Tesis sobre el tema "Kaputt"
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Baglivo, Beatrice. "La genèse de Kaputt : reportage, journal et récit". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2022. http://theses.univ-cotedazur.fr/2022COAZ2001.
Texto completoComposed and published at the end of a decade of narrative experimentation, Kaputt constitutes the first sign of Curzio Malaparte’s artistic maturity and, in the broader panorama of the 20th century, a still little-known link between pre- and post-war literary experiences. Through the analysis of the articles published in «La Stampa» and «Corriere della Sera» and analysis of the pieces of work that, from the end of the 1920s onwards, significantly marked the writer’s career – the collections of short stories published between 1931 and 1940, Il sole è cieco, Il Volga nasce in Europa – we have analyzed the evolution of Malaparte’s literary writing. In the study of the genesis of Kaputt, particular importance is placed upon the Giornale segreto, the writer’s diary preserved in the Malaparte collection of the Fondazione Biblioteca di via Senato in Milan, which represents the true foreword to the work
Heine, Martin. "VERSUS THE VOX POPULI Reflections on the practice of art as a quest for liberation". University of Sydney. Sydney College of the Fine Arts, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/640.
Texto completoGalda, Michal. "Aktivní závěs kapoty". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230500.
Texto completoChadim, Jakub. "Projekt montážní dílny závěsů kapoty". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-229508.
Texto completoKadrmas, Lukáš. "Homogenní kapota - chování při nárazech impaktorem hlavy". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-228590.
Texto completoGichohi, Helen Wanjiru. "The ecology of a truncated ecosystem : the Athi-Kapiti plains". Thesis, University of Leicester, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/34356.
Texto completoKysilko, Vít. "Optimalizace HIC kritéria při nárazu impaktorem hlavy na kapotu auta". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230463.
Texto completoCoufal, Tomáš. "Studie vlivu vlastností materiálu na simulaci nárazu hlavy chodce na kapotu". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-228589.
Texto completoKapust, Johannes Verfasser] y Werner [Akademischer Betreuer] [Lang. "Mikrozirkulation der Haut in pAVK-Patienten im Stadium IV nach Revaskularisation - eine Angiosomkonzept basierte Auswertung mittels O2C / Johannes Kapust. Gutachter: Werner Lang". Erlangen : Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 2016. http://d-nb.info/1096755092/34.
Texto completoKapust, Johannes [Verfasser] y Werner [Akademischer Betreuer] Lang. "Mikrozirkulation der Haut in pAVK-Patienten im Stadium IV nach Revaskularisation - eine Angiosomkonzept basierte Auswertung mittels O2C / Johannes Kapust. Gutachter: Werner Lang". Erlangen : Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 2016. http://d-nb.info/1096755092/34.
Texto completoHasudungan, Albert. "Political Ecology of Palm Oil Development in the Kapuas Hulu District of West Kalimantan". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18976.
Texto completoJong, Jan Diederik Allard de. "Kapot moeilijk een etnografisch onderzoek naar opvallend delinquent groepsgedrag van 'Marokkaanse' jongens /". [S.l. : Groningen : s.n. ; University Library of Groningen] [Host], 2007. http://irs.ub.rug.nl/ppn/304972592.
Texto completoKapote, Dnyaneshwar Nandkumar [Verfasser]. "Improving solubility and supersaturation of poorly soluble drugs using solid dispersions based on natural polymers and mixtures thereof / Dnyaneshwar Nandkumar Kapote". Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1235524434/34.
Texto completoBerma, Madeline. "The commercialisation of handicraft production among the Iban of Kapit division in Sarawak, Malaysia : constraints and potential". Thesis, University of Hull, 1996. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:4923.
Texto completoKapusi, Eszter [Verfasser], Klaus [Akademischer Betreuer] Humbeck, Reinhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Hehl y Helmut [Akademischer Betreuer] Bäumlein. "Elimination of selectable markers genes via segregation of uncoupled T-DNAs in populations of doubled haploid barley / Eszter Kapusi. Betreuer: Klaus Humbeck ; Reinhard Hehl ; Helmut Bäumlein". Halle, Saale : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1025055519/34.
Texto completoMrázek, Jan. "Vliv prvku pasivní bezpečnosti vozidel při kolizích s chodci". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232560.
Texto completoPerin, Laurie A. "The North American Free Trade Agreement and Environment Debate: A Case Study on the Influence of Values, Beliefs, and Life Experiences in Government Agenda-Setting". Connect to this title online, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1142361798.
Texto completoHarms, Matthew S. "Kiwi, Kereru, and Kapu: The culture of community conservation in rural New Zealand-with a comparison to Hawai`i". Thesis, Wichita State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/2037.
