Tesis sobre el tema "Jeux de données comme sujet"
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Verine, Alexandre. "Quality and Diversity in Generative Models through the lens of f-divergences". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPSLD011.
Texto completoGenerative modeling have become an essential tool in machine learning for generating realistic samples from complex data distributions. Despite significant advancements in models such as Generative Adversarial Networks , Variational Autoencoders, Normalizing Flows, and Diffusion models, challenges persist in achieving a balance between sample quality and sample diversity. Precision and recall have emerged as crucial metrics for assessing the quality and diversity of generative models. Precision measures how many generated samples are coherent with the real data distribution, reflecting sample quality. Recall evaluates how many samples from the real data distribution can be generated, indicating sample diversity. This thesis addresses the fundamental problem of characterizing, tuning, and improving Precision and recall in generative models. The first major contribution of this work is the unification of precision and recall definitions within the framework of f-divergences. By expressing the most popular metrics and their derivatives as f-divergences, we establish a cohesive and comprehensive evaluation system for generative models. This theoretical formulation allows for a clearer understanding and more precise measurement of model performance in terms of quality and diversity. Building upon this theoretical foundation, the thesis introduces a novel method for estimating the f-divergence in a tractable manner, facilitating its use as an objective function in the training of generative models. This approach enables the optimization of a specific trade-off between precision and recall, addressing a critical gap in the current literature where models often fail to achieve an optimal balance due to computational constraints. Furthermore, the thesis proposes an optimal rejection sampling method that enhances both precision and recall. This method is shown to be optimal in terms of any f-divergence, providing a robust technique for refining the outputs of pre-trained generative models. The rejection sampling algorithm is designed to operate under limited computational budgets, making it practical for real-world applications. The experimental validation of the proposed methods is conducted on a variety of datasets, including MNIST, CIFAR-10, Fashion MNIST, CelebA, FFHQ, and ImageNet. Using both Normalizing Flows, Generative Adversarial Networks and Diffusion Models, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our approaches in tuning the balance between quality and diversity of generated samples, and then in improving the quality. The results highlight the superiority of our methods compared to traditional metrics and existing techniques
Plancade, Sandra. "Estimation par sélection de modèles à partir de données partiellement observées". Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05S008.
Texto completoThis manuscript presents several non parametric estimation procedures in frameworks involving partially observed data. The estimators rely on the model selection method adapted to the L2 risk (following Birge and Massart procedure) and also to the risk at a given point. The first part of the manuscript is devoted to the estimation of regression error density, and the second part to survival analysis issues: estimation of the hazard rate in presence of right censoring and estimation of the conditional distribution function from interval censored data
Véron, Jacques. "Le concept de système en démographie : jeux et enjeux de l'interdépendance". Paris 5, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA05H038.
Texto completoBased on the definition of a "system" as "a set of relations including relations of interdependence", the benefits of a systemic approach to population sciences are studied. Complexity, totality and dynamics are the three key notions in relation to which the construction of categories is considered and in particular those based on age, the hypotheses of independence and causal analysis. The existence of relations of mutual dependence means the dynamics of systems cannot be approached in a mechanistic manner, based on linear relations. Although systems in the past could be considered as stable, the complexity of current systems means that it is preferable to reason in terms regulation rather than balance. Taking into account relations of interdependence is a scientific but also a political issue and to a certain extent there is a correspondence between the two
Lieury, Tiffany. "Transitoires calciques présynaptiques induits par dépolarisation membranaire : amélioration des méthodes dédiées à leur détection automatique et à leur analyse : Sur la réelle complexité de l'analyse des données d'imagerie calcique". Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T048.
