. Cependant, le caractère opérationnel de ce contenu ne masque pas l'hétérogénéité des fonctions de la notion d'intérêt public local. Leur différenciation conduit à considérer, à la faveur de l'étude de la jurisprudence, que la notion est efficiente dans les relations qu'entretiennent les collectivités territoriales avec leur propre environnement. Elle constitue ainsi un titre à agir dynamique, d'ailleurs systématisé en matière d'intervention économique locale. Si l'intérêt public local est largement convoqué par le juge administratif face aux décisions issues d'une habilitation légale identifiée, il ne conduit pas à créer ou contester le principe même de cette habilitation. Cette dernière limite fonctionnelle constitue la borne opérationnelle de la notion d'intérêt public local, qui ne permet pas, pour l'heure, d'agir sur la répartition légale des compétences entre personnes publiquesLocal public interest is a french administrative law notion which appears as a misleading evidence because of the standard case law related to the local authorities « general competence clause ». Its conceptual definition allows to highlight its legal foundation within the local authorities public-law legal personnality. The evolutions of the devolution law, especially in the areas of constitutionnal law, establish a positive framework for its existence. An objective and cautious approach confers to the notion an actual finalistic substance corresponding to the general nature of local authorities to ensure that local communities' needs are actually met. However, the operationnal aspect of this content does not mask the heterogeneity of the local public interest functions. According to a review of the case law, the distinguishing of its functions demonstrates the efficiency of the notion in the scope of the local government functions by constituing a dynamic legal capacity to act, systematised particuliarly in local initiatives in the economic sphere. If local public interest is widely used by administrative courts to supervise decisions deriving from a grant of legislative power, it can neither provide the basis to create, nor to dispute the principle of this legislative power. This ultimate functional limit remains the operational barrier to the local public interest which does not allow to act on the distribution of functions between public authorities so far
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Stephenson, Mary-Ann. "Mainstreaming equality in an age of austerity : what impact has the public sector equality duty had on work to promote gender equality by English local authorities?" Thesis, University of Warwick, 2016. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/87865/.
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This thesis examines the impact of the Public Sector Equality Duty (PSED) on work to promote gender equality through case studies of three local authorities. It aims to both provide new empirical evidence on the impact of the PSED on the behaviour of public bodies and to analyse for the first time the relationship between mainstreaming (the approach to equality within the PSED) and reflexive/responsive regulation (the regulatory mechanism used to enforce mainstreaming). I show that the PSED has not led to the ‘transformational’ approach to equality which some hoped it would represent. Practice varies significantly within and between local authorities; while there were examples of changes as the result of the PSED, the duty was often implemented in a minimalist or bureaucratic manner. These findings support the conclusions of earlier studies of mainstreaming which identify the variety of practices described as mainstreaming and highlight the importance of participation by civil society organisations if mainstreaming is to be transformative. I find that in two of the case studies there was little recognition of or action to promote gender equality, contributing to the debate about the practical implications of replacing a focus on gender with a broader focus on equality and diversity. My analysis draws on feminist literature on mainstreaming and legal literature on reflexive and responsive regulation, which are not usually combined. I identify an important relationship between the regulatory means by which mainstreaming is enforced and the forms of mainstreaming that result. I show that although the terms reflexive and responsive regulation are often used interchangeably in analysis of the PSED there are significant differences between the two. I conclude that changes introduced by the Coalition Government reduced responsive elements in the PSED, while making it more reflexive. This increased the likelihood that public bodies would develop a bureaucratic rather than participatory form of mainstreaming in response to the PSED. I call for the introduction of a duty to consult and engage with civil society as part of the PSED. This would make the duty less reflexive, but more responsive and be more compatible with a participatory approach to mainstreaming.
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Sykes, David J. "Equity's roving commission in administrative law : an analysis of the present and potential role of equity in the relationship between local authorities and their service users". Thesis, University of Essex, 2017. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/19881/.
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This thesis explores the use of equity and its principles in the field of public law. It asks whether the relationship between local authorities and their service users can properly be understood as being a fiduciary relationship. In considering this question the thesis examines the extent to which the relationship is analogous to trusteeship or whether it is some other sui generis category. This requires exploration of core elements of trust and loyalty and analysis, within a local government context of the debate as to whether fiduciary duties are confined to having a proscriptive role or whether, as some advocate they have a wider prescriptive function. The relationship between local authorities and their service users is not considered to be a fiduciary relationship within the traditional class of relationships so classified. Notwithstanding, there are instances within that relationship where the characteristics resemble in part application of a sui generis label. For example, in the realm of local authorities and their interaction with the elderly, child care and youth counselling services it is possible to apply a quasi - trusteeship role. This categorisation cannot however be extended to the majority of interactions between local authorities and their service users which usually fall within a contract or tortious setting. The main reason in not being able to identify the relationship between local authorities and their service users as fully fiduciary is the inability to point to a central core of loyalty between the parties which is so necessary for a finding of the existence of a fiduciary relationship. The loyalty inhibitor is the polycentric essence of much of local authority decision making, which is made in a very diverse community group often with different complex needs and aspirations all clambering for attention. Further, as local authorities are public bodies they must accommodate the ‘public interest’ in any decision making process and outcome. These factors combine to make a very different decision making environment than the way fiduciary obligations can be exercised in private law and makes the hurdles higher for an exercise of translation to the public law sphere. The purpose of this analysis is to explore whether the roving commission of equity has any application to the public law field. Has equity died and shrivelled, or does equity still have the ability to flourish and accommodate new situations and changes in social morals and norms, ‘yet maintain its core values and norms, without which no society can survive, let alone flourish.’? Notwithstanding, these hurdles this author considers that equity still has a role to play in public law, none more so than in the day to day decision making of local authorities as well as in judicial review proceedings. Equity can bring a contextual approach so necessary when substantive review is applied. Equity has proved to be a robust flexible adaptable tool, even in a complex modern environment. For example, the remedies it has fashioned of injunctions, declaratory relief and freezing orders to mention a few , as well as aiding the common law in its application of trust principles to a deserted wife’s equity, where the title was in one party’s sole name. This author espouses a principle of stewardship which can be applied as an additional substantive review tool in the judicial tool box, along with Wednesbury and proportionality. Structuring substantive review is a major current debate in public law both judicially and academically: there is no valid reason why ethical principles such as stewardship-of person, place, property and purpose should not be a valid contributory player.
