Literatura académica sobre el tema "Kasakhstan"

A new species of the genus Pseudotaphoxenus Schaufuss, 1865, P. kazakhstanicus sp. nov., is described from the Aktolagai Mountain Range in Western Kazakhstan and the Koksengir Mountains in Central Kasakhstan.

I februar 2014 hadde Erika Fatland en drøm der hun gikk på et kjempestort kart langs en rød strek fra land til land. På den ene siden av den røde streken var Russland – verdens største land. Da hun våknet skjønte hun at denne drømmen skulle bli virkelighet, men først måtte hun sjekke om boken allerede var skrevet. Til hennes store forbauselse fantes det ingenting tilsvarende på Amazon. Rundt tre år senere, hvorav 259 dager var på reisefot, hadde det som startet som en drøm – blitt til en bok.

The RAS gene family is among the most studied and best characterized of the known cancer related genes. Of the three human RAS isoforms, KRAS is the most frequently altered gene, with mutations occurring in 17%–25% of all cancers. KRAS mutations are one of the most dominant mutations at 7% to 80% for colorectal cancer, 25% to 87% for pancreatic cancer, and 25% to 48% for lung cancer. The impact of KRAS mutations on the prognosis and survival of patients with adenocarcinoma and other types of cancer stimulates a lot of scientific research on their developmental mechanisms. To further develop a protocol for the treatment of mutant KRAS cases in Kazkahstan we study KRAS mutations status in Kazakhstani colorectal cancer and pancreatic patients. In this article, we review the literature on the role of KRAS mutation testing for management of patients and demonstrate preliminary data on KRAS mutation status in Kasakhstani patients with colorectal and pancreatic cancer.

Within the genera of fossil Brachiopoda eight junior homonyms are found and the following replacement names are proposed: 1) Brachiotesuquea Ceccolini & Cianferoni nom. nov. = Tesuquea Sutherland and Harlow, 1973 nec Klots, 1936 (Insecta, Lepidoptera); 2) Brachiosvalbardia Ceccolini & Cianferoni nom. nov. = Svalbardia Barkhatova, 1970 nec Thor, 1930 (Acari, Oribatida); 3) Rhyncholeptospira Ceccolini & Cianferoni nom. nov. = Leptospira Boucot, Johnson & Staton, 1964 nec Swainson, 1840 (Gastropoda, Stylommatophora); 4) Rhynchogilviella Ceccolini & Cianferoni nom. nov. = Ogilviella Lenz, 1968 nec Paramonov, 1954 (Insecta, Diptera); 5) Spiriarchboldiella Ceccolini & Cianferoni nom. nov. = Archboldiella Winkler Prins, 2008 nec Heinrich , 1934 (Insecta, Hymenoptera); 6) Brachiokasakhstania Ceccolini and Cianferoni nom. nov. = Kasakhstania Besnossova, 1968 nec Arnol'di, 1960 (Insecta, Curculionidae); 7) Thecidanella Ceccolini & Cianferoni nom. nov. = Danella Pajaud, 1966 nec Gray, 1869 (Anthozoa, Alcyonacea); 8) Brachiobittnerella Ceccolini & Cianferoni nom. nov. = Bittnerella Dagys, 1974 nec Dall, 1898 (Bivalvia, Arcida). Moreover, 16 new combinations (comb. nov.) are made accordingly.

Sovjetunionens oppløsning førte blant annet til at de sentralasiatiske sovjetrepublikkene ble uavhengige stater, deriblant Kasakhstan og Usbekistan. Hvordan har den språkhistoriske utviklingen i disse landene vært? Hvordan påvirker språklovene situasjonen for det russiske språket etter selvstendigheten? Er dagens språkpolitikk noe nytt i regionen, eller er de politiske grep idag gammelt nytt fra sovjettiden?Dette er noen av de sentrale spørsmålene i denne oppgaven.Jeg anvender meg av komparativ metode når jeg ser på de kasakhiske og usbekiske språklovene fra både før og etter uavhengigheten. Dette anser jeg som hensiktsmessig da jeg er interessert i to ting; å finne likheter og ulikeheter mellom landene i språkspørsmålet, samt å finne likheter og ulikheter i tidsperiode, altså før og etter selvstendigheten.Som definition på hva språkpolitikk er, går jeg ut ifra en bred definisjon som gjenfinnes hos Schlyter ( Language Policy in Independent Uzbekistan s.8). Språkpolitikk er de virkemidler som offentlige myndigheter har for å påvirke språks utvikling.Takk til Per Arne Bodin, min veileder ved slaviske institusjonen. Takk til Birgit Schlyter ved institusjonen for orientaliske språk for hjelp i fremskaffing av litteratur og hvis forskning har gjort denne oppgaven mulig.