Texto completoIn neurons transient and local elevations of the intracellular free calcium ions concentration influence the excitability and the synaptic efficacy. In small axonal compartements, the dynamics of presynaptic calcium transients were shown to play a major role in the control of neurotransmitter release, and thus in the communication between neurons. Kinetics of presynaptic calcium transients are usually investigated by estimating parameters of interest on recorded data using different models of calcium dynamics, while the distribution of the data is assumed to be Normal with a constant variance. Unfortunately this assumption does not hold for data acquired with a CCD camera because of the photon noise, hence leading to unreliable parameter estimations. By adapting an existing CCD camera noise model, we have developed a correct statistical framework to reliably estimate the parameters of interest of 2 models of calcium dynamics. Based on the correct distribution of calcium imaging data acquired with a CCD camera, we propose a statistical method for an automated detection of signals of interest and adjust its parameters for the specific detection of high amplitude presynaptic calcium transients. Finally we adapt to calcium imaging data a novel method for denoising and clustering signals
Guennouni, Hatim. "Flexsim : un simulateur d'ateliers flexibles interface a un systeme de gestion de base de donnee relationnelle". Paris 5, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA05S006.
Texto completoSpiess, Jeanne. "Régulation neurocognitive de biais perceptifs élémentaires dans des tâches logico-mathématiques : Données comportementales, psychophysiologiques et d'imagerie cérébrale". Paris 5, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA05H057.
Texto completoAdults' basic perceptual blases question linear and cumulative conceptions of cognitive development (like Piaget's) that consider adults to be radically différent from children. Thèse biases indicate indeed that our behaviour is often guided by heuristic stratégies which may be adaptive or not depending on situations and which coexist with other, more analytic stratégies. Hère, thé overall aim is to identify neurocognitive mechanisms underlying young adults' ability to overcome such biases during logico-mathematical tasks. Our first study, using functional Magnetic Résonance Imaging, shows that thé « lengfh-equals-number » strategy that accounts for children's failure on Piaget's conservation of number task (until 7-years-old) persists in adults. Results indicate that adults overcome thé interférence induced by this strategy by recruiting an executive prefrontal network involved in conflict monitoring. They also use stratégie adjustments characterized by an interindividual variability présent both at thé behavioural and neural levels. Some subjects rely on a counting strategy and recruit a leftward asymmetric network, while others use a visuospatial strategy associated with a network showing a rightward asymmetry. The second study consists in a training paradigm based on two logically isomorphic tasks of deductive reasoning. Results show that adults' ability to correct a robust matching bias relies on inhibitory and metacognitive factors. It is also associated with a somatic state indexed by an increase of Skin Conductance Response
Mangel, Anne-Claire. "Analyse de la construction sociale de la notion de "jeu pathologique" et de ses effets sur les représentations et pratiques des joueurs de la Française des Jeux". Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05H029.
Texto completoThis research is based on two different fieldworks, one realized with about fifty gamblers of la Frangaise des Jeux, and the other one realized with politico-administrative actors, medical actors, social actors and economic actors. This thesis has a double objective which consists, on one hand, in reviewing and analyzing the process which led the issue of "pathological gambling" to be registered on the political agenda and on the other hand, in understanding how the increasing visibility of this issue among the political sphere may impact the practices and the representations of the gamblers of la Frangaise des Jeux. The underlying idea is to understand how the medicalization of the excesses of gambling can, while being essential, constitute a supplementary stigmatization of an activity, already negatively connoted
Persyn, Emmanuel. "Base de données informatiques sur la première guerre du Golfe". Lille 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LIL30018.
Texto completoLe, Duff Franck. "Enrichissement quantitatif et qualitatif de relations conceptuelles des bases de connaissances médicales par extraction et héritage automatique par des méthodes informatiques et probabilistes". Rennes 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006REN1B094.
Texto completoBartout, Pascal. "Pour un référentiel des zones humides intérieures en milieu tempéré : l'exemple des étangs en Limousin (France)". Limoges, 2006. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/71777958-ff40-4d8d-b575-c46b1256b37f/blobholder:0/2006LIMO2004.pdf.
Texto completoMadelaine-Favier, Sophie Lederlin Pierre. "Les contrepèteries médicales comment ouvrir la valve de l'humour /". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCDMED_T_2003_MADELAINE_FAVIER_SOPHIE.pdf.