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Terblanche, Freda Marié. "Street trading in South Africa : an investigation with the emphasis on the policies of major local authorities towards street trading". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52462.
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Thesis (MS en S)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Informal street trading is an aspect with which South Africa's ever growing cities need to cope. Since the earliest times, trade has played an important role in creating livelihoods for many people. In today's society - characterised by unemployment and underdevelopment - informal street traders have recognised that there is a gap in the market, and thus, by plying their trade they created a sustainable livelihood for themselves. It has to be admitted that town planning over the years neglected the role of the informal street trader, and not much was done by way of creating a city sphere to accommodate the street trader. In chapter two of this study the discussion addresses the historical role and activities of the informal street trader, and surveys aspects of legislation and racism that played a prominent role in previous times. Authorities did not regard informal trading in a positive light and many harsh steps were taken against street traders. This provides one of the reasons why no latitude was granted to informal street trading and why South Africa's existing efforts to accommodate informal street trade could at best be described as dismal. In chapter three the role and extent of informal trading in the economy is discussed. A study was made of the possible reasons why the informal street trade has emerged, and the contribution of the informal trade towards South Africa's Gross Domestic Product, is also dealt with. Today informal street trade is viewed as one of the ways by means of which to alleviate South Africa's existing employment crisis and accommodation of the informal street trade is seen as a top priority. When considering the phenomenon of informal street trading, it is impossible to ignore the people who are involved in this sector. They have created not only jobs for themselves, but a sustainable way of living. Chapter four attends to the characteristics of the informal street trader and also addresses the problems and challenges that these people have to face. Addressing these problems or challenges is not an easy task, and one of-the major problems in this respect has been the question of legislation. Informal street trading needs to be directed through laws and policies, aimed at addressing traders' needs and which are proactive in creating a positive trading environment. In chapters five and six the legislation and regulation of informal street trading in three of South Africa's major metropolitan cities - Cape Town, Port Elizabeth and Durban - are reported. Chapter seven contains the conclusions of the study, followed by some policy recommendations. These are based on the findings made in the study on informal street trading, and could possibly enhance the proactive control and development of informal street trading.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Informele straathandel is 'n verskynsel wat volop in Suid-Afrikaanse stede voorkom. Handel is verantwoordelik vir die skep van werksgeleenthede en in vandag se samelewing, wat gekarakteriseer word deur armoede en werkloosheid, bied informele straathandel 'n uitweg aan menige persone om In bestaan te voer. Deur die jare het stadsbeplanning nie die nodige aandag aan die informele straathandelsektor gegee nie en meeste Suid-Afrikaanse stede kan nie hierdie tipe aktiwiteit suksesvol akkommodeer me. In hoofstuk twee van hierdie studie word daar ondersoek ingestel na die historiese agtergrond en aktiwiteite van die informele straathandelaar en word kwessies soos wetgewing en rasisme aangespreek. Owerhede het tydens die vorige bedeling nie die straathandel as 'n positiewe aspek van Suid-Afrika se groeiende stede beskou nie en sterk maatreels is teen straathandelaars gene em. Weens hierdie stappe en aksies, het dit gelei tot 'n stedelike omgewing wat nie straathandelaars vandag kan akkommodeer nie, en word dit ook as die rede beskou waarom huidige pogings tot die akkommodasie van straathandel nie as besonder suksesvol beskou kan word nie. In hoofstuk drie word die rol en mate waartoe informele straathandel tot die land se ekonomie bydra, bespreek. Die moontlike redes is ondersoek om die ontstaan van die informele straathandelsektor te identifiseer, en ook is gekyk na die bydraes wat die straathandel tot Suid-Afrika se Bruto Binnelandse Produk maak. Vandag word die informele straathandel as 'n moontlike oplossing vir armoede en werkloosheid in Suid- Afrika beskou en word die ontwikkeling van die sektor as 'n top prioriteit hanteer. Daar is ook ondersoek ingestel na die mense wat betrokke is in informele straathandel. Hierdie deel van die bevolking was in staat om op 'n volhoubare manier werk vir hulself te skep. Hoofstuk vier stel ondersoek in na die kenmerke van die informele straathandelaars en kyk ook na die daaglikse probleme en uitdagings wat hierdie mense beleef. Om hierdie probleme en uitdagings te bowe te kom, is nie eenvoudig nie, maar die grootste probleem vir straathandelaars spruit voort uit wetgewing oor die sektor. Informele straathandel benodig rigtinggewende w.etgewing en beleid wat die sektor se behoeftes en probleme aanspreek en ook 'n positiewe omgewing vir die straathandelaars skep om in te werk. Hoofstukke vyf en ses stel ondersoek in na die bestaande wetgewing oor informele straathandel, soos dit aangetref word in drie van Suid-Afrika se grootste stede, Kaapstad, Port Elizabeth en Durban. In hoofstuk sewe word die gevolgtrekking en beleidsvoorstelle rondom die bevindings van die studie gemaak. Dit sal dan moontlik lei tot die bevordering en skep van 'n gunstige en pro-aktiewe omgewing waarbinne informele straathandel kan floreer.
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Darbousset, Charley. "Recherches sur la notion de péréquation en droit public". Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00688132.
