Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Kurdish language (Kurmanji dialect)"
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Mustafa, Mustafa Raza y Aryan Sdiq Aziz. "Passive voice in Kurdish language, The Structure and phenomena (Comparative Research)". Halabja University Journal 6, n.º 3 (30 de septiembre de 2021): 18–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32410/huj-10387.
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Investigation in linguistics particularly applied linguistics and dialectology require consideration and experience in other fields, like phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics. If we want to study the dialects, sub dialects and their characteristics, we must deal with the component of language carefully. So, in this paper to find out and illustrate the data of the sub dialects of central Kurmanji, northern Kurmanji, Hawrami Sub dialect, the data of these three dialects, sub dialects in term of morphology and syntax then Morphosyntax component have been demonstrated. Subsequently, thru analyses the examples, the similar and difference points have been represented and discussed which the similar and difference points of morphology, syntax of dialect and sub dialects of Kurdish language illuminated.
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Akin, Salih. "Language planning in Diaspora: the Case of the Kurdish Kurmanji Dialect". Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 2, n.º 1 (17 de junio de 2011): 9–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2011.2.1.01.
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In this paper, we study a particular case of language planning in Diaspora through the activities of the Committee for Standardization of Kurdish Kurmanji dialect spoken by the majority of Kurds living in Turkey, in Syria and by part of the Kurds living in Iran and in Iraq. Despite its sizeable speaker community, Kurmanji is not officially recognized and public education is not provided in this dialect in the countries where it is spoken. The absence of official recognition and structural variation within Kurmanji led Kurdish intellectuals and researchers living in exile to form the Committee in 1987. Holding two meetings per year in a European city, the Committee tries to standardize and to revitalize the Kurmanji dialect without relying on government support. We examine the activities of the committee in the light of its research in the field of language policy and planning. The activities will be assessed by three typologies of language planning: 1) Haugen’s classical model of language planning (1991 [1983]); 2) Hornberger’s integrative framework of language planning (1988); 3) Nahir’s Language Planning Goals (2000). Our contribution focuses on two aspects of the activities: corpus planning and dissemination of results in exile. We study the practices of collection of vocabulary and neology in different scientific domains as well as the influences of these activities on the development of Kurmanji
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Mustafa, Hanar Hoshyar y Rebwar M. Nabi. "Kurdish Kurmanji Lemmatization and Spell-checker with Spell-correction". UHD Journal of Science and Technology 7, n.º 1 (22 de febrero de 2023): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdjst.v7n1y2023.pp43-52.
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There are many studies about using lemmatization and spell-checker with spell-correction regarding English, Arabic, and Persian languages but only few studies found regarding low-resource languages such as Kurdish language and more specifically for Kurmanji dialect, which increased the need of creating such systems. Lemmatization is the process of determining a base or dictionary form (lemma) for a specific surface pattern, whereas spell-checkers and spell-correctors determine whether a word is correctly spelled also correct a range of spelling errors, respectively. This research aims to present a lemmatization and a word-level error correction system for Kurdish Kurmanji Dialect, which are the first tools for this dialect based on our knowledge. The proposed approach for lemmatization is built on morphological rules, and a hybrid approach that relies on the n-gram language model and the Jaccard Coefficient Similarity algorithm was applied to the spell-checker and spell-correction. The process results for lemmatization, as detailed in this article, rates of 97.7% and 99.3% accuracy for noun and verb lemmatization, correspondingly. Furthermore, for spell-checker and spell-correction, accordingly, accuracy rates of 100% and 90.77% are attained.
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Eppler, Eva y Josef Benedikt. "A perceptual dialectological approach to linguistic variation and spatial analysis of Kurdish varieties". Journal of Linguistic Geography 5, n.º 2 (octubre de 2017): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jlg.2017.6.
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This paper presents the results of the first investigation into Kurdish linguistic varieties and their spatial distribution. Kurdish dialects are used across five nation states in the Middle East and only one dialect, Sorani, has official status in one of these nation states. The study employs the “draw-a-map” task established in Perceptual Dialectology; the analysis is supported by Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The results show that, despite the geolinguistic and geopolitical situation, Kurdish respondents have good knowledge of the main varieties of their language (Kurmanji, Sorani, and the related variety Zazaki) and where to localize them. Awareness of the more diverse Southern Kurdish varieties is less definitive. This indicates that the Kurdish language plays a role in identity formation, but also that smaller isolated varieties are not only endangered in terms of speakers, but also in terms of their representations in Kurds’ mental maps of the linguistic landscape they live in.
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Yüksel, Metin. "Tackling the Divide in the Kurdish Language". Kurdish Studies Journal 1, n.º 1-2 (15 de diciembre de 2023): 229–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/29502292-00101005.
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Abstract This article is an autoethnographic account that traces the widening divide between Kurdish dialects in the age of nation-states. It aspires to problematize and go beyond the widespread gap characterizing the Kurdish language along two dialects and alphabets. From its emergence as a non-state language in the 1920s onward, Kurdish actors sought to revive Kurmanji Kurdish in Damascus, Beirut and Yerevan; and Sorani Kurdish in Sulaimaniya and Baghdad. While the Kurmanji side of the story and its actors have been studied to a certain degree, how Kurdish developed in Sulaimaniya and Baghdad has received little scholarly attention. Through its author’s autoethnographic account of acquiring literacy in both dialects which recently came to fruition at the Zheen Center for Documentation and Research in Sulaimaniya, this article provides some reflections on the story of the Kurdish language in the age of nation-states.
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Hamad, Sherwan Hussein y Talar Sabah Omer. "Analyzing Religious Speech in Terms of Speech Act Theory". Journal of University of Raparin 8, n.º 1 (18 de marzo de 2021): 48–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.26750/vol(8).no(1).paper3.
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Every Friday, articles were presented at mosques, and the subject of the articles involved all aspects of human life, political, economic, social,…Any phenomenon in the society is mentioned in religious speeches. These articles will be part of religious discourse in Kurdistan, one of the subjects we have chosen for this investigation and we will study it from the perspective of a speech by Mala Araz about condemning the Turkish attack on the kurds. The aim of our study is to analyze religious discourse from a pragmatic perspective to achieve the goal that we have analyzed in the methodology, and we have received an example from the book" Mala Araz", which is in the context of the central Kurdish language kurmanji dialect.
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Aydogan, Îbrahîm S. "Celadet Bedirxan, Çavkaniyên Hawarê û Kurdaniya bîrewer". Humanities Journal of University of Zakho 1, n.º 1 (30 de junio de 2013): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26436/hjuoz.2013.1.1.89.
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In Kurdish land and because of language planning were increased 1980 till 2000. The most notable planning of the language that educators, researchers and linguists gained the support of the government for it, were because of the efforts of Vatey Group. For the efforts of these groups in Europe, the Kurmanji and Zazaki dialects reached the language standards of today and presented literary products.
The immigrant and Diaspora communities, for the linguist's researcher in the field of language, the loss and assimilation of the language that appeared among the immigrants, gave them the opportunity to investigate in it. Those efforts of Diaspora showed that the language can be rescued.
We wish that researches on the "purpose of language planning" continue, Mosh Nadir(2000) to value it. After we presented the construction of both institutes, we will shed light on the efforts of the language. The creation of language creation of language treasure, the archive of existing words, and the strategy of new words…etc
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Mohammed Al-Mufti, Zainab y Alya’ Mohammed Hussein Ahmed Al-Rubai’I. "Translation Difficulties Encounteted by Translation Students at University Level". Academic Journal of Nawroz University 13, n.º 1 (12 de febrero de 2024): 140–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.25007/ajnu.v13n1a1871.
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This paper seeks to identify various difficulties that translation students face during the translation process. The data for this descriptive qualitative and quantitative study came from students’ verbalizing their translation loudly. The participants in the study were five fourth-year students from the Department of Translation, University of Duhok who voluntarily participated to translate two texts (literary and non-literary) from English into Kurdish. Any use of resources was permitted, and think-aloud protocols, as a research tool was used to collect the data. The experiment recordings, and verbal reports produced by the participants were used to analyze the data. According to the study's findings, translation students had several difficulties within the process, including translating words with no equivalents, comprehending the figurative language (simile), translating cultural-specific items, struggling with the style of the given text, putting ideas together, relating background knowledge to the text at hand, choosing the right equivalent, and confusing between the two Kurdish dialects (Sorani and Kurmanji). The findings recommend additional research to look at potential solutions to such difficulties. The study's findings led to conclusions that have ramifications for theory and practice. The summary of the major translation difficulties demonstrates the theoretical value of the study. It was also found out that the difficulty of translation is not always anticipated and is not always conceptually explicable.
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Unger, Christoph. "Badini Kurdish modal particles dê and da: procedural semantics and language variation". Kurdish Studies 1, n.º 1 (4 de octubre de 2014): 177–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ks.v2i2.400.