Texto completoKimiaei, Asadi Mariam. "Adaptation de contenu multimedia avec MPEG 21 : conversion de ressources et adaptation sémantique de scènes". Paris, ENST, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENST0040.
Texto completoThe objective of this Ph. D. Thesis is to propose new, simple and efficient techniques and methodologies for support of multimedia content adaptation to constrained contexts. The work is based on parts of the on-going MPEG-21 standard that aims at defining different components of a multimedia distribution framework. The thesis is divided into two main parts: single media adaptation and semantic adaptation of multimedia composed documents. In single media adaptation, the media is adapted to the context constraints, such as terminal capabilities, user preferences, network capacities, author recommendations and etc. In this type of adaptation, the media is considered solely, i. E. As mono media. We have defined description tools extending the MPEG-21 DIA schema, for description of hints and suggestions on different media adaptations and their corresponding parameters. In semantic adaptation of structured multimedia documents, we addressed the question of adaptation based on temporal, spatial and semantic relationships between the media objects. When adapting a multimedia presentation, in order to preserve the consistency and meaningfulness of the adapted scene, the adaptation process needs to have access to the semantic information of the presentation. We have defined a language as a set of descriptors, for the expression of semantic information of composed multimedia content. In our implementations, we used SMIL 2. 0 for describing multimedia scenes
Maupetit, Julien. "Génération ab initio de modèles protéiques à partir de représentations discrètes des protéines et de critères d'énergie simplifiés". Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077194.
Texto completoIn a post-genomic context, plenty of proteins identified by their sequence have no experimentally resolved structure, and fall out the range of application of comparative modelling methods. The goal of my PHD thesis has been to explore a new de novo protein structure prediction approach. Thus approach is based on the concept of structural alphabet, i. E. Of a local description of protein architecture by using a small number of prototype conformations. Starting from the amino acids sequence of the protein to model, we have developed a candidate fragments prediction method covering mode than 98. 6% of the protein structure with an average length of 6. 7 residues. This set of predicted fragments can approximate the protein structures with a precision of less than 2. 2 angströms. A greedy algorithm have been developed in the laboratory to assemble fragments. The OPEP force field has been optimized and then implemented in the greedy assembling procedure to evaluate the relevance of the generated models. Our participation to the CASP7 experiment came out some weaknesses of the method. For now, the improvement of the OPEP force field and the fragment assembly procedure leeds us to generate, in some cases, models as relevant or better than other famous protein structure prediction servers
Sandt, Christophe. "Identification de micro-organisme pathogènes impliqués dans les infections nosocomiales par spectroscopie infrarouge à transformée de Fourier et méthodes statistiques". Reims, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REIMP204.
Texto completoWe have used Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in order to identify pathogenic microorganisms isolated in a clinical set-up. We demonstrated the usefulness of the technique in the typing of Candida albicans. By using this method, four clinical applications have been achieved: the epidemiological follow-up of HIV patients and ICU patients, the demonstration of a nosocomial transmission of a C. Albicans strain among neonates in a maternity ward and the follow-up of strains from a patient with recurrent systemic candidiasis. We have built a database containing more than 245 strains of GRAM- and 270 strains of GRAM+ pathogenic bacteria belonging to 11 genera and 18 species. Validation of the database yielded 84. 2% correct identification for GRAM- and 94. 7% correct identification for GRAM+. We used FTIR microspectroscopy to evaluate the early identification of pathogenic bacteria and yeasts. A total of 100 GRAM- and 60 GRAM+ strains, belonging to 9 genera and 15 species were included
Madaoui, Hocine. "Prédiction structurale et ingenierie des assemblages macromoléculaires par bioinformatique". Paris 7, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00553875.
