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Tesis sobre el tema "Ketones"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junio de 2021

Última modificación: 29 de julio de 2024

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1

Stubbs, Brianna. "Metabolism of exogenous ketones". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3a3f65b4-4442-415e-b4bc-e0175adf65b5.

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As metabolic substrates, ketone bodies provide an alternative to glucose in order to pro- long survival during starvation. A low carbohydrate, high fat diet can be used to promote ketogenesis without fasting, but long-term compliance can be difficult. Dietary ketone bod- ies may be an alternative method to induce ketosis, so the aim of the work in this Thesis was to investigate the metabolism of exogenous ketones. In the first experimental Chap- ter, the effects of ketone ester and salt drinks on blood β-hydroxybutyrate (Î²HB), glucose, lipids, electrolytes and pH were determined in healthy humans at rest. Blood D-βHB levels were higher following ketone ester drinks, but it was found that total βHB levels with ke- tone salts were similar, as over 50% of Î²HB delivered in the salt was the L-isoform, which was only slowly removed from the blood. Circulating glucose and lipid concentrations fell following both ketone drinks. Blood pH fell following ketone ester consumption, but rose following ketone salt drinks, whilst both compounds raised blood sodium and chloride, and lowered potassium. Work in the second Chapter investigated the repeatability of ketone es- ter metabolism with food, successive drinks or continuous nasogastric (NG) infusion. Peak D-βHB levels were repeatable between- and within- subjects at rest but were lower after a meal, although blood acetoacetate, breath acetone and urine βHB were unaffected by feed- ing. βHB kinetic parameters were not altered by existing hyperketonemia from successive ketone ester drinks and total βHB uptake was identical when isovolumetric amounts of ketone ester were continuously infused through a NG tube. The third Chapter explored side-effects of ketone drinks: ketone ester drinks decreased appetite compared to isocaloric dextrose; which may have been linked to effects of βHB on enteroendocrine cells. Fur- thermore, both ester and salt drinks were found to be unpalatable, and to cause a few, mild gastro-intestinal effects that increased with intake. As exogenous ketones could be a per- formance enhancing supplement in sport, the fourth Chapter used a survey to investigate supplement use by endurance athletes. The results demonstrated widespread supplement use, which was highest at the elite level. In the final Chapter, the effect of glycogen lev- els on the oxidation of βHB was determined in isolated perfused rat hearts. Low cardiac glycogen levels decreased βHB oxidation and levels of the intermediates of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, whilst increasing muscle amino acid levels, suggesting that low glycogen may have impaired anaplerosis. In conclusion, this work extends current understanding of the novel physiological ketosis that occurs following exogenous ketone consumption.

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2

Lateef, Juma. "The reactions of fluorinated ketones". Thesis, Brunel University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286819.

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3

Smith, Athene Rachael Cecilia. "Catalytic asymmetric reduction of ketones". Thesis, University of Warwick, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.302649.

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4

Gemmell, Natasha. "Diastereocontrolled modifications of sugar ketones". Thesis, University of Reading, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342107.

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5

Studley, John Richard. "The asymmetric reduction of ketones". Thesis, University of Bath, 1996. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307117.

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6

Zhu, Jia Liang. "Reductive alkylation of Ã-cyano ketones". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq39611.pdf.

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7

Zinovyeva, Lyudmyla. "Darstellung und Reaktionen einiger ß,Y-ungesättigter Ketone - Preparation and reactivity of some ß,Y-unsaturated ketones". Gerhard-Mercator-Universitaet Duisburg, 2003. http://www.ub.uni-duisburg.de/ETD-db/theses/available/duett-09182003-170256/.

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The reactivity of the polycyclic ß,Y-unsaturated ketones under different conditions were investigated. The titled ketons were reacted with Lithiumaluminiumhidrid and Grignard reagents with following dehydratation of the resulted secondary and tertiary alkohol. The Bucherer reaction, thermolysis and photolysis of these ketones were carried out.

