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1
Hayaishi, Osamu. "Invited Review: Molecular genetic studies on sleep-wake regulation, with special emphasis on the prostaglandin D2 system". Journal of Applied Physiology 92, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 2002): 863–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00766.2001.
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To elucidate the exact role of the PGD2 system in sleep-wake regulation in vivo, the sleep behavior of knockout mice, generated in the author's and other laboratories, was examined for lipocalin-type PGD synthase (L-PGDS), PGD receptor, adenosine A2A receptor, and histamine H1 receptor; transgenic mice overexpressing the human L-PGDS gene, generated in the author's laboratory, were also examined. The circadian profiles of sleep patterns of wild-type and the genetically manipulated mice were essentially identical, indicating the possibility that the deficiency of one system may be effectively compensated by some other systems during development. Available evidence indicated that the PGD2 system is involved in the homeostatic regulation of non-rapid eye movement sleep and that the arousal effect of orexin A is mediated by the histamine H1receptor system.
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Souza, Rogério Fernandes de y Eucleia Primo Betioli Contel. "Análise da variabilidade de isoenzimas em acessos e cultivares de girassol". Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 36, n.º 5 (mayo de 2001): 771–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2001000500007.
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O número de genótipos de girassol (Helianthus annuus L.) disponíveis aos agricultores é pequeno e pouco se conhece sobre os genótipos provenientes de outros países que possam ser utilizados no melhoramento genético desta cultura. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a variabilidade genética de 31 acessos e de cinco cultivares nos sistemas isoenzimáticos fosfoglicomutase (PGM), 6fosfogliconato desidrogenase (PGD), fosfoglicoisomerase (PGI) e esterase (EST). Utilizou-se a técnica de eletroforese em gel de amido/penetrose para o fracionamento das isoenzimas da PGM, PGI e PGD e focalização isoelétrica para EST. Foram detectados um total de seis locos e 14 alelos para estes quatro sistemas. Observou-se variantes alélicas para os locos Pgi2, Pgm1, Pgd2, cada um com dois alelos, e para Est1, que apresentou seis alelos. Os testes de adequação aos modelos de equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg e de Wright evidenciaram que em dez acessos houve um desvio significativo de endocruzamento.
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Fukuhara, Ayano, Mao Yamada, Ko Fujimori, Yuya Miyamoto, Toshihide Kusumoto, Hidemitsu Nakajima y Takashi Inui. "Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase protects against oxidative stress-induced neuronal cell death". Biochemical Journal 443, n.º 1 (14 de marzo de 2012): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj20111889.
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L-PGDS [lipocalin-type PGD (prostaglandin D) synthase] is a dual-functional protein, acting as a PGD2-producing enzyme and a lipid transporter. L-PGDS is a member of the lipocalin superfamily and can bind a wide variety of lipophilic molecules. In the present study we demonstrate the protective effect of L-PGDS on H2O2-induced apoptosis in neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y. L-PGDS expression was increased in H2O2-treated neuronal cells, and the L-PGDS level was highly associated with H2O2-induced apoptosis, indicating that L-PGDS protected the neuronal cells against H2O2-mediated cell death. A cell viability assay revealed that L-PGDS protected against H2O2-induced cell death in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, the titration of free thiols in H2O2-treated L-PGDS revealed that H2O2 reacted with the thiol of Cys65 of L-PGDS. The MALDI–TOF (matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization–time-of-flight)-MS spectrum of H2O2-treated L-PGDS showed a 32 Da increase in the mass relative to that of the untreated protein, showing that the thiol was oxidized to sulfinic acid. The binding affinities of oxidized L-PGDS for lipophilic molecules were comparable with those of untreated L-PGDS. Taken together, these results demonstrate that L-PGDS protected against neuronal cell death by scavenging reactive oxygen species without losing its ligand-binding function. The novel function of L-PGDS could be useful for the suppression of oxidative stress-mediated neurodegenerative diseases.
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Yongsawas, Rujipas, Angkana Inta, Jatupol Kampuansai, Hataichanok Pandith, Nakarin Suwannarach, Saisamorn Lamyong, Panuwan Chantawannakul, Thararat Chitov y Terd Disayathanoowat. "Bacterial Communities in Lanna Phak-Gard-Dong (Pickled Mustard Green) from Three Different Ethnolinguistic Groups in Northern Thailand". Biology 11, n.º 1 (17 de enero de 2022): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11010150.
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The Lanna region, the main part of northern Thailand, is a place of ethnic diversity. In this study, we investigated phak-gard-dong (PGD), or pickled mustard green (Brassica juncea L. Czern.), for its beneficial bacteria content and to analyse the variations in bacterial compositions among the PGD of three different ethnolinguistic groups, the Karen, Lawa, and Shan. DNA was extracted from the PGD pickled brine, and 16S rRNA gene Illumina sequencing was performed. Metagenomic data were analysed and the results demonstrated that the dominant bacterial species were Weissella (54.2%, 65.0%, and 10.0%) and Lactobacillus (17.5%, 5.6%, and 79.1%) in the PGD of the Karen, Lawa, and Shan, respectively. Pediococcus was found only in the PGD of the Karen and Shan. Bacterial communities in PGD of the Lawa were distinctive from the other ethnic groups, both in the alpha and beta diversity, as well as the predicted functions of the bacterial communities. In addition, overall network analysis results were correlated to bacterial proportions in every ethnic PGD. We suggest that all ethnic PGDs have the potential to be a good source of beneficial bacteria, warranting its conservation and further development into health food products.
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Howes, N. K., J. Chong y P. D. Brown. "Oat endosperm proteins associated with resistance to stem rust of oats". Genome 35, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 1992): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g92-020.
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The presence of oat (Avena sativa L.) endosperm proteins, extracted with dimethylformamide mercaptoethanol – sodium dodecylsulfate and separated by dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was compared among cv. Rodney (carrying Pg4) and Rodney 0 derived backcross lines carrying single known genes Pg1, Pg2, Pg3, Pg8, Pg9, Pg13, Pg15, and Pg16, for stem rust resistance, and among other lines or cultivars with or without these genes. Most single-gene lines had polypeptide patterns similar to that of Rodney 0, a near-isogenic line with no known stem rust resistance. However, lines Rodney Pg3 and Rodney Pg9 were missing a 25.3-kDa avenin present in Rodney 0 and present in lines or cultivars that did not carry Pg9. The Rodney Pg13 line and several lines or cultivars that carried Pg13 were missing a 56.6-kDa polypeptide present in Rodney 0 and in several lines and cultivars that did not carry this gene. These results suggest that the Pg3/Pg9 and Pg13 loci were associated with the loci controlling the synthesis of the 25.3- and 56.6-kDa polypeptides, respectively. Results from genetic studies showed that gene Pg13 was linked in repulsion (linkage value 4.2 ± 1.9 cM) to the 56.6-kDa polypeptide locus.Key words: electrophoresis, oats, proteins, rust resistance.
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Long, Christopher M., Colleen A. Mulinix y Amy F. Iezzoni. "Production of a Microspore-derived Callus Population from Sweet Cherry". HortScience 29, n.º 11 (noviembre de 1994): 1346–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.11.1346.
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Microspore-derived callus cultures were obtained by anther culture of `Emperor Francis' sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.). Branches were removed from the field in January and March and forced in the laboratory. When the microspores reached the uninucleate stage, anthers were placed on modified Quoirin and Lepoivre liquid culture medium containing 4.4 μm BA and 4.5 μm 2,4-D. After ≈60 days, callus that emerged from the anthers was placed on woody plant medium supplemented with 1 μm 2,4-D and 3 μm 2iP and routinely transferred. The resulting 270 callus cultures were screened for two allozymes heterozygous in `Emperor Francis', Pgi-2 and 6-Pgd-1. Of the 270 callus cultures, 154 expressed only one allele each for Pgi-2 and 6-Pgd-1; thus, they were considered microspore-derived. The microspore-derived callus cultures can be used as a linkage mapping population. Chemical names used: 6-benzyladenine (BA); 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D); N6-(2-isopentenyl)-adenine (2iP).
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Chaparro, J. X., R. E. Durham, G. A. Moore y W. B. Sherman. "Use of Isozyme Techniques to Identify Peach x ‘Nonpareil’ Almond Hybrids". HortScience 22, n.º 2 (abril de 1987): 300–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.22.2.300.
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Abstract Two isozyme systems, phosphoglucomutase (PGM) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD), were identified that permit the early verification of peach x almond hybrids as opposed to plants resulting from accidental self-pollination. Nondestructive samples for analysis can be taken from cotyledons or primary leaves. Isozymes of PGM-2, PGD-1, and PGD-2 were found to be monomorphic in the peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] cultivars studied. P. amygdalus Batsch ‘Nonpareil’ was found to be heterozygous at the PGM-2 banding region, bearing the peach allele and a slower migrating allele. This locus allows verification of 50% of the hybrids. ‘Nonpareil’ was homozygous for alleles contrasting to peach at the PGD-1 and PGD-2 banding regions, allowing the unequivocal verification of all hybrids.
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Sun, Mei y Jan Dvořák. "Chromosomal location of adenylate kinase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and glutamate-pyruvate transaminase structural loci in wheat, barley, and Lophopyrum elongatum". Genome 35, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 1992): 147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g92-024.
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The chromosome locations of loci encoding isozymes of adenylate kinase, EC 2.7.4.3 (ADK), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, EC 1.1.1.44 (PGD), and glutamate–pyruvate transaminase, EC 2.6.1.2 (GPT) were investigated in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), Lophopyrum elongatum (Host) Löve, and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Loci encoding ADK-1 are on homoeologous chromosome arms 7AL, 7BL, and 7DL in wheat, chromosome arm 7Eβ in L. elongatum, and chromosome arm 7HS in barley. The loci are designated Adk-A1, Adk-B1, Adk-D1, Adk-E1, and Adk-H1, respectively. The Adk-D1 locus is proximal in the linkage group of chromosome arm 7DL and is 24 cM from proximal locus Rc3 on the chromosome arm 7DS. A second locus, Adk-2, is on chromosome arm 6HL in barley. Locus Pgd-E2 in L. elongatum is on the long arm of chromosome 1E. This assignment agrees with the location of the barley Pgd-2 locus on the long arm of barley chromosome 1H. An attempt to assign loci encoding PGD-2 to wheat chromosomes was unsuccessful, presumably owing to gene triplication. Isozyme GPT-1 is encoded by structural genes on L. elongatum chromosome arm 1ES and tentatively on wheat chromosome arms 1AS, 1BS, and 1DS. The loci are designated Gpt-A1, Gpt-B1, Gpt-D1, and Gpt-E1, respectively. Circumstantial evidence suggests that GPT-1 is also encoded by barley chromosome 1H.Key words: Triticum, Agropyron, Hordeum, linkage.
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Melegos, D. N., E. P. Diamandis, H. Oda, Y. Urade y O. Hayaishi. "Immunofluorometric assay of prostaglandin D synthase in human tissue extracts and fluids". Clinical Chemistry 42, n.º 12 (1 de diciembre de 1996): 1984–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/42.12.1984.
