Tesis sobre el tema "Landfill Bioga"
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Koliopoulos, Telemachus C. "Numerical modelling of landfill gas and associated risk assessment". Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248335.
Texto completoZacharof, Alexander. "Stochastic modelling of landfill leachate and biogas production incorporating waste heterogeneity". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.395644.
Texto completoARAUJO, LUIS FELIPE DE AZEVEDO. "THE LANDFILL BIOGAS AND ITS ENERGETIC USE IN MSW COLLECTION TRUCKS". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2014. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=28444@1.
Texto completoThe production of MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) is inevitable and occurs daily. Their amount varies depending on the level of economic development and the different layers that society entails. Managing information of MSW s lifecycle, from collection, treatment, disposal, recycling and energy recovery, becomes increasingly important to build a solid foundation for sustainable development. In the definition of United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), sustainable consumption means the supply of services and related products that meet basic human needs and promote their best quality of life not only current, as future generations. Therefore, sustainable consumption matters in particular attention for the use of natural resources and toxic substances as well as on strict control of waste and pollutants emissions during the life cycle of the product or service. In a scenario of climate change, with the growing consumption of disposable things and energy and also consequent increase of garbage production, adoption of more sustainable lifestyles must be an obligation, compatible with lower rates of utilization of natural resources and levels emissions of greenhouse gases (GEE). More than any other time, mankind finds itself in a crossroad. Since Industrial Revolution, in a traditional economic vision, technology and the market think that they will always be able to find replacements for finished natural resources and solutions to environmental degradation. Mankind requires energy to perform most of their daily activities. This energy comes from primary sources such as oil, coal, gas (non-renewable), or another nature, as occurs with biomass, solar and hydropower and biogas (renewable). The future development depends on availability of energy for a long time in increasing amounts secure, reliable sources and appropriate to environment.
Jaroenpoj, Souwalak. "Biogas Production from Co-Digestion of Landfill Leachate and Pineapple Peel". Thesis, Griffith University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367041.
Texto completoThesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Engineering
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
Full Text
Aromolaran, Adewale. "Enhancement of Biogas Production from Organic Wastes through Leachate Blending and Co-digestion". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/42509.
Texto completoYang, Cha. "Municipal Solid Waste Management in an urban area of China: Case studies of Shanghai, China and Linköping, Sweden". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-76770.
Texto completoMaldaner, Lia de Sousa. "Cobertura para oxidação biológica do metano em aterros de resíduos sólidos urbanos". Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3145/tde-04112011-141905/.
Texto completoThe decomposition of solid waste in landfills is a major source of methane to the atmosphere. This gas contributes more than carbon dioxide to heat trapping in the atmosphere and to the consequent global warming (greenhouse effect). The biological oxidation of methane in landfill cover systems is an alternative to reduce fugitive gas emissions. This process occurs by microbial activity in environments where methane, oxygen and methanotrophic bacteria are available. The methane oxidation in urban landfill cover systems can be improved by the creation of favorable environment conditions. A methodology for monitoring and quantification of methane oxidation is proposed, to evaluate the performance of different materials for oxidative cover, taking into account the climatic aspects. We evaluated two biofilter cover systems installed at Delta A landfill located in the city of Campinas (SP). The gas collection system well was used as methane source. Two different materials were tested: (1) construction and demolition waste and (2) natural quartz sand, both mixed with organic mature compost. The methane, carbon dioxide and oxygen concentration profiles and meteorological factors (atmospheric pressure, temperature and precipitation) were monitored over 20 months. The two materials were capable of oxidizing methane. Methane oxidation was affected by flow rate through the cover system, and therefore by the material gas permeability. The maximum methane oxidation rate was approximately 10 kg CH4/m².day. A methodology is proposed for quantifying methane oxidation based on measurements of methane concentration and flow rate in the upper part of the biofilter.
Mendes, Luiz Gustavo Galhardo. "Proposta de um sistema para aproveitamento energético de um aterro sanitário regional na cidade de Guaratinguetá /". Guaratinguetá : [s.n.], 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99335.
Texto completoBanca: João Ubiratan de Lima e Silva
Banca: André Luis de Paula Marques
Resumo: A intensificação das atividades humanas nas cidades tem gerado um acelerado aumento na produção de resíduos sólidos, os quais se constituem em grande problema para as administrações públicas. Após dispostos nos aterros sanitários, os resíduos sólidos urbanos, que contêm significativa parcela de matéria orgânica biodegradável, passam por um processo de digestão anaeróbia provocado pela ação de microorganismos que transformam a matéria orgânica em um gás conhecido como biogás. Os principais constituintes da composição do biogás são o metano e o dióxido de carbono. Estudos existentes indicam que, considerando um período de 100 anos, 1 grama de metano contribui 21 vezes mais para o potencial de aquecimento global (GWP - Global Warning Power) do que 1 grama de dióxido de carbono. A queima do biogás transforma o metano em dióxido de carbono e vapor d'água, reduzindo o GWP e possibilitando a participação no Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL) previsto no Protocolo de Kyoto, ao qual é permitida a venda de certificados de redução de emissão por países em desenvolvimento. O presente trabalho propõe a cooperação intermunicipal entre quatro municípios localizados no Vale do Paraíba para a construção de um aterro sanitário com recuperação de biogás visando a geração de eletricidade. Para isso, utilizaram-se de equações existentes na literatura com o objetivo de mensurar a quantidade de biogás emitida pelo aterro sanitário, possibilitando avaliar o potencial de geração de energia elétrica e o potencial de geração de créditos de carbono. Ao final é feita uma análise econômica do projeto possibilitando comparar o custo da geração de eletricidade com o valor cobrado pela concessionária local.
Abstract: The human activities intensification in the cities has been generating an accelerated increase in the solid residues production, which constitute a big problem for the public administrations. After arranged in the sanitary landfill, the urban solid residues, that contains biodegradable organic matter significant bit, they pass through an anaerobic digestion process provoked by the microorganisms action that transform the organic matter in a gas well-known as biogas. Biogas main composition constituent are the methane and the carbon dioxide. Existing studies indicate that, considering a period of 100 years, 1 methane gram contributes 21 times more for Global Warning Power (GWP) than 1 carbon dioxide gram. Biogas burning transforms the methane in carbon dioxide and water vapor, reducing the GWP and enabling the participation in the Clean Development Mechanism foreseen in the Kyoto Protocol, to which is a1lowed the certificates emissions reductions sa1es for countries in development. The hereby work proposes the inter-municipa1 cooperation among four municipal districts located in "Vale do Paraíba" for the construction of a sanitary landfill with biogas recovery aiming at electricity generation. For that, existing equations in the literature was made use of with the goal of measuring biogas quantity emitted by the sanitary landfill, enabling to evaluate the electric power generation potential and for the carbon potential credits generation. At the end a project economic analysis is made enabling to compare the electricity generation cost with the value charged by the local concessionary.
Mestre
Mata, Omar João da. "Estimativa da produção de biogás em aterros sanitários para a geração de metano". Universidade Jose do Rosario Vellano, 2012. http://tede2.unifenas.br:8080/jspui/handle/jspui/54.
Texto completoThe purpose of this study was to measure biogas emission from a monitored landfill in the city of Betim, State of Minas Gerais, in southeast Brazil, and determine parameters for the application of mathematical models to evaluate methane production and the possible generation of energy for the specific Betim region. The study was conducted at the city sanitary landfill. With 500,000 inhabitants, and producing 300 tons of residues a day, Betim started to operate its sanitary landfill in 2002 and is expected to close it in 2012. The system of disposition and treatment of garbage includes the landfill, manure treatment ponds and a composting yard. It receives domestic and commercial waste from the city and the remains of pruning and weeding. The residues from pruning and weeding, restaurants and garbage trucks are transformed into organic matter on the composting yard. The gas consists of 50%-60% of methane generated by decomposition of the organic matter by bacteria, and also of carbon dioxide, hydrogen, oxygen, hydrogen sulphide, ammonia, carbon monoxide, water and small percentages of other elements. Several collections and analyses were carried out and compared with different measurement estimates of the biogas capturing system of sanitary landfills by different methods: World Bank WB; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC; and United States Environment Protection Agency USEPA, with the aim of finding parameters to evaluate the data obtained. The comparison of our data with the curves foreseen with the methods above, and the results provided by the laboratory, made it possible to validate the theoretical models.
O objetivo deste estudo foi medir a emissão de biogás a partir de um aterro monitorado na cidade de Betim, Estado de Minas Gerais, no sudeste do Brasil, e determinar parâmetros para a aplicação de modelos matemáticos para avaliar a produção de metano ea geração de energia possível para o Betim região específica. O estudo foi realizado no aterro sanitário da cidade. Com 500.000 habitantes, e produzindo 300 toneladas de resíduos por dia, Betim começou a operar seu aterro sanitário em 2002 e deverá ser concluída em 2012. O sistema de disposição e tratamento de lixo inclui o aterro sanitário, lagoas de tratamento de chorume e um pátio de compostagem. Ele recebe lixo doméstico e comercial da cidade e os restos de poda e capina. Os resíduos de poda e capina, restaurantes e caminhões de lixo são transformados em matéria orgânica no pátio de compostagem. O gás é constituído por 50% -60% de metano gerado pela decomposição da matéria orgânica por bactérias, e também de dióxido de carbono, oxigênio, hidrogênio, sulfureto de hidrogênio, amoníaco, monóxido de carbono, água e pequenas percentagens de outros elementos. Várias coleções e análises foram realizados e comparados com estimativas de medição diferentes das biogás captura sistema de aterros sanitários por meio de métodos diferentes: Banco Mundial - BM; Painel Intergovernamental sobre Mudança do Clima - IPCC, e Estados Unidos Agência de Proteção Ambiental - EPA, com o objetivo de encontrar parâmetros para avaliar os dados obtidos. A comparação dos nossos dados com as curvas previstas com os métodos acima, e os resultados fornecidos pelo laboratório, tornou possível para validar os modelos teóricos.
SANTOS, MAURO MEIRELLES DE OLIVEIRA. "BIOGAS GENERATION IN LANDFILLS: AN ANALYSIS ON THE FORECAST MODELS USED BY PROJECTS UNDER THE CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2014. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=24638@1.