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8

Earlywine, Arthur Dale. "The stereochemistry and mechanism of the iron pentacarbonyl-promoted coupling of strained olefins to carbon monoxide : a NMR-facilitated study of the equilibrium constants between and collision complex of a 10,11-diphenyl-1,4:5,8-dimethano-1,4,4a,4b,5,8,8a, 8b-octahydrofluorene-9-one stereoisomer and the lanthanide shift reagent Eu(fod), the electrophilic aromatic thallation of some selected biomolecules, and the synthesis and high resolution NMR study of the two series of 1,4,4a,8a-tetrahydro-endo-1,4-methanonaphthalene-5 ,8-diones and pentacyclo[5.4.0.0,.0". Full-text version available from OU Domain via ProQuest Digital Dissertations, 1985.

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9

Canbolat, Eylem. "Organocatalytic Resolution Of Racemic Alpha Azido Ketones". Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614602/index.pdf.

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Chiral cyclic alpha azido ketones are very important compounds in organic chemistry. Because, the reduced forms of them are amino alcohols and these amino alcohols are interesting compounds for their biological activities. They have some pharmaceutical activities such as: potassium channel open up properties, treatment of central nervous system, antihypertensive properties, the agent of dopamin receptor activator, hypolipemic agent and dopamine agonist. These types of compounds have highly acidic alpha-protons, and many kinds of reactions can be performed with them. In this study, mainly, selective protonation of racemic compounds was performed with a new practical method and there are not so many examples related to deracemization in the literature. Alpha-azido derivatives of tetralone, indanone, chromanone, and thiochromanone structures are chosen as starting materials because of their importance for biological activities arising from their cyclic structures. Firstly, these &alpha
-azido compounds were synthesized according to literature. The acidic alpha-protons do not require strong bases. Their enantioselective deracemization and deracemization processes were screened by using Cinchona derivatives as organocatalysts. This screening process was monitored by chiral HPLC columns. The parameters such as catalyst loading, solvent, temperature, reaction time and additives were optimized to obtain high enantioselectivities up to 98%. In addition to deracemization reactions, Michael addition reactions were also performed by starting from &alpha
-azido chromanones. In these reactions different type of urea catalyst was used to activate the electrophilic part of trans-&beta
-nitrostyrene compound. Again by controlling the temperature, time and catalyst loading, two diastereomers were formed and the screening process was monitored by chiral HPLC columns again. The Michael products were obtained in up to 94% ee and 75% yield.

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10

Bena, Luvuyo Clifford. "Investigations into the asymmetric reduction of ketones". Thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/323.

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A six-step synthesis of salbutamol from methyl salicylate with an overall yield of 17% has been completed, although the yield was not optimised. In the process, Zn(BH4)2 was found to selectively reduce a ketone carbonyl group in the presence of an ester unit. In contrast, borane was found to reduce both the ketone and ester carbonyl groups. Reduction of phenacyl bromide with borane in the presence of chiral catalysts based on (R)-alaninol and (R,S)-ephidrine resulted a measure of enantioselectivity in the product. However, the configuration of the alcohol obtained in the case of (R)-alaninol was contrary to expectations based both on experimental trends observed elsewhere as well as our own theoretical predictions. The asymmetric reduction of methyl 5-bromoacetyl-2-benzyloxybenzoate was accomplished with both borane and Zn(BH4)2 in the presence of a range of chiral catalysts. Optically active products were obtained in all cases, although the optical rotations were significantly smaller in the case of Zn(BH4)2. Unfortunately, we were not successful in determining the enantiomeric excesses of these reactions. The use of a NMR lanthanide shift reagent resulted in a complex spectrum that was impossible to interpret unambiguously. This presumably arises from the presence of several Lewis base sites in the product at which complexation with the shift reagent can take place. It was also not possible to determine the optical rotation of salbutamol itself owing to the relatively small amount of material obtained. A conformational analysis of salbutamol, where NMR data was correlated with molecular modelling results, was successfully carried out and revealed a strong preference for that conformer family characterised by O–C–C–N and Ar–C–C–N torsion angles of ca. 60º and 180º, respectively. Interestingly, these conformers are found to be stabilised by OH…N rather than NH…O hydrogen bonding. This study has also confirmed the effectiveness of the MMFF94 force field for conformational analysis studies in compounds of this kind. Lastly, a relatively simple method for modelling the BH3/oxazaborolidine reduction of ketones at the PM3 semiempirical MO level of approximation was devised. This approach has provided insights into the mechanism of the reaction and has furthermore enabled us to predict the enantioselectivities likely to result from various catalysts and ketones. In comparing our theoretical and experimental findings, an anomalous result was observed in the case of (R)-alaninol; this will have to be investigated further, particularly at the experimental level. However, we believe that our approach provides a sound basis for aiding the design and screening of new, potentially better catalysts.