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La péréquation française est devenue un enjeu fort des finances publiques locales. La croissance des moyens financiers et du nombre de dispositifs consacrés à la réduction des inégalités entre collectivités territoriales en est l'illustration. Malgré la mise en œuvre de péréquations nationales aux résultats encourageants, la cohérence et la complexité des mécanismes restent à parfaire. L'incapacité législative à contenir la péréquation dans un cadre stable et délimité n'est pas étrangère aux difficultés à appréhender la conciliation entre deux grands principes : la liberté et l'égalité. A ce titre, les grandes théories de la justice redistributive développées depuis le siècle des Lumières sont à considérer. Au contraire de la Loi fondamentale allemande, la Constitution française permet au législateur d'organiser très librement la solidarité inter-collectivités, d'autant que le juge constitutionnel, précurseur et gardien du droit à la péréquation, exerce en la matière, un contrôle incomplet au détriment de l'autonomie financière et fiscale des collectivités. A partir des fondements théoriques et positifs de la péréquation, un droit effectif et respectueux de l'autonomie locale reste à construire afin de corriger les insuffisances d'un système péréquateur récemment modifié par la réforme des lois de finances pour 2010 et 2011.
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Massyn, Nicolai Spies. "A guideline for local authorities : legal and functional requirements for the drafting and implementation of waste management by-laws / N.S. Massyn". Thesis, North-West University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/950.
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By-laws are considered to be one of the primary tools of local
government to enable them to manage and regulate the affairs of their
constituent jurisdictions. It is therefore of critical importance that bylaws
are current, not in conflict with provincial and national legislation,
efficient and in line with practical requirements, and empowers the
local authority sufficiently to manage its own affairs.
There are three major causes that require local authorities to change
and update by-laws. The first major cause is the reorganisation of the
pre-1994 municipal boundaries. The second is the change to a
constitutional dispensation that created three distinct spheres of
government with their defined areas of legislative and executive
powers. The third is the new order environmental legislation and
philosophy that is in line with internationally accepted principles of
sustainable development and human rights, and differs from the pre-
1994 legislation.
The principle of cooperative governance requires local authorities not
to be in conflict with other organs of state or national and provincial
legislation.
The result is that many local authorities require new by-laws, including
waste management by-laws.
Many such projects were undertaken by local authorities, one by the
City of Johannesburg as part of the iGoli 2000 project.
The by-laws also have to adequately capacitate the local authority to
regulate all aspects of waste management in a practical and functional
manner. These practical and functional requirements must be
considered and included in the waste management by-laws where
relevant.
A guideline should as a minimum cover the following elements:
-ensuring cooperative governance,
-ensuring compliance with specific requirements set by the
Constitution and other legislation such as the Municipal Systems
Act,
-alignment of by-laws with the legal mechanisms available for
service delivery, and
-ensuring it provides guidance on what elements should be
considered to meet the practical and functional requirements of
local authorities.
This dissertation provides a guideline that meets criteria set out in
legislation, policies and strategies. The discussion encompasses a vast
field of the law and waste management practice, and attempts to
provide local authorities with an introduction and references to the
most salient aspects that has to be considered when drafting and
implementing waste management by-laws.Thesis (M. Environmental Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.
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Ytier, David. "Recherche sur la fiscalité locale au prisme de l’égalité". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2019. https://buadistant.univ-angers.fr/login?url=https://bibliotheque.lefebvre-dalloz.fr/secure/isbn/9782247210268.
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Étudier la fiscalité locale au prisme de l’égalité, c’est observer deux notions juridiques reliées ensemble dans un système complexe qui révèle tout à la fois l’antinomie et la conciliation qui les unissent. L’intérêt du sujet surgit au constat des critiques subies par un système d’impositions considéré comme vecteur d’injustices majeures, et de la radicalité des solutions qui conduit à un certain déclin de la fiscalité locale. Dès lors, il convient de corréler les deux notions pour déterminer le rapport qu’elles entretiennent. La problématique s’inscrit là dans un vaste champ de réflexion qui entoure plus largement la mise en œuvre d’une décentralisation dont l’organisation entraîne mécaniquement des ruptures de l’égalité, de surcroît lorsqu’une autonomie financière est consentie aux organes décentralisés. En ce sens, la recherche nécessite, au-delà d’une vision historique permettant de relativiser les inégalités actuelles, de procéder à une conceptualisation de la notion de fiscalité locale. Celle-ci permet de comprendre l’antinomie qui oppose les deux notions, mais également d’imposer une conciliation qui s’opère entre elles. En effet, la fiscalité locale doit poursuivre l’objectif d’égalité. Le législateur met en œuvre cette conciliation par la conception technique de l’impôt ainsi qu’à travers le cadre territorial dans lequel l’impôt local se développe. Ce n’est qu’au prix de cette double conciliation que la fiscalité locale peut s’inscrire dans une démarche globalement égalitaireTaking a look at local taxation through equality means observing two legal notions linked to one another, in a complex system that reveals what sets them apart, and what brings them together. The interest of the subject stems from the criticism of a taxation system considered as a vector of major inequalities, and the radical solutions that lead to a decline in local taxation. As such, it is necessary to link the two concepts to determine their relation. This problem is part of broader study that more generally addresses the implementation of government decentralization, whose organization inevitably leads to inequalities, especially when decentralized authorities are given financial autonomy. This is why this research not only looks back on our past in order to take some perspective on the current inequalities, but also aims at conceptualizing the notion of local taxation. This allows us to understand why those two notions are polarised, as well as striking the right balance between them. The objective of local taxation should be equality. Lawmakers find this balance though the conception of taxation itself, and through the local framework where the local tax is developed. This balance must be found if we want local taxation to fully meet equality
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Louis-Jeune, Manès. "La paradiplomatie dans le droit de l’action publique internationale des collectivités infraétatiques : exemple de la Caraïbe". Thesis, Antilles, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ANTI0153/document.
