Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Jewish (1939-1945) on television"
Siga este enlace para ver otros tipos de publicaciones sobre el tema: Jewish (1939-1945) on television.
Crea una cita precisa en los estilos APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard y otros
Consulte los 50 mejores artículos de revistas para su investigación sobre el tema "Jewish (1939-1945) on television".
Junto a cada fuente en la lista de referencias hay un botón "Agregar a la bibliografía". Pulsa este botón, y generaremos automáticamente la referencia bibliográfica para la obra elegida en el estilo de cita que necesites: APA, MLA, Harvard, Vancouver, Chicago, etc.
También puede descargar el texto completo de la publicación académica en formato pdf y leer en línea su resumen siempre que esté disponible en los metadatos.
Explore artículos de revistas sobre una amplia variedad de disciplinas y organice su bibliografía correctamente.
1
Berger, Alan L. "The Holocaust, Second-Generation Witness, and the Voluntary Covenant in American Judaism". Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation 5, n.º 1 (1995): 23–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rac.1995.5.1.03a00020.
Texto completoResumen
Widespread discourse about the Holocaust entered American popular culture in the seventies in two main ways: a series of television shows that purportedly focused on the destruction of European Judaism and two books that dealt specifically with the children of survivors. The television miniseries, Gerald Green's Holocaust (1978), suited the national need for simplified history and melodrama. Moreover, given the American penchant for ethnic identifiers, Holocaust became known as the Jewish Roots. The networks soon aired other Holocaust programs, including Herman Wouk's far less commercially successful The Winds of War. The resultant Holocaust discourse was frequently poorly informed and historically naive. On the one hand, it reflected a tendency in Western culture to think that the Holocaust ended definitively in 1945. On the other hand, this discourse frequently neutralized the evil of nazism.
2
KANDRATSENKA, A. "SLOVAK HISTORIOGRAPHY ON THE PROBLEM OF THE STATE OF NATIONAL MINORITIES IN THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR". Herald of Polotsk State University. Series A. Humanity sciences 66, n.º 1 (10 de febrero de 2023): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.52928/2070-1608-2023-66-1-91-95.
Texto completoResumen
The article gives an assessment of the Slovak historiography on the problem of the state of national minorities in the Slovak Republic in 1939–1945. Modern historians focus on previously unexplored topics, such as the Slovak-Hungarian borderlands, the expulsion of Czechs, the evacuation of the Carpathian Germans, the deprivation of property of the Jewish community, etc. The most studied and controversial aspects of the socio-political and economic life of the national minorities of Slovakia in the period 1939–1945 are noted.
3
Michlic-Coren, Joanna. "Anti-Jewish Violence in Poland, 1918–1939 and 1945–1947". Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry 13, n.º 1 (enero de 2000): 34–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/polin.2000.13.34.
Texto completo
4
Roche, Emily. "Building through the flames: Polish-Jewish architects and their networks, 1937–1945". Studia Rossica Posnaniensia 49, n.º 1 (11 de junio de 2024): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/strp.2024.49.1.5.
Texto completoResumen
Before 1939, Jewish architects were active members of their profession, participating in domestic and international architectural networks and contributing to the built environment of Polish cities. From the mid-1930s, however, intensifying antisemitism and far-right political forces pressured architectural networks to exclude Jews from professional unions. The start of the Second World War and the German occupation in 1939 strained professional architectural networks but led to the formation of underground workshops, cooperatives, and other groups, whose connections extended from Warsaw through the camps and ghettos of occupied Poland. This article presents the history of Jewish-Polish architects from 1937 to 1945. Demonstrating how architectural networks reacted to changing conditions of war, occupation, and genocide, it emphasizes architectural networks as sites of political engagement, ranging from prewar antisemitic attacks on Jews and their removal from the Society of Polish Architects (SARP) to underground architectural networks that hid Jews and allowed them to work. Although the fate of Jewish architects depended largely on their relationships with their professional networks, they also actively decided how to utilize those networks to resist the Nazis and to ensure their survival. This research shows that interpersonal relationships and wartime networks were consequential in determining the wartime fates of Jewish architects and also shaped the profession’s post-war structure.
5
Fox, J. P. "German-and Austrian-Jewish Volunteers in Britain's Armed Forces 1939-1945". Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook 40, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1995): 21–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/leobaeck/40.1.21.
Texto completo
6
Székely, Gabriel. "Gréckokatolícka cirkev a Židia v Slovenskej republike v rokoch 1939–1945". Studia historica Brunensia, n.º 2 (2022): 91–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/shb2022-2-4.
Texto completoResumen
The study analyzes the attitude of the Greek Catholic Church towards the Jewish population in the Slovak Republic during 1939–1945. In the authoritarian political regime, this minority church was confronted with the nationalist and racial (anti-Semitic) policies of the state; a fundamentally oppositional attitude towards the regime was interpreted in the form of pastoral letters, or public appearances of its hierarch – Bishop Peter Pavel Gojdič. The study describes specific forms of help from the clergy of the Greek Catholic Church intending to rescue the Jewish population from the repressive measures and deportations of the regime. The most common form of help and rescue of Jews was baptism and the issuing of false letters on baptisms with antedated baptisms. Persecuted Jews also found help by getting presidential exemptions and issuing letters on baptisms, hiding valuables and movable property, saving their real estates from arization, and finally sheltering people from persecution and deportation.
7
Machin, G. I. T. "British Churches and the Cinema in the 1930s". Studies in Church History 28 (1992): 477–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424208400012638.
Texto completoResumen
With the possible exception of the ‘wireless’, the cinema was the most popular form of entertainment in Britain from the 1920s to the 1950s, when attendances began to decline and cinemas to close because of the competing power of television. On the eve of the Second World War, television was still in struggling infancy, while the number of cinemas had grown from some 3,000 in 1914 to about 5,000 in 1939, some of the recent ones having been built on a palatial scale. The introduction of sound films in 1929 enhanced the cinema’s popularity, and by 1939 annual attendances exceeded 1,500 million. Still higher figures were reached for a few years from 1945.
8
Graczyk, Konrad y Hubert Mielnik. "Special Courts (Sondergerichte) in the General Government (1939–1945)". Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis / Revue d'Histoire du Droit / The Legal History Review 91, n.º 1-2 (25 de agosto de 2023): 271–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718190-2023xx12.
Texto completoResumen
Summary This article presents the legal bases of operation and organisation of the special judiciary in the General Government for the occupied Polish territories. Special courts were subject to the policy pursued by the German authorities in the General Government. The German legislation in the gg delegated to the jurisdiction of special courts chiefly such criminal matters that involved safeguarding German interests in the occupied country. Adjudication in such cases boiled down to applying normative acts related to combatting serious (severe) crime or expressly pursued the German policy in the gg, including the exterminatory anti-Jewish legislation. The special courts created by the German occupier in the General Government were not judicial authorities in the traditional sense. The literature on the topic is not particularly extensive. The article would be the first comprehensive study of this subject written in English.
9
Stone, Daniel. "Coverage of the Holocaust in Winnipeg’s Jewish and Polish Press 1939–1945". Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry 19, n.º 1 (enero de 2007): 183–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/polin.2007.19.183.
Texto completo
10
Schleunes, Karl A. y Richard C. Lukas. "Did the Children Cry? Hitler's War against Jewish and Polish Children, 1939-1945." American Historical Review 101, n.º 2 (abril de 1996): 520. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2170499.
Texto completo
11
Wasserstein, Bernard. "Polish Influences on British Policy Regarding Jewish Rescue Efforts in Poland 1939–1945". Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry 11, n.º 1 (enero de 1998): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/polin.1998.11.183.
Texto completo
12
GRABOWSKI, JAN y ZBIGNIEW R. GRABOWSKI. "Germans in the Eyes of the Gestapo: The Ciechanów District, 1939–1945". Contemporary European History 13, n.º 1 (febrero de 2004): 21–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777303001450.
Texto completoResumen
The files of the Ciechanów (Zichenau) Gestapo – one of the few remaining archives of this kind from German-occupied Poland – offer interesting insights into the social policy of the Nazi state. The Germanisation of Polish territories occurred by deporting and exterminating the Jews, depriving Poles of their rights and supporting the local Germans and the ethnic Germans resettled from the East. The German minority living in this ethnically mixed region was required to adhere to strict codes of behaviour and was held accountable for all unauthorised contacts with their Polish and, even more so, their Jewish neighbours. The system of control and repression strove to isolate the various ethnic (‘racial’) groups, encouraging denunciations and thus instilling fear in the populace. This article pays particular attention to the actions of German citizens who fell under the scrutiny of the Secret Police.
13
BRODIE, THOMAS. "German Society at War, 1939–45". Contemporary European History 27, n.º 3 (23 de julio de 2018): 500–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777318000255.