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In this paper I review a semantic analysis of the Badini Kurdish modal particles dê and da (Unger, 2012). This analysis claims that the modal particles are procedural indicators in the sense of Blakemore (2002) triggering cognitive inferential procedures relating to assessing the speaker's commitment to the veracity of the communicated content and to the speaker's reliability for making true claims about the eventualities described. Since audiences interpret utterances for optimal relevance following a path of least effort (Sperber and Wilson 1995), these minimal clues for constraining the pragmatic interpretation process are enough to guide audiences arriving at the temporal, modal and aspectual interpretations intended by the speaker. I argue that the standard Kurmanji particle wê triggers slightly different procedures than Badini dê. These differences provide semantic explanations to variation in Northern Kurdish dialects with respect to the indication of future time and with reference to possible but non-factual worlds.Pirtikên raweyî yên dê û da di kurdiya badînî de: semantîka prosedûrî û cudatiyên zimanî ya navxweyîDi vê meqaleyê de ez vedigerime ser tehlîleke semantîk (Unger, 2012) a pêştir li ser pirtikên raweyî (modal particles) yên dê û da di kurdiya badînî de. Îdiaya vê tehlîlê ew e ku ev pirtikên raweyî nîşanên prosedûrî ne, li dû pênaseya Blakemore (2002), ku rê li ber prosedûrên hişî yên bimenakirinê vedikin ku ew prosedûr fikrekê didin derheqê pabendiya axêverî bi rastbûna muhtewayê axiftinê û derheqê pêbaweriya axêverî ji bo derbirîna gotinên rast li ser encam û muhtewayê axiftinê. Ji ber ku guhdar bêjeyan bi awayê herî zêde pêwendîdar û bi serfkirina kêmtirîn hewlan şîrove dikin (Sperber û Wilson, 1995), ev serben û nîşanên mînîmal yên destnîşankirina çeperên proseya şîrovekirina mercî bes in ku guhdar bikarin pê bigihine wan şîroveyên demî, raweyî û aspektî ku mebesta axêver in. Herwiha diyar dibe ku pirtika wê ya kurmanciya standard prosedûrên hinek cudatir ji yên dê ya badînî feal dike. Ev cudatî ye li pişt cihêrengiya zaravayên kurmanciyê ya di nîşandana dema tê de û di amajeya bi cîhanên mumkin lê ne waqi’î. ئامرازەکانی پەیوەندیدار بە کردار، دێ و دا لە کوردیی بادینیدا: ماناناسی ڕێکاری و جیاوازی زمانی لەم وتارەدا هەوڵ دەدەم پێداچوونەوەیەکم بۆ شیکاری ماناناسیانەی ئامرازەکانی پەیوەندیدار بە کردار لە کوردیی بادینیدا وەکوو دێ و دا هەبێت (ئانگر، ٢٠١٢). ئەم شیکارییە داخوازی ئەوە دەکات کە ئامرازەکانی پەیوەندیدار بە کردار بەو مانایەی کە لای بلەکمۆر (٢٠٠٢) هەیانە دەورێکی نیشاندەری ڕێکارییانەیان هەیە و بەم واتایە ئەو پرۆسە زانینیانەی کە ئەنجامێکیان لێ دەکەوێتەوە پەیوەندییان لەگەڵ بەراوردکردنی دەربەستبوونی ئاخێوەران، ڕاستیەتی ئەو بەستێنەی کە پەیوەندی چێ دەکات و هەروەها باوەڕپێکراوی ئاخێوەران بۆ سازدانی داخوازیگەلێکی ڕاست سەبارەت بەو ڕووداوانەی کە وەسف کراون هەیە. چونکە بیسەرەکان قسەکان لە ڕێگەیەکەوە ڕاڤە دەکەن کە بەباشترین شێوە پەیوەندی لەگەڵ ساز بکەن و هەروەها کەمەترین هەوڵی بۆ بدرێت (سپێربر و وێڵسن ١٩٩٥)، ئەم نیشانە بچووکانە کە پرۆسەی ڕاڤەیەکی کارەکی بەدەستەوە دەدەن بۆ ڕێنوێنی ئەو بیسەرانە بەس دەکەن کە بە چەند ڕاڤەیەکی کاتی، پەیوەندیدار بە کردار و کاتی ڕووداوەکانەوە دەگەن و ئاخێوەران مەبەستیانە. من بەڵگە دەهێنمەوە کە لە کرمانجی ستاندارددا ئامرازی وێ، بە بەراورد لەگەڵ دێ لە بادینیدا، دەبێتە هۆی چەند شێوازێکی نەختێک جیاواز. ئەم جیاوازییانە چەند لێکدانەوەیەکی ماناناسیانە دەستەبەر دەکەن و بەمگوێرەیە جۆراوجۆری زارەکانی کوردیی باکور لە ڕێگەی ئاوڕدانەوە لە نیشانەکانی دواڕۆژ و سەرچاوەدان بە چەند جیهانێکی گونجاو بەڵام ناواقێع دابین دەکرێت.
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Yilmaz, Birgul. "Language ideologies and identities in Kurdish heritage language classrooms in London". International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2018, n.º 253 (28 de agosto de 2018): 173–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2018-0030.
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Abstract This article investigates the way that Kurdish language learners construct discourses around identity in two language schools in London. It focuses on the values that heritage language learners of Kurdish-Kurmanji attribute to the Kurmanji spoken in the Bohtan and Maraş regions of Turkey. Kurmanji is one of the varieties of Kurdish that is spoken mainly in Turkey and Syria. The article explores the way that learners perceive the language from the Bohtan region to be “good Kurmanji”, in contrast to the “bad Kurmanji” from the Maraş region. Drawing on ethnographic data collected from community-based Kurdish-Kurmanji heritage language classes for adults in South and East London, I illustrate how distinctive lexical and phonological features such as the sounds [a:] ~ [ɔ:] and [ɛ]/[æ] ~ [a:] are associated with regional (and religious) identities of the learners. I investigate how these distinct features emerge in participants’ discourses as distinctive identity markers. More specifically this article examines how language learners construct, negotiate and resist language ideologies in the classroom.
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Haig, Geoffrey y Ergin Öpengin. "Introduction to Special Issue - Kurdish: A critical research overview". Kurdish Studies 2, n.º 2 (10 de octubre de 2014): 99–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ks.v2i2.397.
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Investigation of the regional variation in Kurmanji, especially its varieties spoken in Turkey, has been almost entirely neglected in the existing literature on Kurdish. In addition to earlier isolated examinations of Kurmanji dialects (cf. MacKenzie, 1961; Ritter, 1971, 1976; Blau, 1975; Jastrow, 1977), native-speaker researchers have recently provided a substantial amount of dialect material across the Kurmanji-speech zone. However, a methodologically-informed evaluation of these observations into a dialect classification is yet to be undertaken. This article aims at providing an initial classification of Kurmanji-internal variation into major regional dialects, based on lexical, phonological and morphosyntactic data collected from five localities in Southeastern Turkey. Cihêrengiya zimanî ya navxweyî di kurmanciyê de: tesnîfeke seretayî ya zaravayan Di nav xebatên li ser zimanê kurdî de, heta niha, vekolîna cudatiyên devok û zaravayên kurmanciyê, bi taybetî ewên di nav sînorên Tirkiyeyê de, hema bi temamî hatiye piştguhkirin. Ji bilî çend xebatên serbixwe yên pêştir li ser zaravayên kurmancî (wek MacKenzie 1961; Ritter, 1971 û 1976; Blau, 1976; Jastrow 1977), di nav van salên dawî de vekolerên kurdîziman qewareyeke mezin a dane û materyelên ji gelek zaravayên kurmanciyê berhev kirine. Lê belê, hêj ev çavdêriyên berbelav bi rengekî metodolojîk nehatine nirxandin ku tesnîfeke zaravayan jê bi dest bikeve. Ev meqale dil dike tesnîfeke seretayî ya zaravayên serekî yên kurmanciyê pêşkêş bike li ser bingehê daneyên peyvî û fonolojîk û rêzimanî yên li pênc deverên başûr-rojhilatê Tirkiyeyê berhevkirî. جیاوازی ناوچەیی لەناو کرمانجیدا: پۆلینبەندییەکی سەرەتایی زاراوەکانلەناو ئەو لێکۆڵینەوانەی کە سەبارەت بە جیاوازی ناوچەیی لە کرمانجیدا ئەنجام دراوە، بەتایبەت ئەوانەی کە لەمەڕ جۆربەجۆری ئەو [زاراوانەی] کە لە تورکیا قسەیان پێ دەکرێ، بەتەواوی لەمەڕ هەبوونی ئەدەبیاتێکی هەبوو بە زمانی کوردی چاوپۆشی دەکرێت. سەرەڕای چەند تاقیکردنەوەیەکی تاک و تەرا سەبارەت بە شێوەزارەکانی کرمانجی کە پێشتر بەئەنجام گەیشتوون (بەراوردی بکەن لەگەڵ مەککینزی، ١٩٦١؛ ڕیتێر، ١٩٧١ و ١٩٧٦؛ بلەو، ١٩٧٦؛ یاسترۆ، ١٩٧٧) لەم ساڵانەی دواییدا توێژەرانی کورد ڕادەیەکی بەرچاو لە مادەی پێویست سەبارەت بە شێوەزارەکانی کرمانجییان لە دەڤەری کرمانجی ئاخێودا دەستەبەر کردووە. هەرچەند بەمەبەستی پۆلینبەندی زاراوەکان، هەتاکوو ئێستا، هەڵسەنگاندنێکی مێتۆدیک و پڕزانیاری لەسەر ئەم تێڕامانانە ئەنجام نەدراوە. ئامانجی ئەم وتارە بریتییە لەوەی کە پۆلینبەندییەکی سەرەتایی لەو جیاوازییە ناوخۆییەی کە لە زاراوە سەرەکییەکانی ناوچە کرمانجی ئاخێوەکاندا هەیە بەدەستەوە بدات و بۆ ئەم مەبەستە توێژینەوەکە لەسەر بنەمای ئەو داتا وشەیی، دەنگناسی و پێکهاتەی ڕێزمانییانە ئەنجام دەدرێت کە لە پێنج ناوچەی باشوری ڕۆژهەڵاتی تورکیا کۆ کراونەتەوە.