Texto completoThesis [M.A.] - Wichita State University, College of Liberal Arts and Science, Dept. of Anthropology
Harms, Matthew S. Billings Dorothy K. "Kiwi, Kereru, and Kapu the culture of community conservation in rural New Zealand-with a comparison to Hawai`i /". A link to full text of this thesis in SOAR, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/2037.
Texto completoFelicetti, Riccardo. "Infrastrutture per Monitoraggio e Controllo di Dispositivi Industrial IoT basate su Soluzioni Eclipse Foundation". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.
Buscar texto completoClaretti, Roberto. "Heat and fluid flow characterization of a single-hole-per-row impingement channel at multiple impingement heights". Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5920.
Texto completoM.S.M.E.
Masters
Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Mechanical Engineering; Thermo-Fluids
Dos, Santos Gilson Gonçalves 1986. "Involviment of cannabinoids CB1, CB2 recepotrs and KAPT channel in the anti-hiperalgesic effect mediated by dipyrone and its bioactives metabolites = Envolvimento dos receptores canabinóides CB-1 e CB-2 e canais KATP do tecido periférico na analgesia mediada pela dipirona e seus metabólitos bioativos". [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/313994.
Texto completoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T11:05:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DosSantos_GilsonGoncalves_M.pdf: 2757194 bytes, checksum: 3b5bda3ca0fc7912d13b42ba51399734 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014
Resumo: A dipirona (metamizol) é um pró-fármaco analgésico utilizado no controle da dor moderada, sendo metabolizada em dois metabolitos bioativos: 4-metil-aminoantipirina (4-MAA) e 4-aminoantipirina (4-AA). O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a participação de receptores canabinóides periféricos, CB1, CB2 e canais de KATP sobre o efeito anti-hiperalgésico da dipirona, 4-MAA ou 4- AA. Para indução de hiperalgesia, PGE2 (100 ng/pata ) foi administrada localmente na pata traseira de ratos Wistar machos, e o limiar hiperalgésico mecânico foi quantificado por Von- Frey eletrônico, antes e três horas após a injeção. Dipirona, 4-MAA ou 4-AA foram administrados 30 minutos antes do Von Frey. Os antagonistas seletivos do receptor CB1 (AM251), CB2 (AM630) e glibenclamida, um bloqueador KATP (80 ug) ou ODQ um inibidor de cGMP (32 ?g) foram administrados 30 minutos antes da Dipirona, 4-MAA ou 4 -AA. O ODN-antisense para reduzir a expressão do receptor CB1 (30 ?g) foi administrado por via intratecal, uma vez por dia durante quatro dias consecutivos. A hiperalgesia mecânica induzida pela PGE2 foi reduzida pela dipirona, 4-MAA, e 4-AA de maneira dose-dependente. AM251 ou ODN-antisense contra o receptor neuronal CB1, mas não AM630, reduziu o efeito anti-hiperalgésico mediado por 4-AA, mas não da dipirona ou 4-MAA. Por outro lado, o efeito anti-hiperalgésico da dipirona, ou 4-MAA foi revertido por glibenclamida ou ODQ. Os resultados sugerem que a ativação de receptores neuronal CB1, mas não do receptor CB2, no tecido periférico esteja envolvido no efeito anti-hiperalgésico do metabólito 4-AA. Além disso, a dipirona e 4-MAA possui um efeito anti-hiperalgesico dependente de cGMP e consequente abertura KATP
Abstract: Dipyrone (metamizole) is an analgesic pro-drug used to control moderate pain. It is metabolized in two bioactive metabolites: 4-methylaminoantipyrine (4-MAA) and 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AA). The aim of this study was to investigate the participation of peripheral CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors activation on the anti-hyperalgesic effect of Dypirone, 4-MAA or 4-AA. For induction of hyperalgesia, PGE2 (100 ng) was locally administrated in hindpaw of male Wistar rats, and the mechanical nociceptive threshold was quantified by electronic von-Frey, before and 3 hours after its injection. Dypirone, 4-MAA or 4-AA was administrated 30 minutes before the von-Frey test. The selective CB1 receptor antagonist AM251, CB2 receptor antagonist AM630, cGMP inhibitor ODQ (32 ?g) or KATP blocker glibenclamide (80 ?g) was administrated 30 minutes before Dypirone, 4-MAA or 4-AA. The antisense-ODN against CB1 receptor expression (30 ?g) was intrathecally administrated once a day during four consecutive days. PGE2-induced mechanical hyperalgesia was inhibited by dypirone, 4-MAA, and 4-AA in a dose-response manner. AM251 or ODN anti-sense against neuronal CB1 receptor, but not AM630, reversed the antihyperalgesic effect mediated by 4-AA, but not by dypirone or 4-MAA. On the other hand, the anti-hyperalgesic effect of dypirone or 4-MAA was reversed by Glibenclamide or ODQ. These results suggest that the activation of neuronal CB1, but not CB2 receptor, in the peripheral tissue is involved in the anti-hyperalgesic effect of 4-aminoantipyrine. In addition, 4- methylaminontipyrine mediates anti-hyperalgesic effect by the cGMP activation and the KATP opening
Mestrado
Fisiologia
Mestre em Biologia Funcional e Molecular
Choudhuri, Sucheta Mallick Kopelson Kevin Kumar Priya. "Transgressive territories queer space in Indian fiction and film /". Iowa City : University of Iowa, 2009. http://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/346.