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Abstract A two-site sandwich-type assay for human prostaglandin D (PGD) synthase (beta-trace) was developed with two monoclonal antibodies and using time-resolved fluorometry as the detection technique. The assay is precise (CVs < 10%), accurate, and highly specific for PGD synthase and has a detection limit of 0.05 microgram/L. Using this assay, we measured PGD synthase concentrations in serum, urine, amniotic fluid, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), seminal plasma, breast cyst fluid, breast discharge fluid, breast milk, and breast tumor extracts. The highest concentrations were found in CSF. We identified proteolytic degradation of PGD synthase in amniotic fluid. Fetal tissues contained various amounts of the enzyme, with the highest values being found in brain and heart. In placental extracts, PGD synthase content was greatest at 11-28 weeks of gestation-in accordance with the concentrations measured in amniotic fluids for this gestational period. We conclude that PGD synthase is ubiquitous and is present in many fluids and tissues of adults and fetuses. This first quantitative and sensitive assay of PGD synthase should facilitate expansion of knowledge on this enzyme and possibly will have applications for diagnosis and monitoring of human diseases.
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Corts, Remedios Morales, Luciano Cordeiro Rodrigues, Jesús Maria Ortíz Marcide y Rodrigo Pérez Sánches. "Characterization of sour (Prunus cerasus L.) and sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) varieties with five isozyme systems". Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 30, n.º 1 (marzo de 2008): 154–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-29452008000100028.
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Extracts from young leaves of nine sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) and eight sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) varieties, located in the germplasm collection of the 'Direção Regional de Agricultura da Beira Interior' (Fundão, Portugal), were analysed for five isozyme systems in order to characterise these varieties and detect problems of synonymies and homonymies that frequently present. The sweet and sour cherry varieties analyzed showed low isoenzymatic polymorphism, being PGM and PGI the systems with the highest discrimination power. These systems presented seven and five different zymogrames, respectively. IDH showed four patterns. SKDH and 6-PGD grouped the varieties only into two patterns. The evident and discriminant restrictions of this type of analysis had got results that have only been a complement for agronomical and morphological characterization.
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Rajora, Om P. "Marker allozyme genes and alleles for differentiation of Populus deltoides, P. nigra, P. maximowiczii, and their interspecific hybrids". Canadian Journal of Botany 68, n.º 5 (1 de mayo de 1990): 990–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-125.
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Horizontal starch gel electrophoresis of enzymes was used to compare the allelic constitution of individuals of Populus deltoides Marsh., P. nigra L., P. maximowiczii Henry, P. ×canadensis Moench, and F1 progeny of controlled crosses. Forty allozyme loci coding for 12 enzyme systems in root tips were observed. Populus deltoides, P. nigra, and P. maximowiczii were genetically distinct from each other. Each of these species had unique alleles at many loci, and one or two of these species also had some species-specific genes. Populus deltoides, P. nigra, and P. maximowiczii could be distinguished by mutually exclusive or unique alleles at any of the four allozyme loci Aco-2, Lap-1, Lap-2, and Pgi-2. Additionally, allozymes of Pgm-1, 6-Pgd-2, 6-Pgd-4, and 6-Pgd-5 could be used as markers to distinguish P. deltoides from P. nigra and P. maximowiczii, allozymes of Mdh-2, Per-3, Pgm-2, and Pgm-3 to distinguish P. nigra from P. deltoïdes and P. maximowiczii, and allozymes of Got-1, Got-4, and Pgi-1 to distinguish P. maximowiczii from P. deltoides and P. nigra. The observed marker allozyme genes and alleles can be effectively used for discriminating among the three Populus species and their interspecific hybrids, and identification and verification of paternity of progeny of single-pair and interspecific pollen-mix controlled crosses. Biochemical and molecular markers have significance in genetics, breeding, and systematics of these Populus species. Key words: Populus, allozymes, diagnostic genes and alleles, species and hybrid differentiation, enzyme electrophoresis.
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Zheng, Tianhang, Changyou Chen y Kui Ren. "Distributionally Adversarial Attack". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (17 de julio de 2019): 2253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33012253.
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Recent work on adversarial attack has shown that Projected Gradient Descent (PGD) Adversary is a universal first-order adversary, and the classifier adversarially trained by PGD is robust against a wide range of first-order attacks. It is worth noting that the original objective of an attack/defense model relies on a data distribution p(x), typically in the form of risk maximization/minimization, e.g., max/min Ep(x) L(x) with p(x) some unknown data distribution and L(·) a loss function. However, since PGD generates attack samples independently for each data sample based on L(·), the procedure does not necessarily lead to good generalization in terms of risk optimization. In this paper, we achieve the goal by proposing distributionally adversarial attack (DAA), a framework to solve an optimal adversarial-data distribution, a perturbed distribution that satisfies the L∞ constraint but deviates from the original data distribution to increase the generalization risk maximally. Algorithmically, DAA performs optimization on the space of potential data distributions, which introduces direct dependency between all data points when generating adversarial samples. DAA is evaluated by attacking state-of-the-art defense models, including the adversarially-trained models provided by MIT MadryLab. Notably, DAA ranks the first place on MadryLab’s white-box leaderboards, reducing the accuracy of their secret MNIST model to 88.56% (with l∞ perturbations of ε = 0.3) and the accuracy of their secret CIFAR model to 44.71% (with l∞ perturbations of ε = 8.0). Code for the experiments is released on https://github.com/tianzheng4/Distributionally-Adversarial-Attack.
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Novelli, Valdenice Moreira, Marcos Antonio Machado y Catalina Romero Lopes. "Isoenzymatic polymorphism in Citrus spp. and Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. (Rutaceae)". Genetics and Molecular Biology 23, n.º 1 (marzo de 2000): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47572000000100030.
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Isoenzymatic polymorphism analysis was used to determine genetic variability among species and hybrids of Citrus spp. and one accession of Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. Ten enzymatic systems aspartate aminotransferase (AAT), acid phosphatase (ACP), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), phosphoglucoisomerase (PGI), phosphoglucomutase (PGM), diaphorase (DIA), shikimate dehydrogenase (SKD) and peroxidase (PRX) were analyzed. Twenty loci and 48 alleles were identified. Sweet orange cultivars (C. sinensis (L). Osbeck) showed the highest polymorphism with the largest number of heterozygous loci, although the alleles of those loci were the same in all cultivars, with the exception of Westin and Lima graúda. Mandarins (C. reticulata Blanco) exhibited diverse patterns, whereas Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. showed high variability with all Citrus species and hybrids. Exclusive phenotypes were observed in some enzymatic systems, and similar patterns were found among interspecific hybrids and their putative parents.
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Rossi, Patrizia, Giovanni Giuseppe Vendramin y Raffaello Giannini. "Estimation of mating system parameters in two Italian natural populations of Fagussylvatica". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26, n.º 7 (1 de julio de 1996): 1187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x26-132.
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Mating system parameters were estimated in two Italian natural populations of European beech (Fagussylvatica L.) using a mixed mating model and considering seven allozyme loci (Idh-A, Lap-A, Mdh-B, Pgd-A, Pgd-B, Pgd-C, Skd-A). High values of multilocus estimates of the outcrossing rate were found in both populations, ranging from 94 to 98%. Comparison of single- and multi-locus estimates of outcrossing rates seems to indicate the presence of consanguineous matings, probably because the populations are substructured. This hypothesis seems to be confirmed by the presence of a heterogeneity of the pollen allele frequencies across female parent trees and by the significant coefficient of the regression of pollen allele frequencies on ovule genotype. Variation in the fixation indices in different life-cycle phases was observed, indicating possible presence of selective processes between seed set and sexual maturity. Possible explanations of these results are presented.
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Bradley, C. A., P. S. Parks, Y. Chen y W. G. D. Fernando. "First Report of Pathogenicity Groups 3 and 4 of Leptosphaeria maculans on Canola in North Dakota". Plant Disease 89, n.º 7 (julio de 2005): 776. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0776c.
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Blackleg, caused by Leptosphaeria maculans (Desmaz) Ces. & de Not (anamorph = Phoma lingam), is an economically important disease of canola (Brassica napus L.) worldwide and was first detected in North Dakota in 1991 (3). L. maculans can be categorized into one of several pathogenicity groups (PGs) on the basis of the interaction phenotypes in differential canola cvs. Westar, Glacier, and Quinta by using a standard screening protocol in the greenhouse (4). With this system, PG1 strains are weakly virulent and PG2, PG3, and PG4 are highly virulent. The predominant strains of L. maculans in North Dakota are PG1 and PG2 (3). In cooperation with the Oilseed Pathology Lab in the Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, blackleg-infested canola stubble was collected arbitrarily from fields in North Dakota during August and September of 2003. Isolates of the pathogen were obtained by plating surface-sterilized (2% NaOCl), collected stubble on V8 agar containing 0.03% chloramphenicol at 22°C under continuous cool-white fluorescent light. Pycnidiospores were harvested from single pycnidia after 14 days of incubation with the Miracloth filtering method (2) and stored at -20°C. Each isolate was passed once through cv. Westar to maintain virulence. Isolates were confirmed as being L. maculans by the presence of characteristic pink pycnidia formed on V8 agar and the characteristic symptoms caused on inoculated cotyledons of cv. Westar. The PG test was performed using a standard screening protocol (4) and was repeated three times for each isolate. For each isolate, 12 7-day-old cotyledons of each differential cultivar were wound inoculated with 10 μl of a pycnidiospore suspension (1 × 107 per ml). Disease severity on cotyledons was assessed 12 days after inoculation with a 0 to 9 scale (0 to 2 = resistant; 3 to 6 = intermediate; and 7 to 9 = susceptible). A total of 106 isolates were obtained from the stubble collected from 47 fields. Of these isolates, three were characterized as PG1, 94 as PG2, six as PG3, and one as PG4; two isolates could not be characterized according to the PG system as described (4). PG3 isolates originated from two fields in Cavalier County and one field in Ward County. The PG4 isolate was from Cavalier County. To our knowledge, this is the first time highly virulent strains of PG3 and PG4 have been detected in North Dakota. PG3 and PG4 strains of L. maculans were found only recently in western Canada (1,2). The discovery of these PGs in North Dakota and western Canada has immense implication to canola breeding programs and blackleg control, since these PGs may cause greater levels of blackleg severity on canola cultivars that are resistant to only PG2 type isolates. References: (1) Y. Chen and W. G. D. Fernando. Plant Dis. 89:339, 2005. (2) W. G. D. Fernando and Y. Chen. Plant Dis. 87:1268, 2003. (3) H. A. Lamey and D. E. Hershman. Plant Dis. 77:1263, 1993. (4) A. Mengistu et al. Plant Dis. 75:1279, 1991.
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Zaragoza, P., A. Arana, I. Zarazaga y B. Amorena. "Blood Biochemical Polymorphisms in Rabbits Presently Bred in Spain: Genetic Variation and Distances amongst Populations". Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 40, n.º 3 (1987): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bi9870275.
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A total of 816 rabbits, belonging to breeds presently bred in Spain (Spanish Common, Spanish Giant, Butterfly, Lyone de Bourgogne, New Zealand White, Californian and a hybrid line obtained from crosses between selected individuals of the latter two), were tested using nine blood electrophoretic markers: Hb, Ak, Co, Tf, Es-l, Es-2, Es-3, Ada and Pgd. The latter five proteins were found polymorphic, each being controlled by one locus and showing autosomal co-dominant Mendelian inheritance. Three of these loci (Es-1, Es-2 and Pgd) have two alleles, and the remaining two (Es-3 and Ada) have three alleles. These polymorphic loci were used to study the population structure and breed similarities genetically.
