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1
Xue, Hanqin. "Transboundary damage in international law /". Cambridge [u.a.] : Cambridge Univ. Press, 2003. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/353846376.pdf.
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Lanegra, Quispe Iván Kriss. "Environmental damage in the General Environmental Law". Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2013. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116482.
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This paper looks at environmental damage definition stipulated by Peruvian General Environmental Law as well as its implications for the environmental policy development. It also outlines complexities involved identifying environmental damage as much as designing and implementing public policies according to Peruvian legislation processing.El presente ensayo analiza la definición de daño ambiental querecoge la Ley General del Ambiente, así como sus implicancias para el desarrollo de la política ambiental. Describe las complejidades presentes en la identificación del daño ambiental así como en el diseño y aplicación de las políticas públicas relacionadas a su tratamiento en la legislación peruana.
3
SCRIMA, Sofia. "I danni punitivi. Riflessioni in chiave comparatistica sui sistemi di common law e di civil law". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10447/90903.
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La tesi ha ad oggetto l’istituto del risarcimento punitivo, del quale indaga natura, presupposti applicativi e profili funzionali nell’ambito degli ordinamenti di common law, con particolare riferimento all’ordinamento inglese e a quello statunitense. La parte finale del lavoro si occupa di individuare, in chiave comparatistica, punti di collegamento con le esperienze dei sistemi di responsabilità civile continentali, tentando di avviare una rilettura degli stessi in chiave polifunzionale ed assumendo, a tal fine, come banco di prova il risarcimento del danno non patrimoniale.The thesis deals with punitive damages, investigating their nature, applicative requirements and functions, among common law jurisdictions, with particular reference to England and U.S. law. The final part of the work aims at identifying, in a comparative light, connection points with the law of torts of the European jurisdictions, proposing a multi-functional framework and using, for this purpose, damages for non-pecuniary losses as a test case.
4
Nabileyo, Oversea. "Liability regimes for environmental damage in South African law". Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/76674.
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This thesis investigates whether liability regimes for purposes of claiming for damage caused to the environment in South Africa are effective, and provides a general view of the relevant concepts, and identifies the challenges in succeeding in bringing a successful statutory or civil liability claim. It examines the current environmental legislative framework and identifies its inadequacy in facilitating common law compensation claims to remediate environmental damage, as well as to compensate victims who personally suffer loss, harm or damage caused by a polluter. This study evaluates the complications and possibility of success in enforcing these damage claims.
The thesis commences with an overview of the definitions of what the concepts “environment”, “ecology” and “natural resources” mean. In this context, it aims to provide clarity on what damage to the environment, as a common good, entails. Thereafter the fundamental right of persons to the environment, for purposes of determining locus standi and the scope and merits of a liability claim are discussed. It is also evaluates and determines the importance of protecting the environment with specific reference to its impact on social and economic development, and the way in which liability regimes, by acting as a deterrent, can further this aim. . The current legislative framework in South Africa lacks comprehensive liability rules to allow for a claim for damages to be lodged directly by an individual against the polluter. As stated an effective liability regime also acts as a deterrent to combat the problem of environmental damage, and could be facilitated in improved environmental governance structures.
The possibility of taking successful recourse by ways of a civil delictual liability claim is critically discussed to determine whether the current flexible principles of delict can be applied effectively in cases where environmental damage claims are instituted. Criminal liability forms only a limited part of the study as utilising criminal law principles can merely serve as deterrent for environmental crimes in South Africa, yet does not provide compensation as reparation. The issue of the economic consequences relating to the various environmental liability regimes is also included in the study. Sound environmental liability regimes can serve the purpose of attracting and encouraging foreign direct investment, which is critical for economic and social development. The study further contains a brief capita selecta from the laws of other countries in order to tap from the experience of the other jurisdictions that have developed legal regimes for environmental governance. It aims to provide justifiable recommendations for future developments in this area of South Africa’s national laws.Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Private Law
LLD
Unrestricted
5
Kramer, Adam. "Remoteness of damage in contract law : an agreement-centred approach". Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31168.
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This thesis concerns the legal rules of contractual remoteness: these rules govern the extent of liability that is imposed on a breaching party to compensate for the adverse consequences that the breach causes. It is argued that the allocation of responsibility for such consequences is contained implicitly in the contract: every contract extends beyond its express terms, and the allocation of responsibility for the consequences of breach is one of the matters to which it extends. This latter assertion is supported by the argument that an assumption of responsibility for the consequences of breach is a fundamental part of what it means to make a promise. Hence the rules of remoteness are merely a specialised application of the general legal principles that are used to discover the unexpressed part of an agreement. These legal principles can be seen in operation in the implication of terms and the interpretation of expressed terms.
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Li, Junhong. "Civil liability for damage to marine biodiversity under international law". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2012. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/359893/.
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Marine biodiversity is of significance to the existence of humankind but has been experiencing globally continuous deterioration due to anthropogenic activities in the past decades. It has been generally accepted that damage to marine biodiversity is mainly caused by marine pollution, alien invasive species, unsustainable use and overexploitation of resources such as overfishing, destructive fishing operation and illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, habitat loss, and climate change. Due to its importance, marine biodiversity must be protected and when damaged there should be liability imposed on the polluter. This thesis assesses the extent to which existing international law covers damage to marine biodiversity, permits actions and ensures recovery. To answer these questions, this thesis comprehensively examines the relevant international legal instruments on prevention and protection of marine biodiversity. It finds that protection of marine biodiversity under the current regulatory framework is piecemeal and no comprehensive liability regime exists. The factors hindering the development of an international liability regime for such damage include conceptual problems of the concept of marine biodiversity and the definition of damage to marine biodiversity, and the lack of baseline conditions as reference for the damage. Because of the gaps and inadequacy of the existing regimes which concern liability for damage to marine biodiversity, the thesis advocates that a liability regime for such damage shall be established and several important elements of such a regime are analysed. For this regime, the thesis discusses the theoretical basis first and then suggests a structure that will include relevant national legislation to be developed or refined, changes of the current multilateral liability regimes, and the creation of a new international legal instrument comprehensively addressing liability for damage to marine biodiversity within and beyond the areas of national jurisdiction. Significant obstacles in developing such a regime are identified and discussed.
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Verheyen, Roda. "Climate change damage and international law : prevention duties and state responsibility /". Leiden [u.a.] : Nijhoff, 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/sbb-berlin/50232872X.pdf.
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Purshouse, Craig Jonathan. "Should lost autonomy be recognised as actionable damage in medical negligence cases?" Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/should-lost-autonomy-be-recognised-as-actionable-damage-in-medical-negligence-cases(5f9558e6-bf61-4e91-8d3f-7c2e16a368bd).html.
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It has been suggested by some commentators that the ‘real’ damage (as opposed to that pleaded) in the cases of Rees v Darlington Memorial Hospital NHS Trust [2004] 1 AC 309 and Chester v Afshar [2005] 1 AC 134 was the claimant’s lost autonomy. Arguments have consequently been put forward that lost autonomy either already is or should be recognised as a new form of actionable damage in medical negligence cases. Given the value placed on respecting patient autonomy in medical law and bioethics, it might be thought that such a development should be welcomed. But if lost autonomy is accepted as a new form of damage in negligence, it will not be confined to the two scenarios that were present in those cases and it may be inconsistent with other established negligence principles. This thesis considers whether lost autonomy ought to be recognised as a new form of damage in negligence and concludes that it should not. A close textual analysis of Rees and Chester is undertaken in order to determine whether a ‘lost autonomy’ analysis actually provides the best explanation of those two cases. I then look at how the concepts of autonomy and harm should be understood to determine whether, ethically speaking, to interfere with someone’s autonomy is to cause them harm. The final part of the thesis considers important doctrinal tort law considerations that have been overlooked in the medical law literature. I argue that the nature of autonomy means that it cannot coherently be considered actionable damage within the tort of negligence and that recognising a duty of care to avoid interfering with people’s autonomy would be inconsistent with the restrictive approach the courts take to recovery for psychiatric injury and economic loss. My ultimate conclusion is that the benefits of allowing such claims do not outweigh the undermining of established principles that would ensue if lost autonomy were recognised as a form of actionable damage in negligence.
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Normelli, Norea. "Proportionality in Attack on Data : Balancing Military Advantage and Collateral Damage in Cyberspace". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-436890.
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Horbach, Nathalie Louisa Johanna Theodora. "Liability versus responsibility under international law : defending strict state responsibility for transboundary damage /". [S.l.] : [S.n.], 1996. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37760399h.
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Bulbul, Asli. "Civil Law Claims On The Enforcement Of Competition Rules: A Comparative Study Of Us, Eu And Turkish Laws". Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608035/index.pdf.
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Private enforcement, which primarily represents individuals&rsquoright to claim damage arisen from violations of competition law, supplements public enforcement and ensures indemnification of individual loss. However, private enforcement of competition law has fallen behind public law enforcement in laws presented in this study, other than those enforced in the USA. Realizing this fact, European Commission, has recently focused on the enhancement and facilitation of private enforcement in the Community competition law. The lagging behind of private enforcement mainly sources from the cultural and traditional differences in the understanding of liability law between Anglo Saxon Law and Continental Law. Anglo Saxon law tradition is inclined to leave the matter to individual action, whereas Continental Law is in more favor of strengthening regulatory mechanisms. More specific obstacles to the improvement of private enforcement are, yet not exhaustively, indefiniteness of legal basis of claims, involvement of complex economic analysis while stating the case, courts&rsquo
lack of technical knowledge, indefinite relationship between judiciary and competition authorities, problems in proving damage and causality, absence of facilitating procedural mechanisms such as class actions, treble damage and discovery rights. In the Community law context it is also highly probable to encounter peculiar problems arisen from co-existence of different national laws. Additionally, implementation of the Community competition law by national authorities may also lead to the weakening of the Single Market objective. Through this study, we will present probable solutions by depicting all these problems.