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11

Lively, Sarah Elizabeth. "Catalytic asymmetric synthesis of #alpha#-hydroxy ketones". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388709.

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12

Wu, Luis Eduardo. "Synthesis of unnatural sugars from unsaturated ketones". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368669.

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13

Silvanus, Andrew. "Exploring the synthetic utility of divinyl ketones". Thesis, University of Bath, 2010. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.535271.

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Divided into three distinct research areas, this thesis investigates the synthetic utility of divinyl ketones as versatile substrates in the construction of novel cyclic structures. The first volume of work (Chapter 2) examines the one-pot Brønsted acid-catalysed tandem double alkylation of indole with non-symmetrical divinyl ketones. The [6,5,7] tricyclic indole products are often furnished in excellent yield, with complete regioselectivity and high levels of syn-diastereoselectivity. Optimisation, a thorough substrate investigation and initial results are all discussed within. An in-depth mechanistic study is described in Chapter 3. Experimental and computational data is utilised to elucidate the reaction pathway and help explain the high levels of regioand diastereoselectivity observed during the tandem double alkylation of indoles developed in Chapter 2. The mechanism for the annulation step is shown to proceed via a 7-endo-mode C-2 Friedel-Crafts alkylation of the indole for which the rate-determining step is believed to be the loss of C-2 the proton to regain aromaticity. The final chapter concerns the phase transfer catalysed double Michael addition of activated methylene pronucleophiles to non-symmetrical divinyl ketones. The resultant substituted cyclohexanones are constructed in high yields with broad tolerance to substrate scope. In addition, proof-of-concept levels of enantioselectivity have been obtained with the use of N-alkylated Cinchona alkaloids as chiral phase transfer catalysts. With 36% enantiomeric excess, this tandem [5C+1C] annulation is shown to be an appropriate method of furnishing enantioenriched cyclohexanones.

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14

Matsuda, Tomoko. "Asymmetric Reduction of Ketones by Geotrichum candidum". 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/157209.

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本文データは平成22年度国立国会図書館の学位論文(博士)のデジタル化実施により作成された画像ファイルを基にpdf変換したものである
Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・論文博士
博士(理学)
乙第10364号
論理博第1380号
新制||理||1182(附属図書館)
UT51-2000-F430
(主査)助教授中村薫, 教授林民生, 教授大須賀篤弘
学位規則第4条第2項該当

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15

Camerino, Eugene. "Trifluoromethyl ketones: Potential insecticides towards Anopheles gambiae". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54015.

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Malaria continues to cause significant mortality in sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere, and existing vector control measures are being threatened by growing resistance to pyrethroid insecticides. With the goal of developing new human-safe, resistance-breaking insecticides we have explored several classes of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. In vitro assay studies have shown that trifluoromethyl ketones (TFK\'s) are potent inhibitors of An. gambiae AChE (AgAChE), that inhibit the enzyme by making a covalent adduct with the catalytic serine of the enzyme. However research in the Carlier group has shown that trifluoromethyl ketones bearing benzene and pyrazole cores have shown very little toxicity to An. gambiae, perhaps due to hydration and rapid clearance.

Focus was directed towards synthesis of oximes, oxime ethers, and hydrazones as potential prodrugs to prevent immediate hydration and reach the central nervous system. The synthesis of various oximes, oxime ethers, and hydrazones has been shown to give cimpounds toxic to Anopheles gambiae within 3- to 4- fold of the toxicity of propoxur. However, thus far we have not been able to link the toxicity of these compounds to a cholinergic mechanism. Pre-incubation studies suggest that significant hydrolysis of these compounds to TFKs does not occur or 22 h at pH 7.7 or 5.5.
Future work will be directed towards TFKs that have better pharmacokinetic properties. Work will also be directed at synthesis of oxime and hydrazone TFK isosteres to determine the mechanism of action of these compounds.