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KARACAN, Hasan y Aviva BUTT. "The Antiquity of Kurmanji Kurdish and the Biblical Book of Nahum". PRIZREN SOCIAL SCIENCE JOURNAL 5, n.º 1 (29 de abril de 2021): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32936/pssj.v5i1.206.
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The biblical Book of Naḥūm explains the way HaShem (The Name) deals with Evil. An inner biblical interpretive technique is used to reach this meaning, a technique inconsistent with the method of the rest of the Hebrew Bible. As a prophetic song, the Book of Naḥūm rightly prophesies the pending downfall of the Assyrian Empire. In the light of the story of the Jews of Kurdistan together with a careful reading of Naḥūm’s book, there is enough evidence to assert that the Book has passed through oral translations and various oral recitations. Thus, as oral literature, Naḥūm’s “book,” in actuality a long poem in three sections has been transmitted not only in the original Hebrew but also through Kurmanji Kurdish and neo-Aramaic translations before the final Hebrew redaction took place. Accordingly, the biblical text throws light on not only an episode in ancient history, but also on the antiquity of the Kurmanji dialect and its vernaculars.
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Yilmaz, Birgul. "Language Attitudes and Religion: Kurdish Alevis in the UK". Kurdish Studies 8, n.º 1 (19 de marzo de 2020): 133–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ks.v8i1.512.
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In this article, I report on results of a Matched Guise Tests (MGT) study investigating attitudes towards Bohtan (BHKr) and Maraş Kurmanji (MRKr) spoken among the UK diaspora. I focus on BHKr, which I use to refer to the Kurmanji that is identified as “good Kurmanji”, also referred to as “academic”/ “proper”, and MRKr to refer to the Kurmanji that is referred to as “bad Kurmanji” by Kurmanji speakers in the UK. The MGT, and questions pertaining to perceptual dialectology such as respondents’ perceptions of region, religion, gender and class in this study, show that attitudes towards what is perceived as BHKr and MRKr differ significantly. By concentrating on language attitudes towards Kurmanji which have never been studied in the UK context before, this paper investigates negative and positive evaluations of both BHKr and MRKr in relation to religious affiliation. Abstract In Kurmanji Helwêstên zimanî û dîn: Kurdên elewî li Ingiltereyê Di vê gotarê de encamên taqîkirineke bi rêya testa "matched guise" li ser helwêstên beramber kurmanciya Botan û ya Mereşê li nav endamên diasporaya Ingiltereyê hatine pêşkêşkirin. Her du devokên kurmanciyê yên Botan û Mereşê hatine nirxandin, ku li nav axêverên kurmanciyê li Ilgiltereyê (Yilmaz, 2018) devoka Botan li beramber "kurmanciya baş" an jî "akademîk" tê danîn û kurmanciya Mereşê jî wek "kurmanciya xerab" tê danîn. Testê û pirsyarên li ser devoknasiya sehkî (perceptual dialectology), wek seh û nezera beşdaran li ser dever, dîn, cinsiyet û çînê di vê xebatê de nîşan didin ku sehên axêveran derheq kurmanciya Botan û Mereşê bi rengekî girîng ji hev cuda ne. Bi rêya hûrbûna li ser helwêstên zimanî beramber kurmanciyê, ku heta niha qet nehatiye vekolîn li Ilgiltereyê, ev gotar berê xwe dide tehlîla nirxandinên erênî û nerênî yên li ser devokên Botan û Mereşê di warê aîdiyeta dînî de. Abstract in Sorani Hellwêstî zmanî û ayîn: 'Elewîye Kurdekan le Şanşîne Yekgirtuwekan Lem wtareda ew twêjîneweye radegeyenim ke Matched Guise Testis (MiGT) î bo lêkollînewe le hellwêstî Kurmancî axêwerekanî Bohtan (BiHKir) we Maraş (MiRKir) le naw dayesporay şanşîne yekgirtuwekanda. Min terkîzm xistote ser ((BiHKir, bo amaje dan bew kirmancaney bekardênim ke be "kurmancî baş" nasrawn, herweha wek "ekadîmî"/"lebar" amajeyan pêdrawe, we (MiRKir) bo ew kurmancaney ke be "kurmancî xrap" lelayen kurmancye axêwerekanî şanşînî berîtana amajeyan pê dedrêt ((Yilmaz, 2018.) (MIGT) legell pirsyarekanî peywest be pey birdin be zansitî zarawekan, bo nmûne sernicî wellamgokanî naw em twêjîneweye bo nawçe, ayîn, regez û çîn, ewe pîşandeden ke hewlliwêstekan derbarey ewaney ke be (BiHKir) û be (MiRKir) debînrên zor cyawazn. Be terkîz kirdne ser hellwêste zmanîyekan derbarey kurmancî ke hergîz pêştir le şanşîne yekgirtuwekan dîrase nekrawe , em babete lêkollînewe le hellsengandne erênî û nerênîyekanî heryek le (BiHKir) û (MiRKir) le peywend be întîmay dînî dekat. Abstract in Zazaki Tewrê ziwanî û dîn: kurdê elewî yê Qiralîya Yewbîyayîye Ez na meqale de netîceyanê cigêrayîşê Testanê Seypêkerdeyan ê Guiseyî (MGT) ke derheqê tewranê ziwanî yê kurmancîya Botanî (BHKr) û Mereşî (MRKr) yê ke dîyasporaya Qiralîya Yewbîyayîye de qesey benê, înan analîz kena. Ez giranî dana BHKr ser ke hetê qiseykerdoxanê kurmancî yê Qiralîya Yewbîyaye sey “kurmancîya rinde” yan zî “kurmancîya akademîke/raşte” hesibnîyena, û MRK ser ke sey “kurmancîya xirabine” hesibnîyena (Yilmaz, 2018). MGT û persê ke derheqê dîyalektolojîya îdrakîye de yê, sey dîyayîşê îdrakkerdoxan yê herêm, dîn, cinsîyet û sinife ke na meqale de ca girewto, ê musnenê ke tewrê înan ê hemverê BHKr û MRK yewbînan ra zaf cîya yê. Pê giranîdayîşê tewranê zimanî yê hemverê kurmancî ser, ke heta nika ê tewran ser o Qiralîya Yewbîyayîye de qet cigêrayîş nêameyo kerdene, na xebate erjnayîşanê BHRr û MRKr yê pozîtîf û negatîfan goreyê têkilîya xo ya dînî analîz kena.
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Herkenrath, Annette. "A multilingual corpus approach to postpredicativity in spoken Turkish, Kurmanji Kurdish and German". Proceedings of the Workshop on Turkic and Languages in Contact with Turkic 6, n.º 1 (19 de diciembre de 2021): 5068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/ptu.v6i1.5068.
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This paper investigates phenomena of postpredicativity in a Turkish- Kurmanji Kurdish-German trilingual corpus of spoken language. Starting from the assumption that postpredicativity when viewed in this trilingual perspective is an epiphenomenal effect of argument type in Kurmanji, finite verb movement in German and discourse activation status (next to illocutionarily motivated verb fronting) in Turkish, it sets out to explore overlaps and double motivations. Based on a collection of 1,211 findings, differentiations within the categories as well as overlaps at several levels are identified. Central results are discourse-level motivations in Kurmanji, their dependence on syntactic size, and overlaps between illocutional verb fronting and discourse activation status in Turkish.
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Öpengin, Ergin y Geoffrey Haig. "Regional variation in Kurmanji: A preliminary classification of dialects". Kurdish Studies 1, n.º 1 (4 de octubre de 2014): 143–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ks.v2i2.399.