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Moodley, Alecia Genise. "Analysing the international civil liability regime for oil pollution damage caused by ships and aligning with it the South African civil liability regime for oil pollution damage cause by ships". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29257.
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Oil-fouled beaches, dying seabirds and severe economic loss from the closure of fishing grounds and holiday resorts is the picture painted by oil spills, and these consequences often arouse public outrage. Oil spills cause extensive damage to the marine environment and to human society. Indeed, the economic consequences are often extensive, and it is for this reason that the internationalisation of a civil liability regime for oil pollution damage was initially proposed. The first move towards an international civil liability regime came when states which were affected by an unprecedented oil spill made it clear that individual states could not cope alone with these negative effects. The tanker held responsible for the oil spill which has been described as ‘the greatest peace-time menace ever to have confronted Britain’s shores’ was Liberian-registered tanker, the Torrey Canyon About 6 000 nautical miles south of Pollard rock, which was struck by the Torrey Canyon in 1967, lays the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa (SA). The route that runs through the Cape of Good Hope is one of the busiest oil tanker routes in the world and this contributes to the large volume of oil traffic in this route. The Cape of Good Hope is also known as the ‘Cape of Storms’ and many vessels have faltered off this hazardous coastline of SA. The 1973 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 (MARPOL 73/78) to address pollution prevention, the 1969 Intervention Convention to deal with emergency response, the 1969 International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (1969 CLC), and the 1971 International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage (1971 Fund convention) were enacted after the Torrey Canyon disaster, once it was clear that the international regime was not sufficient to deal with such an immense oil spill. 8 In addition, and of paramount importance, is the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) which is known as the “framework” or ”umbrella” convention in the international law of the sea. The purpose of this dissertation is to analyse and compare the International and the South African civil liability regimes on oil pollution damage caused by ships. This comparative analogy will be done with the view of ascertaining whether the legal regime of South Africa (SA) is in line with the international civil liability regime and to ascertain what improvements can be made to SA’s civil liability regime. During this analysis, any inadequacies identified in these regimes will be addressed briefly. South Africa gave effect to the 1969 CLC and the 1971 Fund convention by enacting the Marine Pollution (Control and Civil Liability) Act 6 of 1981 (MPA)(own emphasis). SA, however, only acceded to the 1992 protocols of amendment on 1 October 2005 (own emphasis) and, subsequently, did not implement these amendments domestically. Eight years later, the government finally updated the domestic law by providing for the domestic enactment of the provisions as contained in the 1992 protocols. In December 2013 (own emphasis), the Merchant Shipping (Civil Liability Convention) Act 25 of 2013 (“MSCLC act”), the Merchant Shipping (International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund) Act 24 of 2013 (“the IOPC act”), the Merchant Shipping (International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund) Administrations Act 35 of 2013 (“Administrations act”), and the Merchant Shipping (International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund) Contributions Act 36 of 2013 (“Contributions act”) was enacted by Parliament. This dissertation serves to explore these laws of SA against the backdrop of the relevant international conventions including the UNCLos which provides a general framework. Prior to these amendment laws, SA’s regime was outdated and provided insufficient compensation for a major oil spill. The primary research question of this dissertation is: Is SA’s civil liability regime consistent with, aligned with and adequate in light of, the international civil liability regime? In order to answer the abovementioned research question, this dissertation adopts the following structure: It is divided into five chapters which will follow one another as the civil liability regime is being unpacked and analysed. Chapter 1 contains an introduction, background, and sets out the scope and limits of this topic; It furthermore provides a brief literature review on civil liability to aid in understanding the main topic of this dissertation. In Chapter 2 it will be beneficial to look at the brief history behind the international regulation of marine oil pollution in order to grasp the reasoning behind the existing international regime. Therefore, the international history will first be addressed, and thereafter a comprehensive analysis of the various conventions that make up the international regime will be done. There will also be an indication of certain inadequacies which may be contained therein, before concluding and moving the focus to SA in the next chapter. It will then be of importance to address SA’s liability regime critically. In Chapter 3 the new marine pollution acts are dissected whilst keeping in mind the broad themes that originate in the international conventions. This third chapter also addresses whether the MSCLC act has strengthened the South African regime and whether SA will have access to the compensation funds after the enactment of the IOPC Fund Act. Chapter 4 will accordingly look at the laws of general application in SA with a view of ascertaining how these laws complement the civil liability regime and how reliance on them could improve the South African regime. Furthermore, recommendations will be made with regards to improving SA’s regime. Finally, this dissertation will come to a conclusion in Chapter 5 which will also briefly summarise the findings of the previous chapters.
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Abdul, Hamid Wafi Nazrin. "Loss or damage from the shipment of goods : rights and liabilities of the parties to the maritime adventure". Thesis, University of Southampton, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242323.
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Pareigytė, Lina. "Neturtinė žala kaip viena civilinės teisės pažeidimu padarytų žalos rūšių". Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2005~D_20060505_182757-99079.
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The subject matter of this work is a non-pecuniary damage which is a specific type of damage. The author scrutinises the features of the non-pecuniary damage, which also have impact on the peculiarities of the compensation for this type of damage. The specific nature of a non-pecuniary damage may also be revealed through the aims of this damage, which, in the author’s point of view, are compensation and prevention. The author both analyses the concept of non-pecuniary damage and fundamental principles and aspects of its compensation. The author doubts about the constitutional background of a so-called exclusive regulation of non-pecuniary damage’s compensation, and states that the compensatory amount of a non-pecuniary damage shall not be restricted by either minimum or maximum limits.
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Fobe, Jean-Michel. "Legal aspects and insurance of the liability of civil aerospace products manufacturers in the EEC, for damage to third parties". Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26198.
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Civil aerospace products manufacturers in the EEC may, as in the USA, be called into litigation as co-defendant following an aircraft accident by the victims or their dependents. As opposed to the airlines, their liability is not limited by international conventions.This thesis examines their liability and insurance in case of damage to third parties after the entry into force of EEC Directive 85/374 on liability for defective products.
First, a brief description will be given of the evolution of the aerospace industry in Europe and its governmental regulation through certification. In the second part we will examine the evolution of product liability in Europe. The main focus will be on the Directive. After a discussion of aspects of conflict of laws and enforcement of judgments, the particulars of aviation products liability in Europe will be looked at. Finally, we will consider aviation product liability insurance.
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Arbabi, Masoud. "The liability of the international multimodal transport operator for loss of or damage to the goods carried under a multimodal transport contract". Thesis, University of Kent, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294064.
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Dodds, Andrew W. "Examining The Impact of Florida's Non-Economic Damage Cap on Elderly Populations". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1053.
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In this paper, I use data from the Florida Closed Claims Database to investigate how Florida’s 2003 non-economic damage cap legislation impacted elderly malpractice claimants. More specifically, I measure whether or not non-economic damage caps adversely impact claimants in counties with high elderly densities. To measure the effect of Florida’s non-economic damage caps, I look at multiple metrics that measure both elderly claimants’ monetary gains and their access to the justice system after the reform is passed. I find mildly conclusive evidence that counties with higher elderly density, and assumedly more elderly claimants, are more likely to settle cases before reaching a jury trial and are less likely to file a medical malpractice claim. Conversely, though, I find limited evidence supporting the idea that elderly claimants receive less monetary damage payments or drop cases more. Overall, then, my findings are not consistent with the view that non-economic damage caps significantly discriminate against elderly claimants.
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McGill, Matthew C. "An Analysis of Contracting and Breach Decisions Under Various Damage Remedies". Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1492777267852137.
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Hulme, Karen Lesley. "An assessment of the protection of the environment from harm caused as a result of armed conflict". Thesis, University of Essex, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369371.
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Liachovič, Aleksandra. "Ar egzistuoja pareiga juridiniam asmeniui atlyginti žalą kitai valstybei, kai dėl force majeure aplinkybių radioaktyviomis branduolinėmis medžiagomis užteršiami kitos valstybės išoriniai teritoriniai vandenys bei vandenynai?" Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140619_113510-09836.
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Įvykus branduolinei katastrofai, kaip pavyzdžiui visai neseniai Japoniją sudrebinus itin stipriam žemės drebėjimui bei po to sekusiai aukštai cunamio bangai, buvo padaryta neįtikėtinai didelė žala gamtai ir aplinkai dėl stichijos nelaimių ryšiui su branduoline tarša. Didelė dalis radioaktyviųjų medžiagų pateko į jūrinę gamtos aplinką bei pasklido plačiu spektru į vandenynus. Ši nelaimė paskatino peržiūrėti ir gilintis į branduolinės taršos teisės aktus, taip pat juos tobulinti bei modifikuoti.
Darbe siekiama nustatyti, ar egzistuoja pareiga juridiniam asmeniui atlyginti žalą kitai valstybei, kai dėl force majeure aplinkybių radioaktyviomis branduolinėmis medžiagomis užteršiami kitos valstybės išoriniai teritoriniai vandenys bei vandenynai. Šiuo klausimu tyrinėjami pagrindiniai tarptautiniai teisės aktai, apibrėžiantys branduolinės taršos ribas aplinkos bei jūrinėje terpėje. Tai bus Jungtinių Tautų Organizacijos Jūrų teisės konvencija, Vienos konvencija dėl civilinės atsakomybės už branduolinę žalą. Šie teisės aktais tarpusavyje lyginami bei ieškoma ar branduolinės žalos sąvoka apibrėžia ir jūrinės bei tarptautinių vandenų aplinkos branduolinę taršą, o iš to sekant ar galima kompensacija už branduolinės taršos atveju patirtus nuostolius jūrinei bei tarptautinių vandenų aplinkai.