Texto completoSolid waste disposal sites (SWDS) – especially landfills – are a significant source of methane. Although having the potential to be captured and used as a fuel, most of the methane formed in SWDS is emitted to the atmosphere. After the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change entered into force in 1994 with the final goal of preventing climatic changes, all the countries that have ratified it were asked to estimate and report their greenhouse gas emissions, including methane. In order to support countries in this task, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has published three sets of guidelines for national inventories, including sets of equations for calculating the quantity of methane formed as biodegradable waste decays. In addition, the Kyoto Protocol has created the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) to assist the developed countries to offset their own greenhouse gas emissions by assisting other countries to achieve sustainable development and to reduce their emissions. Based on IPCC s methodologies, the CDM has issued a tool to help developers estimate reductions in methane emissions as a result of their project activities. Unfortunately, the four methodologies for calculating methane formation in landfills that are used worldwide – three from IPCC and one from CDM – yield different results, although they are all based on equations to simulate first order decay of biodegradable waste. Furthermore, differences in results from the use of the different models are not clearly presented, and there is not a clear understanding on how they should be used. The incorrect application of the methodologies can be seen in national inventories and in CDM projects activities. The purpose of this thesis is to assess the mathematical models used to predict the generation of biogas by landfills in Brazil and to compare the forecasts with the monitored results over the years of operation. According to Scharff and Jacobs (2006), the emission from a landfill has a high temporal and spatial variability and the authors assert that this is a complicated area of study. Approximately half the volume of this biogas is methane, which is its most significant part; firstly, because it is a greenhouse gas; and secondly, because its burning, as well as being desirable, can generate energy – of the renewable type. For this reason, landfill projects that burn methane are able to receive financial incentives – the carbon credits – through the CDM. Since 2005, when the Kyoto Protocol entered into force and launched the CDM, solid waste disposal sites are seen differently in Brazil. The landfills studied here are CDM projects that had their potential for biogas EXPANDED ABSTRACT evaluated at their inception and which later on had their generation models and their parameters re-evaluated. These projects have undergone a renewal of their first 7-year crediting period, within the CDM procedures, when it was necessary to update the baseline and monitoring methodology. In order to have an ex-ante estimation of the methane generation in CDM landfill projects, it is necessary to follow the methodologies approved by the CDM Executive Board. These methodologies are based on the procedures used for national greenhouse gas inventories of the IPCC, which in turn assesses the scientific knowledge around the world on climate change and greenhouse gases. There are three editions of IPCC guidelines (1997, 2000 and 2006), other than several versions for the ones issued by the CDM Executive Board. This thesis shows the differences among the models contained in these methodologies, besides the different interpretations and different ways to apply the methodologies in the analyzed projects. Two more models were added to the analysis: those referred to in World Bank (2004) – the so-called Scholl-Canyon model and the U.S. EPA s LFG Emissions Model (LandGEM). All CDM projects are required to have a prior design document as well as verified monitoring reports, which demonstrate the emission reductions, all documents publish
Mendes, Luiz Gustavo Galhardo [UNESP]. "Proposta de um sistema para aproveitamento energético de um aterro sanitário regional na cidade de Guaratinguetá". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99335.
Texto completoCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
A intensificação das atividades humanas nas cidades tem gerado um acelerado aumento na produção de resíduos sólidos, os quais se constituem em grande problema para as administrações públicas. Após dispostos nos aterros sanitários, os resíduos sólidos urbanos, que contêm significativa parcela de matéria orgânica biodegradável, passam por um processo de digestão anaeróbia provocado pela ação de microorganismos que transformam a matéria orgânica em um gás conhecido como biogás. Os principais constituintes da composição do biogás são o metano e o dióxido de carbono. Estudos existentes indicam que, considerando um período de 100 anos, 1 grama de metano contribui 21 vezes mais para o potencial de aquecimento global (GWP - Global Warning Power) do que 1 grama de dióxido de carbono. A queima do biogás transforma o metano em dióxido de carbono e vapor d'água, reduzindo o GWP e possibilitando a participação no Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL) previsto no Protocolo de Kyoto, ao qual é permitida a venda de certificados de redução de emissão por países em desenvolvimento. O presente trabalho propõe a cooperação intermunicipal entre quatro municípios localizados no Vale do Paraíba para a construção de um aterro sanitário com recuperação de biogás visando a geração de eletricidade. Para isso, utilizaram-se de equações existentes na literatura com o objetivo de mensurar a quantidade de biogás emitida pelo aterro sanitário, possibilitando avaliar o potencial de geração de energia elétrica e o potencial de geração de créditos de carbono. Ao final é feita uma análise econômica do projeto possibilitando comparar o custo da geração de eletricidade com o valor cobrado pela concessionária local.
The human activities intensification in the cities has been generating an accelerated increase in the solid residues production, which constitute a big problem for the public administrations. After arranged in the sanitary landfill, the urban solid residues, that contains biodegradable organic matter significant bit, they pass through an anaerobic digestion process provoked by the microorganisms action that transform the organic matter in a gas well-known as biogas. Biogas main composition constituent are the methane and the carbon dioxide. Existing studies indicate that, considering a period of 100 years, 1 methane gram contributes 21 times more for Global Warning Power (GWP) than 1 carbon dioxide gram. Biogas burning transforms the methane in carbon dioxide and water vapor, reducing the GWP and enabling the participation in the Clean Development Mechanism foreseen in the Kyoto Protocol, to which is a1lowed the certificates emissions reductions sa1es for countries in development. The hereby work proposes the inter-municipa1 cooperation among four municipal districts located in Vale do Paraíba for the construction of a sanitary landfill with biogas recovery aiming at electricity generation. For that, existing equations in the literature was made use of with the goal of measuring biogas quantity emitted by the sanitary landfill, enabling to evaluate the electric power generation potential and for the carbon potential credits generation. At the end a project economic analysis is made enabling to compare the electricity generation cost with the value charged by the local concessionary.
Regattieri, Carlos Roberto. "Estudo da utilização da energia do biogás na incineração do chorume em aterros sanitários: eliminação simultânea de duas fontes poluentes - gasosa e líquida". Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18135/tde-11022016-114029/.
Texto completoThis work was developed at the NETeF (Thermal Engineering and Fluids Group) at EESC/USP, Sao Carlos, SP, and the local landfill \"Guapore Farm\". It was aimed to the treatment of the \"chorume\" through its incineration with the biogas produced in the landfill, this way eliminating also the methane, the second most important greenhouse gas according to IPCC. The composition and flow rate of the biogas were determined by calculations and experimentaly and the same was done with the chorume. The gas flowrate was calculated using data available in the literature and measured with a probe specially developed in this work. To evaluate the feasibility of the concept it was done a balance of energy to verify if the energy of the gas was enough to the chorume thermal destruction and a chemical balance to determinate the potential of emission of air pollutants. The results have shown that there is more energy available than it is required for that purpose but they should be considered with some caution given the small diference between the required and produced energy and the uncertaints in the measurements and evaluations. The chemical balance has shown that, in general, the potential for emissions was bellow the legally stablished limits although in a few cases it was above.
Tolbatov, Volodymyr Aronovych, Володимир Аронович Толбатов, Владимир Аронович Толбатов, S. V. Tolbatov, Svitlana Vasylivna Mikhno, Світлана Василівна Міхно y Светлана Васильевна Михно. "The use biogas energy from municipal solid waste landfills as a step to remove the greenhouse effect the third millennium". Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2010. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3951.
Texto completoТолбатов, Володимир Аронович, Владимир Аронович Толбатов, Volodymyr Aronovych Tolbatov, Світлана Василівна Міхно, Свитлана Васильевна Михно, Svitlana Vasylivna Mikhno y S. V. Tolbatov. "The use biogas energy from municipal solid waste landfills as a step to remove the greenhouse effect the third millennium". Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2010. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/18326.
Texto completoDixit, Onkar. "Upgrading Biogas to Biomethane Using Absorption". Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-189059.
Texto completoFragen, die in der Dissertation beantwortet wurden: Welches Verfahren ist zur Entschwefelung von Biogas geeignet, wenn die chemische Absorption zur CO2-Abtrennung genutzt wird? Welches Absorptionsmittel ist geeignet, um CO2 aus konzentrierten Gasen, wie Biogas, bei atmosphärischem Druck abzutrennen? Welche Eigenschaften des ausgewählten Absorptionsmittels, wässriges Diglykolamin (DGA), sind bereits bekannt? Wie wird die CO2-Gleichgewichtsbeladung unter Absorptions- und Desorptionsbedingungen mit einfachen und robusten Laborapparaten bestimmt? Welche Werte nehmen die Absorptionsmitteleigenschaften wie Dichte, Viskosität und Oberflächenspannung bei verschiedenen DGA-Gehalten und CO2-Beladungen? Wie werden die Absorptionsmitteleigenschaften durch den Primäramin-Gehalt und die CO2-Beladung beeinflusst? Was ist der optimale DGA-Gehalt im Absorptionsmittel? Was ist die optimale Desorptionstemperatur bei atmosphärischem Druck? Wie wird die CO2-Gleichgewichtsbeladung im wässrigen DGA simuliert? Welche Ungenauigkeit ist zu erwarten? Wie wird eine Absorptionskolonne umgerüstet, um die Kapazität zu erweitern? Wie wird die optimale CO2-Beladung des Absorptionsmittels am Absorbereintritt (im unbeladenen Absorptionsmittel) bestimmt? Was sind die Prozesseigenschaften eines Absorptionsverfahrens, das wässriges DGA als Absorptionsmittel nutzt sowie energieeffizienter und sicherer als Verfahren auf dem Stand der Technik ist? Wie kann das Gefahrenpotenzial von Absorptionsmittel quantitativ verglichen werden? Wie werden Gefahren aus einer Biogasanlage durch die deutsche Bevölkerung wahrgenommen? Welche positive und negative Umweltauswirkung hat Biomethan?
Surita, Sharon C. "Emergence and Fate of Siloxanes in Waste Streams: Release Mechanisms, Partitioning and Persistence in Three Environmental Compartments". FIU Digital Commons, 2015. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1899.
Texto completoJÃnior, Francisco Amilcar Moreira. "AvaliaÃÃo do comportamento de lisÃmetros preenchidos com resÃduos sÃlidos com diferentes caracterÃsticas". Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=13486.
