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1
Bender, Helena. "Auditory stimuli as a method to deter kangaroos in agricultural and road environments". Connect to thesis, 2005. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00000974.
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2
Coombes, Karen Elizabeth. "The ecology and utilisation of Lumholtz's tree kangaroos Dendrolagus lumholtzi (Marsupialia: Macropodidae), on the Atherton Tablelands, far north Queensland". Thesis, Click here to access, 2005. https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/40/1/01front.pdf.
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Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus Iumholtzi), one of Australia’s largest folivores and one of only two tree-kangaroo species endemic to Australia and far north Queensland’s Wet Tropics. D. Iumholtzi are most commonly found in the fragmented rainforests that remain within an agricultural matrix in a relatively small area on the Atherton Tablelands. Unfortunately the majority of these fragments are on privately owned land and are not totally protected from clearing, therefore their long-term persistence is threatened by land clearing, further habitat fragmentation and mortality from dogs and cars.
Although there have been a few studies on the ecology and habitat use of D. Iumholtzi, our current knowledge is limited. A more comprehensive understanding of spatial and floristic habitat use is essential for the conservation and management of D. Iumholtzi.
This study examined the spatial organisation and habitat utilisation of Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroos in a Type lb rainforest fragment on the Atherton Tablelands and compared this to earlier studies (Procter-Gray 1985, Newell 1999). The two previous studies were both undertaken on the same spatially restricted rainforest type (Type Sb) only a couple of hundred metres apart, so this study has provided an important expansion of our understanding of D. Iumholtzi ecology across space and rainforest types.
There were no significant effects of rainforest type on the home range sizes of D. Iumholtzi (Procter-Gray 1985, Newell 1999, This study). Male D. Iumholtziin this study held home ranges of 2.1 ± 0.7 ha (90% HM) overlapping that of several females but not other males, and females had exclusive home ranges of 2.1 ± 0.8 ha (90% HM) of a similar size to males. However, there was a large amount of variation in female home range sizes (0.1 —4.9 ha). Body weight did not explain this variation in home range sizes.
This study also examined structural and floristic characteristics of the habitat and investigated if these could be used to model D. Iumholtzi habitat usage. The structural and floristic characters measured in this study could not be used to determine the focus of habitat usage. This study has shown that there is a more complex association between D. Iumholtzi and its use of habitat other than the structural characters of the habitat. D. Iumholtzi do select specific tree species, but there are strongly expressed individual preferences, similar to other arboreal folivores. The reasons for these specific choices are currently unclear but D. Iumholtzi are likely to choose trees for foliage characters, such as the levels of nutrients or plant defences, rather than for the species at a taxonomic level. This is also consistent with other arboreal folivores such as koalas and leaf-eating monkeys. The determination of which foliar characters are driving tree species or individual tree choice will require further research.
This study tested and rejected a number of previous hypotheses regarding the characteristics determining D. Iumholtzi habitat use. They are not edge specialists, do not prefer regrowth or areas with a large variation in canopy height, or areas with high species diversity or density.
The gastrointestinal morphology of D. Iumholtzi shares a number of features with other foregut fermenting folivores. Compared to other macropodids, D. Iumholtzi has a large sacciform forestomach and a large overall stomach capacity, and more similar in size and morphology to that of other arboreal foregut fermenting folivores, such as colobine monkeys. It is likely that these characteristics are adaptive for its diet of rainforest leaves.
Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroos can be simply aged using a tooth wear index developed during this study. Aging is essential for establishing demographics, such as age specific mortality and fecundity of populations, currently unknown in D. Iumholtzi. Without the ability to age populations we cannot reliably undertake valuable estimations such as population viability analysis, which require these parameters.
Additionally, this study has highlighted that not only one rainforest type is important to D. Iumholtzi and that more emphasis should be made on the preservation and restoration of all rainforest types. Furthermore, it is vital that all rainforest fragments including riparian zones, regrowth and corridors and stepping stones, should be conserved, rehabilitated and areas replanted as D. Iumholtzi habitat, as they are crucial to the species long term survival.
3
Coombes, Karen Elizabeth. "The ecology and habitat utilisation of Lumholtz's tree-kangaroos, Dendrolagus lumholtzi (Marsupialia: Macropodidae), on the Atherton Tablelands, far north Queensland /". Click here to access, 2005. http://eprints.jcu.edu.au/40/1/01front.pdf.
Texto completoResumen
Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroo (Dendrolagus Iumholtzi), one of Australia’s largest folivores and one of only two tree-kangaroo species endemic to Australia and far north Queensland’s Wet Tropics. D. Iumholtzi are most commonly found in the fragmented rainforests that remain within an agricultural matrix in a relatively small area on the Atherton Tablelands. Unfortunately the majority of these fragments are on privately owned land and are not totally protected from clearing, therefore their long-term persistence is threatened by land clearing, further habitat fragmentation and mortality from dogs and cars.
Although there have been a few studies on the ecology and habitat use of D. Iumholtzi, our current knowledge is limited. A more comprehensive understanding of spatial and floristic habitat use is essential for the conservation and management of D. Iumholtzi.
This study examined the spatial organisation and habitat utilisation of Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroos in a Type lb rainforest fragment on the Atherton Tablelands and compared this to earlier studies (Procter-Gray 1985, Newell 1999). The two previous studies were both undertaken on the same spatially restricted rainforest type (Type Sb) only a couple of hundred metres apart, so this study has provided an important expansion of our understanding of D. Iumholtzi ecology across space and rainforest types.
There were no significant effects of rainforest type on the home range sizes of D. Iumholtzi (Procter-Gray 1985, Newell 1999, This study). Male D. Iumholtziin this study held home ranges of 2.1 ± 0.7 ha (90% HM) overlapping that of several females but not other males, and females had exclusive home ranges of 2.1 ± 0.8 ha (90% HM) of a similar size to males. However, there was a large amount of variation in female home range sizes (0.1 —4.9 ha). Body weight did not explain this variation in home range sizes.
This study also examined structural and floristic characteristics of the habitat and investigated if these could be used to model D. Iumholtzi habitat usage. The structural and floristic characters measured in this study could not be used to determine the focus of habitat usage. This study has shown that there is a more complex association between D. Iumholtzi and its use of habitat other than the structural characters of the habitat. D. Iumholtzi do select specific tree species, but there are strongly expressed individual preferences, similar to other arboreal folivores. The reasons for these specific choices are currently unclear but D. Iumholtzi are likely to choose trees for foliage characters, such as the levels of nutrients or plant defences, rather than for the species at a taxonomic level. This is also consistent with other arboreal folivores such as koalas and leaf-eating monkeys. The determination of which foliar characters are driving tree species or individual tree choice will require further research.
This study tested and rejected a number of previous hypotheses regarding the characteristics determining D. Iumholtzi habitat use. They are not edge specialists, do not prefer regrowth or areas with a large variation in canopy height, or areas with high species diversity or density.
The gastrointestinal morphology of D. Iumholtzi shares a number of features with other foregut fermenting folivores. Compared to other macropodids, D. Iumholtzi has a large sacciform forestomach and a large overall stomach capacity, and more similar in size and morphology to that of other arboreal foregut fermenting folivores, such as colobine monkeys. It is likely that these characteristics are adaptive for its diet of rainforest leaves.
Lumholtz’s tree-kangaroos can be simply aged using a tooth wear index developed during this study. Aging is essential for establishing demographics, such as age specific mortality and fecundity of populations, currently unknown in D. Iumholtzi. Without the ability to age populations we cannot reliably undertake valuable estimations such as population viability analysis, which require these parameters.
Additionally, this study has highlighted that not only one rainforest type is important to D. Iumholtzi and that more emphasis should be made on the preservation and restoration of all rainforest types. Furthermore, it is vital that all rainforest fragments including riparian zones, regrowth and corridors and stepping stones, should be conserved, rehabilitated and areas replanted as D. Iumholtzi habitat, as they are crucial to the species long term survival.
4
Fletcher, Donald Bryden y N/A. "Population Dynamics of Eastern Grey Kangaroos in Temperate Grasslands". University of Canberra. Resource, Environmental & Heritage Sciences, 2006. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20070808.152438.
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This thesis is about the dynamics of eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) populations
and their food supplies in temperate grasslands of south-eastern Australia. It is based on the
study of three populations of eastern grey kangaroos inhabiting �warm dry�, �cold dry�, and
�warm wet� sites within the Southern Tablelands climatic region. After a pilot survey and
methods trial in early 2001, the main period of study was from August 2001 to July 2003.