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Chen, Y. y W. G. D. Fernando. "First Report of Canola Blackleg Caused by Pathogenicity Group 4 of Leptosphaeria maculans in Manitoba". Plant Disease 89, n.º 3 (marzo de 2005): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0339b.
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Leptosphaeria maculans (Desmaz.) Ces. & de Not., causal agent of blackleg of canola (Brassica napus L.), was initially placed in several pathogenicity groups (PG) on the basis of the interaction phenotypes (IP) of L. maculans isolates on the differential canola cvs. Westar (W), Glacier (G), and Quinta (Q) (4). PG1 isolates are weakly virulent and PG2, PG3, and PG4 isolates are highly virulent. In Manitoba, the L. maculans population consists mainly of PG2 isolates (virulent on W and avirulent on G and Q), a few PG1 isolates (avirulent on W, G, and Q), and PGT (virulent on W and Q, but avirulent on G) (3). Since the blackleg fungus is known to have a high level of evolutionary potential, the Oilseed Pathology Laboratory at the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada, examines the pathogenic variability of L. maculans isolates from the Canadian Prairies and North Dakota each year. During 2002, the presence of PG3 (virulent on W and G and avirulent on Q) was reported in Manitoba (1). During 2003, a canola field located at La Riviere, Manitoba, 200 km southwest of Winnipeg, was found to be severely affected by blackleg. Stubble from this field was arbitrarily collected in mid-April 2004, and 98 single-pycnidia pure cultures were obtained by isolating fungi from surface-sterilized (2% sodium hypochlorite), infested residue, cultured on V8 agar at room temperature under cool-white florescent light for 24 h. Pycnidiospores were harvested after 14 days of incubation using the Miracloth filtering method (1). PG testing was performed using the three differential cultivars in the greenhouse. Known PG2, 3, and 4 isolates, 86-12, Liffole-6, and PL30.2, respectively, were included as positive controls. For each of the 98 isolates, 12 7-day-old cotyledons of each differential cultivar grown in Metro Mix were wound-inoculated with 10 μl of a pycnidiospore suspension (1 × 107 per ml) (1). Inoculated plants were maintained in the greenhouse (16/21°C night/day and a 16-h photoperiod with cool-white florescent light). The experiment was repeated three times. Disease severity on cotyledons was assessed 12 days after inoculation with a 0 to 9 scale (0 to 2 = resistant; 3 to 6 = intermediate; and 7 to 9 = susceptible). Of the 98 isolates tested, five were PG1, 51 were PG2, 24 were PG3, 13 were PGT, and five were PG4. The isolates classified as PG4 gave IP reactions of 7 to 9, 7 to 9, and 6.6 to 8.2, on W, G, and Q, respectively. PG3 was reported one year ago, but highly virulent isolates belonging to PG4 have not been previously detected in Manitoba. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of PG4 isolates of L. maculans, and the first report of PG4 causing canola blackleg in Manitoba. The appearance of PG4 may be evidence of pathogen population changes occurring under high-selection-pressure exerted by resistance genes in commercial cultivars (2), or through importation of PG4 isolates with canola seed. References: (1) W. G. D. Fernando and Y. Chen. Plant Dis. 87:1268, 2003. (2) B. J. Howlett. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 26:245, 2004. (3) M. Keri et al. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 23:199, 2001. (4) A. Mengistu et al. Plant Dis. 75:1279, 1991.
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Padutov, Vladimir E. "Features of Picea abies (L.) Karst. population structure formation on the territory of Belarus". Journal of the Belarusian State University. Biology, n.º 1 (12 de marzo de 2021): 78–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2521-1722-2021-1-78-91.
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One of the main forest forming tree species in Belarus is the European spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). The formation of European spruce forest population genetic structure took place under the influence of migration flows from different refugia during the postglacial period. For the genogeographic study of P. abies 25 isozyme genes (Aat-1, Aat-2, Adh, Gdh, Idh-1, Idh-2, Mdh-1, Mdh-2, Mdh-3, Skdh, 6-Pgd-1, 6-Pgd-2, 6-Pgd-3, Lap-1, Lap-2, Sdh, Gpi, Hk, Me, Dia-1, Dia-2, Dia-4, Pgm-1, Pgm-2, Fl-Est) of nuclear DNA (analysis was carried out in 10 populations), 3 microsatellite loci (Pt63718, Pt26081, Pt71936) of chloroplast DNA (57 populations were considered) and 1 microsatellite locus (mt15-D02) of mitochondrial DNA (56 populations were studied) were used. As a result, 82 allelic variants of isozyme genes, 19 allelic variants of chloroplast DNA loci and 2 allelic variants of mitochondrial DNA locus were found. The spatial distribution of the alleles was defined and the regional features of the genogeographic differentiation of the spruce forest were considered. The presence of two migration flows representatives (southern and northern) in Belarus was confirmed. It was shown that the highest concentration of P. abies trees with southern (Carpathian) origin is observed in the southwest of the country. Clinal variability was revealed for a number of markers in the directions from south to north and from west to east. In general the data obtained are consistent with the results of studies based on the analysis of the spatial distribution of the cone scales traits.
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Staub, Jack E., Ricarda S. Kupper, Deborah Schuman, Todd C. Wehner y Bernard May. "Electrophoretic Variation and Enzyme Storage Stability in Cucumber". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 110, n.º 3 (mayo de 1985): 426–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.110.3.426.
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Abstract Forty-seven enzymes and general protein of fruit, seed, and cotyledons of Cucumis sativus L. var. sativus and var. hardwickii (Royle) Kitamura were examined by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis to provide information on enzyme activity, stability, resolution, and variability. Of the 5 extraction buffers tested, a Tris base/Tris HC1 buffer at pH 7.1 provided consistent, clear resolution of the enzymes tested. Further studies of several enzymes revealed: 1) 30% DMSO buffer extended the storage life of phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD); 2) the appearance of additional bands to glucosephosphateisomerase (GPI) and disappearance of bands from PGD zymograms occurred when extracts were stored for 7–8 days at 10°C; 3) the zymogram patterns of glutathione reductase (GR), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and phosphoglucomutase (PGM) were not affected under this storage regime; and 4) zymograms of cotyledonary tissue of seedlings grown under flourescent light in either a 9 or 12 hr light photoperiod at 30°/26° and 22°/18° day/night temperatures for 14 days then stored for 120 days at –18° were similar to fresh extracts. Polymorphisms were observed in GPI, GR, IDH, peptidase, PGD, and PGM. No variety specific electromorphs were observed between hardwickii and sativus, thus supporting the conspecific hypothesis regarding these 2 varieties. Twenty-four of 46 plant introductions and 5 of 11 inbred lines were variable for 1 or more of the 6 polymorphic isozymes.
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Wenslaff, Timothy F. y Paul M. Lyrene. "TETRASOMIC INHERITANCE OF ISOZYME AND PHENOTYPIC MARKERS IN ALLOTETRAPLOID BLUEBERRIES". HortScience 27, n.º 6 (junio de 1992): 657e—657. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.657e.
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A study was done to test whether inheritance is tetrasomic or disomic in tetraploid Fl hybrids between 2x Vaccinium elliottii Chapm. and 4x V. corymbosum L. Seventeen Fl hybrids derived from V. elliottii homozygous for recessive anthocyanin deficiency (AD) were confirmed by isozyme analysis and, where V. elliottii was the seed parent, by the presence of anthocyanin. Fertile hybrids with high pollen stainability were assumed to be 4x and duplex for the AD allele, having arisen from 2n gametes in V. elliottii. In nine Fl × Fl crosses, all progeny populations segregated for AD phenotype at or above the expected tetrasomic ratio of 1 AD:35 normal; no AD would be expected with disomic inheritance. Tetraploid AD progeny were used in testcrosses on sixteen Fl hybrids in 1991. Progeny segregated tetrasomically, 1 AD:5 normal. Isozyme loci PGD-2 and PGI-2 also segregated tetrasomically.
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Colic, Slavica, Vera Rakonjac, Milica Fotiric-Aksic, Dragan Nikolic, Vladislav Ognjanov y Dragan Rahovic. "Dehydrogenase isoenzyme polymorphism in genus Prunus, subgenus Cerasus". Genetika 44, n.º 3 (2012): 619–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1203619c.
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Dehydrogenase polymorphism was studied in 36 sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.), sweet cherry (Prunus avuim L.), mahaleb (Prunus mahaleb L.), ground cherry (Prunus fruticosa Pall.), duke cherry (Prunus gondounii Redh.), Japanese flowering cherry (Prunus serrulata Lindl.) and four iterspecific hybrids (standard cherry rootstocks ?Gisela 5?, ?Gisela 6?, ?Max Ma? and ?Colt?). Inner bark of one-year-old shoots, in dormant stage, was used for enzyme extraction. Vertical PAGE was used for isoenzyme analysis: alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), formate dehydrogenase (FDH), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), isocitrate dehydrogenaze (IDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD), and shikimate dehydrogenase (SDH). All studied systems were polymorphic at 10 loci: Adh -1 (3 genotypes) and Adh-2 (5 genotypes), Fdh-1 (2 genotypes), Gdh-1 (3 genotypes), Idh-1 (4 genotypes) i Idh -2 (5 genotypes), Mdh-1 (3 genotypes), Pgd-1 (4 genotypes), Sdh-1 (1 genotype) i Sdh-2 (3 genotypes). Cluster analysis was used to construct dendrogram on which four groups of similar genotypes were separated. Obtained results indicate that studied enzyme systems can be used for determination of genus Prunus, subgenus Cerasus. Among studied enzyme systems ADH, IDH and SDH were the most polymorphic and most useful to identify genetic variability. Polymorphism of FDH and GDH in genus Prunus, subgenus Cerasus was described first time in this work. First results for dehydrogenase variability of Oblacinska indicate that polymorphism of loci Idh-2 and Sdh-2 can be useful for discrimination of different clones.
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Wang, Lijuan, Nian-Oine Shi, Murray E. Duysen y Chiwon W. Lee. "747 PB 105 CLEISTOGAMY GENE ACTION IN SALPIGLOSSIS IS LINKED TO SUGAR METABOLISM". HortScience 29, n.º 5 (mayo de 1994): 540b—540. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.540b.
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Cleistogamy in Salpiglossis sinuatu L. involves a sequence of events, including arrested corolla development, precocious pollen germination inside anther, pollen tube penetration of the pistil, and eventual self fertilization, that takes place. within a tightly closed flower bud. A single dominant gene (C) controls cleistogamy in this plant. During early blooming period, cleistogamous (CC, Cc) plants produce both chasmogamous (open) and cleistogamous (closed) flowers. Enzymes in various tissues of both cleistogamous and chasmogamous buds were detected by isozyme banding patterns in starch gel electrophoresis. The onset of cleistogamy may be signalled in the calyx and corolla tissues in the early stage of flower development. The levels of specific enzymes (PGM, PGI, G-6PD, PGD, MPI) involved in gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate shunt and glycolysis in both calyx and corolla tissues of the cleistogamous buds were greatly reduced. These enzymes were present in the pistil and anthers of cleistogamous buds and in all floral parts of the chasmogamous buds.