Texto completoResumen
The actions, attitudes and experiences of German society between 1939 and 1945 played a crucial role in ensuring that the Second World War was not only ‘the most immense and costly ever fought’ but also a conflict which uniquely resembled the ideal type of a ‘total war’. The Nazi regime mobilised German society on an unprecedented scale: over 18 million men served in the Wehrmacht and Waffen SS, and compulsoryVolkssturmduty, initiated as Allied forces approached Germany's borders in September 1944, embraced further millions of the young and middle-aged. The German war effort, above all in occupied Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, claimed the lives of millions of Jewish and gentile civilians and served explicitly genocidal ends. In this most ‘total’ of conflicts, the sheer scale of the Third Reich's ultimate defeat stands out, even in comparison with that of Imperial Japan, which surrendered to the Allies prior to an invasion of its Home Islands. When the war in Europe ended on 8 May 1945 Allied forces had occupied almost all of Germany, with its state and economic structures lying in ruins. Some 4.8 million German soldiers and 300,000 Waffen SS troops lost their lives during the Second World War, including 40 per cent of German men born in 1920. According to recent estimates Allied bombing claimed approximately 350,000 to 380,000 victims and inflicted untold damage on the urban fabric of towns and cities across the Reich. As Nicholas Stargardt notes, this was truly ‘a German war like no other’.
14
Kneeshaw, Stephen, Richard Harvey, D'Ann Campbell, Robert W. Dubay, John T. Reilly, James F. Marran, Ann W. Ellis et al. "Book Reviews". Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 10, n.º 2 (4 de mayo de 2020): 82–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.10.2.82-96.
Texto completoResumen
Robert William Fogel and G. R. Elton. Which Road to the Past? Two Views of History. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1983. Pp. vii, 136. Cloth, $14.95. Review by Stephen Kneeshaw of The School of the Ozarks. Emmanuel LeRoy Ladurie. The Mind and Method of the Historian. Translated by Sian Reynolds and Ben Reynolds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981. Pp. v, 310. Paper, $9.95. Review by Richard Harvey of Ohio University. John E. O'Connor, ed. American History/ American Television: Interpreting the Video Past. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Company, 1983. Pp. 463. Cloth, $17.50; Paper, $8.95. Review by D' Ann Campbell of Indiana University. Foster Rhea Dulles & Melvyn Dubofsky. Labor in America: A History. Arlington Heights, Illinois: Harlan Davidson, Inc., 1984. 4th edition. Pp. ix, 425. Cloth, $25.95. Paper, $15.95. Review by Robert W. Dubay of Bainbridge Junior College. Karen Ordahl Kupperman. Roanoke: The Abandoned Colony. Totowa, New Jersey: Rowman & Allanheld, 1984. Pp. viii, 182. Cloth, $24.95; Paper, $12.50. Review by John T. Reilly of Mount Saint Mary College. Kevin O'Reilly. Critical Thinking in American History: Exploration to Constitution. South Hamilton, Massachusetts: Hamilton-Wenham Regional High School, 1983. Pp. 86. Paper, $2.95. Teacher's Guides: Pp. 180. Paper, $12.95; Kevin O'Reilly. Critical Thinking in American History: New Republic to Civil War. South Hamilton, Massachusetts: Hamilton-Wenham Regional High School, 1984. Pp. 106. Paper, $2.95. Teacher's Guide: Pp. 190. Paper, $12.95. Review by James F. Marran of New Trier Township High School, Winnetka, Illinois. Michael J. Cassity, ed. Chains of Fear: American Race Relations Since Reconstruction. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1984. Pp. xxxv, 253. Cloth, $35.00. Review by Ann W. Ellis of Kennesaw College. L. P. Morris. Eastern Europe Since 1945. London and Exeter, New Hampshire: Heinemann Educational Books, 1984. Pp. 211. Paper, $10.00. Review by Thomas T. Lewis, Mount Senario College. John Marks. Science and the Making of the Modern World. Portsmouth, New Hampshire: Heinemann Educational Books, Inc., 1983. Pp. xii, 507. Paper, $25.00. Review by Howard A. Barnes of Winston-Salem State University. Kenneth G. Alfers, Cecil Larry Pool, William F. Mugleston, eds. American's Second Century: Topical Readings, 1865-Present. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/ Hunt Publishing Co., 1984. Pp. viii, 381. Paper, $8.95. Review by Richard D. Schubart of Phillips Exeter Academy. Sam C. Sarkesian. America's Forgotten Wars: The Counterrevoltuionary Past and Lessons for the Future. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1984. Pp. xiv, 265. Cloth, $29.95. Review by Richard Selcer of Mountain View College. Edward Wagenknecht. Daughters of the Covenant: Portraits of Six Jewish Women. Amherst: University of Massachusetts, 1983. Pp. viii, 192. Cloth, $17.50. Review by Abraham D. Kriegel of Memphis State University. Morton Borden. Jews, Turks, and Infidels. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1984. Pp. x, 163. Cloth, $17.95. Review by Raymond J. Jirran of Thomas Nelson Community College. Richard Schlatter, ed. Recent Views on British History: Essays on Historical Writing Since 1966. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1984. Pp. xiii, 524. Cloth, $50.00. Review by Fred R. van Hartesveldt of Fort Valley State College. Simon Hornblower. The Greek World, 479-323 B.C. London and New York: Methuen, 1983. Pp. xi, 354. Cloth, $24.00; Paper, $11.95. Review by Dan Levinson of Thayer Academy, Braintree, Massachusetts. H. R. Kedward. Resistance in Vichy France. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978. Paper edition 1983. Pp. ix, 311. Paper, $13.95. Review by Sanford J. Gutman of the State University of New York at Cortland.
15
Lônčíková, Michala. "The end of War, the end of persecution? Post-World War II collective anti-Jewish violence in Slovakia". History in flux 1, n.º 1 (21 de diciembre de 2019): 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32728/flux.2019.1.8.
Texto completoResumen
Contrary to the previous political regime of the Slovak state (1939–1945), official policy had significantly changed in the renewed Czechoslovakia after the end of World War II, but anti-Jewish sentiments and even their brachial demonstrations somewhat framed the everyday reality of Jewish survivors who were returning to their homes from liberated concentration camps or hiding places. Their attempts to reintegrate into the society where they had used to live regularly came across intolerance, hatred and social exclusion, further strengthened by classical anti-Semitic stereotypes and prejudices. Desired capitulation of Nazi Germany and its satellites resulted also in the end of systematic Jewish extermination, but it did not automatically lead to a peaceful everyday life. This paper focuses on the social dynamics between Slovak majority society and the decimated Jewish minority in the first post-World War II years and analyses some crucial factors, particular motivations and circumstances of the selected acts of collective anti-Jewish violence in Slovakia. Moreover, the typological diversity of the specific collective atrocities will be discussed.
16
Pölzl, Konrad. "Unterdrückung–Diskriminierung–Verfolgung. Das Schicksal der Geschwister Olga Quandest und Karl Loewit". historia.scribere, n.º 11 (17 de junio de 2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15203/historia.scribere.11.810.
Texto completoResumen
The following paper aims to reconstruct the life of the siblings Olga Quandest and Karl Loewit, who lived in the city of Innsbruck during the time of National Socialism. Even though they followed the Roman Catholic faith, both of them were categorized as „Jews“ or „Mischlinge“ and therefore had to suffer from oppression, discrimination and persecution. In this paper, these individual biographies have been contextualised with macrohistorical developments and outline the conditions for Jewish spouses in so-called „Mischehen“ in the Gau Tirol-Vorarlberg between 1939 and 1945.
17
Borza, Peter. "Beyond the duties of a bishop - Pavel Gojdič, Righteous among the Nations". Nasza Przeszłość 138 (31 de diciembre de 2022): 315–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.52204/np.2022.138.315-326.
Texto completoResumen
The State of Israel awarded the Greek Catholic Bishop Pavel Gojdič the title of Righteous Among the Nations in 2007. In the critical years 1939-1945, he publicly stood up for the persecuted Jews and saved many from death. The study focuses on the analysis of his personality and attitudes to the Slovak Jewish community. It reveals his way of thinking and the specific examples which show us how it was manifested in relation to the persecuted. The study also contains the attitude of the Slovak elites towards the bishop and his activities in Slovakia.
18
Malinowski, Jerzy. "Polish Research on the Vilnius Artistic Community 1919–1939". Acta Academiae Artium Vilnensis, n.º 98 (23 de diciembre de 2019): 362–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.37522/aaav.98.2020.34.