The study populations were found to have the highest densities of any kangaroo populations,
450 to 510 km-2. Their density was the same at the end of the two year study period as at the
beginning, in spite of a strong decline in herbage availability due to drought. The eastern grey
kangaroo populations were limited according to the predation-sensitive food hypothesis.
Fecundity, as the observed proportion of females with late pouch young in spring, was high,
in spite of the high kangaroo density and restricted food availability. Age-specific fecundity
of a kangaroo sample shot on one of the sites in 1997 to avert starvation was the highest
reported for kangaroos. Thus, limitation acted through mortality rather than fecundity.
Population growth rate was most sensitive to adult survival but the demographic rate that had
the greatest effect in practice was mortality of juveniles, most likely sub-adults. The
combination of high fecundity with high mortality of immatures would provide resilience to
low levels of imposed mortality and to fertility control.
The normal pattern of spring pasture growth was not observed in the drought conditions and
few of the recorded increments of growth were of the magnitude considered typical for sites
on the southern and central tablelands. Temperature was necessary to predict pasture growth,
as well as rainfall, over the previous two months. The best model of pasture growth (lowest
AICc) included negative terms for herbage mass, rainfall over the previous two months, and
temperature, and a positive term for the interaction between rainfall and temperature. It
accounted for 13% more of the variation in the data than did the simpler model of the type
used by Robertson (1987a), Caughley (1987) and Choquenot et al. (1998). However this was
only 63% of total variation. Re-evaluation of the model based on measurements of pasture
growth in more typical (non-drought) conditions is recommended. Grazing had a powerful
influence on the biomass of pasture due to the high density of kangaroos. This is a marked
difference to many other studies of the type which have been conducted in semi-arid
environments where rainfall dominates.
The offtake of pasture by kangaroos, as estimated on the research sites by the cage method,
was linear on herbage mass. It was of greater magnitude than the more exact estimate of the
(curved) functional response from grazedowns in high�quality and low�quality pastures.
The widespread recognition of three forms of functional response is inadequate. Both the
theoretical basis, and supporting data, have been published for domed, inaccessible residue,
and power forms as well (Holling 1966; Noy-Meir 1975; Hassell et al. 1976, 1977; Short
1986; Sabelis 1992). Eastern grey kangaroos had approximately the same Type 2 functional
response when consuming either a high quality artificial pasture (Phalaris aquatica), or dry
native pasture (Themeda australis) in autumn. Their functional response rose more gradually
than those published for red kangaroos and western grey kangaroos in the semi-arid
rangelands, and did not satiate at the levels of pasture available. This gradual behaviour of
the functional response contributes to continuous stability of the consumer-resource system,
as opposed to discontinuous stability.
The numerical response was estimated using the ratio equation, assuming an intrinsic rate of
increase for eastern grey kangaroos in temperate grasslands of 0.55. There is indirect
evidence of effects of predation in the dynamics of the kangaroo populations. This is
demonstrated by the positive relationship between r and kangaroo density. Such a
relationship can be generated by predation. A desirable future task is to compile estimates of
population growth rate and simultaneous estimates of pasture, in the absence of predation,
where kangaroo population density is changing, so that the numerical response can be
estimated empirically.
The management implications arising from this study are numerous and a full account would
require a separate report. As one example, kangaroos in these temperate grasslands are on
average smaller, eat less, are more numerous, and are more fecund, than would be predicted
from other studies (e.g. Caughley et al. 1987). Thus the benefit of shooting each kangaroo, in
terms of grass production, is less, or, in other words, more kangaroos have to be shot to
achieve a certain level of impact reduction, and the population will recover more quickly, than
would have been predicted prior to this study.
Secondly, of much importance to managers, the interactive model which can readily be
assembled from the products of Chapters 4, 5 and 8, can be used to test a range of
management options, and the effect of variation in weather conditions, such as increased or
decreased rainfall. For example, the model indicates that commercial harvesting (currently
under trial in the region), at the maximum level allowed, results in a sustainable harvest of
kangaroos, but does not increase the herbage mass, and only slightly reduces the frequency of
crashes when herbage mass falls to low levels. (To demonstrate this with an ecological
experiment would require an extremely large investment of research effort.) However, an
alternative �national park damage mitigation� formula, which holds kangaroo density to about
1 ha-1, is predicted to increase herbage mass considerably and to reduce the frequency of
crashes in herbage mass, but these effects would be achieved at the cost of having to shoot
large numbers of kangaroos. Thus, aside from many specific details of kangaroo ecology, the
knowledge gained in this study appears to have useful potential to illustrate to managers the
dynamic properties of a resource-consumer system, the probabilistic nature of management
outcomes, and the consequences of particular kangaroo management proposals.
5
Fletcher, Don. "Population dynamics of eastern grey kangaroos in temperate grasslands". Connect to this title online, 2006. http://erl.canberra.edu.au/public/adt-AUC20070808.152438/.
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6
Vickery, Karen. "Nutrition of kangaroo young". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 1986. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/28561.
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The study presented in this thesis is origina] and was compieted by the author. a post—graduate student in the
Department of Animal Husbandry. University of Sydney. New South Wales. Austra1ia. under the supervision of Dr. D.M. Waiker.
7
Potter, Abbey. "Active disease surveillance in kangaroos utilising the commercial harvesting industry". Thesis, Potter, Abbey (2011) Active disease surveillance in kangaroos utilising the commercial harvesting industry. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2011. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/8471/.
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The aim of this study was to develop a framework for disease surveillance in one of the Australia’s most abundant macropods using the kangaroo harvesting industry. The impetus for this work arose because wildlife species are considered to play a significant role in the introduction, maintenance and spread of a majority of the world’s emerging infectious diseases yet active disease surveillance is rarely undertaken in these free-ranging populations. The framework developed was trialled by collecting samples and testing them for a number of significant emerging infectious diseases, including Salmonella, Coxiella burnetii and Ross River virus (RRV).
Kangaroos have long been suspected of carrying high levels of Salmonella, yet no definitive study has been undertaken to determine the true prevalence of infection in their natural habitat. Faecal samples were collected from 645 western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) from ten different geographical locations throughout Western Australia over a period of 18 months and cultured for Salmonella spp. The estimated prevalence in the animals surveyed was approximately 3.6%. Faecal shedding was greatest following increased periods of rainfall in the April to June quarter. The relatively low prevalence of faecal shedding suggests that kangaroos in their natural habitat support the organism but are unlikely to pose any greater risk of zoonotic infection than other domestic livestock species. Whilst kangaroos have not yet been associated with food-borne outbreaks of disease, serotypes known to cause salmonellosis were isolated in this study, such as Salmonella enterica serovar Muenchen, Kiambu and Saintpaul.
Few studies have investigated the role of macropods in the maintenance and transmission of C. burnetii. Paired faecal and serum samples were collected from approximately 1000 western grey kangaroos from across twelve locations throughout Western Australia. An indirect ELISA was used to detect C. burnetii antibodies in serum, whilst quantitative PCR was used to detect C. burnetii DNA in faecal material. The estimated seroprevalence across all sample collection sites was 24.1%, whilst C. burnetii DNA was detected in the faeces of 4.1% of animals surveyed. Seroprevalence was significantly higher following increased periods of rainfall in the 60 days prior to sample collection (p<0.05), with seroprevalence lowest in the October to December quarter. These results suggest that kangaroos are likely reservoirs of the organism in Western Australia, posing a zoonotic threat to industry workers and animal handlers.
Ross River virus is Australia’s most common mosquito-borne disease and the western grey kangaroo is suspected of being a significant vertebrate host in the southwest of Western Australia. A total of 2605 serum samples, collected from across fourteen locations throughout the state, were tested for RRV neutralising antibodies. The seroprevalence varied significantly between geographical regions but was estimated to be 44.0% across all sample collection locations. Despite difficulties associated with age-based selection bias introduced through the kangaroo harvesting industry, surveillance within western grey kangaroo populations appears to provide a means of assessing the background risk of RRV for any given location and may assist in improving the capacity to predict future RRV activity.
8
Felgenhauer, Katharina y Iskandar Jahja. "If Kangaroos Had No Tails - Zur Kontrafaktischen Methode in den Sozialwissenschaften". Thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2006. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:swb:14-1140508602945-70836.
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Lane, Meg. "Sperm competition and sexual selection in western grey kangaroos Macropus fuliginosus". Thesis, Lane, Meg (2014) Sperm competition and sexual selection in western grey kangaroos Macropus fuliginosus. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2014. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/25342/.