Texto completoNeaama, Al-Badri Sawsan Kasim [Verfasser]. "Kollokationen im Deutschen und im Arabischen anhand der prototypischen Beispiele gut, stark, schwach, tot, kaputt : eine empirische kontrastive Studie / vorgelegt von Sawsan Kasim Neaama Al-Badri". 2011. http://d-nb.info/1012586995/34.
Texto completoPereira, Tiago Sérgio Teixeira. "Kaput: graffiti em casas de banho públicas". Master's thesis, 2009. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/67599.
Texto completoPereira, Tiago Sérgio Teixeira. "Kaput: graffiti em casas de banho públicas". Dissertação, 2009. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/67599.
Texto completoJonášová, Jiřina. "Uplatnění dusíku a síry ve výživě kapusty hlávkové". Master's thesis, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-93049.
Texto completoKaptue, Kamga Alain Franck [Verfasser]. "Regelzonenübergreifendes Netzengpassmanagement mit optimalen Topologiemanahmen / von Alain Franck Kaptue Kamga". 2009. http://d-nb.info/998904368/34.
Texto completoVytisková, Marie. "Zhodnocení jakosti sadby košťálové zeleniny a její vztah k parametrům finální produkce". Doctoral thesis, 2005. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-93428.
Texto completoPauta, David Fernando Munoz. "Tidal influence on the discharge distribution at two junctions of the Kapuas River (West Kalimantan, Indonesia)". Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/47412.
Texto completoLawlis, EEC. "Geology of the Kapit NE and coastal ore zones, Lihir gold deposit, Papua New Guinea". Thesis, 2020. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/35095/1/Lawlis_whole_thesis.pdf.
Texto completoPietrow, Paulina. "Synteza podwójnie funkcjonalizowanych dinukleotydowych analogów końca 5’ mRNA (tzw. kapu)". Doctoral thesis, 2020. https://depotuw.ceon.pl/handle/item/3737.
Texto completoAll cellular eukaryotic mRNAs have at their 5’ end a unique structure known as a cap. It is formed at an early stage of transcription and participates in many important processes such as splicing, polyadenylation and cytoplasmic transport, where cap mediates the incorporation of mRNA into the translation process. Cap also participates in the protection of eukaryotic mRNA against enzymatic degradation. Analogs of the 5' end of mRNA due to their potential therapeutic use have been subjected to various modifications affecting the functions performed by cap, e.g. increasing its resistance to enzymatic degradation or improving inhibitory properties of the translation process. Cap analogs are also designed and obtained as molecular tools, which are not intended to change its basic role, but to enable the use of new biochemical or biophysical techniques in studying the mechanisms of processes in which cap participates. The ionic structure of the 5' end of mRNA hinders its translocation across the cell membrane, which significantly limits practical use. Therefore, functionalization of cap analogues in a way that facilitates its transport is also desirable. To date, cap analogs having only a single functionalization, for example with fluorescent labels, have been presented. However, it would be desirable to obtain mRNA cap analogs having two different molecules attached which would change them into useful in various studies molecular tools. One of the molecules would allow the transport of an analog across a cell membrane and the other its cell location. During the research conducted as part of the doctoral dissertation, doubly functionalized, within the second nucleotide, dinucleotide cap analog were synthesized. The resulting mRNA cap analogs had two of the three selected functional groups (carboxyl, alkyne and thiol), each of which was introduced into a specific position within the second nucleoside. Chosen modifications allow selective functionalization using amide bond, alkyne-azide cycloaddition and disulfide bond. The first two coupling methods are known and used in nucleotide chemistry, while the synthesis of disulfide bond required finding appropriate methods and then their optimization and the development of conditions for the isolation and purification of the obtained products. It made it possible to obtain 6-thioguanosine functionalized via a disulfide bridge at the level of nucleoside, mononucleotide and dinucleotide, including the cap analogue. In addition, the resulting double functionalized dinucleotide cap analog with attached cell penetrating peptide and fluorescent label has been used in biological studies showing that such cap analog can enter the cell and inhibit translation initiation, indicating the usefulness of introduced modifications.