Texto completoResumen
This review of publications and exhibitions is devoted to the artis- tic community of Interwar Vilnius and the Faculty of Fine Arts at Stephen Báthory University. It includes a look at how the National Museum in Warsaw has operated since the 1960s (under the direction of Prof. Stanisław Lorentz), as well as the Institute of Art of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw, the Nicolaus Copernicus University and the District Museum in Toruń. The subject of discussion is monographic exhibitions of artists (including Ferdynand Ruszczyc, Ludomir Sleńdziński, Henryk Kuna, Tymon Niesiołowski), problematic exhibitions such as “The Vilnius Artistic Community 1919–1945” (BWA Olsztyn 1989), “Fine Arts Education in Vilnius and its Traditions” (Toruń 1996), publications by, inter alia, Prof. Józef Poklewski, Dr. Irena Jakimowicz, Jan Kotłowski and the author of the present paper. Attention is also directed toward the Jewish artistic community – in particular, the “Yung Wilne” group.
19
Ruta, Magdalena. "Portrety podwójne, 1939–1956. Wspomnienia polskich Żydówek z sowieckiej Rosji". Studia Judaica, n.º 2 (48) (2021): 491–533. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/24500100stj.21.020.15075.
Texto completoResumen
Double Portraits, 1939–1956: Memoirs of Polish Jewish Women From Soviet Russia During the first months following Germany’s attack on Poland, some members of the Jewish community managed to sneak away to the eastern frontiers of the country which had been invaded and annexed by the Red Army in the second half of September 1939. The tragic experiences of these refugees, heretofore somehow neglected by Holocaust scholars, have recently become the subject of profound academic reflection. One of the sources of knowledge about the fate of Jewish refugees from Poland are their memoirs. In this article the author reflects on three autobiographical texts written by Polish Jewish women, female refugees who survived the Holocaust thanks to their stay in Soviet Russia, namely Ola Watowa, Ruth Turkow Kaminska, and Sheyne-Miriam Broderzon. Each of them experienced not only the atrocities of war, but also, most of all, the cruelty of the Communist regime. All three of them suffered persecution by the oppressive Soviet authorities in different ways and at different times. While Ola Watowa experienced (in person, as well as through the fate of her family and friends) the bitter taste of persecution and deportation during WWII, Sheyne-Miriam Broderzon lived a relatively peaceful life in that period (1939–1945), and Ruth Turkow Kaminska even enjoyed the luxurious lifestyle reserved for the privileged members of the establishment, and it was not until the years immediately after the war that the latter two women would face the true image of Communism as its victims. The Wats managed to leave the USSR shortly after the war, whereas for the Broderzons and the Turkows the war would not end until the death of Stalin and their subsequent return to Poland in 1956. According to Mary G. Mason, the immanent feature of women’s autobiographical writings is the self-discovery of one’s own identity through the simultaneous identification of some ‘other.’ It is thanks to the rootedness of one’s own identity through the connection with a certain chosen ‘other’ that women authors can openly write about themselves. The aim of the article is to attempt to determine to what extent this statement remains true for the memoirs of the three Polish Jewish women who, besides sharing the aforementioned historical circumstances, are also linked by the fact that all of them stayed in romantic relationships with outstanding men (i.e. writers Aleksander Wat and Moyshe Broderzon, and jazzman Adi Rosner), which had an enormous impact not only on their lives in general, but also specifically on the creation and style of their autobiographical narratives, giving them the character of a sui generis double portrait.
20
Grabowski, J. "German Anti-Jewish Propaganda in the Generalgouvernement, 1939-1945: Inciting Hate through Posters, Films, and Exhibitions". Holocaust and Genocide Studies 23, n.º 3 (1 de diciembre de 2009): 381–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dcp040.
Texto completo
21
Wichert, Wojciech. "„Exerzierplatz des Nationalsozialismus“ — der Reichsgau Wartheland in den Jahren 1939–1945". Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 40, n.º 2 (16 de agosto de 2018): 79–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.40.2.4.
Texto completoResumen
The aim of the article is the analysis of German policy in Reichsgau Wartheland, an area of western Poland annexed to Germany in the years 1939–1945. In scientific literature German rule in Warthegau with its capital in Poznań is often defined as ,,experimental training area of National Socialism”, where the regime could test its genocidal and racial practices, which were an emanation of the German occupation of Poland. The Nazi authorities wanted to accomplish its ideological goals in Wartheland in a variety of cruel ways, including the ethnic cleansing, annihilation of Polish intelligentsia, destruction of cultural institutions, forced resettlement and expulsion, segregation Germans from Poles combined with wide-ranging racial discrimination against the Polish population, mass incarceration in prisons and concentration camps, systematic roundups of prisoners, as well as genocide of Poles and Jews within the scope of radical Germanization policy and Holocaust. The aim of Arthur Greiser, the territorial leader of the Wartheland Gauleiter and at the same time one of the most powerful local Nazi administrators in Hitler‘s empire, was to change the demographic structure and colonisation of the area by the hundreds of thousands of ethnic Germans Volksdeutschen from the Baltic and other regions in order to make it a ,,blond province” and a racial laboratory for the breeding of the ,,German master race”. The largest forced labour program, the first and longest standing ghetto in Łódź, which the Nazis renamed later Litzmannstadt and the first experimental mass gassings of Jews in Nazi-occupied Europe carried out from autumn 1941 in gas vans in Chełmno extermination camp were all initiated in Warthegau, even before the implementation of the Final Solution. Furthermore, some of the first major deportations of the Jewish population took place here. Therefore in the genesis of the of the Nazi extermination policy of European Jewry Wartheland plays a pivotal role, as well as an important part of ruthless German occupation of Polish territories.
22
Rosner, Anna M. "Kindertransporty – brytyjskie akcje ratowania żydowskich dzieci w latach 1938–1939". Zagłada Żydów. Studia i Materiały, n.º 12 (30 de noviembre de 2016): 141–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32927/zzsim.412.
Texto completoResumen
The article talks about Kindertransports – the major rescue action organized by British-Jewish organizations, and run from the territory of Great Britain between 1938 and 1939. The Kindertransports aimed at gathering and sending to Great Britain Jewish children under the age of seventeen, in order to prevent them from witnessing, or being victims of the acts of violence in Nazi controlled Europe. Once in Great Britain, the children were supposed to spend several weeks with British families willing to give them shelter and support. Those for whom foster parents would not be found, were to be sent to boarding schools or temporary shelters. In the action’s planning phase the institutions involved considered the Kindertransports to be a temporary solution. As the situation of the Jewish population in Nazi controlled Europe worsened, it became clear that the character of the action needed to be revised, and the families were expected to guest the children for a longer and unspecified time. In the end approximately 10.000 Jewish children, who travelled to the Isles, were allowed to stay throughout the times of war. In 1945 it became clear that vast majority of them had no place or family to get back to. They stayed in Great Britain becoming an important and vital part of the British society, with British citizenships granted shortly after the end of the war. The article discusses the organization of the Kindertransport and talks about other solutions taken under consideration both by the program organizers, and the British government. It elaborates on the experiences the children shared, that is being separated from their families, feeling homesick, or finding oneself in the new environment. It explains the question of the lost identity of the participants of the program and speaks on how the subjects dealt with it. It also shows how the British legislature and laws connected to the Enemy Alien status together with the Defence Regulation 18B influenced lives of the underage survivors. The article ends with an attempt of estimation of what happened to the Kindertransport children after the war. How many of them remained in Great Britain and considered themselves British, how many shown high level of mobility and spend their lives changing their place of residence. In the end how many of them kept their self-identification as Jews, and how many converted.
23
Leszczawski-Schwerk, Angelique. "Między filarami opieki społecznej, pracy na polu kultury, upolitycznienia i feminizmu. Syjonistyczne „Koło Kobiet Żydowskich” we Lwowie (1908–1939)". Studia Judaica, n.º 2 (48) (2021): 377–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/24500100stj.21.016.15071.
Texto completoResumen
Between the Pillars of Welfare, Cultural Work, Politicization, and Feminism: The Zionist “Circle of Jewish Women” in Lviv, 1908–1939 The Circle of Jewish Women (“Koło Kobiet Żydowskich”), founded in Lemberg/Lviv in 1908 and active until 1939, played a vital role in the organization of Zionist women in the city and other places in Eastern Galicia. It was founded, among others, by Róża Pomeranc Melcer, one of the pioneers of Zionist women’s associations in Galicia and the first and only Jewish woman parliamentarian in the Second Polish Republic. Nevertheless, the history of the Circle, as well as the work of its many active members—many of whom perished in the Holocaust—has been almost forgotten and is rarely explored. The author of the article argues that this organization not only represents social welfare, but it also embodies elements of social support, cultural work, politicization, and feminism. Therefore, the author emphasizes the role the Circle played in the process of organizing Zionist women in Lviv and Galicia before World War I and especially during the interwar period in the Second Polish Republic, and how it contributed to women’s emancipation. Thus, the history of one of the most important Zionist women’s organizations is reconstructed and its versatile work facets explored in more detail. * Niniejszy artyku łstanowi poprawionąi skróconą wersję dwóch rozdziałów na temat organizacji syjonistycznej, które zostaną opublikowane w antologii Women Zionists Worldwide, 1897–1945 Miry Yungman (w przygotowaniu). Częściowo powstał także na podstawie prezentacji przedstawionej na konferencji Kobieta żydowska – nowe badania i perspektywy badawcze (Kraków, 26–28 kwietnia 2021).