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Macropods exhibit the second largest sexual dimorphism in body size for any vertebrate, suggesting there is a major role of sexual selection, with the potential for different mating tactics amongst male kangaroos. It is suggested that dominant males invest heavily in large forelimb muscles, which aids in male-male competition, female coercion and increased attractiveness to females, gaining them the majority of matings. A subdominant male may not invest in muscle mass development, but rather rely on other reproductive tactics such as sneaky matings and investment in competitive spermatozoa characteristics; for example more spermatozoa (larger testes) and faster or longer spermatozoa. We examined whether there was a trade-off between investments in forelimb muscle development and sperm competition in the western grey kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus). Sperm traits, body mass, and forelimb muscle masses were measured for 35 male M. fuliginosus and an index of ‘muscularity’ was calculated using the residuals of individual muscle masses against body mass. There were no significant relationships between forelimb muscle investment and sperm competition traits. Significant relationships were recorded between relative testes mass and relative epididymis mass (r2 = 0.26, p = 0.003), total motility and progressive motility (r2 = 0.31, p = 0.001) and spermatozoon velocity and spermatozoon head (r2 = 0.47, p < 0.001) and tail lengths (r2 = 0.19, p = 0.011) with the longer spermatozoa swimming slower. These results suggest that there is no evidence for a significant relationship between sperm competition and forelimb muscles. There was no evidence for a trade-off between these two measures of sexual selection, suggesting that these traits are independent of each other.
10
com, Nevi Parameswaran@gmail y Nivethitha (Nevi) Parameswaran. "Toxoplasma gondii in Australian Marsupials". Murdoch University, 2008. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20100203.145857.
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Diagnostic tools were developed and utilised to detect Toxoplasma gondii infection in a range of Australian marsupial species and identify epidemiological trends. An ELISA was developed to detect anti-T. gondii IgG in macropod marsupials. When compared with the commercially available MAT (modified agglutination test), the ELISA was in high agreement and yielded a ê coefficient of 0.96. Of 18 western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) tested for the presence of T. gondii DNA by PCR, the 9 ELISA positive kangaroos tested PCR positive and the 9 ELISA negative kangaroos tested PCR negative indicating that the ELISA protocol was both highly specific and sensitive and correlated 100% with the more labour intensive PCR assay.
A T. gondii seroprevalence study was undertaken on free ranging Australian marsupials. There was a T. gondii seroprevalence of 15.5% (95%CI: 10.7-20.3) in western grey kangaroos located in the Perth metropolitan area. The T. gondii seroprevalence in male western grey kangaroos was significantly less than their female counterparts (p=0.038), which may be related to behavioural differences causing differences in exposure to oocysts or recrudescence of T. gondii infection in pregnant females. Marsupial populations located in islands free from felids had a low overall T. gondii seroprevalence. A case control study determined that marsupials located in areas where felids may roam are 14.20 (95%CI: 1.94-103.66) times more likely to be T. gondii seropositive than marsupials located on felid-free islands.
PCR, immunohistochemistry and serological techniques were used to detect T. gondii infection in marsupial dams and their offspring. T. gondii DNA was detected in the pouch young of chronically infected western grey kangaroos and a woylie (Bettongia penicillata). T. gondii DNA was also identified in the mammary gland of the woylie dam suggesting that infection of the woylie pouch young was from suckling milk from the mammary gland. Results of the study demonstrate that vertical transmission of T. gondii occurs in Australian marsupials and may be of importance in the maintenance of T. gondii infection in Australian marsupial populations.
Animal tissue and meat from Australia, predominately from Australian marsupials, were screened for T. gondii DNA using PCR primers for the multi-copy, T. gondii specific B1 gene. Sequencing of the B1 gene revealed atypical genotypes in 7 out of 13 samples from Australia. These 7 isolates contained single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the B1 gene that could not be matched with known sequences from strains I, II, III and X. Six unique genotypes were identified out of the 7 atypical isolates; two out of the 7 isolates had the same unique sequence at the B1 gene whereas the other 5 isolates each had different combinations of SNPs at the B1 gene. A majority of T. gondii isolates sampled from native Australian marsupials were of an atypical genotype. The discovery of atypical strains of T. gondii in Australia leads to further questions regarding the origin and transmission of these atypical strains. Additional studies linking atypical strains with their clinical manifestation are also warranted.
11
Coombes, Karen Elizabeth. "The ecology and utilisation of Lumholtz's tree-kangaroos Dendrolagus lumholtzi (Marsupialia:Macropodidae), on the Atherton Tablelands, far north Queensland". Connect to this title online, 2005. http://eprints.jcu.edu.au/40/.
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12
Mathews, Karen Olivia. "The role of Australian native wildlife in Q fever". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/29733.
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Q fever is a zoonosis caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii, mainly affecting people in close contact with domestic ruminants, which are regarded as the main source of human disease. In Australia Q fever vaccination (QFV) is recommended for traditional at-risk groups including meat and livestock industry workers, shearers and veterinarians. Australian native wildlife (in particular kangaroos) have also been implicated as a source of Q fever for humans. This research aimed to investigate this further via three arms including: a C. burnetii seroprevalence study in Australian wildlife rehabilitators (AWR); a knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) online survey in AWR; and a molecular investigation of tissue samples collected opportunistically from native wildlife species for the presence of C. burnetii DNA. Results of the seroprevalence study and KAP online survey demonstrated that AWR are at increased risk of C. burnetii exposure and developing Q fever. Unvaccinated AWR were more likely to become infected with C. burnetii and develop Q fever through exposure to traditional sources such as domestic ruminants, or associations with veterinary clinics whilst rehabilitating wildlife. However substantial shortfalls in vaccine uptake in AWR were identified. A low C. burnetii DNA prevalence was observed in the wildlife examined in this study who resided mostly in New South Wales. Two animals (koala and kangaroo) were classified as positive for the presence of C. burnetii DNA which amplified at relatively low concentrations. These findings suggest that macropods and other Australian native wildlife species may not be a major source of C. burnetii for humans in comparison to domestic ruminants. However given the low infectious dose and environmental stability of C. burnetii, and the potentially severe consequences of C. burnetii infection, QFV is strongly recommended for AWR, as is the implementation of measures to educate and improve vaccine uptake in this population.
13
van, der Mensbrugghe-Ingles Joelle y n/a. "Kangaroos, koalas and business tycoons : Australia and Australians in the western European press, October 1994-March 1995". University of Canberra. Communication, Media & Tourism, 1996. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061109.164721.
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This research looks at the way Australia is portrayed in the Western
European press, particularly in the light of Australia's recent emphasis on
being a clever country, within the Asia Pacific region.
The research is based on a quantitative and qualitative analysis of all articles
explicitly referring to Australia, in seven newspapers from Belgium (2),
France (2), Germany (1) and the United Kingdom (2), over a 6 month period.
The main hypothesis was that those newspapers without Australian based
correspondents or stringers picture Australia in a stereotypical way and that
"news" in those papers, instead of giving "news", reinforces existing ideas
and images held of Australia. My research supports the hypothesis, but also
uncovers the very important role played by editors at home. They decide
what is important, what is news and their choice will go to consonant
"news".
The research shows that newspapers in Europe largely portray Australia's
older images, with its kangaroos, koalas and beaches peopled by sportsmen.
Australia is largely portrayed as an almost untouched country inhabited by
animals to be found nowhere else, and by people (mainly white Anglo-
Saxon males) reputed for their friendliness, as well as for their laziness and
sometimes their strangeness. "Newer" images of Australia promoted by the
Australian government (e.g. Australia as a clever country and part of the
Asia-Pacific region) get relatively little coverage in the Western European
press.
14
Brandimarti, Maquel E. "Using haematology and biochemistry to investigate the health and evolutionary biology of eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus)". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/26627.
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Land clearing has detrimental and long-lasting impacts on natural ecosystems and biodiversity, yet land clearing is accelerating world-wide. The eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) is a large common macropod that can reach high densities on cleared land. Despite their apparent success, kangaroo populations are susceptible to food shortages and increased disease risk. Developing a broad understanding of the drivers of kangaroo health is required to establish a benchmark to study poor health.
This thesis aimed to develop an evidence-based tool that characterises kangaroo health. Species-specific haematological reference intervals (RI) were developed using blood samples collected from up to 245 animals from four sites across New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory. Results showed that abiotic factors are critical determinants of kangaroo health outcomes.
A health investigation was then performed, utilising the developed RIs, on a population of kangaroos in which health and welfare issues. This kangaroo population was from Look At Me Now Headland (LAMN) in NSW and was found to have widespread disease (parasitism and non-regenerative anaemia) and nutritional deficiencies stemming from a high population density, prolonged drought and reduced grazing habitat.