Texto completoEsta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento da massa de resÃduos sÃlidos em termos de produÃÃo de lixiviado, geraÃÃo de gases, avaliaÃÃo das propriedades fÃsico quÃmicas do efluente, caracterizaÃÃo dos resÃduos e recalque, para trÃs lisÃmetros em uma Ãrea pertencente ao Aterro SanitÃrio Metropolitano Oeste de Caucaia â CE. A pesquisa foi realizada durante os meses de janeiro a junho de 2014, dando continuidade ao monitoramento e caracterizaÃÃo das propriedades que ocorriam internamente aos LisÃmetros desde a sua implantaÃÃo em maio de 2012. Foram utilizados, para a avaliaÃÃo, trÃs LisÃmetros: L01 - preenchido com 100% de resÃduos na forma como chegam ao aterro sanitÃrio; L02 â preenchido com 50% de resÃduos orgÃnicos e 50% como chegam ao aterro sanitÃrio; L03- preenchido 100% com resÃduos orgÃnicos. Durante o perÃodo da pesquisa foi realizado um levantamento das precipitaÃÃes ocorridas no municÃpio pertencente ao aterro sanitÃrio, de forma a verificar a possÃvel interferÃncia desta na geraÃÃo dos gases e produÃÃo de efluentes. Como resultado foi observado a consistÃncia na produÃÃo de biogÃs, principalmente nos valores observados para metano na base dos lisÃmetros, de forma mais intensa, no L03, assim como a grande geraÃÃo de lixiviado, com o inconveniente do odor produzido pelo gÃs sulfÃdrico. Por jà se encontrarem hà aproximadamente dois anos em operaÃÃo, foram verificados altos valores de recalque dos resÃduos, sendo alcanÃada a mÃdia de 92 cm para o L01, 130,5 cm para o L02 e de 123,75 cm para o L03. Em termos de produÃÃo de metano, os valores mÃdios obtidos foram de 0,726% e 0,667 % para a base e o meio do L01, de 2,81% e 0,69% na base e no meio do L02, e de 4,8% e 1,966% no entorno da base e do meio do L03. Para os valores de diÃxido de carbono os valores alcanÃados, em mÃdia, para a base e o meio dos LisÃmetros foram de 2,041% e 0,132% no L01, 3,28% e 0,4% no L02 e 7,8% e 2,778% no L03. Jà quanto ao gÃs sulfÃdrico, foram obtidos os valores de 0,866 ppm e 0,917 ppm para o L01, de 5,14 ppm e 0,87 ppm para o L02, e de 164,2 ppm e 4,377 ppm na base e no meio do L03, respectivamente. Em termos das caracterÃsticas fÃsico-quÃmicas do lixiviado, foram encontradas variaÃÃes para determinados parÃmetros, principalmente durante os meses de maiores Ãndices de chuvas, afetando, desta forma, as caracterÃsticas da massa de resÃduos, na atividade dos microrganismos e na geraÃÃo do efluente, o qual se apresentou com valores bem acima do permitido em legislaÃÃo especÃfica para o lanÃamento em corpos hÃdricos. Mesmo com a presenÃa de adversidades, como o recalque excessivo, forte produÃÃo de lÃquidos, dois anos em decomposiÃÃo, e de fissuras na camada de cobertura, foi constatada, ainda, uma boa produÃÃo de gases, indicando a viabilidade e a importÃncia de se investir em tÃcnicas de aproveitamento de biogÃs em aterros sanitÃrios.
This research aimed to evaluate the behavior of the mass of solid waste in terms of leachate production, gas generation, evaluation of the physicochemical properties of the effluent, waste characterization and discharge for three lysimeters in an area belonging to the Landfill Metropolitan West Caucaia - CE. The survey was conducted during the months from January to June 2014, continuing the monitoring and characterization of the properties occurring internally to lysimeters since its inception in May 2012. It was used to evaluate three lysimeters: L01 - filled with 100% of waste in the way reach the landfill; L02 - filled with 50% of organic waste and 50% as they arrive to the landfill; L03- 100% filled with organic waste. During the research period was a survey of rain in the city belonging to the landfill in order to verify the possible interference in the generation of gases and waste production. As a result was observed consistency in the production of biogas, especially in the observed values of methane at the base of the lysimeters, more intensely, the L03, as well as the great generation of leachate, with the drawback of odor produced by hydrogen sulfide gas. As they were already there about two years in operation were high discharge values of waste, and achieved an average of 92 cm for the L01, 130.5 cm to L02 and 123.75 cm for the L03. In terms of methane production, the values obtained were 0.726% and 0.667% for the base and the middle of L01, 2.81% and 0.69% at the base and in the middle of L02, and 4.8 % and 1,966% in the vicinity of the base and the middle of the L03. For carbon dioxide the values obtained, on average, to the base of the lysimeters and the middle was 2.041% and 0.132% in the L01, and 3.28% to 0.4% and 7.8% and L02 2,778 % in the L03. As for the hydrogen sulfide was obtained values of 0.866 ppm and 0.917 ppm for L01, 5.14 ppm and 0.87 ppm for L02, and 164.2 ppm to 4,377 ppm at the bottom and in the middle of L03 respectively. In terms of physical and chemical characteristics of the leachate, variations were found for certain parameters, especially during the months of highest rates of rainfall, affecting in this way, the waste mass characteristics, the activity of microorganisms and the effluent generation, which performed with values well above the permitted in specific legislation for the release in water bodies. Even with the presence of adversity, such as excessive repression, strong production of liquid two years to decompose, and cracks in the cover layer, was found also a good gas production, indicating the viability and importance of investing in biogas production technologies in landfills.
Figueiredo, Natalie Jimenez Verdi de. "Utilização de biogás de aterro sanitário para geração de energia elétrica - estudo de caso". Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/86/86131/tde-11082011-092549/.
Texto completoThe intensification of human activities in the last few decades has brought about an accelerated increase in the production of urban solid wastes (garbage), becoming a serious problem for the public administrations and society. The disorderly increase in population and the unplanned growth of huge urban nuclei makes it difficult for the waste management actions; in addition, the use of dump areas in the major urban centers is still a common practice, what causes health and environmental problems. The decomposition of the organic matter releases biogas, which main constituents are the carbonic gas and methane, corresponding to approximately 50% and is a greenhouse gas, which emission causes global heating. In addition, it generates unpleasant odors and presents explosion risks. The sanitary landfills are currently regarded as one of the most interesting alternatives for biogas generation, as they can rely on techniques to capture the gases released, through a capturing ducts and subsequent burning in flares, where the methane - biogas main constituent - is transformed into carbonic gas which global heating potential is approximately 20 times lower than methane. Ducts are in place at these landfills to capture the leachate, a liquid deriving from the decomposition of organic wastes which, if not duly collected, pollutes the hydrological resources. Besides the opportunity to reduce the environmental damages, it is possible to use biogas as a fuel to generate electric power. Therefore, this study assesses the potential biogas generation of the Essencis Landfill CTR Caieiras, in the city of Caieiras (SP), as well as the technical and economic feasibility for the deployment of an electric power generation project with the biogas deriving from same, by means of a case study. This study has showed that the methodology used in order to quantify the potential biogas from the landfill at issue is close to the actually captured one, and also that the CTR Caieiras has a high potential for electric power generation. In addition, the 230 kW power generator installed at the landfill is feasible, from the economic point of view, and may present better results with the installation of greater size power generators.
Veiga, Ana Paula Beber. "Contribuição à avaliação das barreiras e oportunidades regulatórias, econômicas e tecnológicas do uso de biometano produzido a partir de gás de aterro no Brasil". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/106/106131/tde-15072016-113112/.
Texto completoBiogas as an energy source has been explored since ancient times, and has contributed, if only to a small degree, to diversify the energy mix of many countries, based on the increased use of renewable energy. Recently, the need to improve waste management and issues such as power supply safety and climate change, have driven the development of biogas purification techniques to produce biomethane, a potential substitute for fossil-based natural gas. The focus of this research is the purification of landfill biogas, its use as a fuel for vehicles and injecting it into gas pipelines, since the recent development of projects in Brazil reflect those in developed countries, even though the Brazilian sanitation and energy sectors present distinct characteristics. The current development stage of biomethane investigations in Germany, United Kingdom and Sweden, were analyzed by reviewing literature and examining documents. The result was compared with the actual situation of this resource in Brazil, as well as current and future perspectives based mainly on the National Solid Waste Policy, the development plans for the national energy sector and state policies for Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo that specifically deal with promoting the use of biogas. National and regional constraints were verified and classified in relation to challenges and opportunities for use of biomethane obtained from landfill gas. As a result, the research revealed that the implementation of incentive mechanisms and the definition of selected end uses based on the available infrastructure are drivers for the development of this resource in the selected countries. Analysis of the current scenario of biomethane development from landfill gas in Brazil demonstrates that, even though it does not present a significant energy potential and current regulations limit its applications, its development could be an alternative, at least, to help improve the prevailing sanitary conditions of the country.
Allam, Nadine. "Estimation des émissions surfaciques du biogaz dans une installation de stockage des déchets non dangereux". Thesis, Nantes, Ecole des Mines, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EMNA0187/document.
Texto completoLandfill sites produce biogas by degradation of biodegradable organic matter. Biogas mainly composed of CH4 and CO2 represents a major environmental challenge. This study propose a method to estimate biogas surface emissions in landfill sites using atmospheric dispersion modeling of a tracer gas, in this case, methane. The spatial and temporal dynamics of CH4 and VOC concentrations have been followed on the studied landfill site (Séché Environnement) for several weather conditions. Measurement results show low atmospheric VOC and CH4 concentrations on the studied landfill site which validates low emissions of these compounds. Detected VOC are emitted by different sources, excluding the landfill site. The contribution of these sources on VOC concentrations is more important than that of the landfill site and no VOC could be identified as tracer of biogas emitted by landfill site. However, CH4 is emitted by the landfill site, its principal source. Two methods are proposed to estimate methane surface emissions using a Gaussian atmospheric dispersion model ADMS. Gaussian model is validated by comparison of the temporal dynamics and atmospheric concentrations of methane measured on the site and those modeled. The first method is based on an inverse approach and the second one is a statistical regression approach. CH4 emissions are estimated for the exposure period of the laser diode to the site emissions and for 4 weather scenarios identified by a hierarchical classification. Results validate the influence of meteorological parameters, especially the stability of the atmosphere, on the atmospheric dispersion and methane surface emissions
Moran, Enrique. "Improving waste management systems from households in Peru. : An economic, social and ecologic profitable investment". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggd miljö och energiteknik (BET), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-54504.
Texto completoOliveira, ClÃudio Andrà Almeida de. "AnÃlise do Fluxo de Gases na Camada de Cobertura do Aterro SanitÃrio Municipal Oeste de Caucaia (ASMOC)". Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7346.