24
Fröhlich, Julia. "Das Fehlen einer klaren Linie. Die Ambivalenz türkischer Diplomatie (1939-1945) gegenüber jüdischen Türk*innen im Ausland als Spiegelbild einer widersprüchlichen Nation". DIYÂR 2, n.º 2 (2021): 208–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2625-9842-2021-2-208.
Texto completoResumen
This article seeks to highlight the ambivalence inherent in Turkish diplomacy with reference to its attitude towards Jewish Turks living in Nazi occupied territories and thus being threatened by extermination policy. Embarking from a microhistoric approach, focussing on particular Jewish-Turkish citizens either helped or abandoned by Turkish diplomats, the study outlines a striking ambivalence and a lack of a common thread in attitudes and willingness to help. As this study touches on questions of citizenship and its underlying concepts determining membership to a state and a nation, particular attention is drawn to Turkey’s struggles for a new national identity shaped by Kemalism. Linking these concepts to the attempt to construct a new, homogenuous nation through social engineering, the study interprets the many-faced diplomatic attitude as a result of the ambivalence immanent in the new construct of the Turkish nation, exemplified by tensions between laiklik (laizism) and milliyetçilik (nationalism).
25
Leff, L. "YOSEF GORNY. The Jewish Press and the Holocaust, 1939-1945: Palestine, Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union." American Historical Review 117, n.º 5 (1 de diciembre de 2012): 1655–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/117.5.1655a.
Texto completo
26
MARKOVCHIN, V. V. "The followers of Horst Wessel in the Baltic States and their Attempts to «Finally Solve the Jewish Question» (1939-1945)". Вестник Московского государственного лингвистического университета. Общественные науки, n.º 4 (2022): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.52070/2500-347x_2022_4_849_79.
Texto completo
27
Butkiewicz, Tomasz. "Synagogues on fire. The end of Polish synagogue architecturein 1939–1941 in the iconography of German soldiers". Res Politicae 14 (2022): 115–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.16926/rp.2022.14.07.
Texto completoResumen
The outbreak of World War II marked the beginning of a tragic period in history that determined the fate of Polish Jews. From its first days, the German terror was not only remembered as a prelude to the Holocaust, but also as the beginning of the end of synagogue architecture in Poland. The iconography presented in the article draws attention to the burning synagogues and, at the same time, the end of a world that was indisputably part of the culture, art and identity of Poland before 1939.In the landscape of Poland it constituted a kind of individuality, which in the vocabulary of the Third Reich was perceived as: “Jewish culture and architecture” (Judische Kultur und Architektur), “Jewishtypes” (Judische Typen), “subhumans” (Untermenschen). This is the vocabulary of the German soldier who has occupied Poland since September 1939. And although some of them had already become familiar with this world during the First World War, it was mostly the young recruit born between1920 and 1922 who perceived it in an alien way, unprecedented for him. Convinced of their mission to expand their living space (Lebensraum), and thus their right to rule over Poland and Eastern Europe, the young Germans simultaneously made a visual perception of Polish Jews. The main part the article consists of iconographic documents visualising the silent historical source and studies of the subject created after 1945. They cover the period from 1939 to 1941 and depict the process of destroying Polish synagogue architecture. These are significant years because it was during this period that the largest number of synagogues built in Poland before 1939 were destroyed.
28
Harviainen, Tapani. "The Jews in Finland and World War II". Nordisk Judaistik/Scandinavian Jewish Studies 21, n.º 1-2 (1 de septiembre de 2000): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30752/nj.69575.
Texto completoResumen
In the years 1989–1944 two different wars against the Soviet Union were imposed upon Finland. During the Winter War of 1989–1940 Germany remained strictly neutral on the basis of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact&&Great Britain and France planned intervention in favour of Finland. When the second, so-called Continuation War broke out in the summer of 1041, Finland was co-belligerent of Germany, and Great Britain declared war on Finland in December 1941. De jure, however, Finland was never an ally of Germany, and at the end of the war, in the winter 1944–1945, the Finnish armed forces expelled the German troops from Lapland, which was devastated by the Germans during their retreat to Norway. Military service was compulsory for each male citizen of Finland. In 1939 the Jewish population of Finland numbered 1 700. Of these, 260 men were called up and approximately 200 were sent to serve at the front during the Winter War.
29
Piątkowski, Sebastian. "Guidelines on Official Activities for Gestapo Officers Working at the Sicherheitspolizei und SD Headquarters in Radom, 1940". Res Historica 55 (20 de julio de 2023): 785–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/rh.2023.55.785-808.
Texto completoResumen
The Geheime Staatspolizei (Gestapo) – Secret State Police – is considered one of the most criminal formations of the Nazi German state. In the years 1939–1945, it formed a department at the Sicherheitspolizei und SD (Security Police and Security Service) headquarters in Radom, which was the capital of one of the districts of the General Government. Extremally brutal extermination activities carried out by Gestapo officers against the Polish and Jewish population were accompanied by duties related to office work. Completing the fi les as well as creating and systematically supplementing fi les of various types was supposed to ultimately lead to obtaining the complete knowledge of the structures of the Polish resistance movement, and then to its annihilation. The guidelines for offi cial activities issued in 1940 were to systematize the work of Gestapo offi cers, making it more eff ective. Said guidelines cover a range of policing issues, from clerical activities to dealing with agents.
30
McGillicuddy, Aine. "Between Instruction and Delight: A Comparative Study of Irish Fictional Treatments of the Kindertransport for Juvenile Readers". VERBEIA. Revista de Estudios Filológicos. Journal of English and Spanish Studies, n.º 7 (31 de octubre de 2023): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.57087/verbeia.2023.4608.
Texto completoResumen
Questions concerning truth, authenticity and memory are increasingly crucial as we progress through the twenty-first century, drawing further away from the lived memory of the National Socialist era (1933-1945) and its terrible impact on society. This includes the displacement of thousands of Jewish children through the Kindertransport rescue operation (1938-1939). For many children, fictional narratives continue to be their first meaningful encounter with historical events. This underlines the importance of writing narratives for child readers that depict historical events accurately and striking a balance between instruction and delight. Such considerations will be discussed, focussing on two children’s novels by Irish writers Marilyn Taylor and Claire Mulligan as case studies. In this analysis, we will discuss these authors’ motives for writing stories depicting the experiences of Kindertransportees, their representations of this particular historical context and the experiences of child exiles in their works for current and future generations of young readers.
31
Kurek-Lesik, Ewa. "The Conditions of Admittance and the Social Background of Jewish Children Saved by Women’s Religious Orders in Poland from 1939–1945". Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry 3, n.º 1 (enero de 1988): 244–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/polin.1988.3.244.
Texto completo
32
Morawiec, Arkadiusz. "Józef Hen i Józef Bau". Załącznik Kulturoznawczy, n.º 9 (2022): 137–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zk.2022.9.07.
Texto completoResumen
The main subject of this article is Józef Hen’s 1955 short story Samotność (Loneliness). The prototype of its protagonist is Józef Bau, and the prototype of its main theme, the volume of poetry containing the poems “born from the nightmare of the death camp”, is his 1949 volume Cień przechodnia (The passer-by’s shadow), a work interesting both in terms of literature and art (graphics). Samotność is probably the only (and at the same time peculiar) expression of the reception of the volume Cień przechodnia. Hen and Bau met in 1945. The familiarity between the two writers, with Jewish roots, seems to result from a shared experience, the Jewish fate. In the case of Bau, who passed through the ghetto and concentration camps, this fate turned out to be traumatizing, as both his parents and his brother were murdered by the Germans. Nonetheless, the experiences of Hen, who fled to the East (the Soviet Union) in September 1939 and thus avoided similar torments, were painful too. Bau was the first person to report to Hen in detail what a concentration camp was. It seems that Samotność is, above all, a self-referential work, exploring the issue that has been and is still preoccupied with Hen as a writer and as a man who lost a number of his relatives during the war. By writing Samotność, as well as other works dealing the Holocaust and the loneliness of the survivors, Hen frees himself from his own trauma, and also calls for the memory of the “Jewish tragedies” (which were displaced during the period of Stalinism and the domination of socialist realism).