The risk factors associated with parasitism were explored by examining potential selection pressures driving the evolution of kangaroos. An experiment was done to examine the influence of testosterone suppression on health parameters, parasite burdens and movement patterns in male kangaroos. While there was no effect of testosterone on these factors during the ten-week suppression period, a trend for reduced parasite burdens in kangaroos with supressed testosterone was evident. The findings of this thesis emphasise that regional planning must consider habitat connectivity for kangaroo populations to prevent overabundance and enhance positive outcomes for the health and welfare of the species.
15
Cascini, Manuela. "Evolution of marsupial biodiversity". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/197697/1/Manuela_Cascini_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis explored the evolutionary trajectory of marsupials, focusing primarily on the Australasian marsupial fauna, and used a phylogenetic inference approach that combines molecular, ecological and fossil data sets. A first study provided the most complete and accurate (to-date) species-level marsupial phylogeny by using the most taxonomically complete set of nuclear and mitochondrial loci. In a second study, DNA and fossils from extinct and modern taxa were used to infer the evolution of macropods. A third project inferred the most complete (to-date) time-calibrated phylogeny of Diprotodontia. By incorporating fossil data, this last project revealed apparent competitive displacement of Vombatiformes (koala and wombats) by Macropodiformes (kangaroos) from the Late Miocene onwards, and a long (~25 million year) lag in the evolution of herbivory among marsupials compared to placental mammal faunas.
16
Dodt, William G. "On the evolution of kangaroos and their kin (family Macropodidae) using retrotransposons, nuclear genes and whole mitochondrial genomes". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/116286/1/William_Dodt_Thesis.pdf.
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Despite extensive investigation, a complete understanding of the evolutionary history of the Macropodidae (kangaroos and their kin) has remained elusive. This research has utilized DNA sequences and retrotransposons (genes that jump around within the genome) to shed light on the evolutionary timing and dynamics of these iconic marsupials over the past 20 million years, and draw correlations with past climate change events. The research shows that these marsupials underwent a rapid radiation, diversifying into a wide array of forms, coincident with a trend of climatic cooling and drying over the past ~8 million years.
17
Biedenweg, Tine Ann Kristin. "The integration of bioacoustic indicators and artificial fear cues for the strategic management of kangaroo herbivory following fire and mining". Thesis, Curtin University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2078.
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Western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) have not previously been subject to tests for susceptibility to auditory based deterrents. This study presented a mob of western grey kangaroos with a series of treatments to determine behavioural responses towards artificial and biologically-significant acoustic deterrents. I observed and quantified nine common behaviours, including stablestate, feeding, vigilance, and alarm behaviour before, during and after presentation of each stimulus through three experiments.In the first experiment, four sounds were tested individually (each pre-recorded sound played once) to evaluate potentially effective deterring signals. Two sounds were artificial (an aerosol can hiss and a bullwhip crack) and two were natural (a kangaroo alarm footstomp and a raven call, a presumed benign control). Despite the promising literature on the potential for natural alarm stomps as non-invasive deterrents, artificial sounds were at least as evocative as bioacoustic sounds. A whip crack was more efficient deterring western grey kangaroos than their alarm stomp at generating flight and vigilant behaviours. Foraging behaviour was reduced from 71% to 1% within one minute of play back, whereas the foot stomp reduced feeding from 57% to 22%. An artificial hiss reduced feeding effort from 89% to 65% and the raven call dropped percentage of time spent foraging from 70% to 47% in the first minute post- treatment.In a second experiment, I tried to artificially enhance the rate of habituation to ascertain the likelihood of habituation to acoustic signals, by playing back the most fear-inducing sounds (the whip crack and the alarm foot stomp) at 5 s intervals for two full minutes. Feeding behaviour did not return to normal levels following either signal.In the third experiment, to evaluate if rate of applications has an effect, I then focused on the most aversive signal (whip) and varied the rate at 3 s, 15 s and 30 s intervals. More animals left the area overall, with the highest rate of stimulus, though not significantly so. There were no other effects of rate of playback on behaviour.The outcomes of these experiments suggest that artificial sounds may be at least as effective as bioacoustic sounds in generating alarm and flight among kangaroos while the rate of playback may influence a sound's ability to deter animals from a targeted area. Animals did not fully habituate to either signal during the timeframe of these experiments (three weeks; up to twice daily, but often less as dependent on weather; two minutes duration) despite my having replayed the signal repetitively at close intervals without reinforcing fear with any other effects.Despite the failures of commercial ultrasonic kangaroo deterrents, I was unable to find any reason that auditory deterrents cannot successfully form part of astrategic repellent program for the non-lethal management of kangaroos, ifmanaged appropriately. I have characterised and quantified changes in behaviourin response to several sounds, some that may be effective in fashioning anauditory based repellent. My results, mainly in regard to the whip crack, arepromising, but the overall efficacy of auditory based deterrents requires furtherresearch, especially in regard to rate of habituation, alternation of different signalsand to intensity, rate, frequency and duration of the signal.
18
Montague-Drake, Rebecca School of Biological Earth & Environmental Sciences UNSW. "Strategic management of artificial watering points for biodiversity conservation". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, 2004. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/30122.
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Since pastoralism began in Australia???s rangelands, the number of artificial watering points (AWPs) has increased dramatically, such that today, few areas of rangeland are further than 10 km from water. This increased availability of water has caused many ecological impacts. Unfortunately, such impacts are poorly understood in the context of an Australian conservation reserve, thus hindering strategic management. This study examined the spatial distribution of vertebrate (kangaroos, small mammals, lizards and avifauna) and vegetative variables around open AWPs as well as AWPs that have been closed since pastoralism (sheep-grazing) ceased nearly thirty years ago in Sturt National Park, arid New South Wales. The study also examined vertebrate use of AWPs, with a particular emphasis on kangaroos and avifauna. The study revealed that most variables showed few differences in spatial distribution with distance from open and closed AWPs, thus suggesting that the observed piospheric impacts were primarily attributable to historical sheep-grazing. Indeed, piospheric patterns were weak suggesting some recovery over the last thirty years. That kangaroos did not exhibit water-focused grazing is no surprise, since despite their regular use of AWPs, particularly during hot, dry times, the current spatial arrangement of AWPs facilitates regular travel to, and from, such resources allowing kangaroos, like much other fauna, to distribute themselves in relation to food and shelter preferences rather than in relation to water supply. In contrast, the majority of avifaunal groups (excluding ground-dwelling species) were clustered around open AWPs, often irrespective of season, because of food and water requirements. Such spatial concentrations of avifauna are thought to cause a range of interspecific effects. Experimental AWP closure and GIS modelling showed that whilst closure of AWPs will increase the average distance to water, which will have key benefits, the majority of areas in Sturt National Park would still be accessible to most water-dependent species even if all unused AWPs were closed. Strategic retention of AWPs to replace water sources lost since European settlement, aid threatened and migratory species??? conservation and enhance nature-based tourism opportunities is thus recommended and an example of a strategic management and monitoring plan outlined.
19
Lee, Enhua. "The ecological effects of sealed roads in arid ecosystems". Connect to this title online, 2006. http://www.library.unsw.edu.au/~thesis/adt-NUN/public/adt-NUN20070315.091920/.
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Young, Lauren Jill. "Cellular immune responses of marsupials : family Macropodidae /". View thesis, 2002. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030724.151428/index.html.
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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, 2002."A thesis submitted to the University of Western Sydney in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy" Bibliography : leaves 400-437.
21
Pays, Olivier. "Le fonctionnement des groupes chez les grands herbivores sauvages : mécanismes et considérations évolutives". Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30124.