Taip pat, analizuojama žmogaus teisė į švarią aplinką tarptautinių ir nacionalinių teisės aktų prasme, lyginami atitinkami teisės aktai žmogaus teisės į švarią aplinką aspektu. Tyrinėjami įvairių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Recently, the number of cases is rising because of the various hazardous materials contamination around the nature. Most often this occurs because of unexpected natural disasters. For example, due to a strong earthquake that triggered the tsunami, a huge disaster in Japan occurred (Fukushima nuclear power plant case). At that time, a large part of radioactive nuclear materials spread in the open ocean and this breakthrough that is widespread even now still cannot be stopped. It applies not only to the pollution of the ocean, but to all other different countries within outside territorial waters. The question is: Are the affected State has the right to compensation in this case? Then who should pay for damages? What is the legal regulation for such situations? International environmental law is mainly expressed in treaties and other international legal instruments, but it cannot be applied for the marine pollution with nuclear materials because there is no legal regulation in this field. Hereinafter, the problem of deficiency of legal regulation will be examined specifically in the area of oceans, sea borders, and territorial waters pollution by radioactive materials. And finally, there will be explored the issues to whether there is an obligation for a legal entity to compensate the damage to another state when according to the force majeure circumstances the radioactive nuclear materials spread and contaminate other state's outside territorial waters and ocean? The main goal... [to full text]
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Mikalauskaitė, Loreta. "Valstybės atsakomybės už žalą pažeidus Europos Sąjungos teisę taikymas Lietuvos Respublikos teisinėje sistemoje". Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20140127_131538-83644.
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Magistro baigiamajame darbe nagrinėjamas valstybės atsakomybės už žalą pažeidus ES teisę taikymas Lietuvos Respublikos teisinėje sistemoje. Lietuvai tapus Europos Sąjungos valstybe nare privatūs asmenys įgijo teisę kreiptis į nacionalinius teismus ir reikalauti iš Lietuvos valstybės žalos atlyginimo, kuri kilo pažeidus ES teisę. Kadangi asmens teisė į valstybės valdžios institucijų veiksmais ES teisės nuostatų pažeidimu sukeltos žalos atlyginimą priklauso nuo skirtingų nacionalinių teisinių sistemų, Lietuvos Respublika, kaip ir kitos ES valstybės narės turi pareigą užtikrinti, jog nacionalinės teisės normos atitiktų Teisingumo Teismo formuojamą praktiką. Todėl šio darbo pagrindinis tikslas – išanalizuoti Lietuvos teisėje įtvirtintą valstybės atsakomybės už žalą doktriną, siekiant nustatyti, ar nacionalinis teisinis reglamentavimas neriboja galimybės asmenims pasinaudoti teise į žalos atlyginimą ir yra suderinamas su ES teise.
Darbe analizuojama valstybės atsakomybės už žalą pažeidus Lietuvos teisę doktrina, įtvirtinta Lietuvos Respublikos civilinio kodekso 6.271 ir 6.272 straipsniuose, nagrinėjamas nacionalinių nuostatų atitikimas ES teisės reikalavimams. Kadangi Lietuvos įstatymų leidėjas aiškiai nenumato įstatymų leidžiamosios bei galutinės instancijos teismų atsakomybės, tačiau Lietuvos Respublikos teismai suteikia galimybę asmenims kreiptis į teismą dėl patirtos žalos atlyginimo, tiriama ar toks reglamentavimas gali riboti asmens teisę į žalos atlyginimą. Asmens teisė į... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]The Master thesis examines the liability of the state for the damages caused as a result of a breach of the European Union legislation within the legal framework of the Republic of Lithuania. As Lithuania has become a full member of the European Union, private entities also have gained the right to apply to the national courts and request for indemnification of damages caused as a result of a breach of the EU law from the State of Lithuania. As the person’s right to indemnification of damages caused as a result of a breach of the EU legal rules by the actions of public authorities depends on different national judicial systems, the Republic of Lithuania, just like other member states of the EU, is obliged to ensure that the national legal rules were in compliance with the case-law established by the Court of Justice. Therefore, the present thesis aims at analysing the concept of the state liability for damages established in the law of Lithuania with a view to determining if the national legal regulation does not restrict the possibility for the persons to exercise the right to indemnification and is compatible with the EU law. The thesis analyses the concept of the liability of the state for damages in case of a breach of the Lithuanian law established in Articles 6.271 and 6.272 of the Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania, elaborates compliance of the national provisions with the EU legal requirements. As the Lithuanian lawmaker has not explicitly provided for the... [to full text]
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Fernández, Sessarego Carlos. "Law and Freedom as a project". IUS ET VERITAS, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/122676.
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This article reflects on the figure of “life project”, focusing on its philosophical foundations, and its relation to freedom and the person as a “freedom being”. To do this, the author explains the different definitions elaborated regarding thehuman being as a subject of Law, and the notions of “freedom as a project” that have been outlined by philosophers like Jean Paul Sartre, Xavier Zubiri, Julián Marías, Karl Jaspers, among others.Also, the history of the concept of “freedom as a life project” is developed, as well as the requirements for a project of life, the means for choosing the project life, the time when a life project is chosen, the difference between an authentic life project and an inauthentic one, and the notions of a life project “substitute” and an “alternative” one. Finally, the difference between will and freedom, life project and free development of personality, and some preliminary concepts for the current protection and diffusion of the “damage to a life project” are established.El presente artículo reflexiona en torno a la figura del “proyecto de vida”, enfocándose en sus cimientos filosóficos, y en su relación con la libertad y la persona como “ser libertad”. Para ello, el autor explica las distintas definiciones que se han elaborado con respecto al ser humano como sujeto de Derecho, y las nociones de “libertad como proyecto” que han esbozado filósofos como Jean Paul Sartre, Xavier Zubiri, Julián Marías, Karl Jaspers, entre otros.Asimismo, se desarrollan los antecedentes de la concepción de “libertad como proyecto de vida”, así como los requerimientos para que se cumpla un proyecto de vida, los medios para la elección del proyecto de vida, el momento en el que se escoge un proyecto de vida, la diferencia entre un proyecto de vida auténtico y uno inauténtico, y las nociones de un proyecto de vida “sustituto” y uno “alternativo”. Finalmente, se establece la diferencia entre voluntad y libertad, proyecto de vida y libre desarrollo de la personalidad, y se esbozan algunos conceptos preliminares sobre la protección y la difusión en la actualidad del “daño al proyecto de vida”.
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Angelin, Karinne Ansiliero. "Dano injusto como pressuposto do dever de indenizar". Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2131/tde-10012014-073936/.
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O objetivo desta dissertação é demonstrar que a responsabilidade civil aquiliana, no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, tem como pressuposto fundamental a causação de dano injusto. Esse objetivo justifica-se porque existem posições doutrinárias, conhecidas como direito de danos, que defendem a desnecessidade do dano injusto para que seja deflagrada a estrutura de responsabilização civil. Analisam-se, para tanto, a estrutura e a finalidade da responsabilidade civil, bem como o seu enquadramento no sistema jurídico brasileiro.The aim of this dissertation is to show that the non-contractual civil liability in the Brazilian legal order has as a fundamental presupposition the causation of the unfair damage. This aim is justifiable because there are doctrinaire opinion, known as damage law, that advocate the unnecessariness of the unfair damage to be triggered the structure of civil liability. It analyzes, therefore, the structure and the goal of the civil liability, as well as its fitting into the Brazilian legal system.
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Althabity, Mohammad M. "Enforceability of arbitral awards containing interest : a comparative study between Sharia law and positive laws". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/23090.
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The dynamics of our globalised world open the way for international trade and transactions between different countries; this may lead to conflicts in laws where transactions and trade may be subject to different legal systems. One of the biggest issues in international commercial law is disputes over the charging of interest, for example with regard to late payment, interest-based loans, or compensation for damages. Interest disputes are considered to be a complex area of law and even more complex in the international field. At the international level, interest claims may be connected to many areas of commerce and thus governed by various laws, which are different from one country to another; moreover, each country has its own interest rate and such rates are changeable according to the nature of law and economics under some jurisdictions. Furthermore, the concept of interest itself is affected by influences such as religious beliefs and economic, political and cultural trends. Interest can be treated as a substantive or a procedural matter. The settlement of these disputes therefore faces difficulties. Arbitration, as a method for settlement of disputes, is characterised by special features that assist in resolving these issues; but it faces some obstructions, especially in international commercial arbitration. The practices of arbitral tribunals and national courts in this regard are different. The results of different interpretations, approaches, and theories with regard to arbitration, at the pre-arbitration, during arbitration and post-arbitration stages, may also differ widely due to the diversity of financial and legal systems such as Common Law, Civil Law and the Islamic legal system – Sharia Law – across different countries. Each legal system has a different methodology and theories, even within an individual country under one legal system, and a state within a federal system has its own laws, which may have different interpretations in this respect. The New York Convention of 1958 on enforcing foreign arbitral awards was established in favour of arbitral awards and for the purpose of unifying international rules of arbitration. This Convention provides some procedural and substantive rules for the enforcement of foreign arbitral awards, but also provides some grounds for refusal. These rules have been affected by different interpretations under different jurisdictions and legal systems, which lead to different perspectives on the matter of charging interest and settlement by arbitration. The outcome of applying the NYC under these interpretations often has the opposite of its intended effect: the rejection of foreign arbitral awards. Due to such ambiguities, courts occasionally intervene in arbitration in all its stages. The interventions of national courts occur in three stages: enforcement of the arbitration agreement, enforcement of the contract under the applicable law to the agreement, and enforcement of the foreign arbitral award. The confusion between substantive and procedural laws also creates confusion with respect to public policy, non-arbitrability and enforceability. In addition, there may be a lack of clarity on the scope of arbitration with respect to the parties’ agreement, whether or not the parties have agreed to the interest rates and periods and whether or not they have agreed to the authority of the arbitrator. These issues affect the enforceability of an arbitration agreement, the law applicable to the disputed contract, the freedom of parties, the authority of the arbitrators and the enforceability of the awarded interest. The thesis studies how arbitral awards containing interest have been interpreted across the three aforementioned legal systems under the NYC 1958 in Saudi Arabia, Egypt, the UAE, England, France, and the US and the enforceability of such awards.