33
Jankevičiūtė, Giedrė y Osvaldas Daugelis. "Collecting Art in the Turmoil of War: Lithuania in 1939–1944". Art History & Criticism 16, n.º 1 (1 de diciembre de 2020): 35–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/mik-2020-0003.
Texto completoResumen
SummaryThe article deals with the growth of the art collections of the Lithuanian national and municipal museums during WWII, a period traditionally seen as particularly unfavourable for cultural activities. During this period, the dynamics of Lithuanian museum art collections were maintained by two main sources. The first was caused by nationalist politics, or, more precisely, one of its priorities to support Lithuanian art by acquiring artworks from contemporaries. The exception to this strategy is the attention given to the multicultural art scene of Vilnius, partly Jewish, but especially Polish art, which led to the purchase of Polish artists’ works for the Vilnius Municipal Museum and the Vytautas the Great Museum of Culture in Kaunas, which had the status of a national art collection. The second important source was the nationalisation of private property during the Soviet occupation of 1940–1941. This process enabled the Lithuanian museums to enrich their collections with valuable objets d’art first of all, but also with paintings, sculptures and graphic prints. Due to the nationalisation of manor property, the collections of provincial museums, primarily Šiauliai Aušra and Samogitian Museum Alka in Telšiai, significantly increased. The wave of emigration of Lithuanian citizens to the West at the end of the Second World War was also a favourable factor in expanding museum collections, as both artists and owners of their works left a number of valuables to museums as depositors. On the other hand, some museum valuables were transported from Vilnius to Poland in 1945–1948 by the wave of the so-called repatriation of former Vilnius residents who had Polish citizenship in 1930s. The article systematises previously published data and provides new information in order to reconstruct the dynamics of the growth of Lithuanian museum art collections caused by radical political changes, which took place in the mid 20th century.
34
Hamrin-Dahl, Tina. "This-worldly and other-worldly: a holocaust pilgrimage". Scripta Instituti Donneriani Aboensis 22 (1 de enero de 2010): 122–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30674/scripta.67365.
Texto completoResumen
This story is about a kind of pilgrimage, which is connected to the course of events which occurred in Częstochowa on 22 September 1942. In the morning, the German Captain Degenhardt lined up around 8,000 Jews and commanded them to step either to the left or to the right. This efficient judge from the police force in Leipzig was rapid in his decisions and he thus settled the destinies of thousands of people. After the Polish Defensive War of 1939, the town (renamed Tschenstochau) had been occupied by Nazi Germany, and incorporated into the General Government. The Nazis marched into Częstochowa on Sunday, 3 September 1939, two days after they invaded Poland. The next day, which became known as Bloody Monday, approximately 150 Jews were shot deadby the Germans. On 9 April 1941, a ghetto for Jews was created. During World War II about 45,000 of the Częstochowa Jews were killed by the Germans; almost the entire Jewish community living there.The late Swedish Professor of Oncology, Jerzy Einhorn (1925–2000), lived in the borderhouse Aleja 14, and heard of the terrible horrors; a ghastliness that was elucidated and concretized by all the stories told around him. Jerzy Einhorn survived the ghetto, but was detained at the Hasag-Palcery concentration camp between June 1943 and January 1945. In June 2009, his son Stefan made a bus tour between former camps, together with Jewish men and women, who were on this pilgrimage for a variety of reasons. The trip took place on 22–28 June 2009 and was named ‘A journey in the tracks of the Holocaust’. Those on the Holocaust tour represented different ‘pilgrim-modes’. The focus in this article is on two distinct differences when it comes to creed, or conceptions of the world: ‘this-worldliness’ and ‘other- worldliness’. And for the pilgrims maybe such distinctions are over-schematic, though, since ‘sacral fulfilment’ can be seen ‘at work in all modern constructions of travel, including anthropology and tourism’.
35
Raphael, Marc Lee. "Yehudah Bauer. American Jewry and the Holocaust: The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, 1939–1945. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1980. 522 pp." AJS Review 10, n.º 2 (1985): 250–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0364009400001410.
Texto completo
36
ČORNOVOL, Ihor. "Fathers, Sons, and Identity in the Galicia. Mykola Hankevyč and Henryk Wereszycki". Ukraine-Poland: Historical Heritage and Public Consciousness 11 (2018): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/up.2018-11-73-77.
Texto completoResumen
The author approached the problem of national identity – the most popular topic among Ukrainian scholars still – in the terms of relativism. Despite the ancestry, a person might choose other identity in Ukraine. The article focuses on biography of Henryk Wereszycki (1898–1990), a Polish historian. His natural father Mykola Hankevyč was a leader of the Ukrainian Social-Democratic Party, mother was Rosa Altenberg, a daughter of a Jewish book trader. Contrary to his parents, Henryk became neither Ukrainian, nor Jewish but a prominent Polish historian. After graduating from the Faculty of History of Lviv University, H. Vereshytskyi taught history at Lviv gymnasiums. In 1930 was published his first book «Austria and the 1863 Uprising». For the last four pre-war summers he worked as a librarian at the Pilsudski Institute in Warsaw. In September 1939, H. Vereshytskyi participated in the fighting for Warsaw, was captured and spent five years in fascist concentration camps. His mother, brother and sister were died in captivity. In the postwar period G. Vereshytsky continued his career as a historian.From 1945 to 1947 he worked in the Institute of National Memory, 1947–1956 – docent of Wroclaw University, 1956–1969 – Professor, later is a Doctor of Jagiellonian University. The entire edition of his first book «The Political History of Poland. 1864–1918» (1948) was destroyed by censorship. This book (first reprinted in Poland in 1990), as well as his «History of Austria» and «Under the Habsburgs» were included in the gold fund of Polish historiography. Keywords socialism in Galicia, Polish historiography, Rozalia Altenberg, Mykola Hankevych, Henryk Vereshytskyi.
37
Andrews, Naomi J., Simon Jackson, Jessica Wardhaugh, Shannon Fogg, Jessica Lynne Pearson, Elizabeth Campbell, Laura Levine Frader, Joshua Cole, Elizabeth A. Foster y Owen White. "Book Reviews". French Politics, Culture & Society 37, n.º 3 (1 de diciembre de 2019): 123–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/fpcs.2019.370307.
Texto completoResumen
Silyane Larcher, L’Autre Citoyen: L’idéal républicain et les Antilles après l’esclavage (Paris: Armand Colin, 2014).Elizabeth Heath, Wine, Sugar, and the Making of Modern France: Global Economic Crisis and the Racialization of French Citizenship, 1870–1910 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014).Rebecca Scales, Radio and the Politics of Sound in Interwar France, 1921–1939 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016).Claire Zalc, Dénaturalisés: Les retraits de nationalité sous Vichy (Paris: Éditions du Seuil, 2016).Bertram M. Gordon, War Tourism: Second World War France from Defeat and Occupation to the Creation of Heritage (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2018).Shannon L. Fogg, Stealing Home: Looting, Restitution, and Reconstructing Jewish Lives in France, 1942–1947 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017).Sarah Fishman, From Vichy to the Sexual Revolution: Gender and Family Life in Postwar France (New York: Oxford University Press, 2017).Frederick Cooper, Citizenship between Empire and Nation: Remaking France and French Africa, 1945–1960 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014).Jessica Lynne Pearson, The Colonial Politics of Global Health: France and the United Nations in Postwar Africa (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018). Darcie Fontaine, Decolonizing Christianity: Religion and the End of Empire in France and Algeria (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2016).
38
Pietrzykowski, Szymon. "Złudne nieuwikłanie. III Rzesza w interpretacji antyfaszystowskiej — casus NRD". Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 38, n.º 3 (11 de julio de 2017): 75–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.38.3.5.
Texto completoResumen
ILLUSORY NON-ENTANGLEMENT: THIRD REICH IN ANTIFASCIST NARRATIVE THE CASE OF GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICAntifascism, a historiographical doctrine formulated in the 30s of the twentieth century by G. Dimitrov, as aresult of the Soviet victory over the Third Reich acquired the status of official narrative in countries of the Communist Bloc. It played aparticular role in GDR as a primary source of state’s legitimization, especially in the early postwar years. Relating on selected historical sources and extensive literature on this subject to mention, among others, D. Diner, J. Herf, S. Kattago, A. Wolff-Powęska, K. Wóycicki, J. McLellan, M. Fulbrook Iintend to capture the disingenuousness of East German antifascism. Making use of lies, illusion or denial, applying selectiveness on facts or specific way of their interpretation, the GDR authorities managed to integrate the society around apositive yet erroneous myth of victorious mass resistance of the German working class against fascism. What is more, such antifascism played adefensive supervisory function: „universalizing” the period of 1939–1945 as another stage of long-term rivalry between the proletariat and capitalists it discursively blurred the historical continuity between the GDR and the Third Reich, and sustained the illusion of lack of guilt for the Holocaust which actual i.e. Jewish specificity remained unrecognized.