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Les grands herbivores étant des espèces proies, la façon dont fonctionnent leurs groupes fait principalement l’objet d’hypothèses liées à la survie des individus. Dans le présent travail, les différentes hypothèses fonctionnelles relatives à la régulation de l’activité de vigilance avec la taille du groupe sont testées, et un nouveau mécanisme de régulation est proposé. Ensuite, la dynamique de fusion et éclatement des groupes est analysée afin de cerner les mécanismes qui sont à l’origine de la formation des grands groupes en milieu ouvert. Ce travail s’inscrit dans une approche mécaniciste visant (1) à expliquer ce qui est observé à une échelle globale par la quantification de processus intervenant à une échelle plus locale, et (2) à vérifier la pertinence des processus mis en évidence au moyen de modèles dynamiques. En insistant sur le concept d’émergence, ce travail permet de rediscuter la place que l’on accorde à la sélection naturelle en BiologieLarge mammalian herbivores being prey species, the functioning of their groups is mainly the subject of hypotheses linked to individual survival. In the present study, I test the different functional hypotheses relative to the regulation of vigilance activity with group size, and I propose a new mechanism that could generate this regulation. Then, I analyse the fusion-fission dynamics of groups in order to understand the mechanisms underlying the formation of large groups in open environment. The present work comes within the scope of a mechanistic approach whose purposes are (1) to explain what it is observed at a global scale by quantifying the processes at work at a local scale, and (2) to check the relevance of these processes using dynamical models. Insisting on the concept of emergence, this work allows the key-role of the natural selection in biological phenomena to be discussed
22
Leung, Ka-yin y 梁家燕. "Kangaroo mother care for preterm infants". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B44625376.
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Murtagh, Therese Alice Mary. "Perspectives on place, people and their interaction on Kangaroo Point 1842-1920 /". St. Lucia, Qld, 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16411.pdf.
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Thomson, Frances Louise. "Intergovernment funding of tourism on Kangaroo Island /". Title page, abstract and table of contents only, 1991. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09EC/09ect4829.pdf.
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HENRIQUES, CELIA REGINA. "KANGAROO GENERATION: THE PROLONGATION OF FAMILY LIFE". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2004. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=5229@1.
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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOREsta dissertação visa compreender o fenômeno denominado pela mídia como geração canguru, através da relação entre as esferas da família e do contexto social contemporâneo, entendendo que é nesta interação que ele é construído. Esse fenômeno refere-se a uma convivência familiar prolongada na qual os filhos, jovens adultos, apesar de aptos para uma vida independente fora dos limites da casa dos pais, optam pela permanência. O adiamento da separação da família é um reflexo da conjugação de fatores intrafamiliares - ambivalência de sentimentos em relação a partida e a perda dos papéis conquistados - com extrafamiliares, fruto de um contexto social fortemente marcado por instabilidade e incerteza. Foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo com 7 famílias de classe média do Rio de Janeiro: 7 casais parentais e 8 filhos com idade a partir de 26 anos. O objetivo da pesquisa foi analisar o sentido que essas famílias imprimem a esta convivência bem como evidenciar os acordos perpetrados por seus membros em prol de prolongar o exercício de seus papéis.
This thesis is an attempt to account for the phenomenon referred to by the media as the kangaroo generation in terms of the interrelations between the family sphere and the contemporary social context, on the basis of the belief that it is in this interaction that it is configured. The phenomenon in question is the fact that many young adults choose to continue living with their parents even though they already lead independent lives outside the home. The delaying of the departure from the family reflects a constellation of intrafamilial factors - ambivalence towards departure and the loss of achieved roles - and extrafamilial ones, arising from a social context sharply marked by instability and uncertainty. The field study involved seven middle-class families in Rio de Janeiro, seven parental couples and eight children aged 26 or older. The object of the research was to analyze the ways how families see this pattern of coexistence, as well as to bring out the agreements settled on by family members in order to extend in time their assigned roles.
26
GALLAGHER, IRIS MASSENA. "THE KANGAROO GENERATION: BETWEEN COMFORT AND HELPLESSNESS". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2013. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=28996@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO
O fenômeno do prolongamento da convivência familiar pode ser compreendido como uma forma de organização familiar que responde à instabilidade do contexto atual. O jovem contemporâneo convive com a ausência de segurança no campo profissional e afetivo, encontrando suporte na vida em família. Assim, ele se depara com o contraste entre o desamparo do mundo lá fora e o conforto na casa da família, uma vez que esta tem oferecido cada vez mais diálogo entre os membros. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo investigar as motivações, os obstáculos, a vida profissional, a vida afetiva e os planos para o futuro dos jovens adultos que moram com os pais. Para isto, recorremos ao campo da psicologia, da psicanálise, da sociologia e da história. Utilizamos metodologia qualitativa e entrevista semi-estruturada, que contemplou temas relevantes, relativos ao prolongamento da convivência familiar. Entrevistamos 8 sujeitos das camadas médias da população carioca, com idades entre 26 e 35 anos e que moram com os pais. Verificamos que os sujeitos destacam como vantagens de viver com os pais a questão econômica, a organização, a praticidade, o diálogo e o alento. Como desvantagens, eles apontam para a falta de privacidade e o sentimento de não pertença à casa da família. A vida profissional dos sujeitos é marcada por experiências de curto prazo e pelo medo em relação ao futuro. Porém, alguns sujeitos buscam no emprego público a garantia de uma vida mais estável. Já a vida amorosa dos entrevistados, é caracterizada principalmente pela flexibilidade dos laços amorosos. O quadro instável da atualidade, enfim, produz medo e insegurança nos sujeitos. Constatamos que diante dessa realidade, é comum que o jovem evite fazer planos para o futuro a fim de proteger-se contra possíveis frustrações.
The phenomenon of delayed home-leaving can be understood as a new family structure that responds to the instability of the current context. The contemporary youth cope with the lack of security in their professional and emotional lives, and find support in family life. Thus, they face the contrast between the helplessness of the outside world and the comfort of the family home, since contemporary families tend to have an open dialogue. This study aims to investigate the motivations, obstacles, professional life, emotional life, and plans for the future of young adults living with their parents. To this end, we turned to the fields of psychology, psychoanalysis, sociology and history. Qualitative method and semi-structured interview were used, which included relevant issues concerning the phenomenon of delayed home-leaving. The subjects of our study were 8 middle class adults living with their parents in Rio de Janeiro, between the ages of 26 and 35. We found that the subjects highlight the economic issues, organization, practicality, dialogue, and support as advantages of living with their parents. As disadvantages, they point out the lack of privacy, and feeling that they do not belong to the family home. Their professional lives are characterized by short-term employment and fear of the future. However, some subjects seek public employment to ensure a more stable life. Yet, the love life of interviewees is characterized primarily by the frailty of bonds. The instability of our time produces insecurity and fear in the subjects. We verified that given this reality, it is common for young adults to avoid making plans for the future in order to protect themselves from potential frustrations.
27
Lloyd, Shan. "Reproduction in the musky rat-kangaroo, Hypsiprymnodon moschatus /". [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2006. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19206.pdf.
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Nunn, Jean. "A social history of Kangaroo Island, 1800-1890 /". Title page, contents and conclusion only, 1987. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARM/09armn972.pdf.
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Oliver, Anthony John. "Social organisation and dispersal in the red kangaroo". Thesis, Oliver, Anthony John (1986) Social organisation and dispersal in the red kangaroo. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 1986. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/52624/.
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The management of red kangaroos Macropus rufus has long been of interest to the pastoral community. Although earlier studies of this species revealed no coherent pattern of social organisation, practical difficulties precluded study of known individuals over long time periods. This thesis presents five interlocking studies addressing this deficiency, and ranging from large-scale, low-resolution studies to more intensive work on smaller groups.
Analysis of the movements of over 300 red kangaroos with numbered collars showed that adult females were more sedentary than others, and that sub-adult males were more mobile than adults. Some individuals were very sedentary for up to 5 years while others moved long distances. A more detailed mark-recapture study of nearly 90 individuals over a 26-day period also revealed a disparity in site tenacity between adults and juveniles. Sub-adults dispersed randomly while adults did not. Drought increased dispersal distance in adults.
Radio-tracking studies of 10 adults continuously over 14 consecutive days showed that they had compact home ranges, the cores of which did not overlap. Visits to water were the main excursions. A further group of 24 adults and juveniles, of both sexes, were radio-tracked using aircraft every month for up to two years. This revealed that adult females had long term stable home ranges, including one exclusive core area which is intensely utilised. Adult males occupied larger areas than adult females but, unlike females, did not concentrate their activities in only one part of their range. The core area of the largest males contained the core areas of several adult female home ranges. The core areas of females’ home ranges all contained shelter and grazing. Sub-adults dispersed widely after maternal dependence and settled into an adult behaviour pattern at maturity.
Examination of coat colour and texture in kangaroos from a large part of Western Australia suggested regional adaptation and limited gene flow, consistent with a nonnomadic lifestyle. Coat colour appears regionally adapted to visual predation by dingoes. It is suggested. on the basis of evidence of predation presented, that dingoes (and other predators) have also had a major impact on the evolution of social organisation in the red kangaroo.
The picture that emerges suggests that social organisation in the red kangaroo is comparable with that in some eutherian herbivores, and parallels the complex and finely tuned adaptations to arid zone life shown in other aspects of the biology of red kangaroos.