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Chetty, Sarika. "Legal measures for the prevention of oil pollution by ships and civil liability for oil pollution damage in South African marine and coastal waters". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15169.
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This paper will look at whether the legislation passed in South Africa aimed at preventing and prohibiting oil pollution, as well as current civil liability regimes for oil pollution accidents are adequate or if they fail to meet the standard required by international law. For instance, compensation for the damage and harm caused to the environment is vital in order to restore the sea and prevent further accidents. In terms of civil liability, South Africa ratified the Convention on Civil Liability, but failed to enact domestic legislation in terms of the Convention to regularly update current legislation so that the standards are high and enforceable in national law. The result was that South Africa was left financially unprepared to deal with future oil spills and prevention thereof.
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Wilhelmsson, Maja. "Markägaren, allemansrätten och invasionen : En diskussion om ansvaret för skador på marken när kommersiella aktörer nyttjar mark med stöd av allemansrätten. Eller: Vad händer om en kommersiell bärplockare startar en skogsbrand?" Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Rätt och rättsfilosofi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-64724.
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Under senare tid har allt fler företag börjat utöva verksamhet där mark nyttjas för olika aktiviteter med stöd av allemansrätten. HD har bedömt att sådant nyttjande; kanalisering, är tillåtet med stöd av allemansrätten, men uttalade i NJA 1996 s. 495 (”Forsränningsmålet”) samtidigt att nyttjandet bara är tillåtet så länge marken inte skadas. Eftersom skadeståndsfrågan aldrig har prövats i samband med allemansrätten har föremålet för denna uppsats varit att utreda möjligheterna att utfå ersättning för skador via allmänna skadeståndsrättsliga regler, skadestånds- och avhjälpandeansvaret i miljöbalken samt för intrång i äganderätten via expropriationslagen och möjligheten att få ersättning ur en försäkring. Expropriationsalternativet kan inte användas idag, eftersom marknyttjande med stöd av allemansrätten är ett icke ersättningsgillt intrång i äganderätten. Möjligheterna till att betrakta en skada på marken som en sakskada är stora. Det finns emellertid omständigheter som skapar komplikationer för båda skadeståndsansvarsformerna. En allmän skadeståndstalan kräver att culpa hos skadevållaren kan bevisas, vilket kan vara svårt när många människor vistas på en plats samtidigt. Kanalisatören kan betraktas som culpös enligt principerna om kumulativ eller anonym culpa, enligt vilka en principal blir ansvarig, trots att de individer han ansvarar för inte, var och en för sig, varit culpösa. Det miljörättsliga skadeståndsansvaret bygger på ersättning för störningar som inte är orts- eller allmänvanliga. När det gäller allemansrättsligt nyttjande torde många störningar betraktas som just orts- eller allmänvanliga. Avhjälpandeansvaret i miljöbalken bygger på ersättning för miljöfarlig verksamhet, och det är tveksamt om det kan tillämpas på kanalisatörens verksamhet. Expropriationsersättning på grund av allemansrättsligt nyttjande tillerkänns inte markägaren enligt gällande rätt, vilket kan tyckas märkligt eftersom många nyttjandeformer som påminner om allemansrätten, t.ex. servitut, medför sådan ersättningsrätt. Det finns vissa möjligheter att ersätta markskador ur försäkringar. Dock är de flesta skador följden av invasionsproblematik, som är mycket svårt försäkra. Samtliga ersättningsformer har visat sig otillräckliga för att ersätta skador som är estetiska och ideella, eftersom sådana skador inte kan beräknas i pengar. Beroende på hur marknyttjande med stöd av allemansrätten betraktas har man olika åsikt om i vad mån kanalisatören borde ersätta markägaren för skador på marken. Om nyttjandet uppfattas som någonting som finns vid sidan av markäganderätten är endast konkreta skador ersättningsgilla. Om man anser att nyttjandet är ett intrång i äganderätten och en förmögenhetsöverföring från markägaren till kanalisatören bör emellertid redan rätten att nyttja marken föranleda ersättning. Den ersättningsform som bäst tillgodoser markägarens intresse av att få skador på marken åtgärdade och få ersättning för ekonomisk förlust är avhjälpandeansvaret. Endast det ansvaret reparerar till fullo skador på miljön. Det krävs emellertid ett domstolsavgörande för att slutligen klargöra avhjälpandeansvarets tillämplighet.Recently, more and more companies have come to exercise activities under the right of public access on land that belongs to whomever. The High Court has assessed that such use of land; channeling, is permitted, but in NJA 1996 s. 495 (“The Rafting Case”) also announced that this use is only allowed as long as the land remains unharmed. Since the question of damages in the context of the right of public access has not yet been treated in jurisprudence, the object of this thesis has been to investigate the possibilities to obtain restitution for damages via tort law, liability under the environment act as well as for proprietary intrusions under the expropriation act and restitution via insurance. Expropriation, however, cannot currently be made use of, since the right of public access is an intrusion which does not entail restitution. There are extensive possibilities for considering damage to the land as damage to property. However, there are ramifications for both the legal options for damages: the tort law and the environmental act. The tort law requires tortuous behaviour from the tortfeasor to be established, which is difficult when several persons stay at one place simultaneously. The canalizer may be considered tortuous under the principle of vicarious liability and cumulative or anonymous tort. According to these principles, the canalizer is responsible for the actions of certain individuals, even though they have not, individually, been negligent. The environmental liability for damage is based on restitution for disturbances that are not common to the place nor to the general public. This fact is difficult to establish in the context of the right of public access. The remedial responsibility of the environmental act is constructed for operations that are harmful to the environment, which is why it is dubious whether the responsibility is applicable to the canalizer’s activities. Currently, compensation for expropriation cannot result of use of land under the right of public access. This is peculiar, since many usufructs reminiscent of the right of public access, i.e. the easement, result in such compensation. Some forms of damage to the land can be insured. Although, most damage in this context arise from invasion, a cause of damage which is nearly impossible to insure. All forms of restitution have proven insufficient for compensating damage that is esthetic or otherwise non-pecuniary. Depending on if the right of public access is regarded as proprietary intrusion or something that exists alongside the right to property, one comes to different conclusions about the extent of compensation for damage. In the former case, only substantial damage is compensable. In the latter case, even the right to use the land occasions compensation. The liability which best meets the needs of the proprietor: compensation and restoration of damage to his property, is the remedial responsibility of the environmental code. This responsibility alone fully restores harm to the environment. However, the applicability of the remedial responsibility needs to be established in jurisprudence.
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Gailiūnienė, Ugnė. "Atsakomybė už viešojo administravimo subjektų asmenims padarytą žalą Lietuvoje". Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20140106_111710-62307.
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Disertacijoje nagrinėjama atsakomybė už viešojo administravimo subjektų asmenims padarytą žalą, t. y. teisės požiūriu analizuojama, kam ir kaip taikoma tokia atsakomybė, kur turėtų būti brėžiamos jos ribos, kokios yra ir kaip taikomos šios atsakomybės sąlygos. Pirmojoje disertacijos dalyje pateikiama atsakomybės už viešojo administravimo subjektų asmenims padarytą žalą samprata, nustatoma šio instituto vieta Lietuvos teisės sistemoje, ji atribojama nuo kitų civilinės atsakomybės rūšių: nustatoma, kokiais atvejais už viešojo administravimo subjektų asmenims padarytą žalą yra ir turėtų būti taikomos specialios tokios atsakomybės nuostatos. Antrojoje dalyje analizuojamos atsakomybės sąlygos – neteisėti veiksmai, žala ir priežastinis ryšys. Išsamiai nagrinėjama teismų praktika sprendžiant dėl viešojo administravimo subjektų asmenims padarytos žalos atlyginimo, specialus dėmesys skirtas „pilkosioms zonoms“, t. y. tokioms, kuriose Lietuvos teismai nėra suformulavę vieningų ir aiškių kriterijų, kaip reikėtų taikyti viešąją atsakomybę. Šiuo aspektu tiriamas administracinio akto neteisėtumo ir neteisėtumo kaip civilinės atsakomybės sąlygos santykis, analizuojamos norminių aktų neteisėtumo pasekmės, diskrecinės ir priežiūros veiklos vertinimas, tiriama priežastinio ryšio įtaka tinkamam atsakomybės taikymui, nagrinėjama žalos, asmenų patiriamos dėl neteisėtų viešojo administravimo subjektų veiksmų, įvairovė, išryškinant problemas, kliudančias teisingai atlyginti tokią žalą.This dissertation analyses liability for damage done to individuals by the public administration. This research in the light of legal approach analyses to whom and how such liability is applied, where the margins of this liability should be drawn, what are the conditions of such liability and how they should be applied. In the first part the conception of liability for damage done to individuals by the public administration is presented, the position of this institute in the Lithuanian legal system is determined and the boundaries between such liability and the other types of liability are drawn. In the second part the conditions of liability that is unlawful actions, damage and causality are analyzed. Comprehensive analysis of the case law is presented and special attention is paid to the “grey areas” where the national courts have not formed the clear and unanimous criteria of public liability. In this approach the relation between illegality of administrative acts and unlawfulness as a condition of civil liability, the results of unlawful regulatory act, the assessment of discretionary and supervisory activities are analyzed, the impact of causal link to the proper application of liability is examined, the variety of damage caused by unlawful acts of the public administration is explored indicating problems that prevent proper awarding of damages.