Master of Science

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16

Moody, Catherine Laura. "Improved routes to unsaturated ketones and heterocycles". Thesis, University of York, 2012. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2409/.

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The work herein comprises two distinct projects: the first involves the construction of allylic ketones and enones directly from primary alcohols, using a novel one-pot procedure. Following development of this methodology, its application to the synthesis of indolizidine alkaloid elaeokanidine A was investigated. The second research area concerns the development of a copper(II)-catalysed radical cyclisation reaction to form spirocyclic oxindoles directly from linear anilides, along with subsequent preliminary studies towards to the synthesis of spirotryprostatin A.

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17

Drumright, Ray E. "Radical anion rearrangements. aryl cyclopropyl ketyl anions". Diss., This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07282008-134853/.

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18

Tang, Man-wai Simon. "Novel cyclic ketones for catalytic epoxidation of olefins /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B1853871X.

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19

Karabacak, Elife Ozlem. "Aspergillus Niger Mediated A-hydroxylation Of Cyclic Ketones". Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12608088/index.pdf.

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Chiral a -hydroxy ketones are important structural units in many natural products, biologically active compounds and the hydroxyl group has frequently been used as a reagent directing group, such as for the selective elaboration of aldol products. In this work, enzymatic synthesis of both enantiomers of the a -hydroxy ketones (2-hydroxy indanone, 2-hydroxy tetralone) using Aspergillus niger by selective &
#945
-oxidation of ketones (1-indanone, 1-tetralone) was studied. The &
#945
-oxidation of ketones was carried out by using whole cells of Aspergillus niger in different growth media. A. niger whole cell catalyzed reactions afforded (S)-configurated 2- hydroxy-1-tetralone with %87 e.e. in DMSO at pH 5.0. In addition to this,while (S)-configurated 2-hydroxy-1-indanone with %33 e.e. in pH 8.0 (in DMSO) was synthesized, (R)-configurated-2-hyroxy-1-indanone with %32 e.e. in pH 7.0 ( in DMSO) was synthesized.

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20

Aybey, Ayse. "Oxidative Ring Opening Reactions Of A-hydroxy Ketones". Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12609279/index.pdf.

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Chiral polyfunctionalized 1,5-dicarbonyl compounds are important synthetic intermediates and starting materials for many biologically active compounds so their synthesis has a great importance in the literature. In the first step, 1,3-cyclohexandione and other b-diketone derivatives are protected under acid catalyzation and their corresponding b-keto enol ether derivatives are obtained. These b-keto enol ethers are then converted to a-acetoxy enones in racemic form by Mn(OAc)3 mediated oxidation. Enzymatic kinetic resolution is applied to the racemic acetoxy enones by using different lipases and enantiomerically pure a-acetoxy and hydroxy enones are obtained. Then, dicarbonyl derivatives are obtained by hydrolizing racemic a-acetoxy enones. Oxidative cleavage of racemic a-acetoxy diketones in the presence of oxone gives corresponding racemic 1,5-dimethyl ester derivatives. By using this reaction as a reference, same reactions are applied to the chiral a-acetoxy and hydroxy diketones in order to synthesize chiral a-acetoxy and hydroxy 1,5-diester derivatives.

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21

Fairhurst, Robin A. "Stereochemical aspects in the aminoalkylation reactions of ketones". Thesis, Loughborough University, 1991. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/28437.

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A simple "one-pot" method has been developed for the amino-methylation of ketones possessing an α-hydrogen under aprotic conditions. The procedure utilises chlorotrimethylsilane in the sequential formation of the intermediate trimethylsilyl enol ether and methylene iminium species. The methylene iminium ion intermediate is generated either from a dialkylaminoalkoxymethane or a bis-(dialkylamino)methane.

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22

鄧文偉 y Man-wai Simon Tang. "Novel cyclic ketones for catalytic epoxidation of olefins". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31214654.