30
Johnson, Matthew. "A comparison of methods for kangaroo population monitoring". Thesis, Johnson, Matthew (2019) A comparison of methods for kangaroo population monitoring. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2019. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/64336/.
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Context. Macropods represent a multimillion-dollar industry within Australia, with multiple states employing management and commercial culling operations. All states require monitoring of abundance and distribution to target quotas and management actions. Terrestrial transect techniques such as walked transect survey (WTS) have been traditionally used in the peri-urban context, although new techniques and technologies are emerging. Remote Piloted Aerial System Survey (RPASS), and Camera Trapping (CT) are two such technologies with growing use in wildlife population monitoring, and there exists the need to compare their implementation over WTS methods. Aims. This study compared a WTS, RPASS and CT methods to estimate the abundance of Macropus fuliginosus in an enclosed peri-urban reserve to evaluate the use of these technologies for estimating macropod populations at a small scale. Methods. Survey of M. fuliginosus at a peri-urban reserve (Thompsons Lake, Perth, Western Australia) was carried out over two sampling periods (April: summer and August: winter). Data were analysed using Distance Sampling for both WTS and RPASS, and a spatially correlated detection model for CT survey. Key results. WTS yielded the highest population estimate and variability of all techniques [April: 1687±216, August: 2773±760 kangaroos in the reserve], with RPASS generating number estimates around half of these (with less variability) [April: 796±225, August:1326±365 kangaroos in the reserve]. Estimates derived from CT were unreliable due to statistical method variability. Conclusions. This study finds that RPASS and CT both have significant potential for future survey of Macropus populations; however, does not recommend implementation for monitoring of population number, until further study occurs. CT is highly subject to requirements of the modelling method; and whilst RPAS technology provides a number of benefits detection bias precludes its broad-scale adoption at this time. Implications. CT and RPAS exhibit a number of benefits that would make them ideal for future use in management of Macropus spp. provided that sufficient research can be conducted to overcome the current limitations which inherently bias their estimates, and hence limit their employability
31
Stadd, Karen. "Initiating Kangaroo Care in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit". ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5267.
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Kangaroo care (KC) is a cost-efficient method to increase infant-parent bonding and neonatal health outcomes worldwide. Despite evidence supporting KC in critically ill infants, nursing perceptions regarding patient safety and interrupted work flow continued to impede practice in the local high-tech neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Their current policy failed to address the 2-person transfer method recommended for safe practice. In addition, both staff and parents lacked training and education regarding the benefits and feasibility of KC. This doctoral project aimed to decrease practice barriers and promote earlier and more frequent KC by developing and integrating an evidence-based clinical pathway within a multifaceted champion-based simulated educational training program for NICU staff and parents. Published outcomes and generated organizational data for program synthesis connected the gap in practice. Kolcaba's comfort theory served as the guiding framework to ensure a partnership in care. This quasi-experimental quantitative study used the generalized liner model for data analysis. Study findings indicated that KC occurred 2.4 more times after the intervention compared to before (p = 0.001). Descriptive data revealed that KC episodes for intubated patients nearly doubled after implementation (11.1% from 6.2%). Post-survey scores for nursing knowledge and comfort level also improved after the intervention. Although earlier KC practice was non-conclusive (p = 0.082), future trials should control groups for day of life since admission. Disseminating the KC pathway can have a positive social change on family-centered care by increasing NICU nurses' knowledge, comfort, and adoption of this evidence-based practice as an expected routine standard of care.
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Orenc, Zulfu. "A Study Of Kangaroo Transaction Model For Mobile Transaction Management". Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605255/index.pdf.
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Wireless network technology has advanced to the point that it is possible to use Internet connectivity to perform job tasks while moving in a city. We simulate and experimentally evaluate Dunham&rsquos Kangaroo Transaction (KT) model, and a modified version of it. Our results show that the modified-KT model does not have much communication overhead (although more than the original KT model) and it is more resilient to failures of base stations.
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Leonard, Angela. "Parents' experiences of providing kangaroo care to their preterm infants". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/2954.
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Chilufya, Fred. "Nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition of kangaroo paw (anigozanthos pulcherrimus hooker)". Thesis, Chilufya, Fred (1992) Nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition of kangaroo paw (anigozanthos pulcherrimus hooker). Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 1992. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/51914/.
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In the genus Anigozanthos, a number of species with different flower colour and mode of flowering have recently come into cultivation for cut-flower production in Western Australia where they are often grown on soils deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus. However, the requirements of these species for nitrogen and phosphorus for vegetative growth and optimal flower production are not well researched. In the present study, three glasshouse experiments and one field experiment were set up to study the nitrogen and phosphorus nutrition of the yellow kangaroo paw (Anigozanthos pulcherrimus Hooker). Clonal, tissue cultured plants were used in all experiments to reduce genetic variation.
The rates of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium required for vegetative growth and the response of nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in selected leaves to increasing rates of nitrogen and phosphorus supply were examined in the first glasshouse experiment. Four rates each of nitrogen (0, 20, 70 and 200 mg N/kg air dry soil), phosphorus (0, 10, 40 and 70 mg P/kg air dry soil) and potassium (0, 20, 70 and 200 mg K/kg air dry soil) were applied in a factorial combination to a sandy soil, to which adequate supplies of other nutrients were added. Plants were harvested 158 days after planting and the basal and the terminal portions of the elongating leaf (EL), the first leaf older than the youngest fully elongated leaf (YFEL + 1) and the third leaf older than the youngest fully elongated leaf (YFEL + 3) were sampled for nitrogen and phosphorus analyses. Maximum leaf , rhizome and sucker dry weights and number of suckers produced per plant were obtained at 70-200 mg N, 10-40 mg P and 20-70 mg K/kg air dry soil. Phosphorus toxicity developed in plants under high rates of phosphorus supply and was severe where nitrogen was in short supply. Phosphorus concentrations increased more strongly in the basal portions of leaves while nitrogen did not vary very much between the leaf portions. The terminal portion of the YFEL was chosen for nitrogen and the basal portion for phosphorus analyses.
Two concurrent glasshouse experiments were set on the same soil to determine critical nitrogen and phosphorus concentration ranges in selected leaf parts.
In the nitrogen experiment, plants were grown under ten rates (0,15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120 and 135 mg N/kg air dry soil) of nitrogen supply. The terminal portion of the YFEL was sampled for nitrogen analysis 123 days after planting and the YFEL and EL were sampled at harvest, 161 days after planting. Plants grown without application of nitrogen had severe phosphorus toxicity symptoms. Plants grown under deficient nitrogen supply had a general pale green appearance. Increasing the nitrogen supply progressively increased leaf dry weights, number of suckers per plant and total number of leaves per plant without adverse effects at higher nitrogen levels. Nitrogen concentrations in both the terminal and basal portions of the YFEL and the EL were closely correlated with plant growth. The YFEL was chosen for determination of critical concentration ranges. Critical nitrogen concentration ranges for deficiency diagnosis and prognosis obtained from the relationship between leaf dry weight and nitrogen concentration in the terminal portion of the YFEL from hand fitted curves at 90 and 95% of maximum yield were 1.35-1.44% N for deficiency diagnosis and 1.72 - 2.02% N for predicting deficiency after a further 6 weeks of growth for 123 day old vegetatively growing plants.
Ten rates of phosphorus (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, and 60 mg P/kg air dry soil) were used in the phosphorus experiment. Application of low rates of phosphorus increased leaf and rhizome dry weights but high rates of phosphorus were toxic to the plants. The total number of leaves produced per plant was not reduced under phosphorus toxicity while the number of suckers produced per plant was slightly depressed. Phosphorus concentrations in the basal portions of the YFEL and the EL correlated well with plant growth suggesting that the basal portion was suitable for phosphorus analysis for deficiency and toxicity diagnosis. Critical phosphorus concentration ranges in the basal portion of the YFEL at 90 and 95% of maximum yieldwere 0.05-0.06% P and 0.24 - 0.29% P and 0.07 to 0.10% P for for diagnosis of deficiency and toxicity respectively. The critical phosphorus range in the basal portion of the YFEL in 123 day old vegetatively growing plants for predicting deficiency after a further 6 weeks growth was 0.07- 0.10% P.
The field experiment was set up with four rates of nitrogen and four rates of phosphorus in a factorial combination on a sandy soil to confirm the glasshouse obtained critical concentration ranges. All plants that survived had adequate supplies of nitrogen and phosphorus, and nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in 170 day old vegetative plants in the field were higher than the critical concentration ranges established for deficiency in the glasshouse.