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Historical linguistic sources of Kurdish date back just a few hundred years, thus it is not possiInvestigation of the regional variation in Kurmanji, especially its varieties spoken in Turkey, has been almost entirely neglected in the existing literature on Kurdish. In addition to earlier isolated examinations of Kurmanji dialects (cf. MacKenzie, 1961; Ritter, 1971, 1976; Blau, 1975; Jastrow, 1977), native-speaker researchers have recently provided a substantial amount of dialect material across the Kurmanji-speech zone. However, a methodologically-informed evaluation of these observations into a dialect classification is yet to be undertaken. This article aims at providing an initial classification of Kurmanji-internal variation into major regional dialects, based on lexical, phonological and morphosyntactic data collected from five localities in Southeastern Turkey.Cihêrengiya zimanî ya navxweyî di kurmanciyê de: tesnîfeke seretayî ya zaravayan Di nav xebatên li ser zimanê kurdî de, heta niha, vekolîna cudatiyên devok û zaravayên kurmanciyê, bi taybetî ewên di nav sînorên Tirkiyeyê de, hema bi temamî hatiye piştguhkirin. Ji bilî çend xebatên serbixwe yên pêştir li ser zaravayên kurmancî (wek MacKenzie 1961; Ritter, 1971 û 1976; Blau, 1976; Jastrow 1977), di nav van salên dawî de vekolerên kurdîziman qewareyeke mezin a dane û materyelên ji gelek zaravayên kurmanciyê berhev kirine. Lê belê, hêj ev çavdêriyên berbelav bi rengekî metodolojîk nehatine nirxandin ku tesnîfeke zaravayan jê bi dest bikeve. Ev meqale dil dike tesnîfeke seretayî ya zaravayên serekî yên kurmanciyê pêşkêş bike li ser bingehê daneyên peyvî û fonolojîk û rêzimanî yên li pênc deverên başûr-rojhilatê Tirkiyeyê berhevkirî.جیاوازی ناوچەیی لەناو کرمانجیدا: پۆلینبەندییەکی سەرەتایی زاراوەکان لەناو ئەو لێکۆڵینەوانەی کە سەبارەت بە جیاوازی ناوچەیی لە کرمانجیدا ئەنجام دراوە، بەتایبەت ئەوانەی کە لەمەڕ جۆربەجۆری ئەو [زاراوانەی] کە لە تورکیا قسەیان پێ دەکرێ، بەتەواوی لەمەڕ هەبوونی ئەدەبیاتێکی هەبوو بە زمانی کوردی چاوپۆشی دەکرێت. سەرەڕای چەند تاقیکردنەوەیەکی تاک و تەرا سەبارەت بە شێوەزارەکانی کرمانجی کە پێشتر بەئەنجام گەیشتوون (بەراوردی بکەن لەگەڵ مەککینزی، ١٩٦١؛ ڕیتێر، ١٩٧١ و ١٩٧٦؛ بلەو، ١٩٧٦؛ یاسترۆ، ١٩٧٧) لەم ساڵانەی دواییدا توێژەرانی کورد ڕادەیەکی بەرچاو لە مادەی پێویست سەبارەت بە شێوەزارەکانی کرمانجییان لە دەڤەری کرمانجی ئاخێودا دەستەبەر کردووە. هەرچەند بەمەبەستی پۆلینبەندی زاراوەکان، هەتاکوو ئێستا، هەڵسەنگاندنێکی مێتۆدیک و پڕزانیاری لەسەر ئەم تێڕامانانە ئەنجام نەدراوە. ئامانجی ئەم وتارە بریتییە لەوەی کە پۆلینبەندییەکی سەرەتایی لەو جیاوازییە ناوخۆییەی کە لە زاراوە سەرەکییەکانی ناوچە کرمانجی ئاخێوەکاندا هەیە بەدەستەوە بدات و بۆ ئەم مەبەستە توێژینەوەکە لەسەر بنەمای ئەو داتا وشەیی، دەنگناسی و پێکهاتەی ڕێزمانییانە ئەنجام دەدرێت کە لە پێنج ناوچەی باشوری ڕۆژهەڵاتی تورکیا کۆ کراونەتەوە.
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Hasan, Aveen Mohammed y Baydaa Mohammed Saeed Mustafa. "Repetitions, Their Phonetic Features And Functions In Kurmanji Kurdish". European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, n.º 20 (30 de julio de 2016): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n20p250.
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The study deals with the analysis of repetitions, their phonetic structures and functions as demonstrated in the organisation of talk-ininteraction in Kurdish. The repetitions are described as complex phonetic objects whose design has received no previous attention and are neglected by the scholars in the fields of discourse and conversation analysis studies in Kurdish. The main aims of the study are to identify the phonetic characteristics of repetitions in Kurdish, their functions and the relationship between differences in the phonetic features and their functions in speech. The study integrates the methodology of conversation analysis and impressionistic and instrumental phonetics to show how repetitions in a conversation are managed by the participants. The data used in this study comes from different types of natural speech, namely, face to face conversations, radio-phone-ins of Northern Kurdish. 27 cases of self repetitions have been analysed and they are lexical, phrasal and clausal with a range of syntactic forms. The study contributes to the theoretical issues of the prosody-pragmatics interface and participants’ understanding of naturally occurring discourse. It is hoped that such a study may contribute to language and information processing by providing a detailed analysis of patterns and functions of repetition in social interaction.
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Çabuk, Sakine. "A note on the contact between Kurmanji Kurdish and Turkish at lexical and morphological level". International Journal of Bilingualism 23, n.º 4 (21 de abril de 2017): 861–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006917703459.
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Turkish-Kurdish social setting where the Turkish and Kurdish languages are in contact for a long time induces borrowing and change at different levels.This study explores the contact between Kurmanji Kurdish and Turkish that take place at both morphological and lexical level. The data consist of three hours of recordings of family talks on the phone. Corpus analysis of data obtained from audio and video recordings of a family talk on the phone was done. Preliminary findings revealed that verbs are borrowed from Turkish and then integrated into Kurdish. The changes that Turkish borrowed verbs undergo include the integration process of morphological elements and the combination of verbs with light verbs (kirin, bûn) in Kurdish. The change that takes place in the integration process can be explained by interference and long-lasting contact between the two languages. The results are in line with the findings reported by Dorleijn and Bulut who suggested that the influence is mostly unidirectional, which in turn suggests that external language change results in borrowing of some particles and grammatical chunks from Turkish.
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Fakhir Omar Mohammed. "Maximized and Minimized Off-Record Politeness Strategies in Hacani’s Short Stories". Journal of Educational and Human Resource Development (JEHRD) 7 (30 de diciembre de 2019): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.61569/1rsd4d45.
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The current paper tried to answer the question: How are Hacani’s short stories texts maximized and minimized to save face? It is imperative to study the maximized (i.e. hyperbole) and minimized (i.e. understatement) off-record strategies among Northern Kurmanji EFL university students. Therefore, the current study tackled the use and availability of these strategies as manifested in written discourse. The researcher followed the methodological procedures of Content Analysis (CA) by Berelson and Krippendorff, as well as Brown and Levinson’s Model of Politeness. Tackling maximized (hyperbole) and minimized (understatement) off-record politeness strategies, the results manifested that from the total of 41 instances, 70.7% of samples have been hyperbolically maximized while only 29.3% of the discourse have been minimized. It was reflected that many social affairs presented in Hacani’s short stories have been treated by revealing and inspiring new ideas. Hence, concentrating on specific ideas, hyperbole, as an off-record strategy, simply saved the face of readers. In contrast, understatement was less commonly used in order to reduce the degree of severity of certain situations, leaving room for a more favorable interpretation of distasteful topics. It was helpful to consult Excel and SPSS software to test statistical differences between hyperbole and understatement. Finally, it is recommended that other off-record strategies are used to analyze literary texts between Kurdish dialects or between Kurdish and English languages.
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Mirmokri, Manijeh y Ahmad Ahmadian. "Language and Gender: Sexism in Kurdish Language (Mukriani Dialect)". International Journal of Kurdish Studies 2, n.º 3 (10 de diciembre de 2016): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.21600/ijoks.278423.
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Ghafoor, Karzan J., Karwan M. Hama Rawf, Ayub O. Abdulrahman y Sarkhel H. Taher. "Kurdish Dialect Recognition using 1D CNN". ARO-THE SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF KOYA UNIVERSITY 9, n.º 2 (15 de octubre de 2021): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14500/aro.10837.
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Dialect recognition is one of the most attentive topics in the speech analysis area. Machine learning algorithms have been widely used to identify dialects. In this paper, a model that based on three different 1D Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) structures is developed for Kurdish dialect recognition. This model is evaluated, and CNN structures are compared to each other. The result shows that the proposed model has outperformed the state of the art. The model is evaluated on the experimental data that have been collected by the staff of department of computer science at the University of Halabja. Three dialects are involved in the dataset as the Kurdish language consists of three major dialects, namely Northern Kurdish (Badini variant), Central Kurdish (Sorani variant), and Hawrami. The advantage of the CNN model is not required to concern handcraft as the CNN model is featureless. According to the results, the 1 D CNN method can make predictions with an average accuracy of 95.53% on the Kurdish dialect classification. In this study, a new method is proposed to interpret the closeness of the Kurdish dialects by using a confusion matrix and a non-metric multi-dimensional visualization technique. The outcome demonstrates that it is straightforward to cluster given Kurdish dialects and linearly isolated from the neighboring dialects.
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Mustafa, Arazo M. y Tarik A. Rashid. "Kurdish stemmer pre-processing steps for improving information retrieval". Journal of Information Science 44, n.º 1 (9 de enero de 2017): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165551516683617.
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The rapid increase in the quantity of Kurdish documents over the last several years has created a need for improving information accuracy and precision in text classification and retrieval. Language stemming is an imperative pre-processing step for increasing the possibility of matching terms in a document in text classification tasks. Stemming helps reduce the total number of searchable terms within a document or query. This article proposes an active approach for stemming Kurdish Sorani texts to reduce variations of words to single terms or stems. The outcomes of the process, described in this article, demonstrate that decreasing the dimensionality of feature vectors in documents will increase the effectiveness of retrieval when the stemming process is used. This process applied for Kurdish Sorani can be adapted and applied in Kurdish Kurmanji as well for greater efficiency and effectiveness in digital text classification and applications.