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Reed, Barbara M. y H. B. Lagerstedt. "Freeze Preservation of Apical Meristems of Rubus in Liquid Nitrogen". HortScience 22, n.º 2 (abril de 1987): 302–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.22.2.302.
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Abstract Shoot tip explants from tissue culture plantlets of five Rubus accessions (Rubus leucodermis Torr. & Gray, R. spectabilis Pursh, R. idaeus L. ‘Heritage’, Rubus spp. ‘Logan Thornless’ and ‘Merton Thornless’) were frozen slowly (0.8°C/min) to -40° and then rapidly to -196° in the presence of cryoprotectants. Following rapid thawing, regrowth as organized apical growth or as callus occurred on agar media. A combination of polyethylene glycol (PEG), glucose, and dimethylsulfoxide (PGD) was the most successful cryoprotectant.
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Zhao, Weimin, Qusay H. Mahmoud y Sanaa Alwidian. "Evaluation of GAN-Based Model for Adversarial Training". Sensors 23, n.º 5 (1 de marzo de 2023): 2697. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23052697.
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Deep learning has been successfully utilized in many applications, but it is vulnerable to adversarial samples. To address this vulnerability, a generative adversarial network (GAN) has been used to train a robust classifier. This paper presents a novel GAN model and its implementation to defend against L∞ and L2 constraint gradient-based adversarial attacks. The proposed model is inspired by some of the related work, but it includes multiple new designs such as a dual generator architecture, four new generator input formulations, and two unique implementations with L∞ and L2 norm constraint vector outputs. The new formulations and parameter settings of GAN are proposed and evaluated to address the limitations of adversarial training and defensive GAN training strategies, such as gradient masking and training complexity. Furthermore, the training epoch parameter has been evaluated to determine its effect on the overall training results. The experimental results indicate that the optimal formulation of GAN adversarial training must utilize more gradient information from the target classifier. The results also demonstrate that GANs can overcome gradient masking and produce effective perturbation to augment the data. The model can defend PGD L2 128/255 norm perturbation with over 60% accuracy and PGD L∞ 8/255 norm perturbation with around 45% accuracy. The results have also revealed that robustness can be transferred between the constraints of the proposed model. In addition, a robustness–accuracy tradeoff was discovered, along with overfitting and the generalization capabilities of the generator and classifier. These limitations and ideas for future work will be discussed.
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Bautista-Rodríguez, Edna Irene, Luz Del Carmen Lagunes-Espinoza, Francisco Marcelo Lara-Viveros, Mepivoseth Castelán-Estrada y Víctor Conde-Martínez. "Comparison of pre-germination treatments in Lupinus spp. and their effects on germination and related solutes". Botanical Sciences 95, n.º 3 (10 de octubre de 2017): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.17129/botsci.893.
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<p><strong>Background. </strong>Physical dormancy in seeds of the genus <em>Lupinus</em> restricts their ecological or agricultural use.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Hypothesis. </strong>This dormancy can be broken when seeds are subjected to physical and chemical pretreatments that increase germination, mobilize reserves and decrease ABA.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Studied species. </strong>Seeds of<strong> </strong><em>Lupinus exaltatus </em>(<em>Le</em>), <em>L. campestris </em>(<em>Lc</em>) and <em>L. montanus </em>(<em>Lm</em>) from Puebla, México.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Methods.</strong> The following seven treatments, including a control, were applied: PG1 = 98 % H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> for 15 min, PG2 = wet sand at 80 °C for 5 min, PG3 = wet sand at 35 °C for 8 h and 16 h at 25 °C, PG4 = dry sand at 80 °C for 7 min, PG5 = dry sand at 150 °C for 1 min, PG6 = H<sub>2</sub>0 at 80 °C for 1 min, Control = untreated seeds. On days 0, 3, 5, 10 and 15 after seeding, we evaluated the percentage and rate of germination (GP and GR, respectively) and biochemical changes.<strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Results. </strong>PG6 produced a higher GP in <em>Le</em> (41 %) and <em>Lc</em> (69 %), and PG1 produced a higher GP in <em>Lm</em> (37 %). In all three species, the highest GR was obtained with PG1 (1.95, 2.27 and 2.22 day<sup>-1</sup> seeds, respectively). PG6 increased the protein concentration (53, 17, and 43 % for <em>Le</em>, <em>Lc</em> and <em>Lm</em>, respectively), amino acids (19, 44 and 31 %, respectively), reducing sugars (63, 18 and 96 %, respectively) and polyphenols (32, 55 and 75 %, respectively) but decreased soluble sugars (22, 29 and 23 %, respectively) and ABA relative to the control. Although only the correlation between the GP and amino acid content was significant and positive, and the correlation between GP, GR and soluble sugars was significant and negative.</p><p><strong>Conclusions. </strong>The effect of pre-germination treatments on germination was species-specific. The pretreatment with H<sub>2</sub>0 at 80 °C for 1 min increased germination and mobilized the seed’s reserves in the process.</p>
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Sharma, Shorya. "Multi-SAP Adversarial Defense for Deep Neural Networks". International Journal of Advanced Science Computing and Engineering 4, n.º 1 (4 de abril de 2022): 32–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/ijasce.4.1.76.
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Deep learning models have gained immense popularity for machine learning tasks such as image classification and natural language processing due to their high expressibility. However, they are vulnerable to adversarial samples - perturbed samples that are imperceptible to a human, but can cause the deep learning model to give incorrect predictions with a high confidence. This limitation has been a major deterrent in the deployment of deep learning algorithms in production, specifically in security critical systems. In this project, we followed a game theoretic approach to implement a novel defense strategy, that combines multiple Stochastic Activation Pruning with adversarial training. Our defense accuracy outperforms that of PGD adversarial training, which is known to be the one of the best defenses against several L∞ attacks, by about 6-7%. We are hopeful that our defense strategy can withstand strong attacks leading to more robust deep neural network models.Deep learning models have gained immense popularity for machine learning tasks such as image classification and natural language processing due to their high expressibility. However, they are vulnerable to adversarial samples - perturbed samples that are imperceptible to a human, but can cause the deep learning model to give incorrect predictions with a high confidence. This limitation has been a major deterrent in the deployment of deep learning algorithms in production, specifically in security critical systems. In this project, we followed a game theoretic approach to implement a novel defense strategy, that combines multiple Stochastic Activation Pruning with adversarial training. Our defense accuracy outperforms that of PGD adversarial training, which is known to be the one of the best defenses against several L∞ attacks, by about 6-7%. We are hopeful that our defense strategy can withstand strong attacks leading to more robust deep neural network models.
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Fernando, W. G. D. y Y. Chen. "First Report on the Presence of Leptosphaeria maculans Pathogenicity Group-3, the Causal Agent of Blackleg of Canola in Manitoba". Plant Disease 87, n.º 10 (octubre de 2003): 1268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.10.1268a.
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Blackleg, caused by Leptosphaeria maculans (Desmaz.) Ces. & De Not. (anamorph = Phoma lingam) (Tode:Fr.) Desmaz.), is an economically important and serious disease of canola (Brassica napus L.) in Australia, Europe, and Canada. L. maculans isolates can be categorized into four pathogenicity groups (PGs) on the basis of the interaction phenotypes (IP) on the differential canola cvs. Westar, Glacier, and Quinta (1) by using a standard screening protocol in the greenhouse. PG1 isolates are weakly virulent and PG2, PG3, and PG4 isolates are highly virulent. In Manitoba, L. maculans population consists mainly of PG2 (virulent on cv. Westar; avirulent on cvs. Glacier and Quinta) and a few PG1 isolates (avirulent on all three differentials). The Oilseed Pathology Lab in the Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba examines the pathogenic variability of blackleg isolates obtained from Manitoba each year. In 2002, the blackleg-resistant cv. Q2, was found to be severely infected in Roland, Manitoba. The canola stubble collected from a coop trial plot (Roland, Manitoba) and a farm in East Selkirk (60 km northeast of Winnipeg, Manitoba) was isolated for the blackleg fungus. Small pieces of stubble were cut from the pseudothecia forming section and surface sterilized with 1% sodium hypochlorite solution for 3 to 5 min and then rinsed in sterile distilled water. V8 agar medium containing 1% streptomycin sulphate was used to culture the isolates under continuous cool-white fluorescent light for 14 days. Pure cultures of the pathogen were isolated and characterized as L. maculans by means of colony morphology, pycnidia, and microscopic observations of pycnidiospores. Pycnidiospores that formed on V8 plates were flooded with 10 ml of sterile distilled water and then harvested by filtering through sterilized Miracloth and kept at -20°C. The isolates were passed once through cv. Westar to maintain their virulence. The PG test was performed with the three differential cultivars. Two additional cultivars, Q2 (resistant to PG2 isolates) and Defender (moderately resistant to PG2 isolates), were included for comparisons. Twelve 7-day-old cotyledons of each differential cultivar grown in Metro Mix were wound inoculated with a 10-μl droplet of pycnidiospore suspension (1 × 107 pycnidiospores per ml). Inoculated cotyledons were maintained in the greenhouse (16/21°C night/day and a 16-h photoperiod). The experiment was repeated twice. Disease severity on cotyledons was assessed 12 days postinoculation by using a 0 to 9 scale (2). All five isolates from Roland and East Selkirk were highly virulent on Glacier (6.4 to 7.7), Q2 (7.1 to 8.2), and Defender (7.2 to 8.4), but intermediately virulent on Quinta (4.5 to 5.4). This clearly indicated that these isolates were of PG3. Isolates of PG2 have been predominant in Manitoba for the past 25 years, and highly virulent isolates belonging to PG3 had not been detected previously. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of PG3 in L. maculans in Manitoba. References: (1) A. Mengistu et al. Plant Dis. 75:1279, 1991. (2) P. H. Williams. Crucifer Genetics Cooperatives (CrGC) Resource Book, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1985.
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Dusabenyagasani, M. y W. G. D. Fernando. "Development of a SCAR Marker to Track Canola Resistance Against Blackleg Caused by Leptosphaeria maculans Pathogenicity Group 3". Plant Disease 92, n.º 6 (junio de 2008): 903–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-6-0903.
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Blackleg of rapeseed and canola (Brassica napus) is caused by various pathogenicity groups (PG) of Leptosphaeria maculans. The disease occurring in the Canadian prairies for the last two decades was caused by PG2 and was controlled by host resistance. PG3 and PG4 isolates have been found recently in Canada, but there is no resistance available against these pathogenicity groups in commercial Canadian varieties. This study sought to identify canola cultivars that could be used as sources of resistance to PG3 and to develop molecular markers for marker-assisted selection. Resistance to PG3 specifically was found in B. napus ‘Dunkeld’ and ‘Quinta’, while B. juncea ‘Cutlass’ and ‘Domo’ proved to be resistant to PG2, PG3, and PG4. A set of F2 progeny of ‘Westar’ (susceptible) × ‘Dunkeld’ was used to identify genetic markers linked to PG3 resistance. These markers were physically located on a BAC clone from B. rapa subsp. pekinensis containing a homolog to a serine threonine 20 (ste20)-like kinase in Arabidopsis thaliana. Thus, we have developed a sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker available for marker-assisted selection in breeding canola for resistance against blackleg caused by L. maculans PG3. This work has received a provisional patent (serial # 60/977,933 – Oct. 5, 2007).