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Siordia, Juan Arturo. "V2 Receptor and AQP2 Distribution in the Kangaroo Rat Kidney". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/144945.
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Hay-Roe, Jillian Veronica. "Kangaroo Care as Analgesic for Preterm Infants Undergoing Heel Sticks". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146071.
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More than half a million infants are born preterm each year in the United States. Preterm infants often undergo many painful procedures starting minutes after birth. A preterm infant may have as many as 10 painful procedures in a 24 hour period. The experience of pain leads to negative physiological responses, creating additional risks for the preterm infants' immediate and long-term health. Research demonstrates that infants are often undertreated for pain. Kangaroo care is a promising, non-pharmacologic analgesic, implemented as skin-to-skin contact between the infant and a caregiver. The purpose of this paper is to review relevant research about the use of kangaroo care as pain management for preterm infants, and to present a proposal for implementing and evaluating a best practice protocol for kangaroo care as an analgesic in a neonatal intensive care unit.
37
Young, Michelle Linda. "Constructing the Social life of the Kangaroo: A Commodity Study". Master's thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/118443.
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There is an increasing awareness of the need to match agricultural production systems to their environments and recognition, in the case of the kangaroo, that this animal is well adapted to rangeland ecosystems, encompassing 81 per cent of Australia’s landmass. There is also recognition that kangaroo is a healthy protein source, but Australians associate this particular meat with low economic and cultural values. For this reason it has not been widely embraced as part of a healthy and sustainable diet. By following the trail of kangaroo meat from remote Queensland to the supermarket shelf and the menus of European factory workers, a complex web of intersecting factors surfaces to explain the conundrum for the low valuation accorded to kangaroo meat. Historically kangaroo harvesting has been a very lucrative form of resource extraction when overseas markets have accepted the product. Over many decades, it has also returned healthy profits to those in the kangaroo leather trade and the pet food industry. Interestingly, major profits are to be made for kangaroo meat processors when kangaroo management is not integrated within grazing enterprises, thus negating broad ecosystem benefits. In the face of a lack of domestic demand, particularly from smallgoods processors, and the small number of processor-controlled abattoirs, there is little incentive or government support for rangeland graziers to invest as kangaroo producers. The stories of those involved in the marketing and distribution of kangaroo meat provide insights into multiple aspects of kangaroo meat production and consumption, and the mechanisms through which both the value chain and the institutional responses have been formed. What emerges is the key role played by animal welfare movements in shaping both the government’s regulatory approach and the industry’s timidity when it comes to promoting itself or its products. The inclusion of kangaroo in our food supplies is supported by ecologically based arguments relating to the conservation of the Australian rangelands, and the need to reduce carbon emissions. The thesis highlights the need for an institutional response, which can incorporate pluralist objectives. It also identifies a particular approach—designation of origin systems or geographical indications—for product marketing which could re-embed this food into Australia’s culinary culture as part of eco-gastronomy. I argue that we need stories that are built around concepts of human identity that symbolise ecological respect and relationships. For a ‘conservation through sustainable use’ strategy, I suggest that eco-gastronomy could be integral to improving rangelands ecosystems, which would require government reform to the kangaroo industry regulatory systems, including the strengthening of the oversight of quality control. In addition, any regulatory reform will have to secure involvement by the new custodians of the land, rangeland graziers. This study demonstrates the utility of a modified commodity chain analysis for exploring connections between supply-chain dynamics and ecological systems. In particular the focus on institutional frameworks adopted from the GVC approach was critical for mapping the social with the ecological and identifying the barriers and opportunities for creating more sustainable food systems.
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Fan, Xiaolong. "Age and location-dependent biomechanical properties of kangaroo shoulder cartilage". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/135523/1/Xiaolong_Fan_Thesis.pdf.
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This study attempts to explore the age- and location-dependent mechanical properties, compositional and structural features of shoulder cartilage, using kangaroo shoulder cartilage as a model. The indentation tests and microscopic investigations explains the biomechanical properties and its relationship with compositional and structural features of shoulder cartilage, which has provided hints on how shoulder cartilage adapts to different loadings within the joint, and how the shoulder cartilage grows and degrades with age. Further, the study provides a framework for study of location- and age-dependent biomechanical properties of shoulder cartilage.
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Alnajjar, Hend. "A pilot study to examine the feasibility and acceptability of researching the effectiveness of Kangaroo Mother Care on low birth weight infants in neonatal intensive care units". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-pilot-study-to-examine-the-feasibility-and-acceptability-of-researching-the-effectiveness-of-kangaroo-mother-care-on-low-birth-weight-infants-in-neonatal-intensive-care-units(f887482d-4f9a-490e-ab00-a49e8eb9d457).html.
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Background: Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) is defined as skin-to-skin contact between a mother and her newborn baby, frequent and exclusive or nearly exclusive breastfeeding and early discharge from hospital. This concept was proposed as an alternative to conventional methods of care for low birth weight (LBW) infants, and in response to problems of serious overcrowding in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). KMC essentially uses the mother as a natural incubator. According to this principle, LBW babies are placed to the mother’s chest in an upright position, where maternal body heat can help control the baby’s body temperature. Although widely used in some parts of the world, this practice is not the norm in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Aim: The aim was to assess the feasibility and acceptability of running a randomised controlled trial (RCT) to evaluate the effectiveness of KMC in LBW infants in KSA.Study Design: A pilot RCT with supportive qualitative interviews was conducted, underpinned by a post-positivist approach.Methods: This was a mixed methods study. Quantitative methods were used to measure the effectiveness of KMC, and qualitative methods were used to explore women’s and nurses’ experiences of a) KMC and b) trial processes. The study took place in two urban hospitals in Jeddah, KSA. Ethical approval was gained, and data were collected between March and May 2011.The quantitative element comprised a two-group, individually randomised controlled pilot trial with 20 mothers-and-babies per group. The randomisation sequence was computer-generated, and participants were randomised using consecutively numbered, sealed, opaque envelopes. Data were collected using routinely collected case records, specifically designed clinical data sheets and two questionnaires (validated maternal bonding scale and maternal breastfeeding experience questionnaire). For the latter questionnaire, the design was informed by an expectation-fulfilment model. The qualitative element comprised semi-structured interviews, within 48 hours of birth, with a sample of 20 mothers who participated in the pilot RCT and 12 nurses who were attending these mothers. All 40 mothers were also telephoned when their babies were 6 months old to ascertain their feeding method and exclusivity of feeding.Quantitative data were managed using SPSS and analysed descriptively to estimate confidence intervals and effect sizes. Statistical tests and regression models were used to explore associations with potential outcome measures, with findings interpreted with caution as hypothesis-generating rather than hypothesis-confirming, given the small sample size. Qualitative data were analysed manually, using the Framework Approach.Results: The pilot study confirmed that trial processes were efficient, the intervention was acceptable (to mothers and nurses) and that the outcome measures were appropriate; the percentage of women exclusively breastfeeding at 6 months was identified as the most appropriate primary outcome. A large scale trial of KMC would be feasible and acceptable in KSA. However, issues relating to religious and organisational culture would need to be resolved, including improving privacy in the NICU, addressing language issues arising from transcultural nursing and engaging with male partners. A unique finding was the effect of KSA culture on women’s mobility and the impact that this had on their ability to carry out KMC if they were personally discharged but their baby remained in the NICU. Conclusion: A large scale RCT comparing KMC with standard care in KSA is feasible, acceptable and recommended. However, prior to progressing to a large scale study, a thorough planning stage is necessary which considers cultural practices and ward environment. The understandings gained from this research will be transferable to other research within similar settings
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Baker, Liv. "Translocation stress in Stephens' kangaroo rats : how individual variation influences success". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/45996.