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23

鄧陽招 y Yeung-chiu Dennis Tang. "Accelerated decomposition of peroxynitrite by Ketones and Aldehydes". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31221701.

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24

Cunningham, Anthony. "Catalytic enantioselective reductions and allylations of prochiral ketones". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251974.

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25

Sandey, Helen Jane. "Biotransformations of bicyclic ketones to lactones by microorganisms". Thesis, University of Exeter, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293978.

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26

Allan, John Fraser. "Reactions of amidomagnesium compounds with ketones and aldehydes". Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.415132.

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27

Fullbrook, Jeremy Jon. "Generating structural diversity in α,α-difluoromethyl ketones". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2003. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/98/.

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This thesis describes attempts to use palladium-catalysed cross-coupling methodology in the synthesis of α,α-difluoroketones contained within a diverse array of molecular motifs. 1-(N,N-Diethylcarbamoyloxy)-2,2-difluoro-1-(tributylstannyl)ethene undergoes Stille cross coupling with a variety of aryl, heteroaryl, vinyl and allyl organic electrophiles. Conditions, which promote in situ transmetallation to a more reactive copper intermediate, were essential for obtaining significant quantities of product. 1-(N,N-Diethylcarbamoyloxy)-2,2-difluoro-1-iodoethene also underwent coupling with a range of aryl, heteroaryl and vinyl stannanes. Due to the difficulties with cleavage of this protecting group, the synthesis and potential application of an N-ethyl-N-(2-methylallyl)carbamate has been studied. A 2-methoxyethoxymethyl (MEM) protecting group strategy proved very successful for the synthesis of a range of difluoromethyl aryl ketones. Two consecutive coupling reactions were possible from a difluoroenol stannane, in which coupling of initial styrene products bearing a triflate group afforded a range of biarylethenes. Cleavage occurred under mild electrophilic conditions with protic, halogen, sulfur and carbon electrophiles. Diene products have been tested for reactivity in Sharpless Asymmetric Dihydroxylation. A 1,4-diene has been converted through to a fluorinated analogue of a dideoxyxylulose. A 1,3-diene has been successfully converted through to a difluorodeoxyxylulose of current interest. Key points involve regioselective and highly enantioselective dihydroxylation of the non-fluorinated olefin. Application of a special protecting group for the allylic alcohol was essential, as was control of the pH of the reaction medium.

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28

Phillips, Janice Paige. "Rearrangements of Radical Anions Generated from Cyclopropyl Ketones". Diss., Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40178.

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Cyclopropyl-containing substrates have been frequently utilized as "probes" for the detection of SET pathways in organic and biorganic systems. These reactions are based on the cyclorpropylcarbinyl - homoallyl rearrangement, which is fast and essentially irreversible. The implicit assumption in such studies is that if a "radical" species is produced, it will undergo ring opening. We have found that there are two important factors to consider in the design of SET probes: 1) ring strain, the thermodynamic driving force for the rearrangement, and 2) resonance energy, which may help or hinder rearrangement, depending on the specific system. Delocalization of spin and charge were found to be important factors pertaining to substituent effects on the rates of radical anion rearrangements. Previous studies from our lab have centered on highly conjugated phenyl cyclopropyl ketones. This work considers a series of compounds varying in their conjugative components from a highly conjugated spiro[2.5]octa-4,7-dien-6-one and derivatives to simple aliphatic ketones. Utilizing cyclic, linear sweep voltammetry, and preparative electrolysis techniques, it was discovered that all substrates yielded ring opened products with rates and selectivities that will prove useful and informative in the design of mechanistic probes based on the cyclorpropylcarbinyl - homoallyl rearrangement. Rates of homogeneous electron transfer from a series of hydrocarbon mediators to substrates were measured using homogeneous catalysis techniques. Standard reduction potentials and reorganization energies of substrates were derived using Marcus theory. Conjugative interactions with the cyclopropyl group are discussed.
Ph. D.

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29

Tang, Yeung-chiu Dennis. "Accelerated decomposition of peroxynitrite by Ketones and Aldehydes /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20897145.

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30

Yamanaka, Rio. "Biocatalytic Asymmetric Reduction of Ketones by Photosynthetic Organisms". 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/149105.