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Staub, Jack E., Vladimir Meglic y James D. McCreight. "Inheritance and Linkage Relationships of Melon (Cucumis melo L.) Isozymes". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 123, n.º 2 (marzo de 1998): 264–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.123.2.264.
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Nineteen polymorphic and eleven monomorphic isozyme loci were identified in thirteen enzyme systems in a survey of four-hundred melon (Cucumis melo L.) accessions. Segregation of allozymes in F2 and backcross (BC) families for isozyme loci agreed with the expected 1:2:1 and 1:1 segregation ratios (P <0.01). Eleven isozyme loci were linked and were integrated to form a map containing two linkage groups spanning 98 cM with a mean linkage distance of ≈9 cM. Linkage groups (A and B) contain the following loci in the order: A Fdp-2, Pgd, Pgm, Mpi-1, Idh, and Ac, and B Pep-gl, Mdh-2, Mdh-4, Mdh-5, Mdh-6. The remaining eight loci (Acp-1, Acp-4, Ak-4, Fdp-1, Gpi, Mpi-2, Pep-la, and Pep-pap) segregated independently. The isozyme map constructed in this study provides genomic information for future linkage studies with economically important traits and concensus map construction through map merging.
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Figueiras, Ana M., Maria T. Gonzalez-Jaen, Julio Salinas y Cesar Benito. "ASSOCIATION OF ISOZYMES WITH A RECIPROCAL TRANSLOCATION IN CULTIVATED RYE (SECALE CEREALE L.)". Genetics 109, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1985): 177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/109.1.177.
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ABSTRACT In rye (Secale cereale L. cv. "Ailés") the progeny of a cross between a structural heterozygote for a reciprocal translocation (involving the 1R chromosome) and a homozygote for the standard chromosome arrangement were analyzed for the electrophoretic patterns of eight different leaf isozymes and also for their meiotic configuration at metaphase I.—The Got-3 and Mdh-2b loci are linked to each other and also to the reciprocal translocation. The Mdh-2b locus is located in the interstitial segment of the 3Rq chromosome arm, with an estimated distance of 8 cM to the breakpoint. Therefore, the reciprocal translocation involves the 1R and 3R chromosomes.—Also, the Mdh-1 and 6-Pgd-2 loci are linked (16 ± 3 cM) and have been located on the 2Rq arm. Finally, the Per-3 and Per-4 loci are located on the 2Rp chromosome arm at an estimated distance of 26 ± 4 cM.
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Kiang, Y. T., Y. C. Chiang y C. J. Bult. "Genetic study of glutamate oxaloacetic transaminase in soybean". Genome 29, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 1987): 370–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g87-063.
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A four-band electrophoretic zymogram for glutamate oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT, EC 2.6.1.1) is observed in mature soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) seed. The zymogram pattern has a cluster of three bands (Rf's of 0.26, 0.29, and 0.32) and a single band. No variation was observed in the cluster of three bands. The fourth band has three variants that are controlled by a single locus, Got, with three alleles. They are designated as Got-a (Rf = 0.52), Got-b (Rf = 0.54), and Got-c (Rf = 0.57), respectively. In the wild soybean, G. soja (Sieb. & Zucc), the Got-a allele was found in four accessions from South Korea (PI 407.194, PI 407.269, PI 407.270, and PI 504.286; frequency 4/187). The Got-c allele also was found in four G. soja accessions from South Korea (PI 407.184, PI 407.207, PI 407.222, and PI 407.225; frequency 4/187). All other G. soja accessions examined carry the Got-b allele (frequency 179/187). All the G. max cultivars and accessions examined are homozygous for the Got-b allele (frequency 320/321) except for cv. Hardee, in which two seeds were homozygous for the Got-c allele. Linkage tests show that the Got locus segregates independently of the Ap, Dia1, Dia2, Idh1, Pgd2, and W1 loci. No linkage was detected when isozyme loci other than Got were tested (Am3–W1, Ap–W1, Dia1–W1, Pgd–W1, Dia1–Idh1, Pgd2–Idh1, and Ap–Idh2). Key words: soybean, glutamate oxaloacetic transaminase, GOT, electrophoresis, isozymes.
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Avila, C. M., S. G. Atienza, M. T. Moreno y A. M. Torres. "Isozyme characterisation of Vicia faba germplasm: genetic interpretation and applications". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, n.º 4 (2003): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar02128.
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Eighteen isozyme systems were assayed to characterise 147 accessions of Vicia faba L. from different origins, including the 4 known botanical types (major, equina, minor, and paucijuga). The most polymorphic isozyme systems were aspartate aminotransferase (AAT), fructokinase (FK), phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD), peroxidase (PRX), and super-oxide dismutase (SOD), which provide a discriminatory tool for evaluating and characterising collections. The study also detected possible contamination or some degree of heterozygosity within certain inbred lines. New alleles were detected for the isozyme systems AAT, aconitase (ACO), and PRX. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA) system is described in V. faba. The use of allozymic variation in germplasm identification and characterisation, breeding programs, and other genetic studies on the species is discussed.
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Montés, Nicolas, Francisco Chinesta, Marta C. Mora, Antonio Falcó, Lucia Hilario, Nuria Rosillo y Enrique Nadal. "Real-Time Path Planning Based on Harmonic Functions under a Proper Generalized Decomposition-Based Framework". Sensors 21, n.º 12 (8 de junio de 2021): 3943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21123943.
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This paper presents a real-time global path planning method for mobile robots using harmonic functions, such as the Poisson equation, based on the Proper Generalized Decomposition (PGD) of these functions. The main property of the proposed technique is that the computational cost is negligible in real-time, even if the robot is disturbed or the goal is changed. The main idea of the method is the off-line generation, for a given environment, of the whole set of paths from any start and goal configurations of a mobile robot, namely the computational vademecum, derived from a harmonic potential field in order to use it on-line for decision-making purposes. Up until now, the resolution of the Laplace or Poisson equations has been based on traditional numerical techniques unfeasible for real-time calculation. This drawback has prevented the extensive use of harmonic functions in autonomous navigation, despite their powerful properties. The numerical technique that reverses this situation is the Proper Generalized Decomposition. To demonstrate and validate the properties of the PGD-vademecum in a potential-guided path planning framework, both real and simulated implementations have been developed. Simulated scenarios, such as an L-Shaped corridor and a benchmark bug trap, are used, and a real navigation of a LEGO®MINDSTORMS robot running in static environments with variable start and goal configurations is shown. This device has been selected due to its computational and memory-restricted capabilities, and it is a good example of how its properties could help the development of social robots.
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Tusa, N., J. W. Grosser y F. G. Gmitter. "Plant Regeneration of `Valencia' Sweet Orange, `Femminello' Lemon, and the Interspecific Somatic Hybrid following Protoplasm Fusion". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 115, n.º 6 (noviembre de 1990): 1043–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.115.6.1043.
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Protoplasm culture following the chemical fusion of `Valencia' sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] protoplasts, isolated from an embryogenic suspension culture, with `Femminello' lemon [Citrus limon (L.) Burro. f.] leaf protoplasts resulted in the regeneration of an interspecific allotetraploid somatic hybrid plant, two autotetraploid lemon plants, and diploid plants from both parents. The regeneration of plants from lemon leaf protoplasts is an example of protoplast-to-plant regeneration from non-nucellus-derived tissue for Citrus. Regenerated plants were classified according to leaf morphology, chromosome number, and analyses of phosphohexose isomerase (PHI), peroxidase (PER), and 6-phosphoglucose dehydrogenase (PGD) zymograms. The somatic hybrid plant was vigorous, with leaves morphologically intermediate to the parents. The tetraploid lemon plants were similar to diploids, although less vigorous and with thicker leaves. The tetraploid lemon and somatic hybrid plants, if fertile, could be used in interploid sexual crosses to breed triploid seedless lemon cultivars with tolerance of mal secco disease from sweet orange. Further investigation of plant regeneration from leaf protoplasts could increase the number of totipotent Citrus clones amenable to somatic hybridization and genetic transformation experiments.
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Fernando, W. G. D., P. S. Parks, G. Tomm, L. V. Viau y C. Jurke. "First Report of Blackleg Disease Caused by Leptosphaeria maculans on Canola in Brazil". Plant Disease 87, n.º 3 (marzo de 2003): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.3.314c.
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Canola (Brassica napus L.) is a relatively new crop in Brazil, having been grown there for approximately 8 years. In 2000, leaf lesions and stem cankers were observed in cvs. Hyola 420 and Hyola 401 in farmers' fields in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. Cankered stems were received at the University of Manitoba, Canada, from Rio Grande do Sul for disease identification. Small pieces of the stem were cut from the cankered area, and standard protocol was followed to surface sterilize the stem pieces. Stem pieces were plated on V8 agar medium and incubated under light for 12 days. Typical fungal colonies with concentric rings containing pycnidia formed on the V8 agar. The colony characteristics were typical of the blackleg pathogen, Leptosphaeria maculans (Desmaz.) Ces. & De Not. (anamorph = Phoma lingam) (Tode:Fr.) Desmaz.). Blackleg is an economically important and serious disease in many parts of the world including Australia, Canada, the United States, and Europe. L. maculans strains can be characterized in four pathogenicity groups (PG1 through PG4) based on differential testing procedures giving interaction phenotype (IP) reactions (2). Two weeks after plating on V8 media, plates were flooded with sterile distilled water, and pycnidiospores were harvested. Flats of multipots filled with Metro Mix were seeded with three cultivars (Westar, Glacier, and Quinta). One-week-old cotyledons from the three cultivars were inoculated with pycnidiospore suspensions (2 × 107 pycnidiospores per ml) of seven Brazilian isolates, numbered 7, 8, 9, 11, 15, 16, and 18, respectively. Each cotyledon leaf, punctured in the center with a needle, was inoculated with a 10-μl droplet of the inoculum. Disease evaluations were made 11 days after inoculation using a 0 to 9 rating scale (1). This screening was repeated three times from February 2001 to October 2001. After the second repeat, the isolates from Rio Grande do Sul were passed through the highly susceptible canola cv. Westar. Results from all four trials were consistent, and yielded one PG1 isolate (No. 7) and six PG3 isolates. PG1 is classified as a nonaggressive strain, whereas PG3 isolates are classified as aggressive. PG3 isolates would have an IP reaction of 7 to 9, 7 to 9, and 3 to 6 on cvs. Westar, Glacier, and Quinta, respectively. PG2 is the most commonly found aggressive strain in the Canadian prairies. PG3 is predominantly found in Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. To our knowledge, this is the first report of blackleg disease caused by L. maculans on canola in Brazil. Differential testing fulfilled Koch's postulates and determined the PG groups found in Brazil (PG1 and PG3). References: (1) P. A. Delwiche. Genetic aspects of blackleg (Leptosphaeria maculans) resistance in rapeseed (Brassica napus) Ph.D. thesis. University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1980. (2) A. Mengistu et al. Plant Dis. 75:1279, 1991.
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Fan, Gang, Fei Cheng Liu, Rui Zhi Wen y Jian Jing Zhang. "Research of Earthquake Topographic Effect". Applied Mechanics and Materials 501-504 (enero de 2014): 1566–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.501-504.1566.