Texto completoThe high-throughput characterization of the protein-protein interactions networks laid the bases for the first interaction maps in all model organisms, including human. In contrast, the structures of the protein assembles are still restricted to a very limited set of interactions. In this work, a specific evolutionary pressure that is exerted at protein interfaces has been revealed. To our knowledge, no such effect had been previously described. Based on this finding, a novel bioinformatic approach, called scotch (surface complementarity trace in complex history) has been developed to predict the structures of protein assembles. Coupled to a docking program, such as scotcher also developed in this work, this approach was shown to predict efficiently the structures of many complexes. This work also focuses on the inhibition of protein interactions by synthetic peptides, rationally designed on the basis of the complex structure. The results obtained for two examples, the asf1 - histone h3/h4 and the gp120 - cd4 complexes emphasize the high interest of rational design of complex interface for the development of novel therapeutic strategies
Empereur-Mot, Luc. "La fragmentation naturelle des massifs rocheux : modèles de blocs et bases de données tridimensionnelles ; réalisation, exploration géométrique et applications". Chambéry, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000CHAMS012.
Texto completoAllouti, Faryel. "Visualisation dans les systèmes informatiques coopératifs". Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05S003.
Texto completoClustering techniques and visualization tools of complex data are two recurring themes in the community of Mining and Knowledge Management. At the intersection of these two themes there are the visualization methods such as multidimensional scaling or the Self-Organizing Maps (SOM). The SOM is constructed using K-means algorithm to which is added the notion of neighborhood allowing in this way the preservation of the topo-logy of the data. Thus, the learning moves closer, in the space of data, the centers that are neighbors on a two dimensions grid generally, to form a discrete surface which is a representation of the distribution of the cloud to explore. In this thesis, we are interested in the visualization in a cooperative context, where co-operation is established via an asynchronous communication and the media is the e-mail. This tool has emerged with the advent of information technology and communication. It is widely used in organizations, it allows an immediate and fast distribution of the in-formation to several persons at the same time, without worrying about their presence. Our objective consisted in proposing a tool of visual exploration of textual data which are files attached to the electronic messages. In order to do this, we combined clustering and visualization methods. We investigated the mixture approach, which is a very useful contribution for classification. In our context, we used the multinomial mixture model (Go-vaert and Nadif, 2007) to determine the classes of files. In addition, we studied the aspect of visualization of the obtained classes and documents using the multidimensional scaling and DC (Difference of Convex functions) and Self-Organizing Maps of Kohonen
Caille, Agnès. "Perte d'information sur le critère de jugement d'un essai randomisé en cluster". Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077004.
Texto completoIn cluster randomized trials, clusters of subjects are randomized rather than subjects themselves and the outcomes of subjects within a given cluster are correlated. This correlation, usually quantified by the intraculster correlation coefficient, needs to be taken into account when planning and analyzing a cluster randomized trial. The present work focuses on two statistical issues related to loss of information in the specific context of a cluste randomized trial : incompleteness of data due to missing binary outcomes and loss of information induced after dichotomization of a continuous outcome. We showed that both multiple imputation with classical or random-effects logistic regression model provided unbiased estimates of the intervention effect and showed good coverage properties, even slightly better with a random-effects logistic regression. Then, we showed that the intracluster correlation coefficient attenuation formula, demonstrated in a reliability context, still applied in the cluster randomized trial context. Therefore, in a cluster randomized triall, dichotomizing a continuous outcome actually induced two antagonistic effects : a decrease in power because of loss of information and an increase in power induced ty the attenuation of the intracluster correlation coefficient. We showed that dichotomization was finally associated with a decrease in power because the attenuation of the intracluster correlation coefficient only partly compensated for the loss in power induced by the loss of information. Our results are of interest for better management of cluster randomized trials, both at the planning stage and when analyzing data
Loisant, Erwan. "Browsing a Classification of an Image Collection". Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00465952.
Texto completoLemaire, Florence. "Une structure terminologique pour améliorer l'intelligibilité d'une base de connaissances scientifiques". Grenoble INPG, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996INPG0171.
Texto completoNocua, Cifuentes Jorge Alejandro. "A hybrid power estimation technique to improve high-level power models". Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT278.