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Gharib, Dilshad M. "The Morphophonemic (/i/) in the Central Kurdish dialect of the language". Halabja University Journal 7, n.º 4 (30 de diciembre de 2022): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32410/huj-10431.
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The morphophonemic (/i/) in the Central Kurdish dialect of the Kurdish language, in the (Phonetic, Phonological, Morphological, and Syntactic) structures appear as the same form, but they are different in their structures. This research is conducted on (analytical- descriptive) method, and aome of the equivalent forms of (/i/) are analyzed based on the principles of generative school. For the purpose of presenting the examples, along with the phonemic alphabet, international phonetic alphabet (IPA) is also used. The examples are taken from daily expressions in central Kurdish dialect. In compared words, the vowel phoneme proves itself in the smallest phonological two-word example, and is differed from the semi-consonant (/i/). In the morphological and syntactic structures, it performes different duties as a bound morpheme, and due to the present stress, the long sound of (/i:/) or the short (/i/) are embodied.
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Leinonen, Anu. "Struggling against language shift: Kurdish language education in Turkey". Kurdish Studies 10, n.º 1 (30 de mayo de 2022): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ks.v10i1.561.
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This article, largely based on interviews with language activists, investigates Kurdish language-in-education policy in Turkey since the early 2000s. It attempts to answer the following questions: How has Kurdish language education developed in Turkey from 2004 to 2020? What has been the impact of the educational activities on reversing the language shift from Kurdish to Turkish? I argue that the most important contribution has been on the elite or academic level with a widening of the Kurdish-reading and writing elite. Yet, the language shift from Kurdish to Turkish continues. Abstract in Kurmanji Têkoşîna li hember guhastina ziman: Perwerdehiya zimanê kurdî li Tirkiyeyê Ev gotar, ya ku bi giranî xwe dispêre hevpeyvînên ligel aktîvîstên ziman, ji destpêka salên 2000î û vir ve li Tirkiyeyê li polîtîkaya perwerdehiya zimanê kurdî an jî di nav polîtîkayên perwerdehiyê de li cihê zimanê kurdî vedikole. Gotar, hewl dide bersiv bide van pirsan: Ji sala 2004an heta 2020an li Tirkiyeyê perwerdeya zimanê Kurdî çawa bi pêş ketiye? Bandora çalakiyên perwerdehî yên li ser berovajîkirina guhastina ziman ya ji kurdî bo tirkî çi bûye? Ez nîqaş dikim ku tevkariya herî girîng li ser elîtan an jî asta akademîk bûye bi berfirehbûna elîtên xwîner û nûserên kurdî. Lê guhastina zimên a ji kurdî bo tirkî berdewam e. Abstract in Zazaki Duştê ravurîyayîşê ziwanî de lebitîyayîş: Tirkîya de perwerdeyê kurdkî Bi roportajanê çalakîkeranê ziwanî ra, nê nuşteyî de serê 2000an ra nat polîtîkaya Tirkîya ya perwerdeyê kurdkî ser o cigêrayîş yeno kerdene. Na xebate kena ke cewabê nê persan bido: 2004 ra heta 2020 perwerdeyê bi ziwanê kurdkî Tirkîya de senî aver şîyo? Tesîrê çalakîyanê perwerdeyî yê ke ravurîyayîşê ziwanê kurdkî bi tirkî bêro apeygirewtene, çi bî? Ez ana ver ke tesîro tewr muhîm beşdarîya elîtan yan zî sewîyeya elîtan a akademîk a ke wendoxî û nuştoxîya kurdkî kena hîraye. Ancî, ravurîyayîşê ziwanî yê kurdkî ver bi tirkî hîna dewam keno. Abstract in Sorani Available in Print and PDF versions.
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Badawi, Soran. "Transformer-Based Neural Network Machine Translation Model for the Kurdish Sorani Dialect". UHD Journal of Science and Technology 7, n.º 1 (15 de enero de 2023): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdjst.v7n1y2023.pp15-21.
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The transformer model is one of the most recently developed models for translating texts into another language. The model uses the principle of attention mechanism, surpassing previous models, such as sequence-to-sequence, in terms of performance. It performed well with highly resourced English, French, and German languages. Using the model architecture, we investigate training the modified version of the model in a low-resourced language such as the Kurdish language. This paper presents the first-ever transformer-based neural machine translation model for the Kurdish language by utilizing vocabulary dictionary units that share vocabulary across the dataset. For this purpose, we combine all the existing parallel corpora of Kurdish – English by building a large corpus and training it on the proposed transformer model. The outcome indicated that the suggested transformer model works well with Kurdish texts by scoring (0.45) on bilingual evaluation understudy (BLEU). According to the BLEU standard, the score indicates a high-quality translation.
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Aziz, Kardo Othman, Ramyar Abdulrahman Teimoor, Tofiq Ahmed Tofiq y Dilman Salih Abdulla. "Kurdish Sorani Dialect Morphology Generation Using a Concatenative Strategy". UHD Journal of Science and Technology 8, n.º 1 (10 de enero de 2024): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdjst.v8n1y2024.pp13-19.
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In natural language processing, morphological generation refers to the creation of the appropriate inflected forms of words based on a predetermined set of morphological rules. However, it might be difficult to generate morphology in languages with intricate morphological systems, like the Kurdish Sorani dialect. The concatenative morphology-based unique technique to morphological generation in Kurdish Sorani is proposed in this research. The suggested strategy tries to get over the drawbacks of current approaches and enhance the precision and effectiveness of morphological generation in Kurdish Sorani. The suggested technique generates all conceivable subjective and objective pronouns in both positive and negative forms, together with the various verb tenses for Kurdish morphology. The study presents a detailed examination of Kurdish Sorani’s morphology and points out the difficulties in coming up with the right verbforms. The authors suggest a concatenative morphology-based morphological generating system that comprises of a morphological analyzer and a morphological generator.
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Mohamad, Bzhwen Yahya. "The taboo topic in Kurdish language". Journal of University of Raparin 7, n.º 2 (19 de abril de 2020): 435–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.26750/vol(7).no(2).paper19.
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The research is entitled (The topic of taboo in Kurdish language), it is an attempt to find the topic of taboo in Kurdish native speakers' mental, in order the most taboo expression to be recognized generally. Consequently, to find taboo and its order in mind, mental lexicon has been applied, which is in relation to being individually or in group has its particular sort. The present research is to explore that information in mental lexicon, which relies on the data and instruments that are uncovered in syntax and morphology of contexts. The study uses analytical descriptive method to analyze the phenomenon and its principle. The instrument of the study is Kurdish language _ slemani Dialect. The findings of the study shoe that the taboos have their own domain and in mental lexicon orders are kept and on the same sorts are expressed.
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Boyajian, Vahe S. y Azim Shahbakhsh. "Remarks on the Identity and Language Situation in Sangan". Iran and the Caucasus 19, n.º 3 (9 de octubre de 2015): 265–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20150303.
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The paper presents a brief description of the current language situation in Sangan and its impact on the identity formation on the local level. Sangan, an emerging township with around 9,000 inhabitants, is situated in the western hillside of Daptan (Taftan) mountain in Sarḥadd, 50 km to the north of the city of Khash in Iranian Baluchistan. Most of the population of Sangan are Baloches from the Kord tribe, speaking an idiom, which—although claimed to be a Kurdish dialect by the local pundits—has, in fact, nothing to do with proper Kurdish.
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Abad, Sadegh Mohammadi Bolban, Batool Alinezhad y Vali Rezai. "The Prosodization of Weak Function Words in Kurdish Language (Leilakhi Dialect)". International Journal of Linguistics 7, n.º 4 (7 de septiembre de 2015): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v7i4.8065.
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<p>This paper investigates the prosodic structure of simple prepositions and dependent personal pronouns as weak function words in Leilakhi Dialect with the theoretical framework of Prosodic Phonology or Phonology of Domains. Weak function words (fnc) of this dialect are proclitics or enclitics that form Clitic Group (CG) with their host. One such feature of these elements is their combinatorial restriction with their host, <em>i.e. </em>simple prepositions as prosodic proclitics must precede a noun phrase or independent personal pronoun and absolute prepositions as phonological words join the dependent personal pronouns in the role of enclitics which give form to the clitic group. The phonetic process and phonological process used in this research are aspiration and stress assignment pattern respectively. </p>
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Saeed, Saeed A. y Laureen I. Naser. "An Investigation of The Velar Nasal in Badini Kurdish Dialect". Humanities Journal of University of Zakho 5, n.º 4 (30 de diciembre de 2017): 1262. http://dx.doi.org/10.26436/2017.5.4.512.