Křen, Lukáš. "Aplikace Markowitzovy teorie při sestavování portfolia". Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-178584.
Texto completoAgeneau, M. "Geology of the Kapit Ore Zone and comparative Geochemistry with minifie and Liennetz Ore Zones, Ladolam gold deposit, Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea". Thesis, 2012. https://eprints.utas.edu.au/17477/1/front-_Ageneau-_thesis.pdf.
Texto completoLirette, Mélodie. "Ku Kia'i Mauna: Warriors Rising in Kapu Aloha Re-Branding the Hawaiian Identity Through the Revival of Place Authenticity". Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18836.
Texto completoIn 2010, the Thirty Meter Telescope Corporation, composed of an inter-university alliance of researchers in astronomy, presented the Thirty Meter Telescope project, proposed to be built on the sacred mountain Mauna Kea, located on Hawai’i Island. Inspired by Idle No More, a grassroots Hawaiian activism movement was formed in an attempt to stop the desecration of this natural temple. Rapidly, a movement was born: ‘A’ole TMT, meaning “No to the TMT”. This dissertation shows the reasons motivating such a social initiative and presents the resources that active agents to the ‘A’ole TMT Movement mobilized to formally halt the TMT project. This thesis establishes how – in the context, first, of the accomplishments of the American Civil Rights Movement and, second, of the social and environmental justice movement Idle No More – Hawaiians have managed to re-brand their cultural and spiritual attributes and hence revive the authenticity of their nation as a singular and unique place through a renewed connection with Hawaiian lieux de mémoire.
Waszczuk, Małgorzata. "Syntetyczne analogi trimetyloguanozyno kapu modyfikowane w mostku trifosforanowym jako narzędzia do badania snurportyny i optymalizacji sygnału transportu dojądrowego dla czynników terapeutycznych". Doctoral thesis, 2017. https://depotuw.ceon.pl/handle/item/2426.
Texto completoCiechanowicz, Sylwia. "Analogi kapu zawierające ugrupowanie triazolowe w łańcuchu fosforanowym - synteza, wbudowanie do RNA oraz badania wpływu modyfikacji na funkcje końca 5'mRNA". Doctoral thesis, 2019. https://depotuw.ceon.pl/handle/item/3245.
Texto completoStruktura 5’ końca mRNA, tzw. kap, bierze udział w najważniejszych procesach związanych z metabolizmem RNA głównie poprzez oddziaływanie z białkami lub ochronę mRNA przed przedwczesną degradacją. Ze względu na swoją ważną rolę biologiczną stał się obiektem chemicznych modyfikacji mających na celu uzyskanie użytecznych narzędzi do selektywnego modulowania procesów zależnych od kapu. Szczególnie pożądanym efektem takich modyfikacji jest zwiększenie powinowactwa do czynnika inicjacji translacji, eIF4E, którego oddziaływanie ze strukturą końca 5’ mRNA ma kluczowe znaczenie dla rozpoczęcia procesu biosyntezy białka. Dla wolnych dinukleotydowych analogów kapu zwiększone powinowactwo do eIF4E oznacza możliwość zastosowania jako inhibitory translacji w terapii przeciwnowotworowej. Z kolei po inkorporacji na 5’ końcu mRNA związki tego typu, silnie oddziałujące z białkiem eIF4E, mogą korzystnie wpływać na wydajność translacji terapeutycznego transkryptu, który można wykorzystać m.in. jako szczepionkę RNA w nowatorskiej strategii zwalczania nowotworów. Zarówno w tych, jak i w innych potencjalnych zastosowaniach znaczącym ograniczeniem są tradycyjne czasochłonne i wymagające dużego nakładu pracy metody syntezy analogów kapu. Celem projektu doktoranckiego było sprawdzenie, czy jedna z najpopularniejszych obecnie strategii syntetycznych, jaką jest chemia „click”, może stanowić alternatywną metodę syntezy funkcjonalnych mimików struktury końca 5’ mRNA. Wykorzystując najważniejszą reakcję „click”, czyli katalizowaną jonami miedzi(I) azydkowo-alkinową cykloaddycję, oraz odpowiednio sfunkcjonalizowane wcześniej analogi nukleotydów i nukleozydów, otrzymano zupełnie nową klasę analogów kapu, które zawierają pierścień triazolowy w obrębie mostka oligofosforanowego. Następnie związki te poddano badaniom biologicznym w celu sprawdzenia, jaki wpływ na właściwości charakterystyczne dla struktury kapu ma nowy typ modyfikacji oraz czy otrzymane w taki nietypowy sposób analogi kapu mają szanse na zastosowania podobne do znanych już modyfikowanych analogów kapu, a w szczególności w projektowaniu terapeutycznych mRNA o zwiększonym potencjale translacyjnym. Część literaturową niniejszej pracy rozpoczęto od scharakteryzowania struktury końca 5’ mRNA, przedstawiając jej biosyntezę, najważniejsze właściwości oraz funkcje biologiczne, a następnie zaprezentowano ją jako obiekt modyfikacji chemicznych, opisując przykłady terapeutycznych zastosowań modyfikowanych analogów kapu oraz metody ich syntezy chemicznej. W części tej zawarty jest również rozdział dotyczący chemii „click”, jej zastosowań w modyfikacji nukleozydów, nukleotydów i kwasów nukleinowych ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem modyfikacji w obrębie struktury końca 5’ mRNA. W części poświęconej badaniom własnym opisano metody syntetyczne zastosowane na