Tesis sobre el tema "Isotopes stables de la vapeur d'eau"
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Hamperl, Jonas. "Development of a differential absorption lidar for remote sensing of water vapor and the isotopologue HDO". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS477.
Texto completoObservations of stable water isotopologues in the atmosphere provide valuable insights into the condensation and evaporation history of water vapor. The provision of such data with sufficient vertical resolution in the lower troposphere (0–3 km) helps to improve our understanding of basic processes like cloud formation, moist convection and mixing, and offers the potential to increase the accuracy in the predictions made by atmospheric general circulation models. Despite the progress in remote sensing from the ground and from space, retrievals from passive sensors are prone to biases and lack the vertical resolution required for water cycle studies in the lower troposphere. The aim of this thesis is to investigate an active remote sensing approach based on the differential absorption lidar (DIAL) method to measure both the water vapor main isotopologue H2(16)O and the semiheavy water isotopologue HD(16)O with high vertical and temporal resolution (100–200 m, 10 min). The expected performance of such an instrument in terms of random and systematic errors was first analyzed using simulations accounting for instrumental and atmospheric parameters. The theoretical analysis showed that the spectral range around 1.98 μm is suitable for DIAL profiling of H2(16)O and HD(16)O and that range-resolved measurements require a tunable laser in that wavelength range with pulse energies of tens of mJ. To fulfill this requirement, a parametric laser source based on a nested-cavity optical parametric oscillator and an optical parametric amplification stage using state-of-the-art high-aperture (5×7 mm^2) periodically poled potassium titanyl phosphate (PPKTP) crystals was implemented. It delivers widely tunable (1.95–2.30 μm) single-frequency radiation with energies up to 9 mJ for 12 ns pulses at a repetition rate of 150 Hz. Using the developed laser source, DIAL measurements of H2(16)O and HD(16)O in the atmospheric boundary layer were conducted in direct-detection mode in the frame of several measurement campaigns. It was shown that with the developed lidar setup, isotopologue measurements with meaningful precision are limited to the first few hundred meters above the ground. To achieve measurements with range resolution and precision suitable for water cycle studies within the entire boundary layer, further instrumental improvements in terms of laser energy and reduced detection noise are necessary. For this purpose, a further step is proposed for the design and pre-development of a lidar setup capable of achieving a higher sensitivity thanks to an optimized double-stage amplification scheme for the laser transmitter that should allow to reach output energies >40 mJ
Bariac, Thierry. "Les Isotopes stables, ¹⁸O, ²H, de l'eau dans continuum sol-plante-atmosphère conséquence pour la vapeur d'eau atmosphérique /". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37611516k.
Texto completoBariac, Thierry. "Les isotopes stables (**(18)o, **(2)h) de l'eau dans le continuum sol-plante-atmosphere : consequence pour la vapeur d'eau atmospherique". Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066040.
Texto completoTremoy, Guillaume. "Etude de la composition isotopique (deutérium et oxygène 18) de la vapeur d'eau à Niamey (Niger) : vers une meilleure compréhension des processus atmosphériques en Afrique de l'Ouest". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012VERS0057.
Texto completoWater stable isotopes are a useful tool to investigate past and present-day atmospheric water cycle. If the isotopic composition (δ18O, δD) of tropical precipitation is strongly affected by convective processes at different timescales, large uncertainties remain in the understanding of its variabilty, since a variety of factors can control δ, from local to large-scale processes. One way to better understand the atmospheric controls on the isotopic composition of precipitation is to monitor that of the water vapor in parallel. The goal of this thesis is to monitor continuously for the first time the near-surface water vapor isotopic composition in the Sahel region, and second to study what is the added value of such measurements for investigating the atmospheric water cycle of the West African Monsoon. First, we present our measurement protocol, through several experimental results conducted in laboratory. We have set up a commercially available laser instrument in Niamey (Niger) and monitored the isotopic composition of water vapor during more than two years. Then, we present and discuss the data, through several temporal scales of variability. We show that the water vapor isotopic composition is strongly impacted by convection during the monsoon period, and large-scale dynamics during the dry season. It also records strong intraseasonal fluctuations that could be linked to convection modes of variability during the monsoon, and interactions between atmospheric circulation and tropical/extratropical teleconnections during the dry season. We also discuss diurnal variations, and investigate the variability at the scale of the rain events
Hette, Tronquart Nicolas. "Organisation trophique des peuplements piscicoles des cours d'eau : approche par l'analyse des isotopes stables". Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MNHN0022.