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In this paper, the influence of topography on ground-motion intensity parameter, response spectrum, peak ground acceleration (PGA) and the ratio of response spectrum were studied based on the measured data from large scale shaking table test and observation stations in XiShan park for Wenchuan earthquake. The results show that: in the EW direction, the height do not affect PGD, SMA, VSI and HI, while V_RMS decreases slightly at the middle of the slope, the other intensity parameters increase with the increase of height. In the EW direction, the height has no influence on PGD, V_RMS, SMA, SED, A_RMS, VSI and HI, while other parameters increase as the height increase. In the UD direction, the height has no influence on SMV, PGD, V_RMS, SMV, ASI, VSI and HI, while A_RMS decreases at the middle of the slope, and the other intensity parameters increase as the height increase. Ignoring the local topographic effect, the amplitude of response spectrum increases with the increase of height at the part of short period (T1s), the part of long period (T>1s) is not effected by height. The ground motion will be amplified by local canyon topography, and the influence of local topography is larger than height. The research carried out in paper will deepen the understanding of topographic effect. 0 Preface Earthquake often cause extensive rock slope failures and various types of mass movement in mountainous areas. Catastrophic seismically-induced landsides are among the Earths most powerful geomorphic events, causing sudden and dramatic changes to the landscape, creating high risks to both infrastructures and life, and reputedly causing large economic losses. Seismic waves interacting with topography lead to amplification and deamplification of resulting ground motion. In the western mountainous areas of China, the topography is extremely complex, many large hydropower stations were built in narrow valleys and many large bridge piers were built on valleys and hillsides, so the research about topographic effect is essential to the seismic design of large-scale projects. Topographic effect is always analyzed with following three approaches: motion observation, analytical analysis and numerical analysis. The motion observation is regarded as the most efficient and common approach [1]. Long time ago, the researchers found that the intensity of buildings built on local convex topography was abnormal, in order to reveal the reason of abnormal intensity, array stations were constructed specially to study the effect of local convex topography on ground motion, some observation data were obtained. Some L-7 type strong motion seismographs were installed at the crest and foot of Kagel and Josephine mountain, California, by Lawrence L. Davis and Lewis R. West, the 2 array stations had recorded several aftershocks record of SanFernando earthquake, which occurred on February 9, 1971[. Some L-7 type strong motion seismographs were also installed at the crest, hillside and foot of Butler mountain, Nevada, to record blasting vibration in test site. In 1984, in order to observe the topographic effect of rocky mountain, 8 observation stations were installed by B. E. Tucker, five stations were placed in two tunnels with different elevation, the other three were placed at the surface of outcropped rock [. After the 1989 Loma prieta earthquake, dense array stations of seven digital and triaxial seismographs were mounted on Robinwood Ridge, which is located at 7.3km northwest of epicenter, to analyze the reason of seriously damage on high-strength buildings and cracks of ground [4,. In China, a earthquake observation station was constructed in XiShan Park, ZiGong, SiChuan province in 2007, which recorded the main acceleration time history of WenChuan earthquake perfectly, the establishment of this station offers valuable data to researchers for exploring the local topographic effect on ground motion [6]. In 2010, a research was conducted by Wang Haiyun and Xie Lili with traditional spectral ratio method, some significant conclusions were drawn about the influence of topographic effect on ground motion [7]. In this paper, WenChuan seismic wave was analyzed in time and frequency domain to explore the influence of topography on ground-motion intensity parameters, response spectrum and spectrum characteristic.
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Binda, Chantal, Samuel Génier, Andréane Cartier, Jean-François Larrivée, Jana Stankova, Jason C. Young y Jean-Luc Parent. "A G protein–coupled receptor and the intracellular synthase of its agonist functionally cooperate". Journal of Cell Biology 204, n.º 3 (3 de febrero de 2014): 377–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201304015.
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Export of newly synthesized G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) remains poorly characterized. We show in this paper that lipocalin-type prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) synthase (L-PGDS) interacts intracellularly with the GPCR DP1 in an agonist-independent manner. L-PGDS promotes cell surface expression of DP1, but not of other GPCRs, in HEK293 and HeLa cells, independent of L-PGDS enzyme activity. In addition, formation of a DP1–Hsp90 complex necessary for DP1 export to the cell surface is dependent on the interaction between L-PGDS and the C-terminal MEEVD residues of Hsp90. Surprisingly, PGD2 synthesis by L-PGDS is promoted by coexpression of DP1, suggesting a possible intracrine/autocrine signaling mechanism. In this regard, L-PGDS increases the formation of a DP1–ERK1/2 complex and increases DP1-mediated ERK1/2 signaling. Our findings define a novel cooperative mechanism in which a GPCR (DP1) promotes the activity of the enzyme (L-PGDS) that produces its agonist (PGD2) and in which this enzyme in turn acts as a cofactor (of Hsp90) to promote export and agonist-dependent activity of the receptor.
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Asirvatham-Jeyaraj, Ninitha, A. Daniel Jones, Robert Burnett y Gregory D. Fink. "Brain Prostaglandin D2 Increases Neurogenic Pressor Activity and Mean Arterial Pressure in Angiotensin II-Salt Hypertensive Rats". Hypertension 74, n.º 6 (diciembre de 2019): 1499–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.13175.
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This study tested whether brain L-PGDS (lipocalin-type prostaglandin [PG] D synthase), through prostanoid signaling, might increase neurogenic pressor activity and thereby cause hypertension. Sprague Dawley rats on high-salt diet received either vehicle or Ang II (angiotensin II) infusion. On day 4, the developmental stage of hypertension, brains from different sets of control and Ang II–treated rats were collected for measuring L-PGDS expression, PGD2 levels, and DP1R (type 1 PGD2 receptor) expression. In a different set of 14-day Ang II-salt–treated rats, mini-osmotic pumps were used to infuse either a nonselective COX (cyclooxygenase) inhibitor ketorolac, L-PGDS inhibitor AT56, or DP1R inhibitor BWA868C to test the role of brain COX-PGD2-DP1R signaling in Ang II-salt hypertension. The acute depressor response to ganglion blockade with hexamethonium was used to quantify neurogenic pressor activity. During the developmental stage of Ang II-salt hypertension, L-PGDS expression was higher in cerebrospinal fluid, and PGD2 levels were increased in the choroid plexus, cerebrospinal fluid, and the cardioregulatory brain region rostral ventrolateral medulla. DP1R expression was decreased in rostral ventrolateral medulla. Both brain COX inhibition with ketorolac and L-PGDS inhibition with AT56 lowered mean arterial pressure by altering neurogenic pressor activity compared with vehicle controls. Blockade of DP1R with BWA868C, however, increased the magnitude of Ang II-salt hypertension and significantly increased neurogenic pressor activity. In summary, we establish that the development of Ang II-salt hypertension requires increased COX- and L-PGDS–derived PGD2 production in the brain, making L-PGDS a possible target for treating neurogenic hypertension.
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& Al-Alwani, Al-Hadethi. "CALICUM, Mg AND Na RELEASE KINETICS FROM SALINE- SODIC SOIL MIXED WITH SOME AMENDMENTS". IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 51, n.º 6 (23 de diciembre de 2020): 1694–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v51i6.1198.
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This study was aimed to investigate the effect of phosphogypsum and humic acids on the leaching and releasing of salts from saline- sodic soil. A laboratory experiment was conducted in polyethylene columns (60.0 cm and 7.1 cm). The columns were filled with 30 cm soil (EC=73.78 dSm-1). The experiment included two factors, phosphogypsum added at levels 0, 5, 10 and 15 mtons ha-1 with symbols PG0,PG1, PG2 and PG3 respectively, and humic acids were added at levels 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha-1 with symbols HA0, HA1, HA2 and HA3, mixing them with the top 5 cm of soil column. The electrical conductivity and the concentrations of water soluble cations (Ca, Mg, and Na) in leachate were determined and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) was calculated. Results showed that accumulative salts (TDS), sodium released from soil columns increased with increasing the level of addition, whether of phosphogypsum or humic acids. The highest value of salts and sodium released was 682.63 g L-1 and 7086.12 mmol L-1 respectively in the treatment PG3HA3, while the lowest value was 455.94 g L-1 and 3899.40 mmol L-1 respectively in the treatment PG0HA0. Calcium (mmol L-1) increased by increasing the level of phosphogypsum, decreased by increasing the level of humic acids, the highest value of accumulated calcium was 1599.0 mmol L-1 in PG3HA0 while the lowest value was 820.53 mmol L-1 in PG0HA3. The results showed that the best equation for describing release kinetics of sodium adsorption ratio in soil is the diffusion equation. Increasing level of phosphogypsum and humic acids increased the release constant velocity (K) of sodium adsorption ratio.
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Khalifa, Tamer, Mohssen Elbagory y Alaa El-Dein Omara. "Salt Stress Amelioration in Maize Plants through Phosphogypsum Application and Bacterial Inoculation". Plants 10, n.º 10 (27 de septiembre de 2021): 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10102024.
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The use of phosphogypsum (PG) and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) for agricultural purposes are good options to improve soil properties and increase crop yield. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different rates of PG (ton ha−1; 0 (PG1), 3 (PG2), 6 (PG3), and 9 (PG4)) combined with PGPR inoculation (Azospirillum lipoferum (control, T1), A. lipoferum + Bacillus coagulans (T2), A. lipoferum + B. circulance (T3), and A. lipoferum + B. subtilis (T4)) on soil properties, plant physiology, antioxidant enzymes, nutrient uptake, and yield of maize plants (Zea mays L., cv. HSC 10) grown in salt-affected soil. Over two growing seasons, 2019 and 2020, field experiments were conducted as a split-plot design with triplicates. The results show that applying PG (9 ton ha−1) and co-inoculation (A. lipoferum + B. circulance) treatment significantly increased chlorophyll and carotenoids content, antioxidant enzymes, microbial communities, soil enzymes activity, and nutrient contents, and showed inhibitory impacts on proline content and pH, as well as EC and ESP, thus improving the productivity of maize plant compared to the control treatment. It could be concluded that PG, along with microbial inoculation, may be an important approach for ameliorating the negative impacts of salinity on maize plants.
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Bowden, Christine G., Daniel J. Royse y Bernie May. "Linkage relationships of allozyme-encoding loci in shiitake, Lentinula edodes". Genome 34, n.º 4 (1 de agosto de 1991): 652–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g91-099.
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Single spore derived isolates from two parental and seven hybrid lines of Lentinula edodes were analyzed for single locus and joint segregation of 21 allozyme-encoding loci. The two alleles at the individual loci departed significantly from a 1:1 Mendelian ratio in 11% of the tests. With the exception of the highly significant χ2 value for Aat-1 in line WC131 (χ2 = 41.78), aberrant ratios were marginally significant and probably were due to chance alone. Eight linkages were identified: Ada ~ Gda, recombination frequency (r) = 0.15; Ada ~ Est, r = 0.12; Est ~ Gpi, r = 0.29; Ada ~ Gpi, r = 0.35; Gdh ~ Sod-1, r = 0.18; Mpi ~ PepG1-2, r = 0.13; Mpi ~ Sod-2, r = 0.04; and Sod-2 ~ PepG1-2, r = 0.14. Twelve loci were not shown to be linked to any other loci (Aat-1, Ak, Cat, Dia, Gk, β-Glu-1, β -Glu-2, Mdh, PepLgg-2, Pgd, Pgm, and Np). The first linkage map of 10 allozyme-encoding loci for the L. edodes genome is presented.Key words: shiitake, Lentinula edodes, allozymes, linkage map, edible fungi.