Texto completoO crescente consumo humano acarreta uma maior geraÃÃo de resÃduos, que, por sua vez, devem ser adequadamente tratados e descartados. O armazenamento dos resÃduos urbanos em aterros produz gases, que quando nÃo geridos corretamente prejudicam a qualidade de vida da populaÃÃo. As emissÃes incontroladas desses gases provocam mÃltiplos impactos econÃmicos e socioambientais a partir da contaminaÃÃo do ar nas diferentes cidades do mundo. A comunidade circunvizinha do aterro à bastante prejudicada em virtude do convÃvio constante com o mau cheiro, gases inflamÃveis e atà componentes cancerÃgenos presentes no biogÃs. Em termos mundiais, o lanÃamento incontrolado do biogÃs na atmosfera à uma das contribuiÃÃes humanas para o aumento dos Gases causadores do Efeito Estufa (GEE) e aquecimento global. Uma das principais formas de se evitar a passagem aleatÃria do biogÃs gerado em aterros para a atmosfera à constituir um adequado sistema de cobertura dos resÃduos, a qual tem, dentre outras funÃÃes, evitar a fuga dos gases e a entrada de Ãguas pluviais na massa de resÃduos, alÃm de auxiliar na coleta e tratamento do biogÃs gerado no interior do aterro. Desenvolveu-se tÃcnicas de laboratÃrio e em campo para contemplar o estudo do fluxo de gases que atravessa o solo utilizado como cobertura do Aterro SanitÃrio Metropolitano Oeste de Caucaia (ASMOC), com o objetivo de se avaliar a funcionalidade da camada de cobertura e se estimar a quantidade de gases, metano (CH4) e diÃxido de carbono (CO2), emitidos pelo Aterro. Escolheram-se quatro pontos distintos na superfÃcie da cÃlula, onde foram coletadas duas amostras, uma deformada e outra indeformada, para cada ponto selecionado. Os resultados mostraram que o solo da camada de cobertura foi classificado como areia fina silto-argilosa, com permeabilidade de 2,2 x 10-4 cm/s, limite de liquidez de 27%, limite de plasticidade de 14% (Ãndice de plasticidade: 13%), massa especifica seca mÃxima de 1,83 g/cm e umidade Ãtima de 11%. Utilizou-se a metodologia de mediÃÃo por placa de fluxo de alta sensibilidade, onde se mediu o fluxo que atravessa a camada de cobertura, utilizando-se aparelhos de precisÃo. A mÃdia do fluxo de CH4 emitido pela camada de cobertura variou entre 105 e 1.361 m3/dia.m2, enquanto a mÃdia dos fluxos de CO2 variou de 76 à 1.048 m3/dia.m2. O fluxo mÃdio de CH4 pode atingir valores prÃximos de 9.452 t/ano, o que representa aproximadamente 198,5 mil t de CO2eq por ano em uma Ãrea de 78 hectares do aterro
The growing human consumption entails a greater generation of waste, which, in turn, must be properly treated and disposed. The storage of waste in landfills produces gas, which if not managed properly will affect the quality of life. The uncontrolled emissions of these gases cause multiple economic, social and environmental impacts, as due to air pollution in different cities around the world. The community surrounding the landfill is actually impaired by virtue of living with the constant stench, flammable and even carcinogenic compounds present in the biogas. Worldwide, the uncontrolled release of biogas into the atmosphere is one of the human contributions to the increase of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions and global warming. One of the main ways to avoid the random passage of the biogas generated in landfills to the atmosphere is to provide an adequate coverage of the waste system, which has, among other functions, prevent the escape of gases and the ingress of rainwater into the mass of waste as well as assist in the collection and treatment of the biogas generated within the landfill. Techniques were developed in the laboratory and field research to consider the flow of gases through the soil used as cover Landfill Metropolitan West Caucaia (ASMOC), to assess the functionality of the cover layer and estimate the amount of gases, methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted by the landfill. Four different points on the cell surface were chosen, where two samples were collected, a deformed and other undeformed, for each selected point. The results showed that the covering layer is classified as sandy silt-clay, with permeability of 2,2 x 10-4 cm/s, liquid limit of 27%, plastic limit of 14% (plasticity index: 13%), maximum dry density of 1.83 g/cm and optimum moisture content of 11%. The methodology used was the static flow measurement with high sensitivity, which measures the gas flow through the cover layer, using precision instruments. The average flow of CH4 emitted by the layer of coverage ranged between 105 and 1.361 m3/dia.m2, while the average CO2 fluxes ranged 76 - 1.048 m3/dia.m2. The average CH4 flux can reach values close to 9,452 tons / year, which represents about 198 500 tonnes of CO2 eq per year in an area of 78 hectares of the landfill.
Quiroga, Ekman Maria Eugenia. "Waste Management System Assessment in the North of Argentina". Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-219315.
Texto completoFilho, Carlos Eduardo Gomes Cassaú. "Potencial de geração de metano em aterros sanitários através dos modelos IPCC, USEPA e Scholl Canyon estudo de caso do aterro sanitário de Moskogen, Kalmar, Suécia". Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8169.
Texto completoThe use of methane (CH4) present in the biogas generated by the anaerobic degradation of organic wastes in landfills as an energy source is an expanding technology, especially in developing countries. To ensure a proper utilization of CH4 and the economic feasibility of the energy recovery project it is necessary that these landfills evaluate their capability to produce this gas over the years, even after the end of waste disposal. The generation potential is commonly estimated from first-order kinetic models proposed by reputable institutions, however, recent studies indicate a high level of uncertainty and significant differences between the results obtained with each method. This study aims to analyze the variation of the results of methane generation estimatives, from the models recommended by the USEPA, the World Bank (Scholl Canyon Model) and the IPCC using field data and information provided by Moskogen landfill, located in Kalmar, Sweden, which was operated from 1977 to 2008. In addition to estimating the CH4 generation potential, the objective is to identity which model whose results are closer to the data of the amount of biogas effectively measured and to discover how much gas still can be extracted from the landfill. The study also evaluated how different values to the model main parameters affect the final generation estimative. The IPCC model proved to be the most reliable among the others analyzed, estimating that Moskogen will produce over 102 million m of CH4 between 1977 and 2100, which 39.384 can be extracted from 2012 to 2100. The other models presented inadequate assumptions in comparison to the reality of the studied landfill. Nevertheless, despite the fact that the model proposed by the IPCC has been judged as the most faithful, larger studies are needed on the area, in order to identify more field data, such as the occurrence of passive gas flow through the top covering layers of the landfill and a better estimative of the amount of degradable organic compounds in each fraction of waste disposed in Moskogen.
Silva, Eduardo Gaiotto Marques da. "Estudo Experimental de Gases em Camadas de Cobertura no Aterro de Nova Iguaçu - RJ". Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2011. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8183.
Texto completoThis research presents a literature review on methane emissions from landfills, the concepts of landfill gas generation, the landfill internal gas flow, introduces the methods of measurement of gases "in situ", types of final landfill coverage and the methane oxidation in the cover layer. The research also purposes to measure greenhouse gas emissions and to evaluate the infiltration of rainwater through the landfill cover layer of the CTR Nova Iguaçu. Measurements were made in the months from July to November 2010, the existing monolithic cover layer and another built on a capillary barrier. Sensors to measure temperature and humidity were installed in two layers in depth. Plate assays were performed to measure the flow of the gas composition and flow through the two types of layers, and evaluated two situations with the gas extraction wells active and off. The sensors have indicated that in times of low rainfall, the capillary barrier has superior efficacy to the monolithic layer, and with the intensification of rain, the moisture content measured on two types of layers increase, the capillary barrier and the gradient established between sensors decreases, indicating a possible trend to saturation of capillary barrier. However, with the stoppage of rain, recovers and returns to its initial condition. The results of measurements of gases demonstrated the efficiency of extraction of gas when activated, resulting in near zero emissions of methane and carbon dioxide in the two types of layers. However, when the system is off, the emissions through the monolithic layer is about three times larger than through the capillary barrier.
Marques, Marcel Sousa. "Qualidade ambiental e estudo da produção e aproveitamento energético do biogás produzido pelo aterro sanitário de Palmas – TO". Universidade Federal do Tocantins, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11612/1059.
Texto completoThe present work presents the study of the energy production and use of the biogas produced at Palmas Landfill, Tocantins, together with the environmental monitoring of the quality of the surface and groundwater resources of the area of direct interference of the Landfill, and the verification of the environmental compliance of the project through the Residual Landfill Quality Index - RQI. The groundwater and surface water samples were collected in April 2018 in the monitoring wells installed in the Sanitary Landfill, following the current norms and environmental legislation inherent to the subject matter. Thus, the results obtained for the parameters pH, temperature, total solids, suspended solids and volatile solids, turbidity, alkalinity, arsenic gas dissolved in the liquid medium, cyanides, and metals are presented: barium, cadmium, lead, copper, chromium, iron, mercury and nickel, performed in both the surface and groundwater samples carried out by the development of the present study. The study of biogas production produced by the Landfill was conducted according to the data provided by the municipality about the quantity and quality of the residues disposed in the Sanitary Landfill, in addition to the local climatic conditions, that directly interfere in the stabilization of the organic matter confined inside the massif of waste, which in a direct way, interferes with the generation of biogas by Landfill. The verification of the Residual Landfill Quality Index (RQI), was verified through the verification of the conditioners present in the indicator, as well as information collected locally and passed on by the Economist Antônio Adeluzio Gomes Azevedo, an operational technician of the Landfill. It is concluded, with the development of the present study, that the ground water and surface waters in the area of direct interference of the Sanitary Landfill of Palmas - TO, do not have pollution/contamination resulting from the current use of the area as Landfill, based on in the data reported in the literature and confirmed through the execution of the present study. The RQI measurement at Palmas Sanitary Landfill - TO, presented a sum of 9.3 points, reflecting, in this way, adequate conditions for final accommodation of municipal solid waste. With regard to the generation of biogas, it is possible to supply about 3,251 residences with electricity generated by biogas, thus transmitting, in the real viability of the energy utilization of the biogas generated by the Landfill of Palmas, Tocantins.
Damanhuri, Enri. "Etude de l'influence des modalites de recyclage des lixiviats sur la cinetique de degradation des ordures menageres". Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA077028.
Texto completoSilva, Anna Kelly Moreira da. "Estudo do comportamento dos resÃduos sÃlidos urbanos (RSU) em lisÃmetros preenchidos com resÃduos de diferentes caracterÃsticas". Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=10369.