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Linares, Avilez Daniel. "«¿The money cures every injury? I don’t think so» Reflections about moral damage". THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2018. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123875.
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A situation that has been generated several confusions is the inclusion of person damage next to moral damage in the Civil Code of 1984, both in the national doctrine and judicial decisions.The Author analyses the problems arising from non-property damages in the Peruvian legal system, giving a brief description of its arrival to our Legislation and noting the major directions Doctrine has taken. He focuses on the old and new challenges Judges have on this matter and elaborates a list of considerations to positions seated on the Peruvian Civil Procedure.Una situación que ha generado severas confusiones es la inclusión del daño a la persona junto al daño moral en el Código Civil de 1984, tanto en la doctrina nacional como en los pronunciamientos judiciales.En este artículo el autor examina la problemática de los daños extrapatrimoniales en el ordenamiento peruano, reseñando su génesis legislativo y las principales tendencias doctrinarias al respecto. Se enfoca en los viejos y nuevos retos de los Juzgadores en el daño extrapatrimonal y ofrece cuestionamientos a posturas mayoritarias en el ámbito procesal.
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Wu, Yan. "An investigation on compensation for damage of oil pollution from ships with a specific reference to law and practice in China". Thesis, University of Macau, 2008. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1880441.
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Bradley, Martha Magdalena. "An examination of the inadequacy of the wording of the damage claim provisions of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, resulting in interpretative legal difficulties as revealed by claims stemming from the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12857.
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Includes bibliographical references.The United States Oil Pollution Act 1990 (OPA), contains a provision, s1002(b) (2), that sets out six categories or kinds of damage that may be recovered from a ‘responsible party’ liable for losses resulting from damage caused by the discharge of oil in United States (US) waters. The provision was drafted with the purpose of facilitating a predictable and just outcome for claimants against such a responsible party. The central argument of this dissertation is that the intended purpose is undermined by difficulties in interpreting certain of these provisions, and that, if these provisions are to achieve their objective, they require legislative amendment and that such reform is urgent. The BP Spill highlighted the issue of the lack of clarity in the claims provisions of the OPA as well as revealing the potentially catastrophic and widespread effect that a spill of this magnitude can have.
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Perez, Romero Roberto y Ramirez Alvaro Lazuen. "Analysis of rubber adhesive : FE simulation of damage propagation over rubber adhesive under fatigue in mixed-mode loading". Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-10522.
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This thesis refers to a simulation of an adhesive joint used to bond two metal sheets of a component of the side skirt bracket implemented in trucks. The adhesive joint must support fatigue and mixed-mode loading. The principal goal is the implementation of a novel material model, which governs the damage produced by a mixed-mode fatigue loading in a rubber adhesive layer. Two approaches to define the material model are implemented: the filament model and the principal strain model. The models are fitted against experiments, which have been performed parallel to the development of this thesis by the Mechanics of Materials (MoM) research group of the University of Skövde. The models incorporate fitting parameters with the aim of adjusting the models against experimental results. Simulations are performed using the Finite Element (FE) software, ABAQUS, and the material models are implemented using UMAT subroutines. The filament model is inaccurate and it is considered unable to model the mixed-mode behaviour of the adhesive joint. The principal strain model is considered a well-established method to define the damage and to predict the fatigue life of the adhesive under fatigue in mixed-mode loading.
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Abdulrahim, Hani M. S. "Maritime carriers' liability for loss of or damage to goods under the Hague Rules, Visby Rules and the Hamburg Rules : compared with his liability as an operator under the relevant rules of the International Multimodal Transport Convention". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361639.
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Brogienė, Daiva. "Patients' rights to quality in health care and health damage compensation". Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20100507_093057-38617.
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Objects of dissertation: the quality in health care inpatient institutions and health damage compensation in medical malpractice litigation cases. This work is a scientific assessment of the implementation of the patients‘ rights to quality in health care and health damage compensation in Lithuania, where the functioning of two patients' rights is assessed in a systematic and integrated manner, both in the medical and the legal aspect. Research: the modified Picker Institute‘s questionnaire was used for the scientific research of 1917 patients treated in hospitals in order to examine and assess their opinions on the quality of health care provided to them and evaluate the opportunities to realize their right to health care of good quality. The study analyzed 32 medical malpractice lawsuit cases of general jurisdiction courts in terms of the principles of health damage compensation, procedural characteristics and efficiency. Conclusions: statutory regulation of patients 'rights to quality in health care services and health damage compensation in Lithuania meets international and European patients' rights protection principles. The research showed that the vast majority of surveyed patients (nine out of ten) realized their right to quality in health care service in the hospital. However, six out of ten plaintiffs received the health damage compensation, plaintiffs were awarded only nearly a fifth of the requested overall pecuniary and non-pecuniary damages.Disertacijos objektai: sveikatos priežiūros paslaugų kokybė stacionarinėse asmens sveikatos priežiūros įstaigose ir žalos sveikatai atlyginimas gydytojų civilinės atsakomybės bylose. Šis darbas - pacientų teisių į kokybišką sveikatos priežiūros paslaugą ir žalos sveikatai atlyginimą įgyvendinimo mokslinis vertinimas Lietuvoje. Iki šiolei paciento teisė į kokybišką sveikatos priežiūros paslaugą nacionaliniuose moksliniuose darbuose buvo analizuojama kokybės vadybos aspektu, o teisė į žalos sveikatai atlyginimą buvo vertinama pagal galiojančius teisės aktus ir Lietuvos teismų praktiką. Tai pirmasis mokslinis darbas, kuomet dviejų pacientų teisių funkcionavimas vertinamas sistemiškai ir integruotai, kartu tiek medicininiu, tiek teisiniu požiūriais. Tyrimai. Pritaikius Europos Picker instituto modifikuotą klausimyną tirta 1917 stacionarinėse asmens sveikatos priežiūros įstaigose gydytų pacientų nuomonė apie jiems suteiktų sveikatos priežiūros paslaugų kokybę ir vertintos pacientų galimybės realizuoti teisę į kokybišką sveikatos priežiūros paslaugą. Analizuotos 32 LR bendrosios kompetencijos teismų civilinės bylos dėl žalos sveikatai atlyginimo, vertinant patirtos žalos sveikatai kompensavimo principus, procesinius ypatumus bei efektyvumą, atskleidžiant probleminius paciento teisės į žalos sveikatai atlyginimą įgyvendinimo aspektus. Disertacijos išvadose konstatuojama, kad paciento teisių į kokybišką sveikatos priežiūros paslaugą ir žalos sveikatai atlyginimą įstatyminis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
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Jelvehpour, Ali. "Development of a transient gradient enhanced non local continuum damage mechanics model for masonry". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2016. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/93365/1/Ali_Jelvehpour_Thesis.pdf.
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Due to the advent of varied types of masonry systems a comprehensive failure mechanism of masonry essential for the understanding of its behaviour is impossible to be determined from experimental testing. As masonry is predominantly used in wall structures a biaxial stress state dominates its failure mechanism. Biaxial testing will therefore be necessary for each type of masonry, which is expensive and time consuming. A computational method would be advantageous; however masonry is complex to model which requires advanced computational modelling methods. This thesis has formulated a damage mechanics inspired modelling method and has shown that the method effectively determines the failure mechanisms and deformation characteristics of masonry under biaxial states of loading.
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Краснова, М. В. "Витоки законодавства про компенсацію екологічної шкоди як передумова нормотворчої форми захисту екологічних прав громадян". Thesis, Українська академія банківської справи Національного банку України, 2006. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/60985.
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В умовах сучасного державотворення України, як правової та соціальної
держави, важлива роль належить засадам екологічного права та
законодавства, яке є системоутворюючим чинником юридичного механізму
реалізації і захисту конституційних (ст. 50 Конституції України) екологічних
прав людини і громадянина, а також засобом досягнення мети і завдань
екологічної політики держави.
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Wentzel, Jan Andries. "Treitering in Suid-Afrikaanse openbare skole en die regs- en onderwysbestuursimplikasies daarvan vir leerderveiligheid". Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-10222008-144501/.
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CHEN, HAN. "Fatti ingiusti contro la persona nella prospettiva storico-comparativa: alcuni spunti di riflessione per diritto cinese". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/751.
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La ricerca è divisa in tre capitoli. Il primo capitolo riguarda il tema dei fatti ingiusti contro la persona nel diritto
romano. Si tratta di quattro argomenti: la disciplina decemvirale, l’actio iniuriarum, il damnum sorta nell’ambito
della lex Aquila, e la pena privata. Con questo capitolo si spiega l’evoluzione della responsabilità extracontrattuale e
la bipartizione tra danno e offesa. Il secondo capitolo è concentrato nell’art. 2059 c.c.. Qui si spiega come è
formulato storicamente tale articolo e come è stata superata la limitazione della riparazione al danno non
patrimoniale. Con il danno biologico e il danno esistenziale, il diritto italiano segna un’espansione del concetto di
danno non patrimoniale. Il terzo capitolo parla del diritto tradizionale cinese. Influenzata dal diritto sovietico, la
legge sui principi generali del diritto civile del 1987 non ha una posizione chiara sulla riparabilità al danno morale.