Texto completoHigh power consumption is a key factor hindering System-on-Chip (SoC) performance. Accurate and efficient power models have to be introduced early in the design flow when most of the optimization potential is possible. However, early accuracy cannot be ensured because of the lack of precise knowledge of the final circuit structure. Current SoC design paradigm relies on IP (Intellectual Property) core reuse since low-level information about circuit components and structure is available. Thus, power estimation accuracy at the system level can be improved by using this information and developing an estimation methodology that fits IP cores power modeling needs.The main contribution of this thesis is the development of a Hybrid Power Estimation Technique (HPET), in which, information coming from different abstraction levels is used to assess the power consumption in a fast and accurate manner. HPET is based on an effective characterization methodology of the technology library and an efficient hybrid power modeling approach. Experimental results, derived using HPET, have been validated on different benchmark circuits synthesized using the 28nm “Fully Depleted Silicon On Insulator” (FDSOI) technology. Experimental results show that in average we can achieve up to 70X speedup while having transistor-level accuracy. For both analyzed power types (instantaneous and average), HPET results are well correlated with respect to the ones computed in SPECTRE and Primetime-PX. This demonstrates that HPET is an effective technique to enhance power macro-modeling creation at high abstraction levels
Favetto, Benjamin. "Observations bruitées d'une diffusion : estimation, filtrage, applications". Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00524565.
Texto completoLueza, Béranger. "Estimation du bénéfice de survie à partir de méta-analyse sur données individuelles et évaluation économique". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS268/document.
Texto completoThe survival benefit restricted up to a certain time horizon has been suggested as an alternative measure to the common relative measures used to estimate the treatment effect, especially in case of non-proportional hazards of death. The restricted survival benefit corresponds to the difference of the two restricted mean survival times estimated for each treatment arm, and is expressed in terms of life years gained. In the literature, this measure is considered as more intuitive than the hazard ratio and many authors have suggested its use for the design and the analysis of clinical trials. However, it is not currently the most used measure in randomized trials. This measure is valid under any distribution of the survival times and is adapted if the proportional hazards assumption does not hold. In addition, the restricted survival benefit can be used in medico-economic evaluation where an absolute measure of the treatment effect is needed (number of [quality adjusted] life years gained). If one wants to estimate the restricted survival benefit from an individual participant data meta-analysis, there is a need to take into account the trial effect due to the hierarchical structure of the data. The aim of this thesis was to compare statistical methods to estimate the restricted survival benefit from an individual participant data meta-analysis of randomized trials. The starting point was a case study (cost-effectiveness analysis) using data from the Meta-Analysis of Radiotherapy in Lung Cancer. This study showed that the five investigated methods yielded different estimates for the restricted survival benefit and its confidence interval. The choice of a method to estimate the survival benefit also impacted on cost-effectiveness results. Our second project consisted in a simulation study to have a better understanding of the properties of the investigated methods in terms of bias and standard error. Finally, the last part of the thesis illustrated the lessons learned from the simulation study through three examples of individual participant data meta-analysis in nasopharynx cancer and in small cell lung cancer
Bouattour, Mohamed. "Assistance à la conception coopérative fondée sur la sémantique des ouvrages : application au domaine du bois". Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine - INPL, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00086596.
Texto completodomaine du bâtiment résulte de la complexité même du travail coopératif (difficultés de
traçabilité des actions, non-disposition sur chaque document de l'ensemble des
informations requises pour accomplir une tâche donnée, problèmes de coordination,
‘discontinuité' des données, etc.). En considérant cet état de fait, nous proposons une étude
des activités liées au travail de groupe dans le cadre de projets de conception de bâtiments,
et plus spécifiquement dans le domaine du bois qui nécessite une importante coopération
entre les concepteurs. Cette étude présente ensuite le concept de projet numérique déduit de
l'analyse du modèle des IFC ‘Industry Foundation Classes' et de l'approche de coopération
basée sur l'utilisation de la maquette numérique dans les secteurs de l'industrie automobile
et aéronautique. En effet, l'échange des données basé sur l'utilisation des objets
interopérables constitue une approche nouvelle à approfondir dans le domaine du bâtiment.