Texto completoO biogÃs gerado nos aterros sanitÃrios apresenta elevado poder calorÃfico, podendo ser aproveitado energeticamente. Para isso, fazem-se necessÃrios estudos sobre as emissÃes desses gases para verificar a viabilidade econÃmica de seu reaproveitamento. Assim, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a geraÃÃo dos gases gerados no Aterro SanitÃrio Metropolitano Oeste de Caucaia-CE, em termos de composiÃÃo e vazÃo, bem como as caracterÃsticas do lixiviado gerado, por meio de suas propriedades fÃsico-quÃmicas e microbiolÃgicas, como tambÃm avaliar a massa de lixo presente no aterro, objetivando a viabilidade energÃtica do aproveitamento do biogÃs produzido pelo aterro e a viabilidade ambiental do tratamento do lixiviado. As anÃlises foram feitas nos perÃodos seco e chuvoso. Foram utilizados trÃs LisÃmetros: L1 â preenchido 100 % com os resÃduos sÃlidos na forma como chegam ao aterro; L2 â preenchido com 50% de resÃduos sÃlidos na forma que chegam ao aterro e 50% somente com matÃria orgÃnica; L3 â preenchido 100% somente com matÃria orgÃnica presente nos resÃduos. Os resÃduos foram dispostos desta forma a fim de avaliar as caracterÃsticas de diferentes composiÃÃes. Como resultados, foi observado que os ensaios realizados nos LisÃmetros forneceram dados consistentes. Neste estudo, foi possÃvel observar que os resÃduos se apresentaram com caracterÃsticas altamente degradÃveis no perÃodo seco, porÃm, com pouca geraÃÃo de biogÃs, apresentando o L1 concentraÃÃo mÃdia de 0,3 % de CH4, o CO2 com 0,7 % e O2 com 19,4%. O L2 com concentraÃÃo mÃdia de 0,3 % de CH4, o CO2 com 9,0 % e O2 com 16,0%. E o L3 apresentou concentraÃÃo mÃdia de 1,93 % de CH4, 10,97% de CO2 e O2 com 14,13%. Estes dados foram considerados normais, pois, no perÃodo seco, as mediÃÃes foram realizadas com pouco tempo de decomposiÃÃo da massa de lixo, com apenas 4 meses apÃs a instalaÃÃo do experimento, e, devido a isso, ocorre pouca geraÃÃo de gÃs. No perÃodo chuvoso, determinou-se aumento dessa geraÃÃo de gÃs, com o L1 apresentando concentraÃÃo mÃdia de 0,78 % de CH4, o CO2 com 1,63 % e O2 com 18,6%. O L2 com concentraÃÃo mÃdia de 1,16 % de CH4, o CO2 com 5,6 % e O2 com 15,8%. E o L3 apresentou concentraÃÃo mÃdia de 2,43 % de CH4, 12,98% de CO2 e O2 com 15,25%. Isto à considerado normal, pois, no perÃodo chuvoso, as mediÃÃes foram realizadas com 12 meses apÃs a instalaÃÃo do experimento, e, consequentemente, houve uma maior geraÃÃo de gÃs em relaÃÃo ao perÃodo seco. Em relaÃÃo a vazÃo, o L1 apresentou uma vazÃo de gÃs de 8,64 mÂ/ano, o L2 com vazÃo de 9,72 mÂ/ano e o L3 com vazÃo de 10,92mÂ/ano, possibilitando conversÃo de energia em mÃdia, de 1,9 KW/mÂ. O material que se apresentou com o maior potencial de geraÃÃo de biogÃs nos dois perÃodos foi o L3 (100% somente de matÃria orgÃnica). Este fato se deve ao fato da matÃria orgÃnica, em seu processo de degradaÃÃo, gerar mais gÃs. Os ensaios fÃsico-quÃmicos e microbiolÃgicos realizados no lixiviado e massa de lixo, nos dois perÃodos, confirmaram os resultados da mediÃÃo do gÃs, pois indicaram que o processo de biodegradaÃÃo dos resÃduos se encontrava na fase acidogÃnica no perÃodo seco, fase inicial de degradaÃÃo da massa de lixo e pouca geraÃÃo de gÃs; no perÃodo chuvoso, caracterizou-se como fase metanogÃnica, fase intermediÃria de degradaÃÃo, com uma maior geraÃÃo de gÃs. Em relaÃÃo ao lixiviado gerado, o lisÃmetro que apresentou uma elevada geraÃÃo nos dois perÃodos foi tambÃm o L3. Em relaÃÃo Ãs anÃlise microbiolÃgicas e de metais, os lisÃmetros apresentaram pequenos valores, nÃo indicando patogenicidade e nem toxicidade. Pode-se concluir que à de fundamental importÃncia investir em tÃcnicas de aproveitamento do biogÃs gerado nos aterros sanitÃrios.
The biogas generated in landfills has a high calorific value and can be used as source of energy. Therefore, studies on landfill gas emissions became necessaries in order to verify the economic feasibility of reuse of these gases for energetic proposals. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the emissions of gases generated by a landfill at the Metropolitan West Caucaia-EC, Brazil. The study involved the following: gas compositions and flow rates, the characteristics of the leachate released by the physico-chemical and microbiological activities, as well as evaluating the landfill mass of trash. It was studied the feasibility of the use of the landfill produced biogas as source of energy, as well as the environmental feasibility of the treatment of the leachate released. The analyzes were made during the dry and rainy seasons. Three types of lysimeters were used: L1 - 100% filled with waste solids as it arrives in the landfill site; L2 - filled with 50% of solid waste in the form as it arrives in the landfill and 50% as organic matter; L3 - 100% filled only with organic matter present in the waste. The residues were disposed in this way in order to evaluate the characteristics of the different organic compositions. As a result, it was observed that the tests carried out with the lysimeters provided consistent data. In this study, it was observed that the waste in the dry season presented a highly degradable characteristic, but with little production of biogas, with the L1 presenting the following average concentrations: 0.3% CH4, 0.7% CO2 and 19.4% O2 . The L2 average concentration were: of 0.3% CH4, 9,0 CO2 and 16% O2. And L3 showed average concentrations: 1.93% CH4, 10.97% CO2 and 14.13%O2. These data were considered normal, because in the dry period measurements were made with in a small period of decomposition of the waste mass, with only four months after the experiment. Due to this, there was small amount of gas generated. In the rainy season, it was determined an increased gas generation, with the L1 showing an average concentration of 0.78% CH4, 1.63% CO2 and 18.6% O2. The L2 average concentration of 1.16% CH4, CO2, 5.6% and 15.8% O2. And L3 showed average concentration of 2.43% CH4, 12,98% CO2 and 15.25% O2. This data were considered normal, because in the rainy season, the measurements were carried out 12 months after the experiment was concluded, and, therefore, there was a higher gas generation compared with the dry period. Regarding the L1, the flow showed a value of 8.64 m / year; the L2 the flow was of 9.72 m / year and L3 the flow was 10.92 m / year, enabling energy conversion averaged of 1.9 KW / mÂ. The material that presented the greatest potential for biogas generation, in the two periods, was the L3 (with 100% organic matter). This fact is due to the organic matter in the process of degradation which generated more gas. The physicochemical and microbiological leaching assays conducted with the waste mass during the two periods reaffirmed the results of the gas measurement, indicating that the biodegradation process waste was in the acidogenic phase during the dry period, which was the initial stage of mass garbage degradation with little gas generation; in the rainy season, which was characterized as a methanogenic phase, an intermediate phase of degradation, occurred an increased gas generation. With regard to the leachate produced, the material had a high generation in both periods was also the L3. Regarding the microbiological and metals analysis, the lysimeters showed small values, indicating no toxicity nor pathogenicity. It can be concluded that it is of fundamental importance to invest in techniques aiming the use of the biogas generated in the landfills.
Linard, Andrà de Freitas Gomes. "AnÃlise do Aproveitamento EnergÃtico do BiogÃs do Aterro SanitÃrio Metropolitano Oeste em Caucaia sob a Perspectiva do Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo". Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2010. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5587.
Texto completoA geraÃÃo expressiva de resÃduos sÃlidos urbanos (RSU) no Brasil tem-se tornado foco convergente de apreensÃo do Poder PÃblico e da sociedade pela constataÃÃo de que à grande parte de todo o montante desse lixo nÃo sÃo dados tratamento nem destinaÃÃo final apropriados. Dispostos em lixÃes, aterros controlados e sanitÃrios, os RSU, apÃs aÃÃo de mecanismos de degradaÃÃo, emitem para a atmosfera gases poluentes, sobretudo metano (CH4) e diÃxido de carbono (CO2), os quais contribuem para o agravamento do fenÃmeno do Efeito Estufa. O Protocolo de Quioto, documento adotado no Ãmbito da ConvenÃÃo Quadro das NaÃÃes Unidas sobre MudanÃa do Clima (CQNUMC), estabeleceu metas de reduÃÃo de emissÃes de Gases causadores do Efeito Estufa (GEEs) para os paÃses industrializados e, para alcanÃar efetivamente tal propÃsito, instituiu um instrumento de flexibilizaÃÃo denominado Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL). Este estabelecia que as naÃÃes desenvolvidas que tivessem dificuldades em cumprir suas quotas de reduÃÃo de emissÃes poderiam investir em projetos redutores ou removedores de GEEs em naÃÃes em desenvolvimento. Este trabalho analisou o aproveitamento energÃtico do biogÃs do Aterro SanitÃrio Metropolitano Oeste em Caucaia (ASMOC) atravÃs dos critÃrios do MDL, procedendo primeiramente à anÃlise da viabilidade tÃcnica da utilizaÃÃo do GÃs do Lixo (GDL) para fins energÃticos, como tambÃm Ãs diretrizes do MDL, quais sejam: i) Linha de Base, definiÃÃo do conjunto de emissÃes de GEEs na ausÃncia do projeto; ii) Adicionalidade, verificaÃÃo do carÃter redutor ou removedor de GEEs do projeto, ou seja, as reduÃÃes devem ser adicionais apÃs a implantaÃÃo deste; iii) viabilidade econÃmica condicionada à contabilizaÃÃo da receita oriunda das ReduÃÃes Certificadas de EmissÃo (RCEs), tÃtulo comercializÃvel no Mercado de Carbono que comprova e registra a quantidade de GEEs evitada pela atividade; iv) verificaÃÃo da contribuiÃÃo do projeto para o Desenvolvimento SustentÃvel. Utilizou-se, para o cÃlculo do biogÃs gerado no ASMOC e da potÃncia disponÃvel a partir da conversÃo energÃtica do GDL, o programa BiogÃs â GeraÃÃo e Uso EnergÃtico (Aterros-VersÃo 1.0) e, para avaliar a viabilidade econÃmica do empreendimento, realizou-se anÃlise baseada no Valor Presente LÃquido (VPL) e na Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR). Os resultados demonstraram a viabilidade tÃcnica e econÃmica do aproveitamento energÃtico do biogÃs do ASMOC, com implantaÃÃo de planta geradora de energia elÃtrica cuja potÃncia à de 10MW, reduÃÃo de emissÃes de aproximadamente 9 milhÃes de toneladas de diÃxido de carbono, bem como o MDL constituir ferramenta poderosa no fomento e na viabilizaÃÃo de projetos de aterros energÃticos, repercutindo positivamente do ponto de vista ambiental, econÃmico e social (trÃade do Desenvolvimento SustentÃvel).