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31

Mathis, Tiffaney M. "Synthesis and characterization of o-Acylnaphthols a thesis presented to the faculty of the Graduate School, Tennessee Technological University /". Click to access online, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=1679676631&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=6&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1268416679&clientId=28564.

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32

呂幹雄 y Kon-hung Lui. "Complementary approaches to 2,2-disubstituted 1,4-diketones, and the preparation and properties of 3H- and 3H-pyrroles derived from them". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1988. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31231299.

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33

Walker, Louise F. "Synthetic applications of alkylidene carbenes". Thesis, University of Warwick, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343952.

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34

Masters, Susannah Jane. "Studies towards the synthesis of the squalestatins". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298950.

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35

Grocock, Estella Louise. "Novel catalysts and mechanistic investigation in dioxirane-mediated oxidations". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2000. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/33767.

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The work described in this thesis follows the development of a family of achiral trifluoroketones, which were studied for use as ketone catalysts for the in situ generation of dioxiranes. One of the ketones investigated was a novel solid phase polymer-bound ketone, which led to a new area for dioxirane generation that could be of particular use in industry. Oxidations were run under monophasic and biphasic solvent reaction systems, with emphasis on the former. Ranges of reactions, including epoxidation and alcohol oxidations were examined to test the efficiency of each ketone. It was found that epoxidation reactions gave the most efficient oxidations, although secondary benzylic alcohols also gave evidence of oxidation.

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36

Wong, Man-kin. "Design and synthesis of chiral ketones for catalytic asymmetric epoxidation of unfunctionalized olefins /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B1815623X.

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37

Yip, Yiu-chung. "Asymmetric epoxidation of unfunctionalized olefins catalyzed by chiral ketones /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18156502.

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38

Lui, Kon-hung. "Complementary approaches to 2,2-disubstituted 1,4-diketones, and the preparation and properties of 3H- and 3H-pyrroles derived from them /". [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1988. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12349367.

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39

Torok, Daniel Seth 1963. "Diastereoselective cyclopropanations of alpha,beta-unsaturated ketals derived from chiral hydrobenzoin". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276784.

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2-Cycloalken-1-one-(-)-erythro-hydrobenzoin ketals undergo efficient and diastereoselective cyclopropanation when treated with an excess of Simmons-Smith reagent. The resulting crystalline products yield enantiomerically pure cyclopropyl compounds upon recrystallization. For example, 2-cyclohexen-1-one-(-)-erythro-hydrobenzoin ketal gave, in 90% yield, a 19:1 mixture of diastereomeric cyclopropanes as established by 62.9 MHz ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. Upon one recrystallization, diastereomerically pure cyclopropane was obtained in 78% recovery. Hydrolysis gave (+)-norcaranone of greater than 99% ee. Three other examples are presented which demonstrate the advantages of hydrobenzoin ketals over previously used homochiral ketals, as well as several techniques for the synthesis of chiral hydrobenzoin.

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40

Ucak-Astarlioglu, Mine Gunes. "The electronic structure and spectroscopy of diarylidene-cycloalkanones and their protonated cations". Link to electronic thesis, 2003. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-0506103-160044.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Worcester Polytechnic Institute.
Keywords: polyene ketones; diarylidene-cycloalkanones; spectroscopy; electronic structure; protonated cations; photochemistry; electronic states. Includes bibliographical references (p. 189-191).

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41

Esiringu, Ilker. "Intermolecular Addition Of Aldehydes To Ketones Via Acyl Phosphonates". Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12609441/index.pdf.

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This thesis presents a new developed method for first intermolecular aldehyde/ketone cross benzoin coupling. Protected &
#945
-keto tertiary alcohols are synthesized starting from easily available acyl phosphonates and ketones via Brook rearrangement in the presence of catalytic amount of cyanide ion. The scopes and the limitations of the methods for the synthesis of tertiary alcohols with &
#945
-keto group are discovered.

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42

Tsuchiya, Tomoki. "Novel chiral ketones as catalysts for asymmetric epoxidation reactions". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.419713.