poszczególnych etapach otrzymywania biblioteki ponad 40 fosfotriazolowych analogów kapu. Następnie zaprezentowano wyniki dotyczące wpływu nowego typu modyfikacji na oddziaływania z białkami wiążącymi kap, w tym z czynnikiem inicjacji translacji eIF4E, oraz stabilność chemiczną zależną od pH. W dalszej kolejności przedstawiono dwie metody inkorporacji nowych analogów kapu na 5’ końcu RNA, z których jedna stanowi nowatorską metodę post-transkrypcyjną wykorzystującą chemię „click”, oraz wyniki translacji mRNA zawierających na 5’ końcu analogi fosfotriazolowe. W kolejnych podrozdziałach opisano syntezę i charakterystykę biologiczną analogów kapu zaprojektowanych na podstawie wniosków wyciągniętych z przedstawionych wcześniej badań nad zależnością między typem modyfikacji a właściwościami analogów. Zidentyfikowano przy tym analogi o najbardziej atrakcyjnych z punktu widzenia potencjalnych zastosowań właściwościach, a także zaproponowano kierunek dalszej optymalizacji tego typu związków. W części eksperymentalnej zawarte są szczegółowe opisy syntez wraz z opisami widm NMR oraz eksperymentów biologicznych.
Warmiński, Marcin. "Projektowanie i synteza narzędzi molekularnych do badań struktury i funkcji końca 5" mRNA (kapu) oraz badanie ich kompleksów z białkami metodą krystalografii rentgenowskiej". Doctoral thesis, 2019. https://depotuw.ceon.pl/handle/item/3335.
Texto completoThe 5’ end of messenger RNA (mRNA) in eukaryotes (including humans) is modified by a unique structure called 5’ cap, which plays a crucial role in several biochemical processes associated with expression of genetic information. Some of the cap-binding proteins involved in those processes were identified as potential therapeutic targets (e.g. eIF4E in cancer treatment, DcpS in spinal muscular atrophy). However, practical application of cap analogues in therapy requires chemical modification of that structure to improve its pharmacokinetics, cellular delivery of the therapeutic molecules, as well as to allow for their localization and quantification in cells. For that purpose, it is beneficial to investigate the structure-activity relationship of cap upon its chemical modification. The main objective of this project was to create molecular tools suitable for investigation of biological processes involving mRNA 5’ end and their application in structural studies on appropriate cellular processes. The project consists of two main and equivalent parts: chemical synthesis of cap analogues and X-Ray studies of their complexes with cap-binding proteins. The first part included synthesis of a series of di- and oligonucleotide analogues of mRNA 5’ end, bearing various chemical modifications providing increased translation efficiency of such capped mRNAs, resistance to hydrolysis by specific enzymes, or allowing for labeling and conjugation. The aim of the structural studies was to characterize molecular interactions between chemically modified (especially within oligophosphate bridge) caps and major cap-binding proteins, i.e. eIF4E, DcpS and Dcp2. The starting point was crystallization of eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF4E) in complexes with analogues synthesized and characterized earlier (including β-phosphorothioate analogues tested in clinical trials). The results of that studies provided useful information on the geometry and charge distribution in different analogues and so gave motivation to synthesis of new analogues and/or co-crystallization of other complexes. In principle, this project combines two fields of science – chemical synthesis and structural biology – and applies them to a specific objects, which are cap structure and cap-binding proteins. Those two aspects intersected at almost every stage of the project: structural studies provided information useful for the design of new compounds and sometimes also raised new questions, while chemical synthesis provided molecular tools that enabled more detailed studies of a particular problem or allowed verification of conclusions drawn from structural analysis. The first part of the dissertation is a short introduction to structure and function of mRNA 5’ end, application of chemically modified nucleotides and structural studies on protein-nucleotide complexes. The next chapter describes the methods that were particularly useful in the project, including chemical synthesis of modified cap analogues, solid-phase oligonucleotide synthesis, as well as some biophysical methods, such as X-Ray crystallography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and microscale thermophoresis. Then, the results obtained during realization of this project were described in details: the synthetic strategy to new compounds, their biological and biochemical properties, crystal structures of chemically modified caps in complexes with proteins, and supplementary information on the geometry of free ligands obtained by solution NMR. After brief summary of the results, a detailed experimental protocols and compound characterization were described, and the literature cited in dissertation was listed.