The great generation of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) in Brazil has become a convergent focus of concern of Government and society by the evidence that itâs not given appropriate treatment or final disposal to the large part of this amount of garbage. Disposed in landfills, controlled and sanitary landfills, MSW, after the action of degradation mechanisms, emit polluting gases into the atmosphere, mainly methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), which contribute to the aggravation of the phenomenon of the Greenhouse Effect. The Kyoto Protocol, a document adopted under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), set up limits on emissions of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) for industrialized countries and to effectively get this purpose instituted a flexible instrument called Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). It established that the developed nations that had troubles to accomplish their quotas for reducing emissions could invest in GHG reducer or remover projects in developing nations. This research analyzed the energetic utilization of the biogas from the Caucaia West Metropolitan Sanitary Landfill (ASMOC) through the criteria of the CDM, proceeding firstly the analysis of the technical viability of the energetic utilization of Landfill Gas (LFG) as well as the CDM rules, which are: i) Baseline, definition of the whole GHG emissions in the absence of the project; ii) Additionality, verification of the project GHG reducer or remover feature, ie, reductions must be additional after the project implantation; iii) economic viability linked to the accounting of revenue from the Certified Emission Reductions (CERs), a negotiable deed in the Carbon Market that proves and registers the quantity of GHG avoided by the project; iv) verification of the project contribution to Sustainable Development. It was used for the calculation of the biogas generated in ASMOC and power available from the LFG energetic conversion the software BiogÃs â GeraÃÃo e Uso EnergÃtico (Aterros-VersÃo 1.0) and to evaluate the undertaking economic viability analysis was performed based on Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). The results demonstrated the technical and economic viability of the energetic utilization of ASMOC biogas, with the implementation of electricity generating plant whose output is 10MW, emissions reduction of approximately 9 million tons of carbon dioxide as well as the CDM be a powerful tool in promoting and making possible energetic landfill projects, reflecting positively in terms of environmental, economic and social (Sustainable Development triad).
Abreu, Fábio Viana de. "Análise de viabilidade técnica e econômica da geração de energia através do biogás de lixo em aterros sanitários". Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2009. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8886.
Texto completoThe power generation through Biogas from wastes in landfill is a way to generate renewable and clean electric energy, reducing the global impacts provoked by the burning of urban solid wastes. The more important environmental contribution associated to this project is the reduction of greenhouse gases emissions (GHG), by means of the conversion of methane in carbon dioxide, since the methane has a potential of global warming about 21 times higher than carbon dioxide (through the combustion of the same). In accordance with the clean development mechanism (CDM), the industrialized countries can buy carbon credits from the developing countries (if they possess sustainable projects) to achieve their ambient goals. The objective is to transform environmental liability (final destination of the urban solid wastes) in an energetic resource, beyond the study of the alternative for obtaining financial resources through the CERs, that also is object of the present study. The technologies of energy conversion are analyzed (landfill gas, incineration, among others) with the selection of the best solution for the power generation through biogas from wastes in landifills. The methodology used is the recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency - USEPA (2005). Others two methodologies of calculation of the methane generation are presented: from World Bank and from IPCC (Intergovernamental Panel on Climatic Changes). Comparative studies are presented demonstrating when gas turbine, internal combustion engines (Otto or Diesel cycles) or other technologies for energy conversion have technical and economical feasibility for implantation of the power plant. In the case of Gramachos Landfill, the project is feasible with the use of internal combustion engines and incomes obtained with energy sales and carbon credits. Finally, they are presented the alternative of the use of biogas as substitute of the natural gas for energetic uses or other industrial ends.
Martins, Luiz Fernando Guarenti. "Metodologia para despacho de fontes de GD a biogás em redes de distribuição utilizando lógica Fuzzy". Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/8506.
Texto completoEste trabalho tem a finalidade de definir o período do dia para o despacho de uma fonte alternativa de geração distribuída de energia elétrica (GD), utilizando como combustível o biogás proveniente de reações anaeróbias que ocorrem em resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) depositados em células do Aterro Sanitário de Recreio no município de Minas do Leão à rede da Companhia Estadual de Distribuição de Energia Elétrica (CEEE-D). Inicialmente foi utilizado o software Biogás® para estimar a vazão de metano (gás em maior porcentagem no biogás) e avaliar a potência que este gás disponibiliza para ser gerada em qualquer aterro em função do tempo de vida útil do mesmo. Este software foi escolhido para ser utilizado neste trabalho por ser uma ferramenta livre e desenvolvida no Brasil pelo convênio entre a Secretaria de Estado do Meio Ambiente e da Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB) com o Governo Federal, por meio do Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia. Esta recuperação energética do metano tem potencialidade de servir como combustível para alimentar um ou mais conjuntos de motores geradores Ciclo Otto adaptados para biogás. Após a estimativa da vazão de biogás e da potência que pode ser gerada no aterro, partiu-se para a execução de simulações com as grandezas elétricas do alimentador. Neste trabalho as simulações das grandezas elétricas foram obtidas com o uso do software PSL®DMS, ferramenta utilizado pelos técnicos da CEEE-D para análise da do fluxo de carga de sistemas de distribuição, e serão utilizadas como critérios denominados de quantitativos. Para determinar o momento ideal para a conexão da GD à rede de distribuição da concessionária, foi utilizado um método de apoio à decisão. Este método considera critérios quantitativos e qualitativos definidos pelos Especialistas ou Agentes de Decisão (AD), no caso, técnicos da concessionária de energia elétrica que avaliam em conjunto estes dados. Os critérios qualitativos são baseados na possibilidade de incrementos de serviços subsidiários ao sistema de distribuição de energia elétrica, denominados de Serviços Ancilares (SA). A definição da prioridade dos valores dos critérios quantitativos (grandezas elétricas da rede de distribuição) é baseada na análise de funções trapezoidais que relacionam as grandezas elétricas a valores e percentuais definidos pelo PRODIST e pelos AD. Já para os critérios qualitativos, a análise ocorre em função de uma metodologia denominada de Estimativa de Especialistas, em que os mesmos aplicam notas ao tipo de SA que será aplicado e ao momento de sua aplicação em relação às características da curva de demanda do AL. A definição do ranking dos melhores horários do dia para despacho da GD ao AL é consequência da avaliação dos valores estabelecidos para as prioridades finais dos critérios quantitativos e qualitativos.
Torstensson, Johan y Jon Gezelius. "Waste-to-Energy in Kutai Kartanegara, Indonesia : A Pre-feasibility study on suitable Waste-to-Energy techniques in the Kutai Kartanegara region". Thesis, Energi och teknik, SLU, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-269607.
Texto completoКозак, Іван Романович y Ivan Kozak. "Енергоефективність використання біогазу зі звалищ та полігонів ТПВ в якості поновлюваного джерела енергії". Master's thesis, ТНТУ імені Івана Пулюя, 2019. http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/lib/29977.
Texto completoAn estimation of existing technologies for obtaining biogas from existing solid waste landfills is carried out. The technological and technical perspective of future use of biogas as a local fuel for combined heat and power generation is shown.
ПEPEЛIК УМOВНИX СКOPOЧEНЬ...8 ВСТУП...9 POЗДIЛ 1. ЛIТEPAТУPНИЙ OГЛЯД...12 1.1. Нopми нaкoпичeння ТПВ. Сучaснi сxeми збopу тa видaлeння ТПВ в Укpaїнi i свiтi...12 1.2. Xapaктepистикa мiсць зaxopoнeння вiдxoдiв...15 1.2.1. Звaлищe тa пoлiгoн ТПВ...15 1.2.2. Фiзикo-мexaнiчнi влaстивoстi вiдxoдiв...18 1.3. Пoлiгoни твepдиx пoбутoвиx вiдxoдiв...22 1.4. Мeтoди скopoчeння eмiсiї бioгaзу нa пoлiгoнax ТПВ...24 1.5. Oцiнкa гaзoнoснoї здaтнoстi пoлiгoнiв ТПВ...26 1.6. Eнepгeтичнe викopистaння БГ з пoлiгoнiв ТПВ...30 1.6.1. Виpoбництвo eлeктpичнoї eнepгiї...32 1.6.2. Пpямe спaлювaння БГ i виpoбництвo тeплoвoї eнepгiї...34 1.6.3. Збaгaчeння БГ дo якoстi пpиpoднoгo гaзу...35 1.7. Виснoвки дo poздiлу 1...36 POЗДIЛ 2. OСНOВНA ЧAСТИНA...37 2.1. Xapaктepистикa систeм збopу бioгaзу...37 2.1.1. Oпис систeми збopу бioгaзу...37 2.1.2. Oснoвнi дaнi для пpoeктувaння...38 2.2. Oпис iснуючиx тexнoлoгiй oтpимaння бioгaзу...39 2.2.1. Тexнoлoгiї oтpимaння бioгaзу з дiючиx пoлiгoнiв ТПВ...39 2.2.2. Тexнoлoгiї oтpимaння бioгaзу з зaкpитиx пoлiгoнiв ТПВ...40 2.3. Пpoeкт викopистaння бioгaзу з пoлiгoнiв ТПВ в якoстi пoнoвлювaнoгo джepeлa eнepгiї...41 2.3.1. Oпис пpoeкту...41 2.3.2. Систeмa збopу бioгaзу...42 2.3.3. Систeми збopу фiльтpaту...47 2.3.4. Oчищeння i oсушeння бioгaзу...48 2.3.5. Спaлювaння бioгaзу нa фaкeлi...50 2.3.6. Виpoбництвo eлeктpичнoї eнepгiї в кoгeнepцiйниx устaнoвкax...51 2.3.7. Бioгaз як мoтopнe пaливo...57 2.4. Виснoвки дo poздiлу 2...59 POЗДIЛ 3. СПEЦIAЛЬНA ЧAСТИНA...60 3.1. Oпис типoвиx пpoгpaмниx зaсoбiв викopистaниx у мaгiстepськiй poбoтi...60 3.1.1. Пpoгpaмa Word для Windows...60 3.1.2. Пpoгpaмa «AUTO CAD»...62 3.2. Aлгopитм пpoгpaми тeплoвoгo poзpaxунку кoгeнepaцiйнoї устaнoвки якa пpaцює нa бioгaзi...63 POЗДIЛ 4. OБҐPУНТУВAННЯ EКOНOМIЧНOЇ EФEКТИВНOСТI...72 4.1. Eкoнoмiчнe oбґpунтувaння iнжeнepниx piшeнь...72 4.2. Тexнiкo-eкoнoмiчнe oбґpунтувaння eнepгeтичнoї утилiзaцiї бioгaзу...73 4.3. Виснoвки дo poздiлу 4...78 POЗДIЛ 5. OXOPOНA ПPAЦI ТA БEЗПEКA В НAДЗВИЧAЙНИX СИТУAЦIЯX...80 5.1. Oxopoнa пpaцi тa тexнiкa бeзпeки пpи виpoбництвi бioгaзу тa eксплуaтaцiї бioгaзoвиx устaнoвoк...80 5.1.1. Зaxoди бeзпeки пpи виpoбництвi бioгaзу...80 5.1.2. Пpaвилa бeзпeки пpи eксплуaтaцiї бioгaзoвиx устaнoвoк...82 5.2. Пoжeжнa бeзпeкa...83 5.2.1. Мoжливi пpичини виникнeння пoжeжi пpи eксплуaтaцiї бioгaзoвиx устaнoвoк...83 5.2.2. Зaxoди для зaпoбiгaння виникнeння пoжeжi...84 5.3. Opгaнiзaцiя цивiльнoї oбopoни нa eнepгeтичниx oб'єктax...84 5.4. Зaбeзпeчeння пpoвeдeння pятувaльниx тa iншиx нeвiдклaдниx poбiт...87 POЗДIЛ 6. EКOЛOГIЯ...90 6.1. Вплив зaстoсувaння бioгaзу з пoлiгoнiв ТПВ нa нaвкoлишнє сepeдoвищe...90 6.2. Oцiнкa скopoчeнь викидiв пapникoвиx гaзiв в peзультaтi peaлiзaцiї пpoeкту...94 ВИСНOВКИ...96 ПEPEЛIК ПOСИЛAНЬ...97
PANTINI, SARA. "Analysis and modelling of leachate and gas generation at landfill sites focused on mechanically-biologically treated waste". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/203393.