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Wailes, J. Steven. "Novel chiral ketones as catalysts for asymmetric oxidation reactions". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.364652.

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Lewis, John David. "An investigation of the enzymatic reduction of bicyclic ketones". Thesis, Cardiff University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316234.

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Heal, William. "Polyleucine catalysed asymmetric epoxidation of Î±,Î²-unsaturated ketones". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272718.

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46

Parsy, Christophe C. "Flavin and electron deficient ketones as hydrogen peroxide activators". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.343927.

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Fang, Zhijia. "Asymmetric reduction of functionalized ketones and their synthetic applications". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2013. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/59696/.

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Asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (ATH) represents a powerful methodology for the synthesis of chiral secondary alcohols. The synthesis of chiral propargylic alcohols by asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of acetylenic ketones has been applied to a number of applications including target oriented synthesis. In this thesis, the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of a large number of functionalized alkyones and dialkyones has been fully investigated. Basic principles as well as detailed reaction conditions for the ATH of acetylenic ketones have been established. Chiral propargylic alcohols have been successfully prepared by a new method that was developed during this project and some of the products and strategies were used for the total synthesis of (-)-yashabushidiol B and panaxjapyne A. Moreover a group of aromatic ketones functionalized with the 1,3-dioxin-4-one scaffold were prepared and used as substrates for asymmetric transfer hydrogenation. Detailed reaction conditions such as catalyst loading, temperature, substitution effects and stability of substrates were fully investigated. Reduced products were prepared in a highly stereoselective manner and the utility of this method and the resulting chiral alcohols have been illustrated by the total synthesis of yashabushitriol. The application of ATH to the preparation of a highly optically pure ester for scanning tunnelling microscopy (SCM) dissociation and hierarchical assembly was also undertaken.

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Carr, Sheryl Teresa. "Insulin and Ketones: Their Roles in Brain Mitochondrial Function". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2017. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6810.

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The prevalence of both Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) is increasing worldwide, and the trends are unfortunately expected to continue. AD has recently been tied with mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance, creating a mechanistic tie between AD and T2DM. Unfortunately, insulin resistance is often increased with aging and therefore, all individuals are at risk of brain mitochondrial dysfunction. Without proper mitochondrial function, the brain will degenerate, causing impaired cognitive function and reduced quality of life. The purpose of this study is two-fold: first, to understand the role of ceramides in insulin-induced brain mitochondrial dysfunction, and; second, to understand how ketones can restore brain mitochondrial function in aged brains. To evaluate the role of insulin resistance and ceramides in brain mitochondrial function, we induced hyperinsulinemia in ApoE4 mice. In addition to insulin, one group received myriocin injections to inhibit ceramide biosynthesis. We observed significant increases in brain ceramides in the insulin-treated group, which correlated with disrupted brain mitochondrial function. However, the group receiving myriocin alone, and, importantly, myriocin with insulin, had normal lipid profiles and normal mitochondrial bioenergetics. Altogether, these findings support the hypothesis of the key role of ceramides in insulin resistance-induced mitochondrial dysfunction within the brain. Next, young adult (5 months old) and old (28 months old) rats were assigned to either standard chow diets or very-low-carbohydrate, high-fat, ketogenic diets for 4 weeks. Following the treatment period, we analyzed brain mitochondrial function and oxidative stress. We found that the old rats fed the ketogenic diet had improved mitochondrial function in comparison to the old rats consuming standard rodent chow. In addition, the old rats fed a standard diet had significantly higher levels of oxidative stress than the aged rats on the very-low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet. These findings revealed that ketones can protect brain mitochondrial function in aging. Collectively, these results suggest that insulin resistance has a role in the development of brain mitochondrial dysfunction due to ceramide accumulation, while ketones can help mitigate some of the negative consequences of aging, perhaps some due to insulin resistance, on brain mitochondrial function.

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葉耀宗 y Yiu-chung Yip. "Asymmetric epoxidation of unfunctionalized olefins catalyzed by chiralketones". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31236406.

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黃文健 y Man-kin Wong. "Design and synthesis of chiral ketones for catalytic asymmetric epoxidation of unfunctionalized olefins". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31236285.

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