Texto completoPerga, Marie-Elodie. "Origines et flux de carbone en lacs : étude par analyse de la composition en isotopes stables du carbone et de l'azote du zooplancton et des poissons". Chambéry, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CHAMS031.
Texto completoFish communities occupy the top of food chains. How fish obtain their constitutive carbon depends consequently of all the carbon pathways at the downer levels of the food web. This trophic position confers to fish a potential role of integrators of the underlying processes, at the ecosystem scale. Moreover, stable isotopes composition of an organism depends on all the pathways that transfer carbon up to this organism. Consequently, we wondered in what extent the stable isotopes composition of fish could be a proxy of the trophic functioning of lakes. To address this assumption, whitefish, Coregonus lavaretus, a zooplanktivorous salmonid common in alpine lake, was, in a first time, used as biological model. A preliminary study had revealed the stable isotope composition of whitefish was quite variable among alpine lakes. According to our idea, this variability mirrors differences in the carbon pathways of the food web of these lakes. To understand what was reflected by this variability, we studied initially in what extent it resulted from intrinsic factors (such as lake size or trophic status). This study has then lead us to deepen the role played by the zooplankton compartment in carbon pathways up to Whitefish. In the final stage of this first part, the isotopic composition of whitefish appeared as a proxy for lake trophic functioning. Changes in environmental factors can alter carbon pathways in food webs. If fish are efficient integrators of carbon pathways, impacts of perturbations should be mirrored on their isotopic compositions. Impacts of two anthropogenic perturbations of stable isotope composition of fish were then evaluated : the first one relates to eutrophication - restoration of two alpine lakes, the second one to water levels changes in two Malian reservoirs. Results from these two studies reveal that major changes, ensuing from these perturbation, in carbon origins and fluxes within lake food webs are recorded in the isotopic history of fish communities
Kessaci, Saidh. "Applications des méthodes de traçage isotopiques (18O,2H) et chimiques pour l'étude des transferts d'eau par ruissellement : investigations à l'échelle de petites parcelles". Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066446.
Texto completoColin, Kaczala Claudine. "Profils isotopiques(¹⁸O et ²H) de fluides (eau liquide, vapeur et CO₂) de la zone non saturée sous climat désertique : application à l'évaluation de l'évaporation des nappes libres au Sahara nord-occidental". Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112204.
Texto completoThis work presents isotope profiles (18O and 2H) of liquid water, water vapor and CO₂ established on five boreholes made in the unsaturated zone at Béni-Abbès (Algeria). One preparation line of water micro quantities for deuterium and oxygen 18 analyses was built, and special devices for soil gases and very dry sands sampling were utilized. The results allowed the study of: -relationships between the O contents in liquid H₂¹⁸O, water vapor and CO₂, -relationships between ¹⁸O and ²H for liquid water and vapor, -Application of isotopic model for evaporation of Barnes et al. (1984) to three profiles, -One chloride profile. As a conclusion, some assessments were made about isotopic equilibrium between the different fluids in soil and about recharge water and evaporation rates calculated in three locations
Gajurel, Ananta Prasad. "Etude sédimentologique et géochimique (isotopes stables) des bassins synorogéniques de l'Hymalaya du Népal (Siwaliks et bassin de Kathmandu)". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE10102.