Texto completoBarin, Alexandre. "Seleção de sistemas de geração de energia elétrica a partir de resíduos sólidos urbanos: uma abordagem com a lógica difusa". Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3668.
Texto completoSustainability is becoming a major driving force in energy policy, leading to the development of different strategies and projects. Many of these strategies are related to the application of novel methodologies for selecting Renewable Energy Systems (RES) and energy storage systems. Electrical generation with biogas from municipal solid waste (MSW) is one of the main alternatives to concern all the conceptions of sustainability - social, economic and environmental constrains. The complexity of sustainability and energy planning makes the multicriteria analysis a valuable tool for the decision making process. The use of an effective methodology for RES selection a decision making process is essential to guarantee the adequate energy management of the biogas and the MSW landfill. This methodology must be able to balance positive and negative aspects, achieving an overall solution that best satisfies the management needs. It is essential to deal with several parameters and concern the decision maker (DM) interaction over the decision making process. By applying the DM preferences into the development of the methodology, it is possible to corroborate the methodology outcome. The presented thesis will therefore develop a novel methodology for selection of RES fuelled by biogas from MSW landfills. This methodology taking as basis fuzzy multi-rules and multi-sets to provide an accurate analysis of conflicting aspects - operational, economic, environmental, social, etc. These aspects are taken into account for each study case according to different perspectives adopted by the DMs. The novel arrangements developed in this work are the creation of a previous classification of the priority criteria, the application of meta-rules and how to structure the fuzzy rules construction. The proposed arrangements have the purpose of easing the understanding of the methodology, as well as improving the DM interaction over the decision making process achieving in this way a better solution. This work presents the application of the novel decision making process to select the most appropriate energy source fuelled by biogas from MSW, considering the Caturrita II landfill located at Santa Maria City, Brazil. In conclusion, it is important to emphasize that the novel software may be used in any energy system selection, for supplying or storage, according to the analysis of several criteria and perspectives for each regional circumstances, as well as particular management needs..
A busca pelo desenvolvimento sustentável, em âmbitos sociais e ambientais, é um fator de extrema importância que incentiva a elaboração de várias pesquisas e projetos, como por exemplo, à aplicação de técnicas de gerenciamento e seleção de fontes alternativas renováveis de geração de energia. Dentre estas fontes, o aproveitamento energético do biogás resultante da decomposição de resíduos sólidos urbanos é um dos meios que propicia um desenvolvimento sustentável de forma mais completa. Para o devido aproveitamento de fontes alternativas renováveis, como a geração de energia elétrica e térmica a partir de resíduos sólidos urbanos, deve-se tomar como base métodos multicriteriais, considerando a existência de uma série de critérios para atender necessidades e interesses diversos quando se deseja selecionar tecnologias de geração e armazenamento de energia. A partir da utilização de métodos de ajuda a decisão é possível incorporar de forma clara as preferências dos agentes de decisão, obtendo como resposta final uma solução mais satisfatória e que pode ser corroborada através de validações heurísticas discussões dos resultados junto aos agentes de decisão. Mediante estes argumentos, o presente trabalho tem a finalidade de desenvolver uma metodologia de apoio a decisão para a seleção de sistemas para geração de energia elétrica com biogás proveniente de resíduos sólidos urbanos, avaliando devidamente cada processo decisório de acordo com aspectos econômicos, operacionais, ambientais e sociais. Para o alcance deste objetivo fez se uso da lógica difusa baseada em regras e conjuntos fuzzy aplicados sobre diversos critérios, avaliando diferentes perspectivas. Os aperfeiçoamentos mais importantes apresentados na elaboração desta tese se referem à criação de uma etapa de relevância prévia aos critérios em análise, criação e seleção de meta-regras e forma de apresentação e construção de tais regras, facilitando o entendimento dos agentes de decisão para a avaliação do processo decisório e propiciando uma maior participação dos mesmos para obtenção de um resultado mais satisfatório. É possível observar ainda que os aperfeiçoamentos desenvolvidos permitiram a devida construção e averiguação das modelagens construídas. No estudo de caso principal aterro sanitário Caturrita II localizado na cidade de Santa Maria é verificada a aplicabilidade da metodologia de ajuda a decisão desenvolvida visando a seleção da fonte de geração de energia elétrica mais apropriada a ser utilizada no aterro em questão. Por fim, deve-se enfatizar que a partir dos aperfeiçoamentos alcançados durante o desenvolvimento desta tese, foi possível construir uma metodologia de ajuda a decisão genérica que pode ser aplicada não somente na seleção de sistemas de geração de energia em aterros, mas também na seleção de quaisquer sistemas de geração e armazenamento de energia, desde que todos os aspectos envolvidos no processo decisório sejam devidamente incorporados no problema em questão.
Okamura, Layssa Aline. "Avaliação e melhoria do poder calorífico de biogás proveniente de resíduos sólidos urbanos". Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2013. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/637.
Texto completoCom o novo cenário mundial voltado às práticas sustentáveis está se tornando um foco importante de pesquisa a busca por tecnologias que utilizem recursos renováveis e que diminuam ou eliminem a produção de contaminantes e poluentes ambientais em processos de obtenção de energia. A partir disto, esta dissertação focou a purificação de biogás produzido em aterro sanitário desativado na cidade de Curitiba (Caximba) para avaliar a sua utilização na produção de energia, melhorando o seu poder calorífico. Durante o estudo foi desenvolvido um calorímetro para determinar o poder calórico do biogás. Para comparação dos resultados foram feitas análises das concentrações de metano, dióxido de carbono, amônia e gás sulfídrico através de um kit comercial para análise de biogás. As coletas e análises do biogás foram realizadas em dois locais no aterro com diferentes idades de resíduo confinado. Foram identificadas diferenças significativas nos teores de metano e gás sulfídrico nos gases estudados. A purificação do biogás foi realizada através da aplicação de colunas recheadas com solução de acetato de chumbo, solução de hidróxido de sódio, sílica gel e carvão ativo. A purificação atingiu até 73% de teor de metano. A eficiência de purificação foi maior ainda para o tratamento do biogás com menor teor de metano (23%), aonde a eficiência chegou a 145% em relação ao valor inicial. A utilização de indicadores de saturação mostrou-se bastante interessante no uso das colunas de purificação, pois a saturação podia ser determinada visualmente. Uma vez calculadas os percentuais de purificação do biogás foram estimadas a produção de energia, a venda da mesma com geração de receita e os custos relacionados ao processo de purificação. Através destas estimativas verificou-se que a renda da venda de energia elétrica produzida seria suficiente para arcar com os custos da aplicação do processo de purificação.
Given the new global scenario turned to sustainable practices it is becoming a major focus of research the search for technologies that use renewable resources reducing or eliminating the production of environmental pollutants and contaminants in energy production process. This project focused on the purification of biogas in Curitiba’s closed landfill of to evaluate its use for energy production, aiming to improve its calorific value. During the study, a calorimeter was developed and optimized to evaluate the calorific value of the biogas. For results comparison, analyses were made to determinate the concentrations of methane, carbon dioxide, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide using a commercial kit for analysis of biogas. Landfill biogas sampling and analysis were conducted at two sites where the waste was confined at different times. We identified significant differences in the levels of methane and hydrogen sulfide in the analyzed gases. Biogas purification was performed by applying columns packed with lead acetate solution, sodium hydroxide solution, silica gel and activated carbon. A higher efficiency of biogas purification (145%) was attained with a lower initial methane content (23%). The use of saturation indicators proved to be very interesting in the use of purification column, since the saturation could be determined visually. With the purification percentage calculated, it was estimated the energy production, revenue through energy sale and costs related to the purification process. Through this estimation it is possible to note that the profits from the electricity produced sale would be sufficient to meet the costs of the purification process application.
Gholamifard, Shabnam. "Modélisation des écoulements diphasiques bioactifs dans les installations de stockage de déchets". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00512102.
Texto completoGudéhn, Oskar y Linda Ringqvist. "Wastescape Bhubaneswar & Cuttack". Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-146605.
Texto completoProjektet “Wastescape of Bhubaneswar & Cuttack” är en studie av ett nätverk av skräpflöden genom Bhubaneswar och Cuttack i Odisha, Indien. Studien inkorporerar viktiga platser, t.ex. deponier, urbana ödemarker och lokaler för skräphandel; stora aktörer i den formella och informella skräpsektorn; och flöden av skräp genom ekonomiska och sociala system. Utifrån dessa studier, ett flertal interventioner i “the wastescape” föreslås för att förbättra den ekonomiska, ekologiska och sociala situationen. En viktig aspekt av arbetet är utvecklingen av ett sätt att, som arkitekt, arbeta med storskaliga, komplexa och inter-beroende nätverk; hur sådana system kan kartläggas och förstås; samt hur det går att avgöra vart och hur interventioner passar in i “the wastescape”. För att förbättra “the wastescape”, interventioner måste medvetet och holistiskt adressera multipla skalor; nivåer av formell-informell; och faser i skräpets kretslopp. Studien innehåller ett stort nummer av möjliga interventioner. Några av dessa interventioner är ytterligare detaljerade för att visa på genomförbarhet; påverkan på “the wastescape”; och synergier gentemot andra interventioner i “the wastescape”.