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The velar nasal, also called "Engma" or "Angma", can be found in the phonologicalinventories of many languages across the world. Kurdish researchers vary in their opinions as to whether this sound is listed among the inventory of Kurdish language phonemes or not. Some researchers have tackled this case in Sorani Kurdish but research in Badini is scarce in this area. In this paper we aim to investigate the velar nasal /N/ in Badini Kurdish, which is a very controversial topic. The paperaims to answer the question as to whether it can be considered as a phoneme or it is just an allophonic realization of the alveolar nasal /n/ when followed by the voiced velar stop/g/. This is done through providing examples that have the combination of (n+g) which have a possible occurrence of the velar nasal. These examples are first analyzed articulatory in terms of some phonological processes such as assimilation, morpheme affixation, and syllabification. They are then analyzed acoustically by contrasting the pairs and searching for nasal bands using Praat. After analyzing both articulatory and acoustic data, it was concluded that the velar nasal can be found in Badini Kurdish but only as an allophone of the alveolar nasal which is the result of certain phonological rules such as assimilation and co-articulation. They are in free variation and couldn’t change the meaning. So, we can’t consider it as a distinct phoneme in this dialect.
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Saeed, Saeed A. y Laureen I. Naser. "An Investigation of The Velar Nasal in Badini Kurdish Dialect". Humanities Journal of University of Zakho 5, n.º 4 (30 de diciembre de 2017): 1262–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.26436/hjuoz.2017.5.4.408.
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The velar nasal, also called "Engma" or "Angma", can be found in the phonologicalinventories of many languages across the world. Kurdish researchers vary in their opinions as to whether this sound is listed among the inventory of Kurdish language phonemes or not. Some researchers have tackled this case in Sorani Kurdish but research in Badini is scarce in this area. In this paper we aim to investigate the velar nasal /N/ in Badini Kurdish, which is a very controversial topic. The paperaims to answer the question as to whether it can be considered as a phoneme or it is just an allophonic realization of the alveolar nasal /n/ when followed by the voiced velar stop/g/. This is done through providing examples that have the combination of (n+g) which have a possible occurrence of the velar nasal. These examples are first analyzed articulatory in terms of some phonological processes such as assimilation, morpheme affixation, and syllabification. They are then analyzed acoustically by contrasting the pairs and searching for nasal bands using Praat. After analyzing both articulatory and acoustic data, it was concluded that the velar nasal can be found in Badini Kurdish but only as an allophone of the alveolar nasal which is the result of certain phonological rules such as assimilation and co-articulation. They are in free variation and couldn’t change the meaning. So, we can’t consider it as a distinct phoneme in this dialect.
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Hassani, Hossein. "BLARK for multi-dialect languages: towards the Kurdish BLARK". Language Resources and Evaluation 52, n.º 2 (11 de septiembre de 2017): 625–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10579-017-9400-0.
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Mohammed, Khalid Haji y Sajidah Abdulla Farhadi. "Grammatical Case in Pshdar Sub-Dialect". Journal of University of Raparin 10, n.º 1 (29 de marzo de 2023): 487–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.26750/vol(10).no(1).paper22.
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This research is entitled (Grammatical case in Pishdar Sub-Dialect). Grammatical case is one of the important syntactic features in Pishdar Sub-Dialect, case is a property of noun phrases, expressed as a result of their relationship to other parts of the sentence, which in some languages is represented by a morpheme and appears at the end of a noun phrase, indicating the role played by the noun phrase in the sentence and is known as morphological case, but in some languages the morphological sign does not appear and is known as the abstract case. The concept of the abstract case is an important part of the theory of Government and binding, which Chomsky and his followers have studied. under the title of case theory. According to the theory, abstract case is a universal phenomenon and exists in every language. There is no morphological case in Central Kurdish, but it is seen in some Sub- dialects belonging to Central Kurdish, such as Pishdar, Mukri, Khoshnawti and Rawandz. In this research, the grammatical case, types and characteristics of Pishdar dialect are analyzed.
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Karimipour, Amir y Shahla Sharifi. "The analysis of finite raising constructions in Ilami Kurdish". Onomázein Revista de lingüística filología y traducción, n.º 60 (2023): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7764/onomazein.60.01.
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This paper is an attempt to investigate hyper-raising constructions in Ilami Kurdish (henceforth IK), a southern dialect of Kurdish, spoken in Iran. In particular, we aim to argue that these constructions, which involve the extraction of a DP out of a finite CP, represent an A-movement which ‘leaves behind a resumptive pro in the extraction position’ for assigning case-marking and further concord-agreement relations, the operation which was proposed by Ademola-Adeoye (2011) regarding hyper-raising, hyper-ECM and copy raising in language. Results show that IK permits subject-to-subject and also object-to-subject raising. The latter, with its effects on the matrix verb, has not been discussed so much in literature and is stipulated to be a language-specific feature found in IK. It seems safe to conclude that parametric analysis of IK raising structures might be more plausible instead of imposing a strict pattern of raising (definitely English-type pattern) on this dialect.
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Ibrahim Ali, Vian. "Agent in Kurdish language (Bahdini subdialect)". Journal of University of Raparin 11, n.º 3 (9 de julio de 2024): 896–915. http://dx.doi.org/10.26750/vol(11).no(3).paper37.
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The agent in the Kurdish language, especially in modern grammar, is known as a semantic role, limiting its function to the sentence level. To contradict this view, an attempt has been made in this study to explain the agent at both morphological and syntactic levels. At the morphological level, some derivational bound morphemes play a major role in forming some nouns that carry within themselves the concept of the agent known as agent nouns. Also at the sentence level, in addition to the semantic features of the noun phrase that identify and distinguish the agent role from other roles, it is expected that the verb phrase can contribute greatly in the identification and recognition of the agent. For this purpose, Larson's theory (1988) has been employed to deconstruct the VP-shell into the main verb phrase VP and the light verb phrase (carrier of the concept of agent in the VP). The sentences are analyzed according to Chomsky's minimalist program principles. Research data is collected from the everyday speech of Bahdini dialect speakers. Results show that Larson's theory of deconstructing the VP could be considered the best and only way to analyze the agent in the Bahdini sentence; and the morpheme (ان), in addition to its agentive and causative functions, can also function as a light verb.
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Schluter, Anne. "Hybrid language practices on Turkey’s national Kurdish television station: Iconic perspectives on form". Applied Linguistics Review 10, n.º 3 (25 de septiembre de 2019): 417–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2017-0051.
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AbstractThe language policy of Turkey’s state-run Kurdish television station (TRT Kurdî) allows for Kurdish-Turkish hybridity, which reflects common practice among Turkish Kurds (Schluter, Anne. 2014. Competing or compatible language identities in Istanbul’s Kurmanji workplaces? In Kristina Kamp, Ayhan Kaya, Fuat Keyman & Özge Onursal-Beşgül (eds.), Contemporary Turkey at a Glance. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Local and Trans-local Dynamics, 125–137. Wiesbaden, Germany: Springer.) and promotes ownership among minority language speakers (Hinnenkamp, Volker. 2003. Mixed language varieties of migrant adolescents and the discourse of hybridity. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 24(1–2). 12–41.). Nevertheless, the mixing of Turkish and apparent disregard for Kurdish language rules has led some of the target audience to reject the station (Öpengin, Ergin. 2012. Sociolinguistic situation of Kurdish in Turkey: Sociopolitical factors and language use patterns. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 217. 151–180.). Such attention to form, according to (Lemon, Alaina. 2002. Form and function in Soviet stage Romani: Modeling metapragmatics through performance institutions. Language in Society 31. 29–64.) is usually reserved for minority language activists and dominant language speakers whereas marginalized minority language speakers frequently focus on function. Through semi-structured interviews with twenty politically engaged Kurdish migrants of Istanbul, the current study investigated metalinguistic criticisms about the station to deconstruct perceptions of the suitability of a hybrid Kurdish broadcasting language in relation to findings from (Lemon, Alaina. 2002. Form and function in Soviet stage Romani: Modeling metapragmatics through performance institutions. Language in Society 31. 29–64.) and (Hinnenkamp, Volker. 2003. Mixed language varieties of migrant adolescents and the discourse of hybridity. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 24(1–2). 12–41.). In contrast to (Hinnenkamp, Volker. 2003. Mixed language varieties of migrant adolescents and the discourse of hybridity. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 24(1–2). 12–41.), participants viewed linguistic hybridity on TRT Kurdî as iconic (Irvine, Judith & Susan Gal. 2000. Language ideology and linguistic differentiation. In Paul V. Kroskrity (ed.), Regimes of language: ideologies, politics, and identities, 35–84. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press.) of the Turkish state’s agenda to assimilate its Kurdish population. Furthermore, the transfer of this agenda onto a sub-group within the same in-group, TRT Kurdî’s producers, provided evidence of fractal recursivity (Irvine, Judith & Susan Gal. 2000. Language ideology and linguistic differentiation. In Paul V. Kroskrity (ed.), Regimes of language: ideologies, politics, and identities, 35–84. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press.). Results call for a broadening of Lemon (2002) to allow for the inclusion of a larger portion of minority language-speaking populations whose language, similar to the Istanbul-resident Kurdish community profiled in the current study, has been deeply politicized.
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Kurt, Mehmet. "In Memory of Kadri Yıldırım (Qedrî Yildirim) (1959 – 2021)". Kurdish Studies 9, n.º 2 (31 de octubre de 2021): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ks.v9i2.652.