39
Żuchowski, Tadeusz. "Wo manchmal die Gebeine bleichen". Artium Quaestiones, n.º 26 (19 de septiembre de 2018): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/aq.2015.26.4.
Texto completoResumen
The status of cemeteries in European culture is unique. Tombs with inscriptionsinforming about the names of the buried are peculiar examples of historical documentswhich persuasively illustrate the history of a given region by revealing thetruth about the nationality, religious beliefs, and social status of the buried. Thus,cemeteries become unique reservoirs of memory, sometimes turning into objects ofideologically biased interest and even destruction. That was the case of the Protestantcemeteries in Poland which suffered as a result of historical ideologization affectingthe regions formerly populated by Germans. A metaphorical account of thatprocess can be found in The Call of the Toad, a novel by Günter Grass.However, the problem is much more complicated. Since the 19th century changesin urban planning of European cities resulted in transforming cemeteries into parks.Various developments of this kind can be observed in Poznań, where till 1939 cemeterieswere connected to particular confessions, and, with an exception of the garrisoncemetery, there were no burying grounds open to all. The cemeteries which belongedto parishes and communities were taken over by the city and gradually transformedinto parks, except the historic ones (the Roman Catholic cemetery on Wzgórze Św.Wojciecha, the Protestant Holy Cross cemetery on Ogrodowa St., and the Jewishcemetery on Głogowska St.). Such changes required a proper waiting period from themoment of the burying ground’s closing to its final disappearance. Fifty years afterthe last burial a cemetery could be officially taken over by the city. Transformationswhich began at the beginning of the 20th century were continued in the 1930s, to becompleted in the 1950s.Under the Nazi occupation, the decrees of the administrator of the Warthegaumade it possible for the city to take over the confessional cemeteries (Roman Catholic,Jewish, and Protestant). Those regulations remained valid after World War II. TheCity Council took over Protestant and Jewish cemeteries, and removed some RomanCatholic ones. Some of them have been transformed into parks. Consequently, all theProtestant and Jewish cemeteries, and some Roman Catholic ones, disappeared fromthe city map in 1945–1973. Most of them have been changed into parks and squares.The Protestant cemeteries were considered German and the parks located on suchareas received significant names, e.g., Victory Park, Partisans’ Park, etc. Cemeterieswere often being closed in a hurry and until today on some construction sites contractorscan find human bones.
40
Pereira, Carolina Henriques. "Crianças refugiadas que se salvaram através de Portugal durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial (1940-1944)". Revista de História da Sociedade e da Cultura 22, n.º 1 (28 de junio de 2022): 233–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1645-2259_22-1_9.
Texto completoResumen
Durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial (1939-1945) e, sobretudo, a partir de 1940, ano das principais ocupações e anexações da Europa Ocidental por parte do exército alemão, centenas de crianças em fuga encontraram refúgio provisório neste pequeno, pobre e isolado país do sudoeste europeu, antes de conseguirem embarcar para territórios além-mar, como os Estados Unidos da América. Para além do caso mais conhecido da Colónia Infantil e Balnear de São Pedro do Estoril, algumas crianças ficaram “internadas” na Escola Agrícola de Paiã (Lisboa); no Colégio da Bafureira, na vila de Parede, em Cascais; na Casa Pia (Lisboa); na Santa Casa da Misericórdia de Lisboa; e em centros de acolhimento, como o caso do Centro de Acolhimento da Cruz Vermelha, no Estoril. Organizações internacionais de auxílio como a American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JOINT), o American Friends Service Committee (AFSC, Quakers) e o Unitarian Service Committee (USC) organizaram e financiaram, sob o patrocínio de Eleanor Roosevelt e do United States Committee for the Care of European Children (USCOM), o salvamento e a estadia destas crianças. Apesar de terem permanecido em Portugal por um breve período, foi-lhes possível escapar de uma Europa em chamas e partir sãs e salvas para países além-mar. Através de uma análise qualitativa e quantitativa, este artigo visa contribuir para o conhecimento histórico do fenómeno do refúgio de crianças em Portugal durante esta Guerra fratricida.
41
Radchenko, Iryna Gennadiivna. "The Philanthropic Organizations' Assistance to Jews of Romania and "Transnistria" during the World War II". Dnipropetrovsk University Bulletin. History & Archaeology series 25, n.º 1 (7 de marzo de 2017): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/261714.
Texto completoResumen
The article is devoted to assistance, rescue to the Jewish people in Romanian territory, including "Transnistria" in 1939–1945. Using the archival document from different institutions (USHMM, Franklyn D. Roosevelt Library) and newest literature, the author shows the scale of the assistance, its mechanism and kinds. It was determined some of existed charitable organizations and analyzed its mechanism of cooperation between each other. Before the war, the Romanian Jewish Community was the one of largest in Europe (after USSR and Poland) and felt all tragedy of Holocaust. Romania was the one of the Axis states; the anti-Semitic policy has become a feature of Marshal Antonescu policy. It consisted of deportations from some regions of Romania to newly-created region "Transnistria", mass exterminations, death due to some infectious disease, hunger, etc. At the same moment, Romania became an example of cooperation of the international organizations, foreign governments on providing aid. The scale of this assistance was significant: thanks to it, many of Romanian Jews (primarily, children) could survive the Holocaust: some of them were come back to Romanian regions, others decide to emigrate to Palestine. The emphasis is placed on the personalities, who played important (if not decisive) role: W. Filderman, S. Mayer, Ch. Colb, J. Schwarzenberg, R. Mac Clelland and many others. It was found that the main part of assistance to Romanian Jews was began to give from the end of 1943, when the West States, World Jewish community obtained numerous proofs of Nazi crimes against the Jews (and, particularly, Romanian Jews). It is worth noting that the assistance was provided, mostly, for Romanian Jews, deported from Regat; some local (Ukrainian) Jews also had the possibility to receive a lot of needful things. But before the winter 1942, most of Ukrainian Jews was exterminated in ghettos and concentration camps. The main kinds of the assistance were financial (donations, which was given by JDC through the ICRC and Romanian Jewish Community), food parcels, clothes, medicaments, and emigrations from "Transnistria" to Romania, Palestine (after 1943). Considering the status of Romania (as Nazi Germany's ally in World War II), the international financial transactions dealt with some difficulties, which delayed the relief, but it was changed after the Romania's joining to Allies. The further research on the topic raises new problem for scholars. Particularly, it deals with using of memoirs. There is one other important point is inclusion of national (Ukrainian) historiography on the topic, concerning the rescue of Romanian Jews, to European and world history context.
42
KOSTRZEWA-ZORBAS, Grzegorz. "GERMAN REPARATIONS TO POLAND FOR WORLD WAR II ON GLOBAL BACKGROUND". National Security Studies 14, n.º 2 (19 de diciembre de 2018): 183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.37055/sbn/132131.
Texto completoResumen
No other country in the world suffered a greater measurable and verifiable loss of human and material resources than Poland during World War II in 1939-1945. According to the first approximation, the value of human and material losses inflicted to Poland by Nazi Germany amounts to 6.495 trillion US dollars of 2018.However, Poland never received war reparations from Germany. The article is a preliminary survey of the complex issue – conducted in an interdisciplinary way combining elements of legal, economic, and political analysis, because the topic belongs to the wide and multidisciplinary field of national and international security. Refuted in the article is an internationally popular myth that communist Poland unilaterally renounced German war reparations in 1953. Then the article discusses the global background of the topic in the 20th and 21st centuries – in particular, the case of Greece whose reparations claims Germany rejects like the Polish claims, and major cases of reparations actually paid: by Germany for World War I, by Germany to Israel and Jewish organizations for the Holocaust, by Japan for World War II – at 966 billion US dollars of 2018, the largest reparations ever – and by and Iraq for the Gulf War. The article concludes with a discussion of necessary further research with advanced methodology of several sciences, and of a possible litigation before the International Court of Justice – or a diplomatic solution to the problem of war reparations.
43
Gołębiowski, Bronisław. "Rewolucja dokonana i obroniona". Kultura i Społeczeństwo 62, n.º 1 (26 de marzo de 2018): 215–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/kis.2018.62.1.9.