Kazour, Maria. "Active and passive biomonitoring tools for microplastics assessment in two highly polluted aquatic environments : case study of the Seine estuary and the Lebanese coast SOURCES OF MICROPLASTICS POLLUTION IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT: IMPORTANCE OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT AND COASTAL LANDFILL MICROPLASTICS POLLUTION ALONG THE LEBANESE COAST (EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN BASIN): OCCURRENCE IN SURFACE WATER, SEDIMENTS AND BIOTA SAMPLES JUVENILE FISH CAGING AS A TOOL FOR ASSESSING MICROPLASTICS CONTAMINATION IN ESTUARINE FISH NURSERY GROUNDS IS BLUE MUSSEL CAGING AN EFFICIENT METHOD FOR MONITORING ENVIRONMENTAL MICROPLASTICS POLLUTION?" Thesis, Littoral, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019DUNK0544.
Texto completoPlastic fabrication is increasing worldwide in response to daily human demands. This mass production is linked to the immense plastic marine litter found all around the world: each synthetic material is meant to find its way back into the aquatic systems. Anthropogenic pressure and the immense human population, the lack of appropriate plastic treatment process and the growing industrial activities advocate their presence in the aquatic environments. These plastics are then found in the form of microplastics (microscopic particle with a size < 5 mm) observed in the water, in the sediments and are prone to be ingested by various marine organisms along the trophic chain. This thesis focuses on (1) assessing microplastics sources and input into the aquatic environment and their occurrence in biota, and (2) to test the feasibility of using transplanted organisms (caging) for monitoring microplastics pollution in the marine coastal environment. Two coastal areas highly impacted by anthropogenic pressures were studied: Le Havre in France and the Lebanese coast. For the former, the role of a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent and an abandoned coastal landfill as pathways for microplastics (MPs) input into the marine environment was assessed. MPs were first analyzed in raw sewage influent, sludge and effluent samples, and their fate was studied along a distance gradient from the WWTP in three matrices: surface water, sediments and wild mussels (Mytilus spp). MPs were found in all matrices with a decreasing abundance from the effluent. Strong MPs abundances (higher than those found near the WWTP effluent) were observed in the vicinity of the coastal landfill suggesting its importance as a MPs entry route into the marine coastal environment. Whereas for the Lebanese coast, we evaluated for the first time the MPs pollution in the seawater, sediments and two important seafood species (one pelagic fish: Engraulis encrasicolus and one bivalve: Spondylus spinosus). Results showed different patterns of MPs concentration in the analyzed matrices. The occurrence of MPs in the biota was high (83.4% and 86.3% in anchovies and spiny oysters, respectively). These results highlighted the high MPs pollution found in the Levantine Basin in comparison to other Western Mediterranean regions. In addition, the obtained results indicate the potential contribution of coastal landfills to this pollution. Most often microplastics studies involve collection of organisms’ samples from natural populations. In this thesis, we tested the feasibility of using transplanted organisms (caging) for monitoring microplastics’ pollution in the marine coastal environment. We developed caging experiments with juvenile European Flounder, Platichthys flesus, in estuarine nursery grounds and blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, in coastal marine environment. For each species, the abundance and characteristics (shape, size, color and type of polymers) of MPs ingested by caged individuals are compared with those ingested by wild individuals collected at the same site and with those found in their surrounding environment (surface water and sediments). Our results suggest that transplanted organisms (caging) may be a promising tool for MPs biomonitoring making monitoring more reliable with an accurate assessment of the biological effects of MPs over a predetermined exposure period
Qasaimeh, Ahmad Raji. "Intelligent novel MSW management system for biogas control in landfill". Thesis, 2006. http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/9069/1/NR23840.pdf.
Texto completoGerrard, Alastair Douglas. "A proposed maintenance strategy for generator sets utilised in biogas applications". Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/4767.
Texto completoThe overall purpose of this research project was to develop a proposed maintenance strategy for generator sets utilised in biogas applications. One specific biogas application, involving the use of landfill gas (LFG) to generate electrical energy, was the focal point of the research project. This is due to the fact that the author’s organisation is extensively involved with landfills and power generation through the use of LFG.
Sousa, Sofia Ribeiro de. "The Selective Separation of Nitrogen from Landfill Biogas. Development of a technological concept". Master's thesis, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/133688.
Texto completoSousa, Sofia Ribeiro de. "The Selective Separation of Nitrogen from Landfill Biogas. Development of a technological concept". Dissertação, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/133688.
Texto completoCancela, Ana Raquel Cerqueiro. "Biogas Pretreatment - Developing a technological concept for the removal of trace compounds from landfill gas". Master's thesis, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/133689.
Texto completoCancela, Ana Raquel Cerqueiro. "Biogas Pretreatment - Developing a technological concept for the removal of trace compounds from landfill gas". Dissertação, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/133689.
Texto completoChetty, Nevendra Krishniah. "Stabilisation of waste in shallow test cells : focus on biogas". Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/1531.
Texto completoThesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2006.
Teixeira, Constantino Dias. "Valorização energética do biogás produzido nos aterros sanitários de resíduos urbanos". Master's thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/2770.
Texto completoThis work, performed under the Master of Management ISCTE - Business School, analyse the economic viability of a project investment in a plant of energy recovery from biogas produced in landfills of municipal waste and as shown, in addition, their economic sustainability for his contribution to improving the quality of life and the environment. The biogas that is produced in landfills is a gaseous fuel with a high energy content similar to natural gas, which results from the decomposition, over time, the biodegradable organic fraction of the household waste that there are deposited and, like other alternative energy sources (wind, solar, hydro, biomass, etc.) is also considered a renewable energy source (Article 2 of Directive No. 2001/77/EC of 27 September) , which naturally contributes to reducing the energy bill outside of Portugal, in relation to fossil fuels. Important to underline, to make himself the energetic use of biogas, which relies in its composition methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), is avoided that emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere contribute to the greenhouse gases and thus to global warming. In this context it will be consider a real case for investment in an energy recovery project using landfill gas of Mato da Cruz, where there biogas produced is valued economically in electric energy.
SÝKOROVÁ, Žaneta. "Energetické využití biologicky rozložitelného komunálního odpadu Statutárního města České Budějovice". Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-153283.
Texto completoBadjagbo, Koffi. "Développement de méthodes d’analyse directe de polluants organiques volatils à l’état de traces dans l’air et les biogaz". Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3573.
Texto completoIt is known that benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene isomers, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) commonly called BTEX, have toxic health effects on humans and plants depending on duration and levels of exposure. Benzene in particular is classified carcinogenic, and exposure to benzene at concentrations above 64 g/m3 can be fatal within 5–10 minutes. Therefore, real-time monitoring of BTEX in ambient air is essential for the early warning detection associated with their release and in estimating the potential exposure risks to living beings and the environment. In this thesis, a real-time analysis method for BTEX in ambient air was developed and validated. The method is based on the direct-air sampling technique coupled with tandem mass spectrometry using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (direct APCI-MS/MS). Validation of the method has shown that it is sensitive (limit of detection LOD 1–2 μg/m3), precise (relative standard deviation RSD < 10%), accurate (accuracy > 95%) and selective. Ambient air samples from an industrial waste landfill site and various automobile repair shops were analyzed by the developed method. Comparison of results with those obtained by online gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) technique exhibited similar results. The capacity of the method for the fast evaluation of potential risks associated with an exposure to BTEX has been demonstrated through a field study with health risk assessment for workers at three automobile repair shops and through experiments under simulated atmospheres. Concentrations measured in the ambient air of the garages were in the ranges of 8.9–25 µg/m3 for benzene, 119–1156 µg/m3 for toluene, 9–70 µg/m3 for ethylbenzene, and 45–347 µg/m3 for xylenes. A total environmental daily dose of 1.46 10-3–2.52 10-3 mg/kg/day was determined for benzene. The estimated cancer risk due to the total environmental exposure to benzene was between 1.1 10-5 and 1.8 10-5 for the workers studied. A novel APCI-MS/MS method was also developed and validated for the direct analysis of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) and decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) in air and biogases. D4 and D5 are cyclic volatile siloxanes widely used in industrial processes and consumer products as replacement solvents for the tropospheric ozone forming VOCs, such as BTEX. Their ubiquitous presence in ambient air samples, due to the growing consumption, raises the need for toxicity studies which require qualitative and quantitative trace analysis of these compounds. Furthermore, the presence of trace amounts of these substances in a biogas hampers its use as a source of renewable energy by causing expensive damages to the equipment. Thus, siloxane analysis of the biogas is essential in determining if purification is needed before the use for energy production. The method developed in this study for these aims has good sensitivity (LOD 4–6 μg/m3), good precision (RSD < 10%), good accuracy (> 93%) and high selectivity. It was also shown that by using this method with hexamethyl-d18-disiloxane as an internal standard, detection and quantification of D4 and D5 in real biogas samples can be done with a better sensitivity (LOD ~ 2 μg/m3), high precision (RSD < 5%), and high accuracy (> 97%). Various biogas samples collected from the landfill site of the Complexe Environnemental de Saint-Michel in Montreal have been successfully analyzed by this new method. Concentrations measured were in the ranges of 131–1275 µg/m3 for D4 and 250–6226 µg/m3 for D5. These results represent the first primary-literature-reported data on siloxanes D4 and D5 contents of landfill-derived biogases as a function of the refuse age.
Jesus, Dália Maria Martins de. "Aterros sanitários, um mal necessário ou uma fonte de energia alternativa?" Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.2/7245.
Texto completoThe correct management of urban solid waste represents a purpose of contemporary society, essentially which is rooted in urban areas. Population growth and development drive humanity to ever greater waste and product durability is increasingly reduced. Natural resources and raw materials are now accepted as finite, and therefore integrating waste management into a circular economy is not an option, rather a necessity. A more attentive society, it takes the lead in the fight for concern about climate change and scarcity of resources and leads global decision makers to take strong positions on protecting the environment. Landfills in Portugal, and in the world, constitute the end of the waste management chain. They still receive significant amounts of waste - despite the inflection path that has been starting in our country since the 1990s - but are no longer a waste disposal site. They represent an alternative source of energy through the energy utilization that can, and is done, in their infrastructures and allows the generation of clean energy - friendly to the environment. The biogas resulting from the decomposition of the waste consists essentially of methane, a gas harmful to the atmosphere, but its capture and valorization allows us to transform an enemy of the planet into an ally against climate change. In Portugal, this pro-environment stance is gaining strength, and the energy resulting from the use of biogas generated by urban waste in landfills has established its position in recent decades.