Con gli interventi della Corte Suprema e con la promulgazione di nuove leggi di settore, il danno morale è
finalmente stato accettato dal diritto cinese. Nel corso della elaborazione di una legge sulla responsabilità sono sorti
molti dibattiti: uno più discusso è la personalizzazione nella liquidazione del danno alla persona. Con una
prospettiva storico-comparatistica, la tutela della persona nell’ambito della responsabilità extracontrattuale segna
un’espansione dei valori meritevoli di tutela. Questo richiede anche un sistema aperto della responsabilità
extracontrattuale.The research is divided into three chapters. The first chapter concerns the Personal Injury in Roman law. There are four topics: discipline decemvirale, l’actio iniuriarum, damnum of the lex Aquila, and the private penalty. in this chapter which explains the evolution of the civil liability and the bi-partition of damage and offense in the roman law. The second chapter is concentrated on art. 2059 c.c. which can be explained as a limitation of reparation to nonpecuniary damage. With the danno biologico (biological damage) and danno esistenziale (the damage existential), the Italian law marks an expansion of the concept of non-pecuniary damage. The third chapter concerns the Chinese law which starts from traditional Chinese law. Influenced by Soviet law, the general principles of civil law of 1987 does not have a clear position on the question of repairing the moral damage. With the interpretations provided by the Supreme Court and the new laws of sectors, the concept of moral damage is finally accepted by Chinese law. In the course of drawing up a law on civil liability, many debates have been arisen: one of the most discussed is the customization in the liquidation of personal damages. With a historical- comparatistica perspective, the protection of person marks an expansion of values worthy of protection. This also requires an open system of non-contractual liability.
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Serpa, Pedro Ricardo e. "Indenização punitiva". Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2131/tde-15052012-102822/.
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A presente dissertação parte da premissa de que o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro deve dispor de institutos jurídicos aptos a tutelar, de maneira eficiente, os bens e interesses da maior relevância, bem como a assegurar a manutenção do equilíbrio social. Trata-se da única maneira de garantir, em níveis adequados, a segurança social (art. 5o, caput, da CF/88), bem como de perseguir aquele que é tido como um dos objetivos fundamentais da República Federativa do Brasil, o de construir uma sociedade livre, justa e solidária (art. 3o, I, da CF/88). Deve-se, portanto, impedir o cometimento de atos anti-sociais, direcionados, de maneira intencional ou extremamente negligente, à lesão dos supra referidos interesses, atos estes tão reprováveis que seus efeitos extrapolam o âmbito individual (= da vítima diretamente atingida), causando impactos negativos também no âmbito coletivo (= um rebaixamento do nível social). Acredita-se que, para atingir tais fins, deve-se utilizar um remédio jurídico que seja, ao mesmo tempo, suficientemente flexível (para que possa sancionar todas as condutas potencialmente lesivas) e adequadamente severo (para que possa punir o ofensor e prevenir o cometimento de semelhantes atos no futuro). Nesse sentido, os conhecidos instrumentos do Direito Penal e do Direito Administrativo se mostram insuficientes. Para tanto, deve-se recorrer ao Direito Civil e, mais especificamente, à responsabilidade civil, agregando-se-lhe o mecanismo necessário para que possa desempenhar eficientemente as funções de prevenção e punição, o qual denominamos de indenização punitiva. Trata-se de instituto estrutural e funcionalmente assemelhado aos punitive damages, típicos dos países da common law e que nos servirão de modelo para a indenização punitiva, mas cuja aplicação, dadas as peculiaridades de nosso ordenamento constitucional, demanda prévia cominação legal. Tal regramento deverá estipular não apenas os pressupostos objetivos e subjetivos para a incidência da indenização punitiva (que só deve ocorrer nos casos da mais alta reprovabilidade, quando o ofensor houver se conduzido com dolo ou culpa grave, causando prejuízos a interesses existenciais ou metaindividuais, ou ainda extraindo benefícios econômicos do ilícito perpetrado), mas, também, os critérios a serem utilizados para a quantificação da sanção (os quais não se relacionam com, nem tampouco se limitam à, extensão dos prejuízos sofridos).The current paper starts from the premise that the brazilian Law ought to make use of legal institutes that are able to protect, efficiently, the goods and interests of utmost relevance, as well as to assure the maintenance of the social balance. It is the only way to warrant, in adequate levels, the social security (art. 5th, caput, of FC/88), as well as to pursue that which is held as one of the fundamental objectives of the Federal Republic of Brazil, to build a free, just and sympathetic society (art. 3rd, I, of FC/88). It is needed, therefore, to preclude the commission of anti-social acts, aimed, in intentional or extremely negligent way, to the injury of the above mentioned interests, acts that are so reprehensible that its effects surpasses the individual context (= of the victim who is directly injured), causing negative impacts also to the social context (= a depreciation of the social level). It is believed that, to achieve these goals, one must use a judicial sanction that is, at the same time, sufficiently flexible (to be able to sanction all of the potentially detrimental conducts) and adequately severe (to be able to punish the offender and prevent the commitment of similar acts in the future). In that sense, the known instruments of Criminal Law and Administrative Law seem insufficient. For that purpose, one must resort to the Civil Law and, most specifically, to the tort law, adding to it the mecanism it needs to fulfill efficiently the functions of deterrence and punishment, which we call indenização punitiva. It is an institute structural and functionally similar to the punitive damages, typical of the countries of common law and which will serve as a model to the indenização punitiva, but whose enforcement demands previous legal provision. That provision must stipulate not only the objective and subjective requirements to the imposition of the indenização punitiva (which will only occur in the cases of utmost reprehensibility, when the offender acts with intent or gross negligence, injuring existential or metaindividual interests, or yet deriving economic benefits from the tort perpetrated), but also, the criteria to be used to quantify the sanction (which do not relate, neither limit, to the extension of the harm suffered).
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Selelionytė-Drukteinienė, Simona. "Valstybės deliktinės atsakomybės raidos tendencijos". Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20081203_090827-58170.
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Plečiantis sritims, kuriose valstybė dalyvauja kaip privalomus vykdyti nurodymus duodantis subjektas, sudėtingėjant valstybės aparatui, daugėja atvejų, kai valstybė neužtikrina kvalifikuoto, efektyvaus valstybės pareigūnų darbo ir tai dažnai lemia žalos mažiau teisių santykyje su valstybe turinčiam asmeniui atsiradimą. Kita vertus, valstybei imantis reguliuoti vis daugiau visuomeninio gyvenimo sričių, auga visuomenės pasitikėjimas, kad situacija yra kontroliuojama valstybės institucijų. Tokiose srityse atsiradus žalos kyla pagrįstas visuomenės interesas ieškoti už ją atsakingo. Kadangi valstybė yra išskirtinis, nuolat egzistuojantis teisės subjektas, nukentėjusiajam palanku siekti visų nesėkmių finansinę naštą perkelti į valstybės biudžetą. Dėl to valstybės deliktinės atsakomybės ribos šiuolaikinėje teisinėje valstybėje stipriai plečiasi. Tačiau atlyginant valdžios institucijų sukeltą žalą yra perskirstomi tos pačios visuomenės, kurios dalimi yra nukentėjusysis, materialiniai resursai, todėl kyla klausimas, kiek valstybės atsakomybės plėtros tendencija atitinka pačių nukentėjusiųjų interesus. Disertacija siekiama išanalizuoti valstybės deliktinės atsakomybės raidos tendencijas Europos valstybėse ir JAV, įvertinti tradiciškai šioje srityje taikomos valstybės imuniteto doktrinos pagrįstumą šiuolaikinėje teisinėje valstybėje, valstybės atsakomybės galimybę ir būtinybę srityse, kurios tradiciškai laikytos už civilinės jurisdikcijos ribų, atskleisti plačių valstybės atsakomybės... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]With the expansion of areas where the state participates as a subject having the right to give mandatory instructions, the state apparatus getting more and more complex, the number of cases when the state fails to ensure efficient, qualified work of the state officials is also increasing. On the other hand, when state takes over more and more areas of public life under its control, at the same time the trust from the society that the situation is controlled by the state institutions grows as well. When damage occurs in such areas a legitimate interest of the society to find the liable for it arises. Since the state is an exclusive subject of law – it does exist all the time – it is very convenient from the point of view of the victim to shift the financial burden of all failures onto the state budget. Therefore the limits of state liability are rapidly expanding in a contemporary state governed by the rule of law principle. Nevertheless, reparation of damage caused by public institutions determines re-distribution of material resources of the same society, a part of which the victim is. Therefore the question of how far the expansion of state liability limits corresponds to the interests even of the same plaintiffs arises. The purpose of the study is to analyze the development trends of the state liability in tort in European countries and the United States of America, to evaluate the justification of the state immunity doctrine in the modern legal state, traditionally... [to full text]
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Noel, Betty. "L'assureur et le contrat d'assurance maritime (XVIIe-XIXe siècles) : Acteur et instrument de la colonisation". Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTD068.