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La paradiplomatie est un concept novateur dans les relations internationales. C’est la doctrine qui essaie de cerner cette notion du point de vue conceptuel. Ainsi, sa définition varie d’un auteur à un autre. Et, les thématiques qui déterminent son champ d’action ne sont pas définies de manière exacte. Elle englobe la coopération décentralisée, les jumelages et les coopérations transfrontalières. Elle occupe une place prépondérante dans le droit des collectivités locales en France, en particulier les départements français d’Amérique, dans leurs relations avec leurs homologues caribéens. Les diverses actions paradiplomatiques de ces collectivités participent au développement durable dans le bassin caribéen. Elle constitue un véritable outil pour les collectivités afin de hisser le flambeau de la diplomatie française dans la Caraïbe. Dans cette optique, elle ne concurrence pas la diplomatie française mais, elle lui sert de complémentarité. Elle est fortement encadrée sur le plan juridique et institutionnel. En effet, la législation nationale, le droit de l’Union et le droit international déterminent sa mise en œuvre et ses limites. Des institutions au niveau national et international fournissent un cadre informationnel et éventuellement un appui financier. Cependant, la paradiplomatie impacte la gouvernance localeParadiplomacy is an innovative concept in international relations. It is the doctrine that tries to define this notion from the conceptual point of view. Thus, its definition varies from one author to another. And the themes that determine its scope are not exactly defined. It encompasses decentralized cooperation, twinning and cross-border cooperation. It occupies a prominent place in the law of local authorities in France, in particular the French departments of America, in their relations with their Caribbean counterparts. The various paradiplomatic actions of these communities contribute to sustainable development in the Caribbean basin. It is a real tool for communities to raise the torch of French diplomacy in the Caribbean. In this perspective, it does not compete with French diplomacy, but complement it. It is heavily regulated from a legal and institutional point of view. Indeed, national legislation, EU law and international law determine its implementation and its limits. Institutions at national and international levels provide an informational framework and possibly financial support. However, paradiplomacy impacts local governance
Libros sobre el tema "Law of local authorities"
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Morris, R. J. B. Solicitors and local authorities. Chichester: Barry Rose, 1986.
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Palmer, K. A. Local authorities law in New Zealand. Wellington [N.Z.]: Brookers, 2012.
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Sainsbury, Roy. Local authorities and benefit overpayments. Leeds: Corporate Document Services, 2000.
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Affairs, Alberta Alberta Municipal. Procedure manual, Local Authorities Election Act. Edmonton, Alta: Municipal Services Branch, Alberta Municipal Affairs, 1992.
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Richard, Drabble, Maurici James y Buley Tim, eds. Local authorities and human rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004.
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Roberts, Peter. Europe: A handbook for local authorities. Manchester: Centre for Local Economic Strategies, 1993.
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Alberta. Local Authorities Election Act, L27.5: Procedure manual. [Edmonton, Alta.]: Municipal Services Branch, Alberta Municipal Affairs, 1989.
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Alberta. Local Authorities Election Act, L27.5: Procedure manual. [Edmonton, Alta.]: Municipal Services Branch, Alberta Municipal Affairs, 1986.
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Great Britain. Homelessness & Housing Support Directorate. Homelessness code of guidance for local authorities. London: Dept. for Communities and Local Government, 2006.
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Khan, Mughal Ameerullah y Khan Muhammad Altaf, eds. The AJK, Local Govt. and Development Authorities law manual. Muzaffarabad: Muslim Book Land, 2007.
Buscar texto completoCapítulos de libros sobre el tema "Law of local authorities"
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Standley, Kate. "Children and Local Authorities". En Family Law, 217–39. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13082-5_13.
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Ruge, Kay y Klaus Ritgen. "Local Self-Government and Administration". En Public Administration in Germany, 123–41. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53697-8_9.
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AbstractThis chapter describes the variety and levels of local self-government bodies in Germany. It portrays that local authorities (municipalities, cities and counties) are responsible for performing both their own tasks and large parts of federal and Land laws (the communal administrations and especially their so-called double head function: local self-government and lowest level of state administration). The local authorities mainly differentiate themselves from federal and regional authorities by the mandates of their elected representative bodies (municipal council, city council and county council). The head of a local administration (mayor or county commissioner) is also usually directly elected by the citizens.
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Oomen, Barbara, Moritz Baumgärtel y Elif Durmuş. "Accelerating Cities, Constitutional Brakes? Local Authorities Between Global Challenges and Domestic Law". En European Yearbook of Constitutional Law 2020, 249–72. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-431-0_12.
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Wehlander, Caroline. "Social Services Under the Competence of Swedish Local and Regional Authorities: SGEI?" En Services of General Economic Interest as a Constitutional Concept of EU Law, 273–96. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-117-3_8.
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Gravenberch, Vivian V., Paul van Soomeren, Sara Houweling, Carla Napolano y Pilar de la Torre. "Strengthening Local Authorities’ Capabilities and Capacities Regarding the Protection of Public Space: A Co-Productive Approach". En Security Informatics and Law Enforcement, 343–55. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-62083-6_28.
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AbstractThis chapter is based on the outcomes and results of the Secu4All project and answers the question to which extent a partnership approach can strengthen local authorities’ capabilities and capacities in protecting public space. The study explores the feasibility and effectiveness of standardisation and a partnership approach in enhancing safety and security in public spaces by delving into the factors defining the protection of public space. Secondly, it discusses international standards such as Risk Management Guidelines 31000:2018, worldwide CPTED standard ISO 22341:2021 and the newly published CEN/TS 14383-2:2022 (The new CEN TS 14383-2:2022 supersedes the old TR. It builds on ideas from risk management (ISO 31000 series), quality management (ISO 9000 series), CPTED (ISO 22341:2021) and new approaches, new types of crime, and UN/EU standards/documents (like the ICCS)) as well as other approaches, such as the Secu4All project-developed quick vulnerability assessment tool (VAT). This research also highlights the importance of collaborative efforts and the application of the latest generation Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) principles. The implementation of online and in situ (offline) training programmes, which emphasise the need for multi-stakeholder engagement and experiential learning, has proven to be an effective approach to the protection of public space.
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Laffin, Martin y Patrick Diamond. "Local Government in England: An Existential Crisis?" En New Perspectives on Intergovernmental Relations, 19–36. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-61790-4_2.