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This obituary outlines the life and work of Kadri Yıldırım, a prominent Kurdish scholar and the first professor of Kurdish studies in Turkey. It focuses on his early life and medrese education and highlights his contribution to the field of Kurdish studies and his scholarly and political efforts for the Kurdish language to become a language of education in Turkey. Abstract in Kurmanji Bi bîranîna Qedrî Yildirim (1959-2021) Ev bîrname xulaseyeke jiyan û xebatên Qedrî Yildirim e, ku zanyarê kurd ê mezin û profesorê ewil ê kurdnasiyê li Tirkiyê bû. Nivîsar bi taybetî li ser xortaniya wî û perwerdeya wî ya li medreseyan radiweste, digel xebatên wî yên kurdnasiyê û karên wî yên siyasî û zanistî ji bo ku zimanê kurdî bibe zimanekî perwerde li Tirkiyê. Abstract in Sorani Le yadî Qadrî Yelldirîm (1959-2021) Em bîrnameye bas le jiyan û karekanî Qadrî Yelldirîm, zanayekî gewrey kurd û yekem profîsorî lêkollînewey kurdî le Turkya dekat. Em nûsîne giringî dedat be seretay jiyanî û xwêndinî le medrese û tîşk dexate ser destkewtekanî le bwarî lêkollînewey kurdî û, herweha hewlle syasyekanî bo be fermîkirdnî zmanî kurdî lenawenî perwerde û fêrbûn le Turkya da. Abstract in Zazaki Seba yadkerdişê Qedrî Yildirimî (1959-2021) No nuşteyê yadkerdişî xulasaya cu û keda Qedrî Yildirimî ya ke zanyaro kurdo namdar û Tirkîya de profesorê kurdolojî yo verên bî. Nuşteyî de bale dîyena cuya ey a rewe û perwerdeyê ey ê medresan ser. Ser o kî giranîye dîyena beşdarîya kurdolojî û lebatanê ey ê zanistî û sîyasîyan ser seba ke kurdkî Tirkîya de bibo ziwanê perwerdeyî.
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Esmael, Faris Ali y Atif Abdullh Farhad. "The impact of physical geography factors on the division of Kurdish language – taking the dialect of Surchi tribe as example". JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE STUDIES 8, n.º 2 (29 de febrero de 2024): 207–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/lang.8.2.10.
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The title of our research is about (The impact of physical geography factors on the division of Kurdish language – taking the dialect of Surchi tribe as example). In this study, we will try to highlight the physical geography factors which can divide a language into several dialects, there are similar factors that divided the Kurdish language into four main dialects, each of which is divided into several sub-dialects, we will also try to focus on a physical geography factor which is the Great Zab River in the territory of the Surchi tribe, which has made the population belonging to the tribe on both sides of the river, although whose main language is Kurdish, their speech styles may differ in terms of language levels, and these distinctions are more noticed by linguists. In this research, we have done several field visits and interviews with villagers of some villages belonging to the Surchi tribe on both sides of the Great Zab River. After researching and interviewing in these areas, we decided to take two villages as samples of our research, each of which is different in terms of physical geography and speech styles. Zerav village is located on the bank of a river on the right side of the Great Zab, while Kalakin village is located on the left bank of the Great Zab. This study is divided into three main parts: First part concerns Kurdish Language and its dialects, second part is about physical geography factors on division of the Kurdish language, third part presents Surchi tribe, it describes the geographical boundaries of Surchi tribe, then analyzes the speech style of Surchi tribe in general and identifies the phonemes of both villages (Kalakin Sarchia) and (Zerav) in particular, then compare them with each other in terms of phonology.
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Mahmood, Fazil Majid y Shoxan Ramazan Qadir. "Khana Qubadi's Invention in the Field of Thought and the Art of Poetry Epic". Halabja University Journal 8, n.º 1 (30 de marzo de 2023): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32410/huj-10445.
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Khana Qubadi was one of the great poets of classical Kurdish literature. He lived at the end of seventeenth century and the beginning of eighteenth century. He always seeked freedom and he was against oppression and violence. He was proud of Kurdish language. Qubadi has the greatest collection of poems. In some genres, he was the role model for other Kurdish poets such as: translation of the Holy Quran, Epics, Repetition, Satire. Despite that his era was full of wars and conflicts, he could skilfully use his artistic abilities and he brought many literary innovations into Kurdish literature. Therefore, he shines like a star in Kurdish literature. This paper tries to shed light on his literary inventions in order to be used as a source for scientific researches and to make Kurdish researchers pay more attention to this great poet, who is from Goran dialect, because he is one of the poets with numerous poems, but he has not gained reseachers’ attention yet.
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Amin, Shler N. "دهستنیشانكرنا سهرهی د ههڤالناڤێ لێكدایدا". Humanities Journal of University of Zakho 6, n.º 3 (30 de septiembre de 2018): 672–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.26436/hjuoz.2018.6.3.116.
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The search is marked by (identifying the head in the composite form), including the identification of the head in the Kurdish language - Bahdian dialect, in this subject the different languages among them. Through this research, the researcher was able to answer several questions that included the similarities and differences of the Kurdish language with the other languages from the synthesis of the composite and the head types in terms of presence and location and its relationship with other components of the character. The study was conducted according to my theory (standards and criteria). At the end of the research, the main results were presented.
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Hamasalh, Rezan Mahmood y Nariman Abdullah Khoshnaw. "Case theory in Kurdish and Arabic A comparative study". Journal of University of Raparin 10, n.º 3 (29 de septiembre de 2023): 108–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26750/vol(10).no(3).paper6.
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This research has been written under the title: The Grammatical Case in Kurdish and Arabic Languages: A Comparative Study. The research aims to identify points of similarities and differences between the grammatical case in Standard Arabic and Kurdish language (Sorani dialect/Sulaymaniyah subdialect).
The importance of the research lies in its usage - for the first time – of the modern transformational generative theory to compare Kurdish and Arabic languages. The research – with excluding the summary and introduction - consists of two axes: The first axis talks about the principles of the grammatical case model. As for the second axis deals with grammatical case patterns and their application in the two mentioned languages.
The search ends with displaying the results and a list of sources and references.
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Rashid, Salam Raheem, Khoshnaw Azeez Hama Ameen y Sozan Kareem Muhamed. "Code-switching in Kurdish communication "Khanaqin Dialect as an Example "". JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE STUDIES 8, n.º 5 (31 de mayo de 2024): 178–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/lang.8.5.10.
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In linguistics, especially in communication, code-switching, or skipping from one linguistic code (dialect or a language) to another, as a reference to the use of several languages or several dialects together, usually occurs in multilingualism groups that the speaker uses the elements of multiple diverse languages. This process is related to a number of factors, principles and specific circumstances. Khanaqin City is one of these areas where this phenomenon is witnessed and worth studying, this by taking its geographical location and political situation into consideration, and their influences on this linguistics phenomenon. Consequently, this study which is entitled Code-switching in Kurdish communication "Khanaqin Dialect as an Example", is devoted and intended to demonstrate that in linguistic sphere, it is possible to deal with the phenomenon through speech analysis. i.e., it is attempted that the code-switched linguistic forms of this area to be discussed and studied depending on linguistics criteria. In order to achieve the objectives, descriptive analysis method has been applied in this paper. The structure of the paper in spite of the preface and an introduction of the subject is outlined into two parts as follows: The first part is the theoretical aspect of the research, in a brief introduction of Khanaqin and the use of language there have been presented. The second part is the practical aspect of the study, which adresses the phenomenon of code switching, its principles and types within the scope of the research. It has been strived to elaborate the topics in the form of analysis and providing examples. The results obtained, the list of bibliography, in addition to this summary in Arabic and English languages conclude this effort.
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Asadpour, Hiwa. "Cross-dialectal diversity in Mukrī Kurdish I: Phonological and phonetic variation". Journal of Linguistic Geography 9, n.º 1 (abril de 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jlg.2021.1.
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AbstractThis article provides a comparative overview of phonological and phonetic differences of Mukrī Kurdish varieties and their geographical distribution. Based on the examined data, four distinct varieties can be distinguished. In each variety area, different phonological patterns are analyzed according to age, gender, and social groups in order to establish cross-regional and cross-generational developments in relation to specific phonological distributions and shifts. The variety regions which are examined in the present article include West Mukrī (representing an archaic form of Mukrī), Central Mukrī (representing a linguistically peripheral dialect), East Mukrī (representing mixed archaic and peripheral dialect features), and South Mukrī (sharing features of both Mukrī and Ardałānī). The study concludes that variation in the Mukrīyān region depends on phonological developments, which in turn are due to geographical and sociological factors. Moreover, contact-induced change and internal language development are also established as triggering factors distinguishing regional variants.
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Darwesh, Aso Mohammad, Mazen Ismaeel Ghareb y Shaahin Karimi. "Towards a Serious Game for Kurdish Language Learning". Journal of University of Human Development 1, n.º 3 (31 de agosto de 2015): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v1n3y2015.pp376-384.