Texto completoResumen
The author disputes Leder’s idea in Prześniona rewolucja. Ćwiczenie z logiki historycznej [A Missed Revolution: Exercise in Historical Logic] (2014) that a great revolution, eliminating the “late feudalism” of the 19th century, occurred in Poland in the years 1939–1956 and that it happened because of the war’s destruction of the old social structures and the Nazi genocide of the Jewish population, that is, the bourgeois class, which was replaced in the years 1945–1956 by unconscious beneficiaries of the change. The beneficiaries were unaware, he writes, because the essence of the changes and their benefits never entered the social imaginary. The core of the author’s polemic is the claim that such change, which was conducted by force and by foreigners, can not be called a “revolution,” that is, the passage of society to modernity. Furthermore, the author claims that the great Polish revolution was conducted in full by the nation, by the peasant classes, in the years 1914–1922, and was popular and independence-oriented in nature. It was the continuation of the Polish independence uprisings of the 19th century, the result of changes in the social structure that had been occurring for years in the Polish lands, which were at the time divided between the partitioning states, and of deepening self-awareness among the people. The revolution was continued after Poland’s acquisition of independence in 1918. The Second World War, and foreign intervention, only disrupted that process.
44
Eduard, Kubů. "Historiografický obraz „velkých majetkových přesunů“ v českých zemích / Československu období konce 30. až konce 40. let 20. století". Česko-slovenská historická ročenka 25, n.º 2 (2023): 153–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cshr.2023.25.2.7.
Texto completoResumen
This paper offers the perspective of a historian of modern economic and social history on the development of historiography devoted to the turbulent property transfers made in the Bohemian lands/Czechoslovakia in the 1930s and 1940s. The author – who has long been widely involved in the subject – presents his interpretation of the development of the discourse, focusing on works that, in his opinion, significantly advance the understanding of these fateful decades for Czech and Slovak society. The literature on this topic is large and, at the same time, very sparse, as a lot of areas remain uncovered. The older literature, logically, has an ideological character, while the literature produced after the fall of the communist regime has a de-ideologised, descriptive, largely enumerative character. Historians have focused less on examining the mechanisms of property law changes, and even less on the actual ways in which they were implemented in specific cases. Current research has shown how varied and imaginative the Nazi occupation regime’s methods of operation were, and not only for large economic enterprises. The subsequent period was also not entirely uniform in the ways in which changes to property rights were implemented. The literature is unevenly divided between different periods of property transfers, demarcated by regime changes (1938–1939–1945–1948). It does not reflect too much the fact that economic change is not always delimited as sharply as political change. It is more “procedural”, except of course for spectacular actions, such as the nationalization of 1945. The expropriation of Jewish property dominates the examined works of historiography, while the expropriation of Czech property during and German property after World War II is almost entirely absent. What is missing is an examination of property transfers in agriculture during World War II. No one has, for instance, so far seriously examined the political administration of nationalised properties. There is no doubt that we are only at the beginning of research into most of the problems outlined in the paper.
45
White, Nick. "Gitta Sereny and Albert Speer's ‘Battle with Truth’ on the London Stage". New Theatre Quarterly 17, n.º 2 (mayo de 2001): 170–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266464x00014573.
Texto completoResumen
Prompted by the investigative journalist Gitta Sereny's biography Albert Speer: His Battle with Truth, two recent productions, Esther Vilar's Speer and David Edgar's Albert Speer, have set out to explore the reputation of Hitler's architect and later Minister of Armaments and War Production, Albert Speer, the only leading Nazi to acknowledge his guilt at the Nuremberg Trials. The plays, like the biography, are concerned with the extent of Speer's knowledge of the ‘Final Solution’ during his career in the Nazi hierarchy, and consequently with the integrity of the stance he adopted at Nuremberg and thereafter – that is, of his claim of guilt by association and omission rather than by active participation. In her biography, Sereny claims that as a result of her association with Speer he eventually acknowledged his guilt to her, and was repentant. But Nick White believes that the evidence – much of it unearthed by Sereny herself – suggests otherwise, and that Sereny had failed to acknowledge that between 1978 and his death in 1981 Speer consistently deceived her about crucial aspects of this evidence. How successful are Vilar and Edgar in their quite different dramatic sifting, not only of the public persona of Speer, but also of the interpretation granted their subject by the biographer upon whom their plays, to a lesser and greater degree, depend? Nick White has taught at City University, London, and his PhD dissertation, ‘In the Absence of Memory? Jewish Fate and Dramatic Representation: the Production and Critical Reception of Holocaust Drama on the London Stage, 1945–1989’ (1998) has been followed by a companion volume of criticism, articles, and letters, The Critical Reception of Holocaust Drama on the British Stage, 1939–2000.
46
Strauss, Elizabeth. "“Everything Is Old”: National Socialism and the Weathering of the Jews of Łódź". Genealogy 8, n.º 2 (26 de marzo de 2024): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy8020033.
Texto completoResumen
Using the social scientific theory of “weathering”, the case study presented here reveals the broader explanatory power of the theory. Arline Geronimus developed the concept to describe the impact of racist systems on marginalized populations. Based on more than four decades of empirical research, Geronimus posits that the cumulative impact of navigating the structural racism embedded in US institutions results in accelerated declines in health and premature aging. The historical case study of the Łódź ghetto demonstrates that Nazi persecution of the Jews during the Holocaust resulted in a similar process of weathering among Jews. From 1939 to 1945, German authorities systematically dispossessed and uprooted, purposely starved, and exploited for labor the tens of thousands of Jews held captive in the Łódź ghetto. Despite valiant Jewish efforts to ameliorate the hardships of life in the ghetto, the persistent onslaught of racist policies and degradation ultimately resulted in widespread weathering of the population on an individual and communal level. I propose that the concept of “weathering” developed by social scientists has broad interpretative power for understanding the personal and communal impact of white supremacist societies in a historical context. The case of the Łódź ghetto is instructive beyond what it reveals about the particular persecution of the Jews during the Third Reich. The abrupt imposition of a racist system of government, the steady escalation of antisemitic policies from oppression and exploitation to genocide, and the relatively short duration of the ghetto’s existence lays bare the cumulative effects of widespread individual weathering on the vitality of the community itself. In the Łódź ghetto, prolonged exposure to an environment governed by white supremacy also resulted in communal weathering.
47
Holmila, A. "The Jewish Press and the Holocaust, 1939-1945: Palestine, Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union, Yosef Gorny (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 294 pp., hardcover $90.00, e-book available". Holocaust and Genocide Studies 27, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2013): 147–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hgs/dct012.
Texto completo
48
Šimůnek, Michal V. y Milan Novák. "Německý univerzitní patolog v přemetech mimořádné doby. K biografii Franze X. Lucksche (1872–1952)". AUC HISTORIA UNIVERSITATIS CAROLINAE PRAGENSIS 63, n.º 2 (29 de abril de 2024): 71–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/23365730.2024.3.
Texto completoResumen
The pathologist Franz Xaver Lucksch (1872–1952) seems to have been in many ways a rather distinctive personality within the academic landscape of German medicine and medical research in Bohemia. As a member of the generation that grew up during the belle époque, he witnessed all the dramatic turnovers of Central Europe in the twentieth century. A man of considerable scientific ambitions, he became assistant professor (1904) and extraordinary professor (1914) at the Institute of Pathology (Institut für Pathologie) of the German Medical Faculty in Prague under Professor Hans Chiari (1851–1916). Having researched pellagra endemics in Romania in 1910, he returned there in the late 1930s thanks to the support of the Rockefeller Foundation. To the best of our knowledge, he published 48 academic contributions in his lifetime, infectious diseases (including tuberculosis) being the most frequent subject. Lucksch fought in the First World War, ending his military service as a lieutenant colonel of the Austro-Hungarian imperial army. Although he at first considered a professional military career in Austria even after 1918, he eventually returned from Vienna to Prague in 1919. There, he continued his medical work and research as a first assistant, which was the position he held for many years. In public life, he was active in spreading awareness of public health issues – probably in reaction to the autopsies he was carrying out. He emphasised the importance of nutrition and prevention of tuberculosis, a disease highly prevalent in Czechoslovakia at the time. But above all, he focused on physical training (Leibesübungen). In 1929–36, he headed the University Physical Training Centre (Hochschulzentrale für Leibesübungen) at the German University in Prague and the German Educational Course for Physical Training of Teachers. Aside from that, he was also a member of the German Association of Gymnasts. This is how Lucksch became acquainted and rather unfortunately politically involved with Konrad Henlein (1898–1945) and his Nazi movement among the Sudeten Germans of Czechoslovakia. At first, he was an active member but shortly after the German occupation of Bohemia and Moravia in March 1939, he found himself in a rather awkward position when the political movement he had previously endorsed started making problems for his Jewish wife and two children. His son, Franz Lucksch Jr. (1916–1966), became also a physician and made a notable scientific career after 1945. In 1936, Lucksch was appointed interim director of the Institute of Pathology. In the spring of 1939, he retired. As an emeritus, he had two part-time jobs: aside from publishing, he still did some teaching and research at the Institute during the academic year, and, in the remaining period, he worked as a pathologist at the Provincial Institute for the Mentally Ill (Landesanstalt für Geisteskranke) in Kosmonosy (Kosmanos), 65km from Prague. At this institution he performed autopsies of patients who died mainly due to extremely bad conditions. After the war, Lucksch was allowed to stay in Prague, but under rather difficult conditions, including financial issues. In connection with the prosecution of Nazi ‘euthanasia’ crimes in the 1960s, a suspicion emerged that he may have conduced tuberculosis experiments on psychiatric patients. Given the particular circumstances, however, this was highly improbable, neither has anything of that kind been proved in connection with Lucksch.