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AbstractEnglish local government is currently facing an existential crisis over its future purpose and capacity which is analysed in terms of three underlying crises. (1) A fiscal crisis created by over a decade of financial austerity imposed by successive Conservative-led and Conservative governments since 2011, the consequences of which have been intensified by rising inflation and consequent higher service costs. (2) A governing crisis reflecting the gradual re-engineering of local authorities from their original, post-war high discretion role in welfare state service delivery towards a role closer to that as agents of the centre. (3) A policy role crisis as local authorities have lost entire services and major parts of other services through governance changes, and their capacity to sustain, let alone enact, a policy role has been seriously eroded. Moreover, the Mayoral Combined Authorities (MCAs) recently created in the main city sub-regions are further complicating the role of local government. The MCAs have ill-defined and limited powers mainly focussed on economic development are imposed on top of the existing LAs.
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Woelk, Jens. "‘Everything is Bridgeable’ in a Post-Conflict Situation? The Situation of Local Government in Bosnia and Herzegovina". En Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice, 353–69. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41792-4_16.
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AbstractAfter a brief overview of the post-conflict transition of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the chapter illustrates local self-government in the two entities before addressing some common and fundamental problems. This analysis is followed by the case of the city of Mostar, which concentrates all the difficulties of local self-government in BiH in one single case. Despite the separate and different systems, local authorities in both entities face similar challenges: an ageing and shrinking population, the decline of smaller towns and an increasing divide between urban centres and rural areas, fragmented and often expensive local administration, debt burdens, disputes over the allocation of resources (especially in FBH), insufficient cooperation. Therefore, according to a large majority of local politicians and mayors, fundamental reforms are needed. However, despite the clear results of the analysis and the unanimous opinion of many local politicians, a real reform momentum or change from below is hardly to be seen or expected any time soon.
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"Local Authorities". En Introduction to Administrative Law, 90–114. Routledge-Cavendish, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781843142287-13.
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Gorlé, F. "Local Authorities". En Encyclopedia of Soviet Law, 484–86. Brill | Nijhoff, 1985. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004635562_264.
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Stacey, Paul. "Local Authorities". En Encyclopedia of Law and Development, 187–90. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781788117975.00055.
Texto completoActas de conferencias sobre el tema "Law of local authorities"
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Caillet, Julien, Elise Ruaud, Pierre Dieumegard y Frédéric Guntzer. "Low Noise Helicopter Operations Recommendations to Improve Helicopter Acceptance". En Vertical Flight Society 80th Annual Forum & Technology Display, 1–13. The Vertical Flight Society, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0080-2024-1223.
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This paper presents activities performed in the frame of MOTUS, a DGAC-funded research project, to better understand and reduce annoyance of helicopter operations. It focuses on the operational context of La Réunion island where local authorities intend to define concrete measures to answer multiple complaints from the population. In parallel with ongoing research towards a better understanding of short- and long-term annoyance thanks to both laboratory and field studies, the paper presents an in-depth analysis of helicopter operations in the area. Furthermore, specific recommendations on low noise operations are proposed to local operators in order to reduce their noise footprint and improve helicopter acceptance.
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SALVIA, MONICA, CVETA DIMITROVA, LUIGI SANTOPIETRO, BENJAMIN HUEBER, CARMELINA COSMI, FILOMENA PIETRAPERTOSA, EDITA PAJAZITI et al. "EMPOWERING LOCAL AUTHORITIES TO ACCELERATE THE CLEAN ENERGY TRANSITION: THE LOCAL GOGREEN PROJECT". En SDP 2024, 847–58. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/sdp240701.
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Velkovski, Valery. "CONCEPTUAL ASPECTS OF AGRICULTURA PROPER MANAGEMENT BY FAT AUTHORITIES". En AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL AREAS - ECONOMY, INNOVATION AND GROWTH 2021. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/ara2021.84.
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In the management of agricultural lands in the Republic of Bulgaria, according to the current legislation, natural persons - owners and users of agricultural lands, legal entities, state bodies and local authorities take part. The Law on the Ownership and Use of Agricultural Land, the Law on the Protection of Agricultural Land, the Regulations on their Implementation and other legal acts regulate the active role of local authorities in the management of agricultural land. This management covers a serious range of tasks and activities, such as: management of lands from the municipal land fund; - consolidation of massifs of agricultural land; reclamation of agricultural lands; exchange of agricultural land; - renting and / or leasing and similar. In addition, local authorities participate in the management of agricultural land, cooperating with the territorial structures of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food and other state bodies. The subject of consideration and analysis in the report are some conceptual aspects of the management of agricultural land by local authorities, and the subject of examination are primarily the legislation in this area and the resulting positive and negative effects of their implementation.
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Jelinić, Zvonimir y Srećko Jelinić. "COMMUNAL ACTIVITIES AS SERVICES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE SERVICE ACTIVITY OF URBAN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND PARKING OF PERSONAL VEHICLES". En International scientific conference challenges and open issues of service law. Vol. 2. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of law, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xxmajsko2.187j.
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The article discusses the challenges and importance of communal services, particularly in providing adequate parking spaces in urban areas. It highlights the growing demand for these services and the need for accessible parking in densely populated city centers. The authors argue that without aligning parking policies with citizens' interests, problems such as traffic congestion and hindered business development will persist. They emphasize the importance of addressing legal aspects, proposing the use of daily parking tickets as a deterrent to violations. Critically, the article points out the long-term neglect of parking regulation by authorities and advocates for a uniform legal framework. While technical details can be locally regulated, overarching legal standards are essential for consistency and effectiveness. In conclusion, the article calls for collaborative efforts between local and higher authorities to tackle parking challenges and prioritize citizens' needs in urban planning.
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AMRANI, Nouha, Ilona SKAČKAUSKIENĖ y Mohamed HEMMI. "PERFORMANCE PROCESS AND CONTEMPORARY PRACTICES IN MOROCCAN LOCAL AUTHORITIES: CASE STUDY OF URBAN MUNICIPALITY". En International Scientific Conference „Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering". Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2021.588.