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Tajti, Judit, Magda Pál y Tibor Janda. "Validation of Reference Genes for Studying Different Abiotic Stresses in Oat (Avena sativa L.) by RT-qPCR". Plants 10, n.º 7 (22 de junio de 2021): 1272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10071272.
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Oat (Avena sativa L.) is a widely cultivated cereal with high nutritional value and it is grown mainly in temperate regions. The number of studies dealing with gene expression changes in oat continues to increase, and to obtain reliable RT-qPCR results it is essential to establish and use reference genes with the least possible influence caused by experimental conditions. However, no detailed study has been conducted on reference genes in different tissues of oat under diverse abiotic stress conditions. In our work, nine candidate reference genes (ACT, TUB, CYP, GAPD, UBC, EF1, TBP, ADPR, PGD) were chosen and analysed by four statistical methods (GeNorm, Normfinder, BestKeeper, RefFinder). Samples were taken from two tissues (leaves and roots) of 13-day-old oat plants exposed to five abiotic stresses (drought, salt, heavy metal, low and high temperatures). ADPR was the top-rated reference gene for all samples, while different genes proved to be the most stable depending on tissue type and treatment combinations. TUB and EF1 were most affected by the treatments in general. Validation of reference genes was carried out by PAL expression analysis, which further confirmed their reliability. These results can contribute to reliable gene expression studies for future research in cultivated oat.
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Da Cunha de Araujo, Myrella Katlhen, Ramon Rene De Cristo Silva, Arlindo Modesto Antunes y Magnun Antônio Penariol da Silva. "PROPRIEDADES FÍSICAS E MORFO-FISIOLÓGICAS DAS SEMENTES NATIVAS DO CACAUEIRO (Theobroma cacao L.) NA AMAZÔNIA ORIENTAL". ENERGIA NA AGRICULTURA 34, n.º 01 (27 de marzo de 2019): 142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17224/energagric.2019v34n01p142-151.
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PROPRIEDADES FÍSICAS E MORFO-FISIOLÓGICAS DAS SEMENTES NATIVAS DO CACAUEIRO (Theobroma cacao L.) NA AMAZÔNIA ORIENTAL
MYRELLA KATLHEN DA CUNHA DE ARAUJO1; RAMON RENE DE CRISTO SILVA2; ARLINDO MODESTO ANTUNES4 E MAGNUN ANTÔNIO PENARIOL DA SILVA5
1 Acadêmica do curso de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia – UFRA, (PA 451, Km 03, Bairro Açaizal, 68680-000, Tomé-Açu, Pará, Brasil) e myrellakaraujo@gmail.com
2 Acadêmico do curso de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia – UFRA, (PA 451, Km 03, Bairro Açaizal, 68680-000, Tomé-Açu, Pará, Brasil) e reneramon42@gmail.com
3 Professor Adjunto do curso de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia – UFRA, (PA 451, Km 03, Bairro Açaizal, 68680-000, Tomé-Açu, Pará, Brasil) e arlindo.modesto1@hotmail.com
4 Professor Adjunto do curso de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia – UFRA, (PA 451, Km 03, Bairro Açaizal, 68680-000, Tomé-Açu, Pará, Brasil) e penariol@gmail.com
RESUMO: O cacaueiro (Theobroma cacao L.) é uma espécie arbórea tropical com grande importância econômica, porém existem poucas informações na literatura a respeito de processos de pós-colheita das sementes para secagem e armazenamento de suas sementes. No presente estudo, objetivou-se caracterizar as sementes através de análises físicas, morfológicas e fisiológicas. As características morfológicas externas analisadas foram: cor; textura e consistência dos tegumentos; forma; bordo; posição do hilo e da micrópila; rafe; presença de outras estruturas. Além do dimensionamento físico (comprimento, largura e espessura) de 400 sementes (cm), obtendo valores de máxima, mínima e média, e amassa (g) com 10 amostras de 40 unidades. Para as características fisiológicas, foram realizadas: porcentagem de germinação (G); porcentagem de germinação diária (PGD); porcentagem de germinação acumulada (PGA); velocidade de germinação diária (VGD); número de contagens diárias das sementes (N) e vigor (V) das sementes, com contagens diárias até 21 dias. Com os resultados, as sementes foram identificadas como bitegumentadas e delgadas, com presença de hilo e rafe, dois cotilédones espessos, embrião axial e formato das sementes variável entre elipsóide a ovóide. Sua coloração é variável entre tons de branco e devioleta escuro, com dois cotilédones espessos, dobrados em volta do eixo hipocótilo-radicular, axial e em maioria elipsoidal, com radícula posicionada de forma geotrópica positiva. Com as análises físicas, as sementes demonstraram tamanhos variados, sendo o maior tamanho de 3,05 cm de comprimento e o menor de 0,41 cm de profundidade. Em relação às amostras, A6obteve maior valor para massa (74,38g), no entanto, sem diferença significativa entrelotes.Na análise fisiológica, as sementes de cacau começaram a emergir após 3 dias, e mesmo não considerando as plantas de emergência tardia, o potencial germinativo entre lotes variou de12 a 20 de plantas germinadas, comgerminação média de 17% em amostra homogênea. Ainda, a expressividade foi até os 13 dias depoisdo plantio e velocidade germinativa de 8,91 indicando o vigor das sementes. Assim, a presente pesquisa busca corroborar a estudos sobre as sementes de cacau da região amazônica nos processos de pós-colheita.
Palavras-chaves: Theobroma cacao L., vigor, germinação, cacau, secagem e armazenamento.
PHYSICAL AND MORFO-PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE NATIVE SEEDS OF CACAO (Theobroma cacao L.) IN THE EASTERN AMAZON
ABSTRACT: Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) is a tropical tree species of great economic importance, but there is few information in literature regarding post-harvesting processes for seeds drying and storage. The present study aimed to characterize the seeds through physical, morphological and physiological analyzes. The external morphological characteristics analyzed were: color, texture and consistency of the integuments, shape, edge, hilum position and micropyle; raphe and presence of other structures. Physical dimension as length, width and thickness (cm) mass (g) Physiological characteristics, percentage of germination (G), percentage of germination per day (PGD); percentage of accumulated germination (PGA), daily germination speed (VGD), number of daily seed counts (N) and vigor (V) of the seeds, daily counts up to 21 days. It was evaluated a total of 400 seeds, with 10 samples of 40 units. The results showed that, the seeds were identified as: bitegumentate and thin, with presence of hilo and raphe, two thick cotyledons, axial embryo and seed format variable between ellipsoid and ovoid. Already the coloration varies between white to dark violet tones, with two thick cotyledons, folded around the hypocotyl-axial axis, axial and mostly ellipsoidal, with radicle positioned in a positive geotropic form. With the physical analyzes, the seeds showed different sizes, the largest seed size was (3.05 cm in length) and the lowest (0.41 cm in depth). In relation to the samples, A6 obtained higher value for mass (74.38g), however, without significant difference between batches. In the physiological analysis the cocoa seeds began to emerge after 3 days, and even when the late emergence plants were not considered, the germination potential varied between 12 and 20 germinated plants, with a mean germination of 17% in a homogeneous sample. Besides the expressiveness until the 13 days from the planting and germination speed of 8.91 indicating the vigor of the seeds. Thus, the present research seeks to corroborate the studies on the cocoa seeds of the Amazon region in the post-harvest processes.
Keywords: Theobroma cacao L., vigor, germination, cocoa, drying and storage.
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ten Dam, M. A. G. J., A. Zwiers, J. B. A. Crusius, G. Pals, G. J. van Kamp, S. G. M. Meuwissen, A. J. M. Donker y R. W. ten Kate. "Tubular reabsorption of pepsinogen isozymogens in man studied by the inhibition of tubular protein reabsorption with dibasic amino acids". Clinical Science 80, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 1991): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0800161.
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1. The fractional clearances of pepsinogen A (PGA), pepsinogen C (PGC) and the main PGA isozymogens, i.e. PGA-3, PGA-4 and PGA-5, were measured in 13 healthy male volunteers before and during blockade of tubular protein reabsorption by intravenous infusion of either l-arginine hydrochloride (n = 8; 0.5 g h−1 kg−1 body weight) or an equimolar amount of l-lysine hydrochloride (n = 5; 0.44 g h−1 kg−1 body weight). Glomerular filtration rate was measured by a radioisotope method. 2. The fractional baseline clearance of PGC (1 ± 1%) was lower than that of PGA (20 ± 10%). In addition, the fractional clearance of the PGA isozymogens appeared to be different: the fractional clearance of PGA-5 (7 ± 3%) was lower than that of PGA-4 (18 ± 9%), and the fractional clearance of PGA-4 was lower than that of PGA-3 (30 ± 10%). These differences in fractional clearance between PGA isozymogens decreased during infusion of both arginine and lysine. 3. Pepsinogens are freely filtered proteins. It can therefore be concluded that the differences in fractional clearance between PGA isozymogens imply differences in tubular reabsorption. This is remarkable as PGA isozymogens are proteins with an almost identical amino acid sequence and electric charge. The disappearance of the differences in tubular reabsorption during arginine and lysine infusion suggests that PGA isozymogens differ in affinity for negatively charged binding sites in the tubular cell membrane. In order to explain the low fractional clearance of PGC compared with that of PGA and the less marked effect of arginine or lysine infusion on the fractional clearance of PGC, an additional PGC-specific binding site has to be postulated.
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Joo, Myungsoo, Minjae Kwon, Yong-Jig Cho, Ningning Hu, Tetyana V. Pedchenko, Ruxana T. Sadikot, Timothy S. Blackwell y John W. Christman. "Lipopolysaccharide-dependent interaction between PU.1 and cJun determines production of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase and prostaglandin D2 in macrophages". American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 296, n.º 5 (mayo de 2009): L771—L779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.90320.2008.
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Previously, we reported that expression of lipocalin-prostaglandin D synthase (L-PGDS) is inducible in macrophages and protects from Pseudomonas pneumonia. Here, we investigated the mechanism by which L-PGDS gene expression is induced in macrophages. A promoter analysis of the murine L-PGDS promoter located a binding site of PU.1, a transcription factor essential for macrophage development and inflammatory gene expression. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that PU.1 bound to the cognate site in the endogenous L-PGDS promoter in response to LPS. Overexpression of PU.1, but not of PU.1S148A, a mutant inert to casein kinase II (CKII) or NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK), induced L-PGDS in RAW 264.7 cells. Conversely, siRNA silencing of PU.1 expression blunted productions of L-PGDS and prostaglandin D2 (PGD2). LPS treatment induced formation of the complex of PU.1 and cJun on the PU.1 site, but inactivation of cJun by treatment with JNK or p38 kinase inhibitor abolished the complex, and suppressed PU.1 transcriptional activity for L-PGDS gene expression. Together, these results show that PU.1, activated by CKII or NIK, cooperates with MAPK-activated cJun to maximally induce L-PGDS expression in macrophages following LPS treatment, and suggest that PU.1 participates in innate immunity through the production of L-PGDS and PGD2.