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La pratique des assurances maritimes est étroitement liée au commerce maritime : elle en suit les mouvances jusqu’à en acquérir une autonomie concrétisée par le mouvement de colonisation. En effet, la colonisation française, réalisée dans un but de domination politique mais surtout de prospérité économique de la métropole, contribue au développement des assurances. Le contrat d’assurance offre une protection aux échanges commerciaux maritimes contre les risques survenant sur mer le plaçant au cœur de l’économie du XVIIIe au XIXe siècle. Il apparaît comme une nécessité notamment pour les îles situées aux Antilles ou dans l’océan Indien pour lesquelles le commerce se fait exclusivement par navire. Envisager les risques maritimes sous le prisme de l’assureur permet de constater que même si les transactions avec les colonies favorisent la multiplication des assurances, les gouvernements successifs attribuent de façon exclusive la législation et la pratique des assurances à la métropole. Il en ressort une politique coloniale commerciale au seul profit de la métropole, excluant toute tentative d’appropriation des colons de la pratique de l’assurance maritime. Cette idée se confirme dès la phase de souscription du contrat d’assurance lors de la détermination des risques que l’assureur se propose de garantir et se poursuit lorsque le risque se réalise et qu’il doit intervenir pour réparer le sinistre. La spécificité coloniale se traduit donc par une mainmise de la métropole sur cette matière même si les assureurs doivent prendre en compte les caractéristiques des échanges maritimes avec les coloniesThe practice of maritime insurance was closely linked to maritime commerce, particularly that concerning the colonies. French colonization, undertaken for reasons of political domination but especially in the interest of the economic prosperity of the home country, contributed to the development of insurance. Insurance contracts offered protection against the risks arising at sea, placing them at the heart of the economy of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This insurance was necessary in particular for islands located in the Antilles or in the Indian Ocean, where trade was exclusively conducted by ship. Even though the commerce with the colonies increased the necessity of insurance, the successive French governments reserved legislation and the practice of insurance to the home country. The colonial commercial policy only benefited the home country, excluding settlers from the practice of maritime insurance. This was the case, starting with the formulation of the insurance contract when determining the risks which the insurer would guarantee, and continuing in case of accident and claims made
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鍾小瑜. "論第三人侵害債權 = Discussion about damage of credit committed by third party". Thesis, University of Macau, 2010. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2182077.
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Karčiauskienė, Diana. "Žalos asmeniui atlyginimo problematika nagrinėjant civilinę atsakomybę reglamentuojančius teisės aktus". Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20080131_111150-43274.
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Pirmoje dalyje išnagrinėti žalos asmeniui atlyginimo principai,antroje dalyje - sveikatos priežiūros įstaigų civinės atsakomybės draudimo problemos. Trečioje darbo dalyje nagrinėtos turtinės žalos asmeniui atlyginimo problemos, susijusios su išlaidų būtinumo fakto bei subjektų, kuriems gali būti mokamas žalos atlyginimas, nustatymu.Ketvirtoje darbo dalyje nagrinėtos neturtinės žalos atlyginimo problemos, penktoje ir šeštoje darbo dalyse - teorinės gydytojų kaltės nustatymo bei ikiteisminio ginčų sprendimo institucijos įterpimo problemos žalos atlyginimo mechanizme. Pabaigoje, pateikiant nuorodas į įstatymus, parodyta, kiek ilgai gali užtrukti ginčas dėl žalos atlyginimo.In the firs part of this work, principles of individual damege has bees studied briefly. On the second part has been studied problems of medical facilities civil liability insurance. In the third part, individual property damage compensation has been studied in relation to identification of necessary expenses and subjects who can get damage compensation.In the third part has been studied moral damage compensation problems.In the fifth and sixth parts of this work, theoretical problems on damage made by medical personnel have been demonstrated as well as problems caused by insertion of pretrial dispute solving institution in the mechanism of damege compensation.In conclusion, with reference to the legislation, an example has been provided to show how long dispjute for damage compensation can last.
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Rudén, Fanny. "Ersättning för ideell skada enligt GDPR : En undersökning av artikel 82 i en svensk kontext". Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-173510.
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The new General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) imposes new challenges for both authorities and private actors in ensuring the protection of individuals personal data. With stricter rules comes more responsibility and the risk offacing a civil action for damages. Article 82 in GDPR gives the data subject aright to receive compensation from the controller or processor for any material or non-material damage suffered as a result of an infringement of the regula-tion. The study examines what could constitute a compensable non-material damage and how the compensation could be determined according to Swedish law and EU-law. This is done through the legal dogmatic method. The study finds that a lot of discretion is left up to the member states themselves when it comes to assessing damage. However, “damage” is to be interpreted accordingto the principles laid down by the European Court of Justice and the member states also need to take into account the principles of equivalence and effectiveness. The data subject also has the right to full compensation for the damage suffered and the compensation needs to be proportionate in relation to the damage. It is found that there is no scope for a punitive damage nor is it either possible to delimit the amount of compensation available without regard to the circumstances in each case. When it comes to awarding damages for non-material damage however, it becomes necessary to use flat-rates as long as they are related in a way that takes into consideration the circumstances of each individual case.
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Thioye, Malick. "Le droit mauritanien de la responsabilite civile : approche des notions de faute et de dommage". Thesis, Perpignan, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PERP0055/document.
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Le droit est le reflet d’une société, il évolue en fonction des mœurs, des traditions et des croyances culturelles et des coutumes locales. Le développement des pays passent impérativement à une élaboration des normes, des principes et des règles de droits pour réglementer les rapports entre les citoyens. D’une manière ou d’une autre, a responsabilité est l’obligation de répondre d’un dommage devant la justice et d’en assumer les conséquences civiles, pénales, disciplinaires, etc. Telle est la responsabilité dans l’ordre juridique. Par ailleurs, à la différence des quasi-contrats qui constituent des faits licites, les délits et les quasi délits constituent des faits illicites, intentionnels ou résultant de la simple négligence. Sources de responsabilité civile, qui est l’objet de cette étude. Les compagnies d’assurance et la sécurité sociale jouent un rôle remarquable dans la réparation des préjudices causés à autrui. Cependant, pour être réparé, le préjudice doit répondre à trois conditions : à savoir : la faute, le dommage et le lien de causalité. Par ailleurs, nous étudierons dans une première partie : les éléments générateurs de la responsabilité civile en droit mauritanien et en deuxième partie : Impact de la faute et du préjudice sur les indemnisations en droit mauritanienThe law is truthfully linked to our society, his development depends on the moral, the traditions, the cultural believes and the locals cultures. When you want to develop your country, you need to have good rules and principles in order to regulate the relationship between people. The responsibility is the obligation to respond at the damage you can cause to another person and it can lead to civil and criminal prosecution... It is the phenomena of responsibility in the legal order. Furthermore, the quasi-contracts require licit facts, but the crimes, the quasi-crimes are illegal facts, intentional or a simple negligence. All of this are the civil responsibility, which are the object of this PHD. The goal of the insurance companies and the social security is important, because they repair the damages of people. But, when you want to have a reparation, you might join these three conditions: the fault, the damage and the causal link. Face of this situation, we are going to study the different elements which lead to the civil responsibility and their impacts on the compensations in Mauritania law
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Puente, Brunke Lorenzo de la. "The Legal Notion of Environmental Damage and a Peculiar Argumentation of the Court of Environmental Enforcement". Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117411.
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A proper normative interpretation is undoubtedly one of the pillars of Law, all this thanks that brings a juridical security level and predictability to all the parties involved. In that sense the author submits a critique about the criteria that have been emitted by the diverse public organisms in environmental material, specifically with the juridical concept of«environmental damage» in the excess inside Maximum Permissible Limit. Also the article presents an objective focus through a temporal development of diverse administrative resolutions, which are established as incorrect on the basis of a wide and forced interpretation about environmental damage, concept applied not only in a case with real effects, but also potential ones. Finally, this is provided by the author as a defect, that although actually exists a remedial intention, this must begin from a clear conceptual framework in normative and resolutive topics by equal.Una debida interpretación normativa, se constituye sin duda alguna, como uno de los pilares del Derecho, ello gracias a que otorga un nivel de seguridad jurídica y predictibilidad a todas la partes involucradas. Es en ese sentido, que el autor sostiene una crítica sobre el criterio que han venido emitiendo en instancia administrativa diversos organismos públicos en materia ambiental, específicamente con respecto al concepto jurídico de «daño ambiental» en el exceso de los Límites Máximos Permisibles (LMP). El artículo nos presenta un enfoque objetivo con un desarrollo temporal de diversas resoluciones administrativas, las cuales manifiesta, son erróneas en base a una interpretación amplia y forzada de lo que es daño ambiental, concepto que se aplica no solo para aquellos supuestos con efectos reales, sino también potenciales. Finalmente, ello es señalado por el autor como un defecto, que si bien en la actualidad existe una intención de subsanarlo, esto debe partir principalmente de un marco conceptual claro tanto en el ámbito normativo como resolutivo.
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Bahadursha, Venkata Rama Lakshmi Preeethi. "Tearing of Styrene Butadiene Rubber using Finite Element Analysis". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1431029910.
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CASI, MICHELE. "L'EFFICACIA DEL GIUDICATO PENALE IN "ALTRI" GIUDIZI CIVILI EX ART. 654 C.P.P. PREMESSE PER UNO STUDIO". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/818623.
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1. – The title of the final dissertation is The limits of the res judicata effect of criminal judgments in “other” civil proceedings according to art. 654 c.p.p. Methodological foundations for a subsequent study.