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Purpose – the aim of this paper is to shed light on a contemporary issue related to performance practices and approaches in Local Authotities (LA) while studying the case of an urban municipality. Research methodology – the methodology applied is a documentary analysis of the Municipal Action Plan (MAP) and semi-directive interviews with territorial executives and elected officials who contributed to the MAP’s elaboration. Findings – the results obtained show that the municipality adopts a developed performance approach similar to what has been applied in public institution according to the organic law of Finance (LOLF). Rresearch limitations – the results cannot be generalized because of choosing a single case study. In addition, some questions in the interview contain technical words that the interviewee does not master, which also risks biasing our results. Practical implications – on the theoretical level, these results can be the starting point for future research in such issues. On the practical level, the results obtained sensitize territorial responsible about the importance of performance approach and inspire them to implement it. Originality/Value – this study in among the rarer that attempted to understand the process of performance approach in LA, especially in Moroccan context, where most research tends to deal with problems related to the budget and financial aspect which reflects originality and novelty.
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Wasik, Izabela. "Legal aspects of the struggle against infectious illnesses in Austria-Hungary". En Naděje právní vědy 2022. University of West Bohemia, Czech Republic, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.24132/zcu.nadeje.2022.808-816.
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The article gives an overview of the main legal regulations in Austria-Hungary applicable to the struggle against infectious illnesses. Various legal acts were given out both by the central authorities, e.g. by the Ministry of the Interior, and at the level of the regional authorities, here in particular the circulars of the c.k. governorate should be mentioned. Of the various measures implemented, those aimed at putting an end to the epidemic as quickly as possible should be singled out in the first place. These included the information obligations of local authorities, especially municipal authorities, concerning the occurrence of individual disease entities and the need for regular cooperation in this area, e.g. with higher authorities, e.g. the county governor’s office, or also with military authorities. In addition, the aim was to create a separate place (building) in each municipality for isolating the patients. The procedure for carrying out disinfection, e.g. by means of instructions issued for this purpose, was worked out in details. Local authorities were obliged to work together closely with the district doctors. Reporting and information duties were also imposed on the district doctors. Remarkably meritorious in the struggle against epidemics was the Austrian Red Cross Society. The measures taken tried to respond to the real needs of the local population and sought to rectify any irregularities that occurred in practice, e.g. by drawing the attention of hospital authorities to the premature discharge of patients home. The possibility of testing objects that could potentially contain germs was also regulated in some details. It should also be emphasised that these aspects were not only used in medical law, but also in other areas of public law, e.g. the regulation of railway traffic or the operation of schools or prisons during epidemics. In addition, some obligations in the field of prevention of epidemics also applied to entrepreneurs, which were then verified when doctors made inspections.
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DANILOWSKA, Alina. "WOMEN PARTICIPATION IN LOCAL AUTHORITIES MANAGEMENT IN RURAL AREAS IN POLAND". En RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.246.
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The aim of the paper is to evaluate the scope and determinants of women participation in basic local authorities in rural areas in Poland. In the paper the detailed analysis on the problem were carried out on 5% of women and 5% of men headed rural gminas. The analysis showed that the women participation in top positions in governing bodies of local communities in Poland is low. It indicates the existence of the severe problem with women promotion to the top positions in decision bodies in politics. The luck of differences in women role betwee rural and urban communities is a very interesting result. Gminas managed by women are rather smaller than gminas administered by men. In many gminas the position of women at the village level is higher than at gmina level. The findings suggest the connection between activity of women at village level and women position as mayor. Moreover, the investigation showed that in rural gminas women prevail in important back-office positions like main secretary of the gmina office and chief aaccountant. So, women are familiar with their gminas problems, are involved in management of them but they don’t apply for top positions. It seems that the concept of labyrinth can be applicable to the situation of women in decision making bodies in rural areas in Poland.
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Soroceanu, Igor. "The duties of the secretaries of local public authorities (LPA) in the electoral field". En Consolidarea rezilienței sociale prin valorificarea capitalului uman în contextul aderării Republicii Moldova și Ucrainei la Uniunea Europeană, 390–94. Moldova State University, 2024. https://doi.org/10.59295/crs2024.43.
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LPA competences are the set of rights and obligations of local public authorities in the fields of activity that are established for them. In order to achieve their competences, local authorities have at their disposal financial, institutional, patrimonial and human resources. These, all cumulative, determine the administrative capacity of each individual authority.
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Berghe, Nadejda. "Administration Of Taxes And Local Fees By The State Tax Service Of The Republic Of Moldova". En 27th International Scientific Conference “Competitiveness and Innovation in the Knowledge Economy”. Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.53486/cike2023.48.
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Local taxes and fees constitute revenues of local budgets, of an administrative-territorial capacity (villages, cities, municipalities), but the financial resources constituted by local taxes and fees are used for public expenses for the needs of ensuring local budgets. And currently budgets of administrative-territorial units (ATU) have insufficient financial and fiscal potential, local economies facing the inability to generate the necessary amount of revenue. These are limited and do not allow the authorities of local public administration (LPA) to be accountable to the local collective of contributors. The share of own revenues in total budget revenues is relatively modest for most analyzed ATUs: LPA does not have its own important sources of income, and as a result cannot independently decide and solve many of the problems that have arisen. Local taxes and fees generate small amounts, which provide a small percentage of local budget revenues (low fiscal yield of local taxes and fees). Local authorities do not have real rights and tools to influence taxpayers in order to ensure the appropriateness and fullness of the payment of local taxes and fees. In this sense, economic experts and authorities of LPA recommend strengthening the own revenue base at the level of local public authorities, increasing the fiscal yield of local taxes and fees, including by increasing the efficiency of their administration, or request and argue the need to grant local public authorities (level 1 and 2) the freedom to introduce new local taxes and duties or rates additional to existing ones.