Texto completoThe work deals with paleo-environmental study of the Siwalik foreland basin (upper Miocene) and the intermountain Kathmandu basin (Plio-Pleistocene). O and C composition of modern mollusks and waters of Ganga Plain and intermountain basins were realized as a reference for paleo-environmental study. The δ18O of rivers varies from -18‰ in north of Himalaya to -4‰ in the plain. The δ18Ocar of modern shell show an equilibrium fractionation with the river waters (20 to 25°C). Both carbonate and river water values are different according to catchment basin extension. The δ13CDIC of rivers are higher than δ13Ccar due to organic carbon incorporation in shell. In the Siwaliks, 18Ocar varies from -16. 4 to 0. 6‰. For the Late Miocene, the δ18Ocar values are lower than Pliocene and modern values. Therefore, rivers running through the Siwalik plain should show different geometry. The δ13C show a sharp increase up to 0‰ around 5 Ma, which seems to be linked to the contemporaneous evolution of C4 plant. The Kathmandu Basin (3-0 Ma) is a transported basin and characterized by fluvio-lacustrine sediments. The evolution of lake is controlled by tectonic, landslide and debris-flow. The δ18Ocar older than 1 Ma vary from -11 to -4‰ and are compatible with river water (-10. 1 to -7‰) as well as monsoon water (-18 to 2‰) in Kathmandu. In contrast δ18Ocar of Gokarna Formation (< 50 Ka) is extremely high (-2. 4 to 8‰) and is compatible to dry period meteoric water (-6. 5 to 7. 5‰). Such values are generally associated with diatomite. Two processes could be interacted for diatomite time: reduction in summer precipitation and strong evaporation; both phenomena tend to make a strong concentration in 18O
Leroy-Dos, Santos Christophe. "Variabilité du cycle hydrologique atmosphérique en régions polaires à partir de mesures des isotopes stables de l'eau dans la vapeur, les précipitations et les carottes de névé". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASJ006.
Texto completoIn a global warming context, understanding the evolution of sea level rise is a major challenge. It is key to estimate the evolution of the atmospheric hydrological cycle in the polar regions, which directly influences the surface mass balance of the Arctic and Antarctic ice caps (the two largest freshwater reservoirs on the planet). Records are available from satellite data for the last 50 years and a few rare weather data since the 50's in Antarctica, but these records are too short to study the patterns of interannual variability and the difference between anthropogenic and natural signals. One of the best ways to access longer records is to use climate proxies in snow cores. The water isotopic composition in these cores is widely used to reconstruct past temperature variations. However, the link between temperature and isotopic composition is not very well constrained because many other parameters influence the isotopic composition of snow at the time of its formation (i.e. temperature, altitude, humidity, origin of the air mass) or after snow deposition on the surface (i.e. atmosphere-snow exchange, signal scattering, sublimation of surface snow).The objective of this thesis is to better understand the atmospheric hydrological cycle and its influence on the isotopic composition of vapour and precipitation in polar regions with the idea of improving the interpretation of snow core records in these regions. This work is divided into 3 parts.Firstly, we developed a technical solution to meet the challenge of measuring the vapor isotopic composition all year round in polar regions. Indeed, winter being very dry in these regions (down to 10 ppmv at Dome C in winter), the use of a Picarro laser analyzer is limited because it is very sensitive to humidity variations below 2000 ppmv. Winter is a key season in the polar regions as it is associated with significant climate variability due to numerous synoptic events. During this thesis, the fabrication of 2 prototypes of low humidity level generator (LHLG) allowed the calibration of the Picarro analyzers over a range of 200 to 2500 ppmv.Then, I analyzed the longest series of vapor and precipitation isotopic composition measurements ever performed in a polar region: 4.5 years continuously at 78°N in Svalbard. I showed that the water isotopic composition at this measurement site was unsignificantly influenced by local processes. Thanks to this, I was able to attribute the observed winter variability to synoptic events and thus assign a different isotopic signature to the air masses according to their origin (North Atlantic or Arctic).Finally, I installed the new calibration instrument (LHLG) built at the beginning of my PhD at Dumont D'Urville (DDU), on the coast in Terre Adélie. Thanks to this, the first continuous measurement campaign of the vapor isotopic composition at DDU initiated in January 2019 is still ongoing. I present here the first 22 months of this new record. This unique series makes possible to document the isotopic signature of the atmospheric hydrological cycle in Terre Adélie all year round. I have studied the influence of katabatic winds, sea ice and atmospheric rivers on the signal recorded in the vapor. These preliminary results open perspectives for the interpretation of recently drilled cores from the ASUMA program
Landsberg, Janek. "Développement d'un spectromètre laser OF-CEAS pour les mesures des isotopes de la vapeur d'eau aux concentrations de l'eau basses". Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENY052/document.