49
Briuchowecka, Łarysa. "Польща в українському кіно". Studia Filmoznawcze 37 (14 de septiembre de 2016): 25–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0860-116x.37.5.
Texto completoResumen
POLAND IN UKRAINIAN CINEMAMultinational Ukraine in the time of Ukrainization conducted a policy which was supportive of the national identity, allowed the possibility of the cultural development of, among others, Jews, Crimean Tatars, and Poles. Cinema was exemplary of such policy, in 1925 through to the 1930s a number of films on Jewish and Crimean Tatar topics were released by Odessa and Yalta Film Studios. However, the Polish topic, which enjoyed most attention, was heavily politicized due to tensions between the USSR and the Second Commonwealth of Poland; the Soviet government could not forgive Poland the refusal to follow the Bolshevik path. The Polish topic was particularly painful for the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic due to the fact that the Western fringe of Ukrainian lands became a part of Poland according to the Treaty of Riga which was signed between Poland and Soviet Russia. This explains why Polish society was constantly denounced in the Ukrainian Soviet films The Shadows of Belvedere, 1927, Behind the Wall, 1928. Particular propagandistic significance in this case was allotted to the film PKP Piłsudski Kupyv Petliuru, Piłsudski Bought Petliura, 1926, which showed Poland subverting the stability of the Ukrainian SSR and reconstructed the episode of joint battles of Ukrainians and Poles against the Bolsheviks in the summer of 1920 as well as the Winter Campaign. The episodes of Ukrainian history were also shown on the screen during this favorable for cinema time, particularly in films Zvenyhora 1927 by Oleksandr Dovzhenko and a historical epopee Taras Triasylo 1927. The 1930s totalitarian cinema presented human being as an ideological construct. Dovzhenko strived to oppose this tendency in Shchors 1939 where head of the division Mykola Shchors is shown as a successor of Ivan Bohun, specifically in the scene set in the castle in which he fights with Polish warriors. Dovzhenko was also assigned by Soviet power to document the events of the autumn of 1939, when Soviet troops invaded Poland and annexed Western Ukraine. The episodes of “popular dedications” such as demonstrations, meetings, and elections constituted his journalistic documentary film Liberation 1940. A Russian filmmaker Abram Room while working in Kyiv Film Studios on the film Wind from the East 1941 did not spare on dark tones to denunciate Polish “exploiters” impersonated by countess Janina Pszezynska in her relation to Ukrainian peasant Khoma Habrys. Ihor Savchenko interpreted events of the 17th century according to the topic of that time in his historical film Bohdan Khmelnitsky 1941 where Poles and their acolytes were depicted as cruel and irreconcilable enemies of Ukrainian people both in terms of story and visual language, so that the national liberation war lead by Khmelnytsky appeared as a revenge against the oppressors. The Polish topic virtually disappeared from Ukrainian cinema from the post-war time up until the collapse of the Soviet Union. The minor exclusions from this tendency are Zigmund Kolossovsky, a film about a brave Polish secret service agent shot during the evacuation in 1945 and the later time adaptations of the theatre pieces The Morality of Mrs Dulska 1956 and Cracovians and Highlanders 1976. Filmmakers were able to return to the common Polish-Ukrainian history during the time of independence despite the economic decline of film production. A historical film Bohdan Zinoviy Khmelnitsky by Mykola Mashchenko was released in 2008. It follows the line of interpretation given to Khmelnitsky’s struggle with Polish powers by Norman Davies, according to whom the cause of this appraisal was the peasant fury combined with the actual social, political and religious injustices to Eastern provinces. The film shows how Khmelnitsky was able to win the battles but failed to govern and protect the independence of Hetmanate which he had founded. The tragedies experienced by Poland and Ukraine during the Second World War were shown in a feature film Iron Hundred 2004 by Oles Yanchuk based on the memoirs of Yuri Borets UPA in a Swirl of Struggle as well as in documentaries Bereza Kartuzka 2007, Volyn. The Sign of Disaster 2003 among others.Translated by Larisa Briuchowecka
50
Briuchowecka, Łarysa. "Polska w kinie ukraińskim". Studia Filmoznawcze 37 (14 de septiembre de 2016): 89–150. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0860-116x.37.6.
Texto completoResumen
POLAND IN UKRAINIAN CINEMAMultinational Ukraine in the time of Ukrainization conducted a policy which was supportive of the national identity, allowed the possibility of the cultural development of, among others, Jews, Crimean Tatars, and Poles. Cinema was exemplary of such policy, in 1925 through to the 1930s a number of films on Jewish and Crimean Tatar topics were released by Odessa and Yalta Film Studios. However, the Polish topic, which enjoyed most attention, was heavily politicized due to tensions between the USSR and the Second Commonwealth of Poland; the Soviet government could not forgive Poland the refusal to follow the Bolshevik path. The Polish topic was particularly painful for the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic due to the fact that the Western fringe of Ukrainian lands became a part of Poland according to the Treaty of Riga which was signed between Poland and Soviet Russia. This explains why Polish society was constantly denounced in the Ukrainian Soviet films The Shadows of Belvedere, 1927, Behind the Wall, 1928. Particular propagandistic significance in this case was allotted to the film PKP Piłsudski Kupyv Petliuru, Piłsudski Bought Petliura, 1926, which showed Poland subverting the stability of the Ukrainian SSR and reconstructed the episode of joint battles of Ukrainians and Poles against the Bolsheviks in the summer of 1920 as well as the Winter Campaign. The episodes of Ukrainian history were also shown on the screen during this favorable for cinema time, particularly in films Zvenyhora 1927 by Oleksandr Dovzhenko and a historical epopee Taras Triasylo 1927. The 1930s totalitarian cinema presented human being as an ideological construct. Dovzhenko strived to oppose this tendency in Shchors 1939 where head of the division Mykola Shchors is shown as a successor of Ivan Bohun, specifically in the scene set in the castle in which he fights with Polish warriors. Dovzhenko was also assigned by Soviet power to document the events of the autumn of 1939, when Soviet troops invaded Poland and annexed Western Ukraine. The episodes of “popular dedications” such as demonstrations, meetings, and elections constituted his journalistic documentary film Liberation 1940. A Russian filmmaker Abram Room while working in Kyiv Film Studios on the film Wind from the East 1941 did not spare on dark tones to denunciate Polish “exploiters” impersonated by countess Janina Pszezynska in her relation to Ukrainian peasant Khoma Habrys. Ihor Savchenko interpreted events of the 17th century according to the topic of that time in his historical film Bohdan Khmelnitsky 1941 where Poles and their acolytes were depicted as cruel and irreconcilable enemies of Ukrainian people both in terms of story and visual language, so that the national liberation war lead by Khmelnytsky appeared as a revenge against the oppressors. The Polish topic virtually disappeared from Ukrainian cinema from the post-war time up until the collapse of the Soviet Union. The minor exclusions from this tendency are Zigmund Kolossovsky, a film about a brave Polish secret service agent shot during the evacuation in 1945 and the later time adaptations of the theatre pieces The Morality of Mrs Dulska 1956 and Cracovians and Highlanders 1976. Filmmakers were able to return to the common Polish-Ukrainian history during the time of independence despite the economic decline of film production. A historical film Bohdan Zinoviy Khmelnitsky by Mykola Mashchenko was released in 2008. It follows the line of interpretation given to Khmelnitsky’s struggle with Polish powers by Norman Davies, according to whom the cause of this appraisal was the peasant fury combined with the actual social, political and religious injustices to Eastern provinces. The film shows how Khmelnitsky was able to win the battles but failed to govern and protect the independence of Hetmanate which he had founded. The tragedies experienced by Poland and Ukraine during the Second World War were shown in a feature film Iron Hundred 2004 by Oles Yanchuk based on the memoirs of Yuri Borets UPA in a Swirl of Struggle as well as in documentaries Bereza Kartuzka 2007, Volyn. The Sign of Disaster 2003 among others.Translated by Larisa Briuchowecka