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Hokari, Ryota, Chie Kurihara, Nanae Nagata, Kosuke Aritake, Yoshikiyo Okada, Chikako Watanabe, Shunsuke Komoto et al. "Increased expression of lipocalin-type-prostaglandin D synthase in ulcerative colitis and exacerbating role in murine colitis". American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 300, n.º 3 (marzo de 2011): G401—G408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00351.2010.
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The pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC) is unclear, but enhancement of disease activity by usage of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs suggests involvement of prostanoid in its pathophysiology. However, biological effect of prostaglandin (PG) D2 on intestinal inflammation remains unknown. We investigated the expression of enzymes for PGD2 synthesis, prostaglandin D synthase (PGDS), and its relation to the activity of colitis in UC patients. The role of lipocalin-type PGDS (L-PGDS) using a murine colitis model was also assessed. Tissue samples were obtained by colonic biopsies from patients with UC. Expression levels of mRNAs for L-PGDS and hematopoietic-type PGDS were investigated by quantitative RT-PCR. COX-2 and L-PGDS expression was investigated by immunohistochemistry. Localization of L-PGDS expression was also determined by in situ hybridization. In experimental study, mice were treated with dextran sodium sulfate in the drinking water to induce colitis. The degree of colonic inflammation was compared with L-PGDS−/− mice and control mice. The level of L-PGDS mRNA expression was increased in UC patients in parallel with disease activity. Colocalization of L-PGDS and cyclooxygenase (COX) 2 was observed in lamina proprial infiltrating cells and muscularis mucosa in UC patients. The level of hematopoietic PGDS mRNA expression did not differ from control mucosa. Dextran sodium sulfate treatment to L-PGDS−/− mice showed lower disease activity than control mice. We reported for the first time the presence of L-PGDS in the COX-2-expressing cells in the mucosa of active UC patients and that only L-PGDS increased with disease activity. An animal model study suggests that PGD2 derived from L-PGDS-expressing cells plays proinflammatory roles in colitis.
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Adhi Raja, Sajid. "L-PGD synthase: does its concentration in the optic nerve subarachnoid space correlate to the structural damage of the nerve in papilloedema or glaucoma?" British Journal of Ophthalmology 96, n.º 7 (22 de febrero de 2012): 1042.1–1042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2012-301562.
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Takayanagi, Kan, Shigenori Morooka, Yoshio Uehara, Hiroshi Oda, Kousuke Seiki, Hiroshi Nakajima, Yoshihiro Urade y Teruo Inoue. "Serum Prostaglandin D Synthase Level after Coronary Angioplasty May Predict Occurrence of Restenosis". Thrombosis and Haemostasis 85, n.º 01 (2001): 165–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1612920.
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SummaryLipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (L-PGDS), which is responsible for the biosynthesis of PGD2, has recently been found to be present in the atherosclerotic plaque of the human coronary artery and also to be secreted in human serum. We measured the serum L-PGDS level and compared it with the expressions of the platelet membrane surface glycoprotein and neutrophil adhesion molecule in patients undergoing PTCA. The L-PGDS level significantly decreased (P < 0.01) and the platelet surface expression of CD62P (P-selectin) significantly increased (P < 0.01) immediately after PTCA in the coronary sinus blood. Both changes were inversely correlated (R = −0.72, P < 0.001). Although the L-PGDS level in the coronary sinus blood remained equivalent to the baseline level in patients who experienced restenosis, the level increased over the baseline level (P < 0.01) at 48 h after PTCA in patients without restenosis. Neutrophil surface expression of CD11b (a subunit of Mac-1) significantly increased at 24 h (P < 0.01) to 48 h (P < 0.001) after PTCA in the coronary sinus blood in patients with restenosis but the change showed less significant in patients without restenosis. The changes in the L-PGDS level and the CD11b expression at 48 h after PTCA were inversely correlated (R = −0.55, P < 0.05). An increased serum L-PGDS level at 48 h after PTCA possibly predicts the avoidance of late restenosis. It is suggested that reduction in PGD2 synthesis triggers platelet activation and that a subsequent increase in the PGD2 synthesis suppresses inflammatory reaction at the intervention site indicated by neutrophil activation and inhibits development of restenosis. Pharmacological or biological intervention that increases endogenous PGD2 synthesis should be tested as a new strategy to prevent restenosis.
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Okano, Mitsuhiro, Tazuko Fujiwara, Yuji Sugata, Daisuke Gotoh, Yoshihisa Masaoka, Masahiro Sogo, Wakana Tanimoto et al. "Presence and Characterization of Prostaglandin D2–Related Molecules in Nasal Mucosa of Patients with Allergic Rhinitis". American Journal of Rhinology 20, n.º 3 (mayo de 2006): 342–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/ajr.2006.20.2865.
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Background Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) is the major prostanoid produced in the acute phase of allergic reactions. However, its pathophysiological role in addition to the pathway of production in allergic rhinitis remains unclear. We sought to determine the expression of synthases and receptors for PGD2 in human nasal mucosa. These expressions were compared between allergic and nonallergic patients. Methods The expression and localization of hematopoietic-type (h)-PGD2 synthase (PGDS) and lipocalin-type (l)-PGDS were detected by immunohistochemistry. The expression of D prostanoid (DP) receptor and chemoattractant receptor–homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2) was determined by quantitative real-time PCR. Results The h-PGDS but not l-PGDS was clearly expressed in nasal mucosa. The expression of h-PGDS in allergic patients was significantly higher than in control patients without mucosal hypertrophy. A variety of infiltrating cells including mast cells, eosinophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes as well as constitutive cells such as epithelial cells and fibroblasts expressed h-PGDS. The expression of both DP and CRTH2 was confirmed also. Although either the amount of DP or the amount of CRTH2 was not correlated with serum levels of IgE, the amount of CRTH2 but not DP was highly and significantly correlated with the number of eosinophils infiltrating into nasal musosa. Conclusion These results suggest that PGD2 is released via the action of h-PGDS from various cells, and the expression of h-PGDS may be associated with the hypertrophic inflammation in the nose. In addition, ligation of PGD2 to CRTH2 appears to be selectively involved in eosinophil recruitment into the nose regardless of atopic status.
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Hebing, R., I. Muller, M. Lin, S. Mahmoud, S. Heil, W. Lems, M. Nurmohamed, R. De Jonge y G. Jansen. "AB0251 INCREASED ACCUMULATION OF ERYTHROCYTE METHOTREXATE POLYGLUTAMATES DURING EARLY PHASE SUBCUTANEOUS VERSUS ORAL METHOTREXATE TREATMENT OF RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS PATIENTS". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (19 de mayo de 2021): 1151.1–1151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.525.
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Background:Optimal dosing of methotrexate (MTX) for individual rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients to achieve adequate disease control is an ongoing challenge. Assessment of erythrocyte MTX-polyglutamates (PGs) levels has been employed as a tool to monitor clinical response of RA patients in the first 3-12 months of treatment and MTX-PG2-4 and total MTX-PGs were associated with a lower DAS28 over 9 months.1 However, data from earlier time points, MTX-PG6 and per route of administration are unavailable.Objectives:To investigate the pharmacokinetics and -dynamics of erythrocyte MTX-PG accumulation in RA patients receiving oral or subcutaneous MTX in the early phase (1, 2, and 3 months) of MTX treatment initiation.Methods:In a clinical prospective cohort study (MeMo study (NTR7149)), newly diagnosed RA patients were administered oral (n=24) or subcutaneous (n=22) MTX, mostly according to the COBRA-light schedule (start 10 mg MTX, increased to 25 mg MTX in 8 weeks). At 1, 2, and 3 months after start of therapy, blood was collected and individual MTX-PGs (MTX-PG1 – MTX-PG6) were analyzed in erythrocytes at a minimal detection limit of 1 nmol/L, using a validated UHPLC-MS/MS method with labeled internal standards.1 Dosing, concomitant treatments and DAS28-ESR assessments were in conformity with clinical practice. Adverse events were recorded.Results:46 consecutive patients were included in this study; 76% female, mean age: 57.8 years, BMI: 25.8, 20% smokers, mean baseline DAS28-ESR: 3.5. Notwithstanding marked interpatient variability, patients starting subcutaneous MTX had accumulated significantly higher (approximately 2-fold) long chain MTX-PGs (MTX-PG4-6) when compared to patients in the oral MTX group at 1 and 2 months (Figure 1A, Table 1). Similarly, MTX-PG1-6 and MTX-PG3 accumulation were higher in subcutaneous MTX-users at month 1 (p=0.022 and p=0.011) compared to the oral group (median 68.6 nmol/L (IQR:40.5) vs 51.9 (55.6) and 17.4 (11.1) vs 11.2 (15.6), respectively (Figure 1B, Table 1).Table 1.Linear regression of MTX-PG levels and administration route, corrected for age, baseline DAS28, smoking, BMI, eGFR and MTX dose.monthß (P-value)1ß (P-value)2ß (P-value)3MTX-PG1-61.65 (0.022)1.51 (0.073)1.30 (0.233)MTX-PG1,21.13 (0.599)1.19 (0.470)1.12 (0.623)MTX-PG31.75 (0.011)1.51 (0.071)1.19 (0.439)MTX-PG4-61.97 (0.036)2.04 (0.033)1.55 (0.136)Mean MTX dose at baseline was 10.5mg (SD 1.5) for both groups, 15.4 (4.4) and 16.8 (1.8) at 1 month and 22.8 (3.9) and 22.4 (5.2) at 2 months for oral and subcutaneous use respectively.DAS28 decreased with 1.6 in the oral group and 1.1 in the subcutaneous group (p=0.382). With and without corrections for age, baseline DAS28, eGFR, MTX dose (1 month before sampling), smoking and BMI, no significant relation between MTX-PG concentrations and DAS28 was observed during the first 3 months of treatment.43 patients reported any side effect, mostly headache and dizziness, which was similar in both groups and uncorrelated with MTX-PG levels.No association was found between MTX-PG1 levels and number of days between timing of blood withdrawal and last administration.Figure 1.Erythrocyte long chain MTX-PG(A) and total MTX-PG(B) accumulation in RA patients of the first 3 months of oral(C) or subcutaneous(D) MTX administration. At 3 months, 18 patients using oral and 18 patients using subcutaneous MTX were still continuing MTX treatment. Medians and IQR are depicted.Conclusion:This study shows the feasibility of measuring erythrocyte MTX-PGs early on in the treatment of RA patients with MTX and demonstrated significantly higher accumulation of MTX-PGs following subcutaneous versus oral MTX administration. Early phase erythrocyte MTX-PG analyses may hold potential for positioning in optimizing individual patient MTX dose scheduling.References:[1]de Rotte MC, et al. Methotrexate polyglutamates in erythrocytes are associated with lower disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2015(74):408-14.Acknowledgements:We would like to thank all participating patients and Pfizer (grant 53233663 / WI230458).Disclosure of Interests:Renske Hebing Grant/research support from: Pfizer, Ittai Muller: None declared, Marry Lin: None declared, Sohaila Mahmoud: None declared, Sandra Heil: None declared, WIllem Lems: None declared, Michael Nurmohamed: None declared, Robert De Jonge: None declared, Gerrit Jansen: None declared