Plusieurs sites du Paléolithique inférieur découverts dans le Caucase depuis presque un siècle permettent de considérer ce territoire comme un centre de ces cultures. Situé au carrefour de trois mondes – l’Afrique, l’Europe et l’Asie, – le Caucase, notamment la Transcaucasie, représente une zone-clé dans le déroulement des schémas de migrations des premiers hominidés Out-of-Africa vers notre continent. Plusieurs cultures acheuléennes technologiquement et typologiquement très variées coexistent et se développent dans cette région. Cependant, l’élément présent dans tous les assemblages lithiques transcaucasiens est le biface. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif de la thèse est d’apporter des renseignements dans la compréhension du développement du Paléolithique inférieur dans le Caucase par une étude morpho-technologique et typologique des bifaces. Les échantillons de bifaces sélectionnés sont issus des sites du Caucase du sud, notamment de la grotte de Koudaro I (MIS 9-8) et des ensembles des sites acheuléens de plein-air de Lashé-Balta (Ossétie du Sud, Géorgie) et de Dzhraber (Arménie). La grotte de Koudaro I est l’un des rares sites stratifiés, il représente un site de comparaison pour les autres gisements. La classification proposée ici et appliquée aux échantillons est basée sur la distinction des « bifaces », des « pièces bifaciales » et des « pièces considérées comme bifaces » par Vasily P. LYUBIN, responsable de fouille, dans les années 60. Ainsi, à Koudaro I sur 138 pièces considérées comme « bifaces » 27 sont des bifaces complets et partiels fabriqués sur éclat de grès, grès quartzite et schiste, de morphologie lancéolée, ovalaire et amygdaloïde et 58 sont des pièces bifaciales. A Lashé-Balta sur 56 pièces 31 sont des bifaces complets, partiels et des unifaces sur éclat de bombe volcanique en andésite, de types ovalaires, amygdaloïdes et cordiformes et 15 sont des pièces bifaciales. A Dzhraber sur 105 pièces 75 sont des bifaces complets, partiels et des unifaces sur éclat d’obsidienne, de typologie cordiforme, amygdaloïde, ovalaire, lancéolée et 7 sont des pièces bifaciales. Les résultats de comparaison montrent que les bifaces provenant de Koudaro I et de Lashé-Balta sont très proches, malgré la différente nature des matières premières. Les bifaces de Dzhraber, à leur tour, partagent non seulement des caractéristiques techno-typologiques des pièces ossétiennes, mais en grande majorité de celles des pièces en obsidienne de Turquie. Dans ce contexte, la question concernant le rapport « Roche – Technique(s) » se pose.Cette méthodologie a ensuite pu être appliquée sur les bifaces découverts en surface dans les régions de la péninsule de Manguistaou, de la mer d’Aral et des monts Mougodjar au Kazakhstan (lieu de conservation : Institut d’Archéologie A.Kh. Margulan, Almaty). L’étude des collections kazakhstanaises est inédite. Il s’agit des bifaces complets et partiels en grès quartzite et en silex, de morphologie ovalaire et lancéolée provenant des monts Mougodjar et de la péninsule de Manguistaou. Les pièces de la région de la mer d’Aral sont attribuées à une période plus tardive. La comparaison effectuée apporte des éléments nécessaires pour soutenir l’hypothèse d’occupation de l’Eurasie par la voie « Ouest » à travers le Caucase à partir de la première vague de migration et non par la voie « Est ». Elle est renforcée par une étude complémentaire d’une collection sans bifaces des couches acheuléennes du site d’Ulalinka (Altaï de Montagnes, Russie)
Several Lower Palaeolithic sites discovered in the territory of the Caucasus for almost a century give us many arguments to consider this territory as a center of these cultures. Situated at the crossroads of three worlds - Africa, Europe and Asia, - the Caucasus, especially the Transcaucasia, represents a key area in migration ways of the first hominids “Out-of-Africa” to our continent. Many Acheulean cultures, of various technology and typology, coexist and develop in this region. However, the element present in all Transcaucasian lithic assemblages is the hand axe. In this context, the aim of this PhD thesis is to provide information about the Lower Palaeolithic period in the Caucasus. The study is based on the morpho-technological and typological study of the hand axes. Samples of hand axes are from South Caucasus sites, in particular from the Kudaro I cave (MIS 9-8) and the Lashe-Balta (South Ossetia, Georgia) and the Dzhraber (Armenia) groups of surface Acheulean sites. The Kudaro I cave is one of the few stratified sites; it represents a comparison site for other surface site collections.The proposed classification is applied to the samples. It is based on the distinction between "hand axes", "bifacial tools" and "pieces considered as hand axes" by Vasily P. LYUBIN, the head of the excavation, in the 1960s. Therefore, in the Kudaro I cave, among 138 pieces considered as "hand axes" by the researcher only 27 are hand axes, complete and partial, made in sandstone, quartzite sandstone and schist flakes, of a lanceolate, ovate and amygdaloid morphology and 58 are bifacial tools. In the Lashe-Balta group of surface sites, among 56 objects only 31 are hand axes, complete and partial, and unifaces in andesite volcanic bombs, of ovate, amygdaloid and cordiform morphology and 15 bifacial tools. In the Dzhraber group of surface sites, among 105 objects only 75 are hand axes, complete and partial, and unifaces in obsidian flakes, of cordiform, amygdaloid, ovate and lanceolate morphology and 7 bifacial tools. Comparison data show that the hand axes from the Kudaro I cave and from the Lashe-Balta group of surface sites are very close, despite the different nature of the raw materials. The hand axes from the Dzhraber group of surface sites, in turn, share not only the techno-typological features of the Ossetian pieces, but in the vast majority of cases those of the obsidian hand axes from Turkey. Here, the question of the relationship "Rock - Technique(s)" arises.Then, that methodology was applied to the hand axes discovered on the surface in the regions of the Mangystau Peninsula, the Aral Sea and the Mugodzhar Mountains in Kazakhstan (place of conservation: Institute of Archaeology named after A.Kh. Margulan, Almaty). The study of the Kazakh collections is unpublished. The collections from the Mugodzhar Mountains and the Mangystau Peninsula are composed of complete and partial hand axes in quartzite sandstone and in flint, of ovate and lanceolate morphology. The hand axes from the Aral Sea region are attributed to a later period. The comparison provides necessary elements to support the hypothesis of occupation of Eurasia by the first humans of the first migration wave by the "Western" way through the Caucasus and not by the "Eastern" one. It is reinforced by the study of the collection without bifaces from the Acheulean layers of the Ulalinka site (Altai Mountains, Russia)