Strenkowska, Malwina. "Modyfikowane nukleotydy jako narzędzia do otrzymywania terapeutycznych mRNA: synteza, właściwości oraz przykładowe zastosowania". Doctoral thesis, 2015. https://depotuw.ceon.pl/handle/item/1379.
Texto completomRNA-based therapies such as anti-cancer immunotherapies or gene therapies receive more and more attention as a new potential option of medical treatment. One limiting obstacle for in vivo and therapeutic applications of mRNAs is their instability and insufficient translation in the cellular environment. Therefore, mRNA-based therapies need simple methods of mRNA modification which would improve pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of mRNA. The main goal of this work was a synthesis and application of nonhydrolizable nucleotides derivatives to synthesis of stable and efficiently translated mRNA in vivo. mRNA molecules consist of several important structural elements such as a 5’cap, 5’ untranslated region, coding region, 3’ untranslated region and polyA tail. This work explores the concepts of logic-driven design and engineering of these elements by chemical methods as one potential method to increase stability and translational capabilities of mRNA. The research is focused on the synthesis and evaluation of biological properties of novel 5’ cap analogs and polyA precursors designed to inhibit decapping and deadenylation and enhance mRNA potential in vivo. A number of original compounds (nucleotides containing appropriate oligophosphate chain modifications) were obtained and divided in four types of molecular tools useful for mRNA stabilization. In addition, a new synthetic method was developed which enabled the synthesis of many biologically important nucleotides containig phosphorothioate, boranophosphate, selenophosphate, imidodiphosphate and methylenebisphosphonate modifications and their combinations. Finally, the influence of new compounds on behavior of mRNA in vitro and in human immature dendritic cells (hiDCs) were examined and the most promising compounds, resistant to enzymatic hydrolysis and enhancing translation of mRNA, were selected. Since increased stability and translatability of mRNA in hiDCs is a desired effect in anti-cancer immunotherapies, the new compounds become potential tools for therapeutic mRNA production.
Ziemniak, Marcin. "Nowe syntetyczne analogi kapu mRNA i ich zastosowania w badaniach biochemicznych i strukturalnych nad kompleksem enzymatycznym degradującym kap Dcp1/Dcp2 i innymi białkami oddziałującymi z kapem". Doctoral thesis, 2016. https://depotuw.ceon.pl/handle/item/1493.
Texto completoThe cap is a structure located on 5’ terminus of eukaryotic mRNA and it has a substantial role in cellular homeostasis. Hence proteins involved in cap removal, such as Dcp1/2 complex play a vital function in mRNA degradation. Nevertheless their mechanisms of both action and regulation remains obscure. Biochemical studies on Dcp2 protein have shown that Dcp2 interacts specifically with m7GDP (a product of the cap cleavage). It suggested that m7GDP structure could be a starting point for preparation of nucleotides displaying higher affinity to Dcp2, which could become valuable tools for biochemical research. A number of cap analogues based on m7GDP, m7GTP or m7Gppppm7G structures was synthesised and their biological properties were examined. These compounds possess a variety of chemical modifications in their phosphate chain, including tio- or boranophosphate groups, which are expected to increase their affinity to cap-interacting proteins. Furthermore, a set of fluorescently labelled cap analogues was also prepared. Since their fluorophores are very compact these nucleotides should be useful for preparation of fluorescent mRNA or as molecular probes. A screening assay revealed that some of prepared nucleotides are inhibitors of Dcp1/2. Further biochemical and structural researches were conducted using the most potent inhibitor (m7GpSpppSm7G, isomer D3). NMR experiments allowed to unravel the nucleotide binding site and its affinity to Dcp2. Kinetic studies showed that the inhibitor is bind by both free enzyme and ES complex. It also have been observed that cap analogues with elongated phosphate chain are hydrolysed by Dcp2. Other biochemical studies showed that some of prepared cap analogues display high affinity to eIF4 translation factor and lower susceptibility to enzymatic degradation. Fluorescent cap analogues obtained in this study are the first such compounds which can be incorporated into RNA in vitro. Some of them are also selectively resistant to either Dcp2 or DcpS decapping enzymes. Preliminary biochemical experiments indicated that these fluorescent cap analogues could be applied to studies on cap-protein interactions. Exemplary applications of chemically modified cap analogues to study mRNA degradation was also desribed in this study. These experiments were based on usage of egzogenous mRNA, containing a non-hydrolysable cap analogue, to monitor the degradation of histone mRNA in mammalian cells. Obtained results provided a better understanding of the role of Dcp2 in these processes and the influence of 3’ mRNA uridylation on its stability.