Ainsi, afin de concevoir un environnement virtuel coopératif regroupant ces notions
étudiées, nous proposons un modèle tenant compte des informations sémantiques relatives
aux ouvrages échangés par les acteurs. Nous avons mis en œuvre celui-ci dans une
interface d'un système coopératif. Cet outil prototype offre une représentation graphique
d'un contexte coopératif de projet favorisant l'organisation et le regroupement des
informations nécessaires à la conception de bâtiments.
Gautier, Isabelle. "Evolution quantitative et qualitative des protocoles d'essais cliniques présentés devant un comité d'éthique français". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0660.
Texto completoMethodological quality in clinical research is mandatory to ensure the reliability of medical experiments, with benefits for both practitioners and patients. This PhD thesis aims at measuring the quality of therapeutic trials submitted to the Ethics Committee of the South-East Region II, and its evolution over several years. Two comprehensive cross-sectional studies were conducted. The first explore the field of pediatric research, and aims at measuring the impact of the introduction of European Pediatric Regulation in 2007, on the evolution of the quantity and quality of trials in this field, given the low number of research in this population. The second analyzes the quality of randomized controlled trials using the JADAD score and seeks to identify the elements that influence it. These studies were conducted using the protocols submitted to the Ethics Committee, and not from a literature analysis. The concept of quality was first studied based on their ethical and scientific reliability. The various assessing tools proposed by the experts to measure the quality were appraised, which allowed the selection of the most methodologically scale adapted to this study. Conclusion: we show that the level of quality observed for pediatric trials is high, but was not influenced by the introduction of the European Regulation, which could, on the other hand, have led to an important increase in the number of pediatric trials. Regarding randomized controlled trials, a multivariate analysis allowed the identification of two statistically significant markers associated with high quality score of the protocol: the multicentric character of the research, and the drugs trials
Griffon, Nicolas. "Modélisation, création et évaluation de ux de terminologies et de terminologies d'interface : application à la production d'examens complémentaires de biologie et d'imagerie médicale". Phd thesis, Université de Rouen, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00877697.
Texto completoMarcilly, Romaric. "Towards a usability knowledge base to support health information technology design and evaluation : Application to Medication Alerting Systems". Thesis, Lille 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL2S037/document.
Texto completoHealth Information Technology (HIT) is increasingly implemented to improve healthcare quality and patient safety. However, some usability issues may reduce their impact and even induce new problems (including patient safety issues). To avoid those negative outcomes, amongst other actions, HIT usability must be improved. This action requires applying validated usability knowledge. However, usability knowledge applied to HIT is scattered across several sources, is not structured and is hardly usable. Moreover, its coverage regarding related usability flaws is not known. This work has two aims: (i) to participate in improving the accumulation of usability knowledge for HIT and (ii) to provide synthetic structured easy-to-use HIT usability knowledge with a clear coverage. Those aims are applied to medication alerting systems.Method.Two independent analyses of the literature have been performed. On the one hand, usability flaws and their consequences for the clinicians and the work system have been searched and organized; on the other hand, existing usability design principles specific to medication alerting systems have been synthesized. Results of both analyses have been matched together. Results.A systematic review identified 13 types of usability flaws in medication alerting systems. Consequences on the clinicians and the work system are varied: they greatly impede the clinicians and negatively impact the work system (e.g., alert fatigue, alert misinterpretation). Sixty-three usability design principles dedicated to medication alerting systems are identified. They represent six themes: improve the signal-to-noise ratio, fit clinicians’ workflow, support collaborative work, display relevant information, make the system transparent and provide useful tools. The matching between usability flaws and principles is quite good.Discussion.As a result of this work, a list of usability design principles illustrated by actual instances of their violation has been developed. It may help designers and Human Factors experts understand and apply usability design principles when designing and evaluating medication alerting systems. Usability applied to HIT is a recent research field that suffers from a deficit of structured knowledge. This work shows that it is possible to accumulate and structure usability knowledge. It could be carried on by developing a usability knowledge base dedicated to HIT in order to strive towards “evidence-based usability”