2. – The research carried out during the doctoral cycle takes its roots in the discipline dedicated to the res judicata effect of the criminal judgement in “other” civil proceedings, as per art. 654 of the Italian code of criminal procedure [hereinafter “c.p.p.”]. The analysis of the law and of the doctrine has led to detect some critical interpretations, in particular in relation to its scope and to the subjective and objective limitations to the res judicata effect of the
criminal judgement in subsequent civil proceedings. In addition, the analysis of the edited jurisprudence in relation to the rule in question has led to observe an incoherent application of the said discipline. The analysis of the most relevant doctrine and jurisprudence confirms the numerous interpretative perplexities that involve the discipline set in art. 654 c.p.p., in particular with regard to its divergence from the principles that govern the res judicata
according to the traditional doctrine in civil procedural law. The same notes were also the subject of the recent XXXII National Conference of the Italian Association of Civil Procedural Law Scholars on The Statute of the Judge and the Assessment of Facts (Messina, 27-28 September 2019).
3. – At a methodological level, the research has been carried out by elaborating a complete bibliography on each of the main topics dealt with. The essays, the articles and the most relevant jurisprudence have been examined with scientific method in order to obtain a more complete vision of the topics covered by the dissertation. Specific consideration was given to the contribution ZUMPANO, Rapporti tra processo penale e processo civile, Turin, 2000, on the relationship between criminal and civil proceedings. Each issue developed in the dissertation has been addressed with the conceptual and dogmatic instruments of civil procedural law science; they have also been applied to the analysis of issues belonging to criminal procedural law. According to this, the author often found a difficulty in the translation, both terminological and conceptual, of the basic institutions between the two procedural law
sciences.
4. – The primary result of the research was to redefine the object of the final work. It regards the logical and legal premises necessary for an analysis of art. 654 c.p.p., to be carried out later in time. In this way, the structure of the final report is divided into three chapters. (1) The introductory premises on the res judicata effect of the criminal judgement in other criminal judgements having the same object (artt. 648 and 649 c.p.p.). (2) The hypothesis of
a positive and binding effect of the criminal res judicata in subsequent criminal judgements having a different object. (3) The res judicata effect of the criminal judgement in civil tort and damage judgements (artt. 651-652 c.p.p.) and the relative premises: (i) the right to compensation relating to crimes (art. 185 of the criminal code) and (ii) the damage claim in the criminal proceedings (artt. 74 ff. c.p.p.) and in the civil proceedings.
5. – Considering all the elements, the dissertation deals with some issues that constitute the leitmotiv of the work. They are, first, the typical object of a criminal judgement as a fact. Second, the classification of the notion of crime as a prejudicial element in a technical sense. Third, the definition of the right to compensation for damages related to a crime. Fourth, the scope of application of the discipline dedicated to the damage claim related to a crime. Fifth,
the peculiarities of the discipline of the res judicata effect of criminal judgement in civil proceedings in relation to its scope of application and its subjective limitation.
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Milvydas, Ričardas. "D-6 naftos telkinio eksploatacija tarptautinės jūrų teisės požiūriu". Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130205_095344-53916.
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Magistro baigiamajame darbe “D-6 naftos telkinio eksploatacija tarptautinės jūrų teisės požiūriu” analizuojami tarptautinės teisės šaltiniai, reglamentuojantys jūrinių naftos platformų statybą, eksploataciją bei atsakomybę už jų sukeltą žalą kitai valstybei. Nagrinėjama kurios tarptautinės sutartys, kiti teisės aktai yra privalomi Rusijos Federacijai ir turi būti taikomi eksploatuojant naftos telkinius Baltijos jūros kontinentiniame šelfe Rusijos jurisdikcijos zonoje. Taip pat darbe yra nurodomi atvejai, kuriais Rusija nesilaikė jai privalomų tarptautinės teisės normų projektuodama, statydama ir eksploatuodama naftos platformą D-6. Analizuojama, ar Rusijos Federacija būtų atsakinga prieš Lietuvos Respubliką už žalą, kuri gali kilti eksploatuojant D-6 naftos platformą. Tuo tikslu nagrinėjami du atsakomybės taikymo pagrindai: atsakomybė už tarptautinės teisės normų pažeidimus ir atsakomybė už kitos valstybės interesams padarytą žalą veiksmais, kurių nedraudžia tarptautinė teisė. Vertinant “griežtos” atsakomybės taikymo principą analizuojamas JT Tarptautinės teisės komisijos darbas šioje srityje. Siekiama nustatyti, ar yra susiformavęs tarptautinis paprotys, numatantis tokią valstybės atsakomybę už sukeltą žalą.
Darbo pabaigoje pateikiamos išvados. Remiantis atlikto tyrimo rezultatais konstatuojama, kad projektuojant ir statant D-6 naftos platformą buvo pažeistos tarptautinės teisės normos, tačiau šiuo metu eksploatuojant platformą Rusija laikosi tarptautinės teisės reikalavimų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]The Master’s thesis “D-6 oil fields exploitation in the background of the international maritime law” analyzes sources of the international law governing construction and exploitation of offshore platforms as well as responsibility for the damages to other countries caused by such platforms. The thesis also analyzes which international treaties and other legislation are mandatory to the Russian Federation and must be followed in exploiting oil fields continental shelf in the Baltic Sea in the area of the Russian jurisdiction. Besides, the thesis provides for the cases where Russia violated mandatory legislation in planning, erecting and exploiting oil platform D-6. Furthermore, the thesis analyzes whether the Russian Federation would be liable against the Republic of Lithuania for the damages which may arise from exploitation of D-6 oil platform. To that end, the thesis analyzes two principles of liability: liability for violations of the international legislation and liability for the damages to the interests of the other country resulting from the actions not prohibited by the international law. For assessment of the principle of application of “strict” liability, the work done by the UN International Law Commission is analyzed. Attempts are made to find out whether there is an international custom providing for the country’s liability for the caused damages. The thesis is finalized by the findings. Taking into consideration the research results it is stated that planning... [to full text]
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Alfonsin, Pedro Zanette. "A corresponsabilidade do lesado na responsabilidade civil". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/148315.
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No presente estudo buscar-se-á investigar a corresponsabilidade do lesado na responsabilidade civil, inserido no direito brasileiro no artigo 945 do Código Civil. Assim, inicialmente, tratar-se-á da conexão do tema com o dano fortuito e o dano causado a si mesmo para, em sequência abordar a corresponsabilidade do lesado com enfoque sobre a função preventiva da responsabilidade civil ao incentivar não somente o lesante a não reincidir em atos ilícitos, mas também a vítima. A corresponsabilidade do lesado será apresentada como exceção ao princípio da reparação integral do dano. A seguir, passa-se a tratar da corresponsabilidade da vítima e os estudos a respeito do nexo de causalidade e a análise das teorias da causalidade. Merece também exame a aplicação nos casos de corresponsabilidade do lesado e sua incidência quando da responsabilidade objetiva. Será demonstrada uma análise da recepção da corresponsabilidade do lesado nas legislações estrangeiras com enfoque especial ao sistema da commow law com a contributory negligence e sua migração para o comparative negligence. Em capítulos específicos são abordados estudos a respeito do dever de colaborar com a mitigação do próprio prejuízo (duty to mitigate the loss) e também a interlocução com o artigo 935 do Código Civil. Outro centro do presente estudo é a proporção na redução equitativa do dano quando identificada a concausalidade da vítima pelo magistrado e a contribuição da disciplina de direito e economia para o tema.The present study will seek to investigate comparative negligence in tort law inserted in Brazilian law in the article 945 of the Civil Code. So initially it will treat the theme of connection with the accidental damage and damage to yourself to sequentially treat the comparative negligence focusing on the preventive function of liability to encourage not only the perpetrator not reoccur in unlawful acts and also presents it as an exception to the principle of full compensation for the damage. Following going to deal with the comparative negligence and the studies of the causation and the analysis of causality theories. Also worth examining the application of the victim responsibility cases and its impact when it focuses strict liability. It will be shown an analysis of the injured responsibility reception in foreign legislation being given special attention to the commow law system with contributory negligence and their migration to the comparative negligence. In specific chapters are covered studies on the duty to mitigate the loss and also interlocution with Article 935 of the Civil Code. Another center of the study is the proportion equitable harm reduction when concausalidade identified the victim by the magistrate and the contribution of the discipline of Law and Economics at the subject.
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Trew, Noel. "Dead letter law arising from strategic choices : the difficulty of achieving accountability for the 'jus in bello' rules on proportionality and precautions in attack". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/33168.
Texto completoResumen
The jus in bello proportionality rule establishes an upper boundary on how much collateral damage combatants can cause whilst striking a lawful target and its associated rule on precautions in attack compels them to take all feasible measures to properly understand the situation on the ground and to mitigate civilian harm. Proportionality and precautions in attack have been codified in API for over forty years, but in that time, it has been difficult to hold troops and their leaders accountable for breaches of these rules. In this study, I examine several reasons for why these rules have been difficult to apply ex post by considering the strategic motivations of state officials and prosecutors. Specifically, I propose a game-theoretic model which describes the decisions that state officials and prosecutors have historically made, and I explore what changes to this model would prompt these actors to behave differently. The model was developed using insights gained from legal case studies, archival research and a series of interviews with relevant actors. It suggests, inter alia, that to induce state officials to support a stricter liability standard for unlawful attacks, they must either ascribe much more value to legitimacy than to the success of future military operations, or they must perceive the success of future military operations to be unaffected by the possibility of losing criminal or civil adjudication. State officials may perceive losing a civil case based on state liability as being less likely to affect the success of future military operations compared with criminal liability against individual troops. Therefore, state officials may be inclined to support a stricter civil liability standard, if they believed it would help the state to secure greater legitimacy.