Texto completoIn recent years, the measurement of water isotopologues has become increasingly important for atmospheric research. Due to the influence of climatic conditions on the isotope ratios, the isotopic composition of water stored in the ice in Antarctica and the Arctic can be used as paleothermometers to reconstruct past climate changes. The measurement of changes of the isotopic composition of water vapor in the atmosphere can be used to study the global hydrolocal cycle and to refine atmospheric circulation models.Whereas the conventional method for water isotope measurements, Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS), is not adapted for in-situ continuous measurements of water vapor isotopes, the recent development of laser spectrometers offers a comparably easy and robust method to conduct in-the-field research with good time resolution. However, until now, most optical instruments require relative high humidity levels with water concentrations of at least several 1000 ppmv, which excludes measurements in some of the most interesting regions for water isotope research, such as the upper atmosphere and the central regions of Antarctica.In this work, we present a novel infrared laser spectrometer based on the technique OFCEAS, specifically designed to measure the four isotopologues H2_16O, H2_18O, H2_17O and HDO under very dry conditions, at water concentrations of some hundred to only tens of ppmv. The instrument developed during this thesis shows much higher measurement stability over time compared to previous OFCEAS instruments with optimum integration times of up to several hours and a very long effective path length of more than 30 km. At water concentrations around 80 ppmv, a precision of 0.8‰, 0.1‰ and 0.2‰ for d2H, d18O and d17O respectively could be achieved with an integration time of 30 to 60 min and at the optimum water concentration of ~650 ppmv, of 0.28‰, 0.02‰ and 0.07‰ respectively.An investigation of the overall performance of the instrument is presented and we specifically discuss the problem of a dependence of the isotope measurements on the water concentration at which a measurement is carried out. As main source of the concentration dependence, pattern noise is identified and a detailed analysis of the noise sources is given.Furthermore, a new calibration system for water vapor isotope measurements, the Syringe Nanoliter Injection Calibration System (SNICS), is introduced, which was developed in the framework of this thesis to offer a more reliable and stable means for the calibration of water vapor isotope measurements. This calibration system is based on the continuous injection of water into an evaporation chamber with two nanoliter syringe pumps and is able to generate standard water vapor in a range of 5 to 15 000 ppmv. A model simulation of the water injection is presented and shows a good agreement with experimental results.Subsequently, a first employment of the OFCEAS spectrometer at the Norwegian research station of Troll in Antarctica is discussed. Data from a three-week period from February and March 2011, during which the spectrometer continuously measured water vapor isotopologues in the atmosphere at the research station, is shown and problems and possibilities are discussed.Finally, the Isocloud project, an international project to study (super)saturation effects at the AIDA cloud chamber of the Karlsruhe Institute Technology in Germany, is introduced, in which we participated with both the spectrometer and the calibration instrument. Experimental data of the four measurement campaigns is presented, preliminary results are discussed. We conclude with a discussion of the optimum measurement protocol and give an outlook for the future
Bautista-Vega, Alicia. "Etude des réseaux trophiques aboutissant aux rougets méditerranéens (Mullus barbatus et M. Surmuletus) par l'utilisation des isotopes stables". Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2007AIX22088.pdf.
Texto completoGoatfishes (Mullidae) are benthic species inhabiting coastal bottoms down to the end of the continental shelf, and constitute a major economic resource in the Mediterranean. The main objectives of this work were to study the diet of Mullus barbatus and M. Surmuletus, and to understand the influence of the Rhone River inputs on the food webs’ structure ending to these species. We studied how the particular organic matter (POM), the basis of food webs, was integrated into the coastal ecosystems subjected, or not, to river inputs in 2004. We have (1) analysed the suspended matter, sediments, benthic macrofauna, and goatfish (different size-classes) in different sites and depths, (2) analysed the samples through stable isotopes (white muscles of fish, water POM, sediments, macrofauna), (3) analysed the stomach contents of fish, and (4) determined the variations of the isotopic signature (carbon and nitrogen) of the terrestrial POM transported by the Rhone River, in order to follow its pathway within the coastal food webs. Our results have shown a fish diet dominated by polychaetes (carnivores, sub-surface depositiovores and surface depositivores) and various crustaceans (amphipods, cumaceans, macrurans and brachyurans). However, this diet varied according to species, and mainly according to fish size. We have obtained the isotopic signatures (δ15N and δ13C) for Mullus barbatus and M. Surmuletus. The results for δ15N displayed significant differences of trophic level for Mullus barbatus depending on fish size, distance from the Rhone River mouth and depth. In contrast, in all sites and depths, δ15N value did not vary with fish size in M. Surmuletus. In both species, δ15N values were significantly lower in sites non subjected to river inputs. δ13C signature in Mullus barbatus exhibited slight differences with fish sizey in some sites of the Gulf of Lions, whereas δ13C signature in M. Surmuletus did not shown any variation with fish size or sites. Thus, one could suggest that the basis of food webs was different in sites subjected and not subjected to river inputs. In addition, our results indicated that the Rhone River did not influence significantly the food webs ending to these species, except to a modest extend for M. Barbatus strait off the river mouth. On the reverse, the food webs of both species were mainly based on carbon from marine origin in the different sites. It thus appeared that the food webs of the two mullid species were not much influenced by the Rhone river inputs, and the transfert of organic matter through diet was mostly characterized by a marine pathway
Mamoudou, Mohamadou. "Dynamique de transfert des matières organiques et inorganiques le long du continuum fluvial de la Garonne : impact de la retenue de Malause". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2008. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7797/1/mamoudou.pdf.