Wojtczak, Anna. "Wykorzystanie zmian polaryzacji fluorescencji oraz innych metod spektrofluorymetrycznych do badania aktywności oraz inhibicji białek oddziałujących z końcem 5’ mRNA". Doctoral thesis, 2021. https://depotuw.ceon.pl/handle/item/4064.
Texto completoThe cap structure (m7GpppN) at the 5 'end of the mRNA determines the processes involved in gene expression through specific interaction with cap-binding proteins. Abnormal activity of cap binding proteins may lead to abnormal gene expression and, consequently, to cancer or neurodegenerative diseases. Regulation of the activity of cap-binding proteins can be accomplished by providing small-molecule ligands (cap analogs) that will bind to proteins while preventing their binding to the 5' end of mRNA. Due to the potential therapeutic importance of ligands of cap-binding protein, methods for their effective search and characterization are being developed. Standard methods used for this purpose, such as time-synchronized fluorescence titration and isothermal calorimetric titration, are tedious and time-consuming. In the search for protein inhibitors, the high-throughput approach is increasingly used, in which approximately 80 or more new chemical compounds are tested simultaneously for protein affinity. This approach significantly increases the efficiency of searching for chemical modifications that are crucial for interaction with the protein, as well as for the inhibitors themselves. The main goal of the dissertation was to develop fluorescence-based methods for the search and characterization of protein ligands binding the 5 'end structure of mRNA, i.e. the cap structure. Two naturally coexisting parts can be distinguished in the study: the first one concerning the development of the methodology for studying the protein-ligand interaction, and the second, i.e. the application of the developed methods to characterize compounds with unknown properties towards to cap-binding proteins. In this work, great emphasis was placed on the development of high-throughput methods that enable efficient searching of compound libraries to find those with desired properties. The first approach described in the PhD thesis to study the inhibition of the DcpS enzyme is a method based on monitoring enzymatic activity by measuring the concentration of fluoride ions released during the reaction. The method uses an unnatural substrate for the DcpS enzyme - m7GMPF analog, which is hydrolyzed to m7GMP and fluoride ion. To measure the concentration of fluoride ions, a fluorogenic probe is used, in this case a fluorescein derivative whose hydroxyl groups are protected with tert-butyldimethylsilyl groups. The developed method was the first high-throughput approach to search for and characterize DcpS inhibitors. It was used to search for new inhibitors of this enzyme, among libraries of commercially available compounds and those synthesized in the Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry. In total, it was used to test 1346 compounds. Among them, an inhibitor that interacts strongly with the DcpS enzyme (m7GSppSpSG D2) was identified, with affinity similar to RG3039, a compound that has participated in clinical trials as a therapeutic for the treatment of spinal muscular atrophy. It is also the greatest achievement of the this project. Another developed method was fluorescence anisotropy (FA). This approach is widely used to study protein: ligand interactions, which, in contrast to the above-presented method, is one-step, and which also means that the characterization of ligands using the fluorescence anisotropy method is faster. The aim of my work was to develop a fluorescence anisotropy method for 3 proteins: cN-IIIB, eIF4E and DcpS. A total of 23 protein:ligand systems were tested to develop a fluorescence anisotropy method. In the case of the cN-IIIB enzyme, it was not possible to develop a FA method due to the too low affinity of the fluorescent probes to the protein. In contrast, FA method was developed for DcpS and eIF4E proteins, and can be used for high-throughput search of ligands and their characterization. In the case of studies with the eIF4E protein, the applicability of the method was extended, it can also be used to study allosteric ligands of the eIF4E protein, as well as to assess the affinity of short oligonucleotides. Due to the speed and simplicity of the fluorescence anisotropy method, it is a competitive tool for ligand search. Another issue addressed in the dissertation was the characterization of cap analogs modified at the C8 position of Guo or m7Guo. Fourteen compounds were characterized in terms of their usefulness as probes for studying the interaction with cap-binding proteins. Their spectroscopic properties, stability were analyzed, as well as their binding affinities towards eIF4E and DcpS. It was also checked how the fluorescence intensity changes under the influence of the hydrolytic activity of the enzymes DcpS and Nudt16. The greatest attention was paid to 6 cap analogs characterized by higher quantum yields in comparison to the natural cap structure, these were compounds containing -Py, -Ph, -CNPh and DMAPh fluorophores. These compounds act as molecular rotors (they are sensitive to changes in viscosity), which can be used to study the interaction with proteins. For each protein: eIF4E, DcpS and Nudt16, it was possible to find a cap analog that changes its emission properties due to binding to the protein or as a result of an enzymatic reaction. The presented research is the basis for the development of new fluorescence methods using analogs modified at the C8 Guo or m7Guo position as fluorescent probes. The second part of the dissertation was the characterization of new cap analogs as ligands of eIF4E and DcpS proteins using the developed fluorescence based methods, as well as the standard fluorescence titration method. As a result of the work, 34 phosphotriazole cap analogs, 3 cap analogs with 1,5-anhydroaltritol modification, 15 phosphothioester cap analogs and 17 benzyl cap analogs were studied. The use of fluorescent methods provided valuable information on the influence of modifications on the stabilization of protein-ligand complexes. In addition, the research allowed to determine which positions of the cap structure are critical for effective protein: ligand interaction, as well as to set new research directions.