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Wildlife translocation involves the relocation of free-ranging animals from one area to another. It is commonly used to combat species loss. However, its outcomes are poor; some reviews put the success rate as low as 10-25%. This is likely influenced by a lack of attention to individuals. Translocations involve some combination of stressors (e.g., capture, captivity, monitoring, environmental change). Although animals have evolved behavioural and physiological mechanisms to manage challenges, the combination of stressors during translocation can compromise these coping mechanisms. Personality should have significance for translocations as individuals with certain personality types and life experience may handle translocation stressors better than others. The aim of this thesis was to profile individual Stephens’ kangaroo rats (SKR), Dipodomys stephensi, and to assess their responses to translocation. To do this a combination of behavioural and physiological measures were used. Personality types were identified using quantitative and qualitative measures from mirror-image stimulation and predator scent tests done while animals were held before release (Chapters 3 and 5). A radioimmunoassay specific for cortisol in SKR fecal extract was developed and adrenocortical activity (cortisol) in response to predator urine was reliably assessed in fecal samples (Chapter 2). Fecal cortisol concentration (FCC) was used to measure the effect of translocation stressors, including the use of radio transmitters (Chapters 4 and 5). Survival was affected by individual variation in behavioural and physiological responses (Chapter 5). Assertiveness, Excitability and Persistence were identified as three personality dimensions. Overall, FCC increased in response to temporary captivity. Radio transmitters caused a short-term elevation in FCC 6 days after attachment but not at 30 days. Survival to 1 month was similar for animals with and without transmitters. SKR with lower Assertiveness and Excitability and with higher basal FCC had higher short-term survival. Higher Assertiveness was correlated with lower basal FCC. SKR that had a smaller change in FCC during captivity had higher long-term survival. This study lends convincing support that variation in personality affects how well an animal copes with translocation and has consequences for survival. Knowing how to manage different personality types may determine how successfully a translocated population establishes itself.
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Cong, Xiaomei. "Kangaroo Care for Analgesia in Preterm Infants Undergoing Heel Stick Pain". Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1134405075.
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Thomas, Georgia Lea. "The Eastern grey kangaroo in coastal NSW: reproduction, genetics and behaviour". Thesis, University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/23259.
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The environment an animal inhabits directs the inheritance of traits that improve fitness, with genes that aid survival being selected for each generation. Furthermore, sexual selection plays a role directing the inheritance of traits that enhance individual reproduction. As such, the presence of particular traits exhibited by animals within different environments can provide insights into species or population level social and mating systems. The overall aim of this thesis was to examine long-standing evolutionary assumptions surrounding reproductive ecology, and male life history, in the Eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus). Specifically, the impacts of genetic relatedness on social and behavioural aspects of free ranging kangaroos, as well as the influence of sexually selected traits on male reproductive success, were investigated. Initial investigations identified correlations among genetic relatedness, social affiliation and geographic home range. Females were found to be more related to one-another than males were, males exhibited larger home range overlap and more social affinity than females, and socially affiliated males and females were more related than expected by chance. Further investigations elucidated several male attributes that were correlated with reproductive success at two geographically isolated sites, namely body size parameters, including weight and testes size. While larger males generally sired more offspring, other smaller successful males appeared to engage in alternative reproductive strategies, including extensive roaming habits. The findings of this study enhance our understanding of the complex interplay between intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence male reproductive success in a free ranging polygynous marsupial species, including the notion that site-specific factors likely influence the relative importance of these attributes.
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Miglori, Nicole. "Quantifying intraspecific shape variation in the Kangaroo Humerus using geometric morphometrics". Thesis, Miglori, Nicole (2015) Quantifying intraspecific shape variation in the Kangaroo Humerus using geometric morphometrics. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2015. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/30273/.
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Kangaroos exhibit one of the largest variations in body size for any vertebrate, with males being 1.5 times larger in body mass compared to females. Therefore it is assumed that sexual selection plays a major role in the behavioural and physical characteristics of kangaroos. Male and female kangaroos demonstrate marked differences in musculature of the forelimb. I investigated if the humerus (the upper bone of the forearm) of the western grey kangaroo (Marcopus)fuliginosus) displays sexual dimorphic characteristics, and if these characteristics are correlated with muscle mass. 28 landmarks were digitised in 72 male and 23 female humeri and analysed using geometric morphometric approaches. Muscles were collected from fine dissection and residual muscle masses were calculated for analyses of each sex. Males and females were sexually dimorphic in shape, with the most obvious change at the deltoid crest where the crest was significantly increased in size and the shaft was in a bent orientation. This study suggests that a humerus from a western grey kangaroo can be classified by correct sex 92% of the time. There was a significant relationship between muscle mass and bone shape that indicate that muscles affect the morphology of the humerus. Male humeri are robust and slightly bent, conversely female obtain a more gracile form. Geometrics morphometrics is an advantageous technique that allows the morphology of shape to be investigated; by including fine muscle dissection we have determined how shape and muscles influence one another. The methods in this study can be applied to multiple studies that wish to investigate the morphology of shape and the influence of muscles.
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Braddick, Lynda. "Market place demand for kangaroo meat consumption in Western Australia a sustainability issue /". Murdoch, W.A. : Institute for Sustainability and Technology Policy, Murdoch University, 2002. http://nla.gov.au/nla.arc-44133.
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Millikan, Michael I. "The quaternary geology of the Pelican Lagoon area, Kangaroo Island, South Australia /". Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1994. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09S.B/09s.bm654.pdf.
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Thesis (B. Sc.(Hons.))--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, 1995.Australian National Grid Reference Penneshaw Sheet (SI 53) 6426-I 1: 50 000. Includes bibliographical references.
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Wirtz, Peter D. "The quaternary geology of the American River area, Kangaroo Island, South Australia /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1994. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SB/09sbw799.pdf.
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Thesis (B. Sc.(Hons.))--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, 1995.Australian National Grid Reference Penneshaw Sheet (SI 53) 6246-I 1: 50 000. One col. folded map in pocket, inside back cover. Includes bibliographical references.
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Miles, Rachel Clare. "The psychological sequelae of Kangaroo care for premature infants : a controlled trial". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.401747.
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Esewe, Roselynd Ejakhianghe. "Nigeria developing strategies to enhance implementation of early Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC)". University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6377.
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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD (Nursing)The number of healthcare institutions that has embraced Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) as an effective and efficient method of neonatal care especially in Edo State, Nigeria has not multiplied even after more than a decade of its recommendation by the World Health Organisation (WHO) in 2003. Nigeria ranks seventh among the ten African countries where newborns have the highest risk of dying with over 700 newborn deaths per10, 000 live births. This is worrisome because Edo State is one of the 36 states in Nigeria that contribute about 6,700 neonatal deaths to the 255,500 mortality rate recorded in Nigeria annually. This has led to a concern about the knowledge and attitude of the key drivers in neonatal care of simplified methods aimed at reducing neonatal mortality despite previous training efforts. The development of a strategy to enhance the early implementation of the WHO KMC guidelines in all healthcare facilities across the state was therefore conceptualized. Strategies to increase implementation are considered important to the success of KMC because reducing neonatal mortality rate is contextual. This research aimed to explore and describe the application of the KMC guidelines by the nurses, administrators and parents of preterm infants in the care of premature babies and to develop strategies to enhance its early implementation in healthcare facilities in Edo State, Nigeria.
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Pike, Melissa. "Breastfeeding Characteristics of Late-Preterm Infants in a Kangaroo Mother Care Unit". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/61554.
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Objective: To describe the breastfeeding characteristics of late-preterm infants (LPIs) in a kangaroo mother care unit (KMC).
Materials and methods: In a 20-bed KMC unit, the breastfeeding of 73 purposively-selected LPIs’ (mean gestational age: 34.8 weeks) was observed once-off, using the Preterm Infant Breastfeeding Behavior Scale. Participants’ mean age was 9.5 days, mean number of days in the unit was 3.1 days, and mean number of days breastfeeding was 7.5 days on observation.
Results: Only 13.7% of participants were directly breastfeeding without supplementary tube-feeding/cupfeeding and 86.3% received supplementary cup-feeding of expressed breast milk. Most participants did not exhibit obvious rooting (83.5%) and although most latched-on (97.3%), those who did, latched shallowly (93%). The mean longest sucking burst was 18.8 (SD: 10.5) and approximately half the participants swallowed repeatedly (53.4%). The mean breastfeeding session duration was 17.8 minutes but most participants breastfed less than 10 minutes (76.7%). No statistically significant associations were found between chronological age and breastfeeding characteristics. A general trend towards more mature behaviors in participants breastfeeding for more days was present for many breastfeeding characteristics. More infants exhibited the most mature behavior for each breastfeeding characteristic when the environment was quiet, rather than noisy and disturbing, except for depth of latching (quiet: 0%, disturbance: 15.2%).
Conclusion: LPIs in this sample presented with subtle, moderate breastfeeding difficulties, highlighting their need for breastfeeding support. Further research is required to examine the effect of KMC on breastfeeding in LPIs.Dissertation (MA)- University of Pretoria, 2017.
Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology
MA
Unrestricted
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Evans, Lauren B. y L. Lee Glenn. "Type II Error and Evaluation of Kangaroo Care in Tertiary Neonatal Units". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7461.
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