Texto completoMohammed, Nabaz. "Investigating the behavior of alluvial systems, thanks to the classical, isotopic and emerging tracers : case study of the alluvial aquifer of the Allier River (Auvergne, France)". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0033/document.
Texto completoHydrodynamic, hydrochemical (major ions, traces, pharmaceuticals and pesticides), and isotopic investigations (oxygen-18 and deuterium) were carried out on 19 points, including boreholes, piezometer, surface water, and springs from February 2011 to November 2012, to assess groundwater quality in the unconfined shallow alluvial aquifer of the Allier River (one of the main tributary of the Loire River). The study area, located near the city of Clermont-Ferrand (France), plays an important socio-economic role as the alluvial aquifer is the major source of drinking water for about 100 000 inhabitants. The objective of the project aims at understanding the functioning and the vulnerability of alluvial aquifers that occupy a pre-eminent position in the hydrogeologic landscape both for their economic role - production of drinking water and agricultural development - and for their ecological role. Moreover, this study also targets at determining the factors and processes controlling shallow groundwater quality and origin. The water circulates from the south, with a natural alimentation from the hills in the non-pumped part of the alluvial aquifer. In the pumping zone, this general behaviour is altered by the pumping that makes the water from the Allier River enter the system in a large proportion. Four end-members have been identified for the recharge of the alluvial groundwater: rainfall, Allier River, surrounding hills’ aquifer and the southern non-pumped part of the alluvial system. Results indicate that, despite the global Ca-HCO3 water type of the groundwater, spatial variations of physico-chemical parameters do exist in the study area. Ionic concentrations increase from the Allier River towards east due either to the increase in the residence time or a mixing with groundwater coming from the aquifer’s borders. Stable isotopes of the water molecule show the same results: boreholes close to the river bank are recharged by the Allier River (depleted values), while boreholes far from the river exhibit isotopic contents close to the values of hills’ spring or to the southern part of the alluvial aquifer, both recharged by local precipitation. One borehole (B65) does not follow this scheme of functioning and presents values attesting of a probable sealing of the Allier River banks. Based on these results, the contribution of each end-member has been calculated and the functioning of the alluvial system determined. According to this general scheme of functioning, origins of pollution (agricultural, urban) have been determined and clues to the protection of such hydrosystems defined
Four, Brian. "Effet des étangs de barrage à vocation piscicole sur le fonctionnement écologique des cours d'eau de tête de bassin dans des contextes environnementaux différents : le cas des étangs de plaine en Lorraine". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0009/document.