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Language learning is a set of techniques and methods used together to teach fundamentals of a language, including writing, reading, listening and comprehension. Usually begins by teaching letters. The purpose of this research was to initiate a scientific approach using serious games in order to discover a proper way to learn Kurdish language by writing approach. We studied related fields i.e. level of using technology with elementary school students, the method of teaching Kurdish language in the Kurdistan educational system and the students' enthusiasm for gaming. The outcome of the field-study shows there is a big gap between the current state and capacity of technology and serious game. Serious game is a composition of entertainment game with learning methods to help learning easy. We make the hypothesis that the game encourages pupils to learn rapidly. We aimed to prove a method that students start language learning by writing. In addition, there was no any serious game for learning Kurdish which it has two different alphabets and four main dialects. In this paper, we worked on Arami[1] alphabets and south dialect (Sorani). We created an algorithm and a prototype to test our hypothesis. Our prototype is simple and easy to use, but at the same time it is dynamic that a teacher or parent can generate different game. A user might have a profile and result saves in a database. It helps supervisors to assess progress of learning and diagnosis of mistakes.
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Nabiev, Vakil. "FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF THE KURDISH DIASPORA". BULLETIN Series of Sociological and Political sciences 75, n.º 3 (15 de septiembre de 2021): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2021-3.1728-8940.06.
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The article will focus on one of the oldest peoples of Western Asia of autochthonous origin, whose reliable historical existence in this region exceeds two and a half millennia. About the people who finally completed their ethnic consolidation in the V-VI centuries, having clearly expressed ethno-national characteristics. The territory of the main settlement of the Kurdish ethnic group, the language in different dialect forms, its own mentality and anthropological and ethnic characteristics, a peculiar and rich culture. Currently, Kurdistan is politically divided between Turkey, Iran and Iraq, whose state borders, passing through the territory inhabited by Kurds, converge approximately in the center of Kurdistan. At the same time, the article also focuses on controversial issues.
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Tahir, Shahab Tayeb y Rojan Qadir Abubakr. "Multifunctional structure morphemes in structured word formation (The role of prefixes, for example)". JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE STUDIES 5, n.º 3 (17 de julio de 2022): 204–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/jls.5.3.11.
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The research is entitled “Morpheme Multi-functionality (of Prefixes) in Constructing New Words, Complex Words for Example”. Multi-functionality here means morphemes (prefixes) undertake several functions in creating complex words. Accurately, language gives diverse roles to morphemes as an indication for their various functions. This is a method originates in language itself, in which most of the morphemes with their various types are actively engaged for enriching the language lexicon. This role depends on the productivity of the morpheme, for instance, by adding the prefixes to the free morphemes several new meanings can be achieved in different parts of speech . It is the worth of mentioning that there are several researches about multifunctionality in Kurdish Kirmanji Dialect, but nothing has been done about prefixes solely and purely yet which is the prominent goal of this research. Samples and explanations of the research have been taken from this above mentioned dialect that specify the scope of it. Only Morphological level is taken into consideration to fulfil the research as a criteria that is why it can be regarded as a descriptive analytic research. The significance of this research comes out in indicating of theses prefixes that participate to construct words actively in Kurdish language. Prefixes are focused on, especially in relation to some specific parts of speech such as nouns,adjectives, adverbs, base and numbers. Finally, in addition to results and references, a sufficient summary in both Arabic and English languages is referred to
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Haji, Sabah y Fakhir Mohammed. "The Use of Presuppositions in the Short Story of Zilkê Şixatê (Matchstick)". ISSUE FIVE 3, n.º 2 (28 de diciembre de 2019): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.25079/ukhjss.v3n2y2019.pp45-55.
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This study explores the use of presuppositions in the Kurdish short story, Zilkê Şixatê (The Matchstick), which is written in Northern Kurmanji dialect (hence, NK) by Isma’il Hajani. It attempts to determine which type of presupposition is the most recurring one in the short story and why it is so. The data in this study are analyzed descriptively and qualitatively. Yule’s (2006) classification which divides presupposition into six types has been employed: existential, factive, non-factive, lexical, structural, and counterfactual. The data of the research are sentences which contain presupposition triggers (i.e. linguistic forms to mark presuppositions). Applying the formula presented by Oktoma and Mardiyono (2013: 79), the results obtained throughout this paper show that different types of presuppositions have different percentages from the total number of presuppositions. They are (94) in number. It is noted that the most dominant type of presupposition used in the short story is the existential presupposition, manifesting definite descriptions of facts about real life, while the structural presuppositions have the lowest percentage. This shows that much of the story text is written to definitely describe the main theme, the characters and the events as they are. Finally, this study is particularly important because no other such studies have been conducted on the use of presuppositions in any literary work in NK. Therefore, this study occupies a crucial place in the research literature into pragmatic aspects of NK.
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Häberl, Charles, Nikita Kuzin, Sergey Loesov y Alexey Lyavdansky. "A Neo-Aramaic Version of a Kurdish Folktale". Journal of Semitic Studies 65, n.º 2 (1 de septiembre de 2020): 473–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jss/fgaa008.
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Abstract Versions of the folktale Zêrka Zêra (in Kurdish)/Stērka Zerá (in Ṭuroyo) circulate throughout southeastern Anatolia. The story belongs to a widely-disseminated tale type, the ‘Bear's Wife’, which concerns a young woman who is abducted by a bear (or other wilderness creature) and is forced to spawn and rear his children before escaping or being rescued. The following Ṭuroyo version was recorded during the 2018 winter field season of the Russian expedition to Ṭur Abdin in the village of Ḥaḥ/Anıtlı from a speaker of the dialect of Bequsyone. It represents the first scholarly publication not only of the Ṭuroyo version, but of any version of this folktale. In addition to the folktale and a translation, the study includes a glossary of the vocabulary used within the text, reflecting some Ṭuroyo words that have not been documented elsewhere. The paper also discusses the motifs of the Stērka Zerá folktale according to the standard classification scheme of folk motifs.
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Ahmad, Hawraz A. y Tarik A. Rashid. "Central Kurdish Text-to-Speech Synthesis with Novel End-to-End Transformer Training". Algorithms 17, n.º 7 (3 de julio de 2024): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a17070292.
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Recent advancements in text-to-speech (TTS) models have aimed to streamline the two-stage process into a single-stage training approach. However, many single-stage models still lag behind in audio quality, particularly when handling Kurdish text and speech. There is a critical need to enhance text-to-speech conversion for the Kurdish language, particularly for the Sorani dialect, which has been relatively neglected and is underrepresented in recent text-to-speech advancements. This study introduces an end-to-end TTS model for efficiently generating high-quality Kurdish audio. The proposed method leverages a variational autoencoder (VAE) that is pre-trained for audio waveform reconstruction and is augmented by adversarial training. This involves aligning the prior distribution established by the pre-trained encoder with the posterior distribution of the text encoder within latent variables. Additionally, a stochastic duration predictor is incorporated to imbue synthesized Kurdish speech with diverse rhythms. By aligning latent distributions and integrating the stochastic duration predictor, the proposed method facilitates the real-time generation of natural Kurdish speech audio, offering flexibility in pitches and rhythms. Empirical evaluation via the mean opinion score (MOS) on a custom dataset confirms the superior performance of our approach (MOS of 3.94) compared with that of a one-stage system and other two-staged systems as assessed through a subjective human evaluation.
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Idrees, Saman y Hossein Hassani. "Exploiting Script Similarities to Compensate for the Large Amount of Data in Training Tesseract LSTM: Towards Kurdish OCR". Applied Sciences 11, n.º 20 (19 de octubre de 2021): 9752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11209752.
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Applications based on Long-Short-Term Memory (LSTM) require large amounts of data for their training. Tesseract LSTM is a popular Optical Character Recognition (OCR) engine that has been trained and used in various languages. However, its training becomes obstructed when the target language is not resourceful. This research suggests a remedy for the problem of scant data in training Tesseract LSTM for a new language by exploiting a training dataset for a language with a similar script. The target of the experiment is Kurdish. It is a multi-dialect language and is considered less-resourced. We choose Sorani, one of the Kurdish dialects, that is mostly written in Persian-Arabic script. We train Tesseract using an Arabic dataset, and then we use a considerably small amount of texts in Persian-Arabic to train the engine to recognize Sorani texts. Our dataset is based on a series of court case documents in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. We also fine-tune the engine using 10 Unikurd fonts. We use Lstmeval and Ocreval to evaluate the outputs. The result indicates the achievement of 95.45% accuracy. We also test the engine using texts outside the context of court cases. The accuracy of the system remains close to what was found earlier indicating that the script similarity could be used to overcome the lack of large-scale data.
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Khan, Geoffrey. "The Neo-Aramaic dialect spoken by Jews from the region of Arbel (Iraqi Kurdistan)". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 62, n.º 2 (junio de 1999): 213–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00016682.
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Aramaic-speaking Jewish communities used to be found in various towns and villages throughout north-eastern Iraq, north-western Iran and southern Turkey before the mass exodus of Iraqi Jewry to the state of Israel in 1950–51. In Iraq, the Aramaic speakers were found in an area that may be denned as the land lying above a line drawn on a map across the country through the towns of Musil and Kirkuk. Aramaic was not the first language of all Jews of the area. In the large towns of Musil, Kirkuk, Aqra, as well as Arbel, Arabic was the Jewish vernacular. In some villages the Jews spoke Kurdish as their first language. In Iran, Aramaic-speaking Jewish communities were found as far south as Kerend. The northern limits of the Jewish Aramaic area were formed by communities in the region of lake Van in southern Turkey and those around lake Urmia in north-west Iran (Hopkins, 1993: 62–4).