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Ohno, Atsushi y Takayasu Tahara. "Earthquake Resistant Design Code and Validation of Local Metal Loss Procedure Based on the Experimental Data Collected in Japan". En ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61845.
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Fitness-For-Service (FFS) assessments are performed to evaluate the components damaged in service to determine whether it is possible to continue their use. FFS assessment codes were recently standardized, and they are being used in many companies in Europe and the United States. In Japan, the regulation permits the use of FFS codes in nuclear power stations, but not yet in petroleum and petrochemical industries. The PAJ/JPCA FFS task group that consists of the members of petroleum or petrochemical companies has been studying and investigating one of the FFS Codes, API579-1/ASME FFS-1 [1], in an attempt to include it in the high pressure gas safety law [2], which regulates the pressure equipment operating at pressures greater than 1 MPa. We have now completed the adaptation of the FFS code for Japan, and it is in the process of being assessed by the authorities. It is required that the code is modified slightly because Japanese authorities and people are particularly nervous to matters regarding earthquake safety. This paper focuses on cylindrical equipment regulated by the high-pressure gas safety law. The margin for earthquake load of the actual equipment is shown, and the local metal loss assessment procedure according to API579-1/ASME FFS-1 is verified by using experimental burst test data with pressure and/or bending stress in order to determine whether or not the FFS code provides a sufficient safety margin for safe operations in Japan.
Informes sobre el tema "Law of local authorities"
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Mori, Ipsos. Local Authority Capacity and Capability. Food Standards Agency, agosto de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.dvl526.
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The FSA has a key role as the central competent authority in overseeing official food and feed controls undertaken by local authorities. This supports the delivery of the FSA’s mission, food you can trust, and helps ensure food is safe and what it says it is. The FSA seeks to work in partnership with local authorities to help them to deliver official food and feed controls. Local Authority (LA) Environmental Health (EH), Port Health and Trading Standards (TS) teams deliver official food and feed controls using a range of interventions as set out in the Food Law Code of Practice (FLCoP) and Feed Law Code of Practice (FeLCoP). They are instrumental to the delivery of the FSA mission, across England, Wales and Northern Ireland to ensure consumer confidence and protect public health. Evidence from professional bodies, LAs and wider sources suggests that LAs are experiencing significant issues around the recruitment and retention of suitably/ appropriately qualified and experienced officers.(footnote 1) The FSA commissioned Ipsos UK to carry out this initial phase of discovery research to understand more about the barriers and facilitators encountered by LAs in England, Wales and Northern Ireland
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Malaret Baldo, Alfredo y Erica Mumford. Initial Impact of Profiling Small Arms Ammunition in Armed Violence Settings: Bedfordshire, United Kingdom Case Study. UNIDIR, agosto de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/caap/22/asc/08.
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Ammunition profiling helps local and national law enforcement authorities to reduce armed violence by shedding light on the illicit supply of ammunition. This factsheet provides key findings and insights from an ammunition profiling case study conducted in Luton and Bedfordshire in the United Kingdom. Based on an analysis of 2,185 individual pieces of whole round and cartridge cases recovered and recorded in connection with firearms-related incidents between 2010 and 2020, this factsheet presents key points including: 23% of ammunition in the past 10 years was manufactured domestically in the UK a peak in seizure cases was observed in 2013 and 2018 the most common manufacturers included Fiocchi, Sellier & Bellot and Umarex, which together made up 39% of total ammunition collected between 2010-2020
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Usai, Jannet, Zita Ekeocha, Stephen Robert Byrn y Kari L. Clase. Herbal Medicines Registration Process for Zimbabwe Overview of the Process. Purdue University, noviembre de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317434.
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Unregistered traditional medicines pose a huge public health threat as the safety and efficacy of these products is unknown. The issue this study addresses is the inadequate regulatory measures for herbal medicines in Zimbabwe. This project was done to describe the current registration process of traditional medicines in Zimbabwe, and to identify the gaps and opportunities they present to improve the regulatory landscape. Regulations and laws governing the registration of herbal medicines in the country and published research on legislation of herbal medicines were reviewed. Two parallel regulatory bodies both registering and controlling the sale of herbal medicines were identified. The Medicines Control Authority of Zimbabwe (MCAZ) and the Traditional Medical Practitioners Association (TMPA) both derive their authority to regulate from the ministry of health and were established through the act of parliament which gives these authorities power to regulate the quality and sale of traditional medicines without giving a prescriptive way of doing it. The registration process, and product evaluations for the two authorities are different. While the MCAZ has a clearly defined registration process, the TMPA does not. However, MCAZ has not been very successful in registering local products with the majority of the registered herbal products being imports and only 2% of total registered products being local herbs. As a recommendation, there is need for collaboration between the regulatory bodies for consistence in quality of herbal products on the market and to improve registration of local herbal products. Developing monographs for local herbs commonly used in the country will also assist local manufacturer to fulfill the quality requirements and successful compilation of dossiers for product registration.
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Browne, James. Options for local authorities. The IFS, mayo de 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/ps.ifs.2024.0902.
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Limited, ICF Consulting Services. Evaluation of Food Standards pilot. Food Standards Agency, agosto de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ngz479.
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This report presents the findings from the evaluation of the pilot programme that the Food Standards Agency (FSA) has completed to test a proposed Food Standards Delivery Model (FSDM) as part of the Achieving Business Compliance (ABC) programme. The proposed model aims to support local authorities (LAs) in England, Northern Ireland, and Wales in targeting resources more effectively, and provide better assurance and more flexibility to LAs. The pilot programme was carried out with seven LAs in England and Northern Ireland. The pilot started in January 2021 and finished in March 2022.
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Delbridge, Victoria, Astrid Haas, Oliver Harman, Dyson Jangia y Anthony Venables. Enhancing the financial position of cities: Evidence from Mzuzu. UNHabitat, marzo de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-igc-wp_2022/5.