Kasprzyk, Renata. "Metody badania białek związanych z metabolizmem końca 5' mRNA oparte na nukleotydowych sondach molekularnych". Doctoral thesis, 2021. https://depotuw.ceon.pl/handle/item/3944.
Texto completoRenata Kasprzyk ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION Methods of studies on proteins interacting with 5' mRNA end based on nucleotide molecular probes Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a macromolecule representing a copy of genetic information that undergoes translation in order to produce a protein. The 5’ mRNA end, so called cap, is an untypical nucleotide structure consisting of 7-methylguanosine linked by a 5’-5’ triphosphate bridge with the first transcribed nucleotide. Due to the presence of a positive charge within the 7-methylguanosine ring cap specifically interacts with proteins participating in essential biological processes, such as mRNA maturation, nucleocytoplasmic transport, and translation initiation, and promotes transcript survival. Cap binding proteins play important regulatory role in gene expression and they are often of therapeutic interest, making 5’ cap an interesting research target. Monitoring of processes involving cap is possible using e.g. fluorescent labelling. Fluorescently labelled cap analogs act as molecular probes, consisting of one part responsible for specific interactions (cap) and other generating measurable analytical signal (fluorescent tag). The main aim of the project was to apply simple synthetic methods to obtain versatile tools to develop fast and efficient fluorescent assays for studies on such therapeutic targets as: eukaryotic initiation translation factor 4E (eIF4E), decapping scavenger enzyme (DcpS) and mRNA cap N7-guanine methyltransferase (N7-MTase). Based on fluorescence changes appearing upon cap binding, hydrolysis or synthesis it is possible to determine physical parameters representing nucleotide–protein interactions. Moreover, high–throughput screening (HTS) methods can be utilized for screening experiments of small-molecule ligand libraries with possible antitumor (eIF4E, N7-MTase) or antiviral (N7-MTase) properties, or that can be used in treatment of genetic diseases, such as spinal muscular atrophy (DcpS). The project is interdisciplinary and combines such fields of science as nucleotide synthesis, spectroscopy, biophysics and physics of carbon nanostructures. In the first part of the dissertation a short description of biological role of 5’ cap is presented, including characteristics of proteins such as eIF4E, DcpS and N7-MTase, which were the main focus of the studies. The next chapter explains the basics of methods especially important for the project. Fluorescent techniques, such as fluorescence intensity, fluorescence polarization/anisotropy (FP/FA) and microscale thermophoresis (MST) were depicted as well as their potential applications. In similar manner methods useful for studies on conjugates of nanomaterials with biological molecules were characterized (infrared, Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies). In the next section the main results of the project were described. Four methods in total based on pyrene–nucleotide quenching interactions were developed and adapted to HTS format. Some synthesized probes were used to develop MST methods and FA assay for studies on protein involved in nucleotide metabolism (transglutaminase II). Then, the concept of double–labelled nucleotide analogs relying on interactions between two fluorescent tags was introduced. Three sets of nucleotides using excimer formation, FRET or fluorophore–quencher interactions were characterized spectroscopically and enzymatically to exhibit their potential in vivo applications. The final part of results describes attempts of chemical modifications of graphene flakes exfoliated on silicon carbide and synthesis of cap–graphene oxide conjugate as parts of development of biosensor designed for eIF4E protein (tumor marker) concentration determination using changes of conductivity. Experimental section consists of detailed protocols of nucleotide synthesis, spectroscopic measurements and physical parameters calculations. The last chapter contains the list of literature cited throughout the dissertation.