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The case of Mzuzu illustrates how secondary cities, where revenues are often incredibly low and capacity is minimal, can innovate and lead the way on municipal finance reform. Mzuzu is Malawi’s third largest city. The focus of this case study is a simple and fit-for capacity property valuation system that increased realised revenues seven-fold between 2013 and 2018:1 The Revenue Mobilisation Programme (REMOP). Although the programme was initially seen to be a success, several serious misgivings continue to inhibit further progress. These centre on legal barriers in the current property valuation process in Malawi. More broadly, issues such as revenue pilferage, lack of capacity for financial anagement, land ownership disputes between spheres of government, and national rural bias continue to prevent Mzuzu from achieving a sustainable financial position. For development partners, the example of Mzuzu provides a stark reminder of the vital importance of widespread stakeholder engagement and caution for legal obstacles in order to achieve sustainable project success. It also illustrates the potential of using smaller cities, with more flexibility and somewhat strong incentives for reform, as a useful starting point to trial new revenue enhancement innovations. The Development Fund for Local Authorities (DFLA), a special entity set up for small and low-cost loans to local governments in Malawi, also presents an interesting model for further exploration. By helping local authorities through the process of lending, they are building local government creditworthiness and enabling them to develop systems for future debt finance. Malawi’s cities, being some of the poorest in the world and in a country with relatively low level of urbanisation, are still at the beginning of the development curve. This early stage brings numerous challenges that are yet to be faced as well as an enormous opportunity to learn from the mistakes and successes of other cities in similar contexts. The cities are still at the critical juncture where they can invest in the urban infrastructure essential for livability and productivity before mass settlement takes place.
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Gasparotto, Thatyanne y Julia Ambrosano. Opportunities for Sustainable Infrastructure Investments at City Level in Brazil. Inter-American Development Bank, agosto de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002639.
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This policy brief was developed in order to identify preliminary green /sustainable infrastructure opportunities for cities in Brazil. The rapidly growing green bond market can help local authorities to attract new sources of capital for financing subnational infrastructure. Water and sanitation, waste to energy and urban mobility were the sectors selected for an inicial assessment, given the investment needs in Brazilian municipalities and their alignment with low carbon development and resilience. This brief was also used to raise awareness across key infrastructure stakeholders in Brazil, and build a number of market education activities in the second semester of 2018.
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Bano, Masooda. Curricula that Respond to Local Needs: Analysing Community Support for Islamic and Quranic Schools in Northern Nigeria. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), agosto de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2022/103.
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Involving local communities in school management is seen to be crucial to improving the quality of education in state schools in developing countries; yet school-based management committees remain dormant in most such contexts. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork with a rich network of community-supported Islamic and Quranic schools in the state of Kano in northern Nigeria—a sub-Saharan African region with very low education indicators, low economic growth, and political and social instability—this paper shows how making school curricula responsive to local value systems and economic opportunities is key to building a strong sense of community ownership of schools. Under community-based school management committees, control over more substantive educational issues—such as the content of school curricula and the nature of aspirations and concepts of a good life that it promotes among the students—remains firmly in the hands of the government education authorities, who on occasion also draw on examples from other countries and expertise offered by international development agencies when considering what should be covered. The paper shows that, as in the case of the urban areas, rural communities or those in less-developed urban centres lose trust in state schools when the low quality of education provided results in a failure to secure formal-sector employment. But the problem is compounded in these communities, because while state schools fail to deliver on the promise of formal-sector employment, the curriculum does promote a concept of a good life that is strongly associated with formal-sector employment and urban living, which remains out of reach for most; it also promotes liberal values, which in the local communities' perception are associated with Western societies and challenge traditional values and authority structures. The outcomes of such state schooling, in the experience of rural communities, are frustrated young people, unhappy with the prospect of taking up traditional jobs, and disrespectful of parents and of traditional authority structures. The case of community support for Islamic and Quranic schools in northern Nigeria thus highlights the need to consider the production of localised curricula and to adjust concepts of a good life to local contexts and economic opportunities, as opposed to adopting a standardised national curriculum which promotes aspirations that are out of reach.
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Bano, Masooda. Curricula that Respond to Local Needs: Analysing Community Support for Islamic and Quranic Schools in Northern Nigeria. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), agosto de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2022/103.
Texto completoResumen
Involving local communities in school management is seen to be crucial to improving the quality of education in state schools in developing countries; yet school-based management committees remain dormant in most such contexts. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork with a rich network of community-supported Islamic and Quranic schools in the state of Kano in northern Nigeria—a sub-Saharan African region with very low education indicators, low economic growth, and political and social instability—this paper shows how making school curricula responsive to local value systems and economic opportunities is key to building a strong sense of community ownership of schools. Under community-based school management committees, control over more substantive educational issues—such as the content of school curricula and the nature of aspirations and concepts of a good life that it promotes among the students—remains firmly in the hands of the government education authorities, who on occasion also draw on examples from other countries and expertise offered by international development agencies when considering what should be covered. The paper shows that, as in the case of the urban areas, rural communities or those in less-developed urban centres lose trust in state schools when the low quality of education provided results in a failure to secure formal-sector employment. But the problem is compounded in these communities, because while state schools fail to deliver on the promise of formal-sector employment, the curriculum does promote a concept of a good life that is strongly associated with formal-sector employment and urban living, which remains out of reach for most; it also promotes liberal values, which in the local communities' perception are associated with Western societies and challenge traditional values and authority structures. The outcomes of such state schooling, in the experience of rural communities, are frustrated young people, unhappy with the prospect of taking up traditional jobs, and disrespectful of parents and of traditional authority structures. The case of community support for Islamic and Quranic schools in northern Nigeria thus highlights the need to consider the production of localised curricula and to adjust concepts of a good life to local contexts and economic opportunities, as opposed to adopting a standardised national curriculum which promotes aspirations that are out of reach.
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Hamid, Gamal M. Local level authorities and local action in Greater Khartoum, Sudan [Arabic]. Population Council, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy2000.1003.
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