Texto completoIn France there are more than 250,000 ponds. Most often, they are dam reservoirs constructed on headwater streams in clay valleys for fish production and thus named fishponds. In Lorraine region, most of the numerous fishponds are located on temporary streams (i.e. periodically dry during summer time) in agricultural and/or forested catchments. These streams have an ecological functioning based on the integration of allochthonous organic matter (OM) resources by the basal detrital food webs. Yet, fishponds constitute biogenic lentic systems that favor autochthonous OM production (e.g. plankton, macrophytes, faeces). Consequently, fishponds could disrupt the fragile balances in these headwater stream ecosystems. The goal of my thesis was to study the effect of fishpond on the recycling and the integration of allochthonous and autochthonous OM by the aquatic food webs within headwater streams. First, we studied the litter decomposition (and the associated communities) between upstream and downstream fishponds located in agricultural or forested catchments. Our results indicate the needs to take into account the catchment land uses to grasp the fishpond effect on litter decomposition. We found that in agricultural catchments fishponds lead to a decrease of the litter breakdown rate in association with a fungal biomass decrease. In forested catchments, the macro-invertebrate assemblages are more affected than in agricultural catchments, showing a decrease of the most sensitive taxa to organic pollution. Secondly, we focused on litter processes in temporary headwater streams hampered or not by a fishpond. To this end, we worked on forest streams to exclude confounding anthropogenic effects. In this environment our results indicate that the presence of a fishpond tends to increase litter breakdown rate. It can be related with a better litter conditioning and to the shredder assemblage’s modification downstream from the fishpond. Furthermore, fishpond effect on the integration of allochthonous resources by food webs was found to be highly dependent on hydrological conditions downstream from the fishpond. This original result highlights that the impact of the fishpond seems to be greater on the shredder assemblages and on their litter breakdown activities when the stream show important hydrological modifications (i.e. become permanent downstream from the fishpond). Finally, in order to analyze the modification of trophic niches, we studied benthic macroinvertebrate isotopic signatures in streams hampered or not by a fishpond. Our results indicate that fishpond mainly influenced the isotopic signatures of biofilms and suspended OM. In line with this result, isotopic niches of the different macroinvertebrate trophic guilds are also modified downstream from the pond. Consequently we may suggest that all the studied trophic guilds consume and integrate autochthonous resources produced into the fishpond. In summary, our work highlights complex interactions between fishpond and headwater streams and underlines the needs to take into account the catchment land use and the stream hydrology before concluding on the fishpond effect on stream functioning
Durbec, Martial. "Ecologie et biologie de deux espèces de poissons cyprinidés de la rivière Durance, le blageon et le spirlin". Aix-Marseille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX11124.
Texto completoA flow modification can lead to changes in life history traits, interspecific interactions, movements and the impact of abiotic factors on fish populations. Spirlin longevity was three years, with the acquisition of the maturity after their first year for males and after their second year for females. Soufie longevity was four to five years, with the acquisition of the maturity after their second year for the two sexes. In comparaison with others populations studeid in Europe, the growth was higher for spirlin and lower for soufie from the study aera on the Durance River. Moreover, an ontogenetic threshold was identified for both species. According to the niche theory, the species survival is linked to a partitioning of their resources. The two species showed a food partitioning. Stable isotope values were confirmed by stomach contents results. Tributaries represent inputs in flow, nutriments ans habitats for a main river. Soufie and spirlin coming moved from the Durance River to the tributary during the winter period. This result was underlined by stable isotope values. Abiotic factors of temperate stream with a mediterranean climate are described as severe, unpredictable and with a high frequency of flooding and then influence the structure of the fish population. The several spawning batches of spirlin females seem to have allowed juveniles to avoid high concentrations of channel suspended sediment, harmful for their survival
Zhao, Tian. "Effets des invasions biologiques sur les patrons de diversité fonctionnelle et la structure trophique des communautés de poissons d'eau douce". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30120.
Texto completoUnderstanding the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning is a central question in modern ecology. This question is particularly crucial in the general context of human perturbations on both biodiversity and ecosystems. Biological invasions are considered as one of the leading causes of the ongoing taxonomic diversity crisis and the modification of ecosystems. This is especially true in freshwater ecosystems since the widespread introductions of non-native fish can modify recipient communities notably by changing the biotic interactions between species. Trophic interactions represent the linkage between the structural characteristics of biodiversity and the functioning of ecosystems, describing the network of species and the energy links between them. Identifying the impacts of non-native fish species on the trophic structure of recipient communities is therefore crucial to estimate how ecosystem functioning and ecosystem services might respond to biological invasions. In the present study, fish communities from 18 gravel pit lakes were selected and monitored during two consecutive years to test the effects of biological invasions on functional diversity patterns and the trophic structure of fish communities. We first investigated the environmental determinants of fish community composition and structure in these gravel pit lakes. Our results demonstrated that fish community structure significantly differed between lakes and we notably found that lakes highly managed for angling hosted higher levels of taxonomic diversity. We also found that native and non-native species were dominant in lakes with different environmental conditions, while management practices play a critical role in shaping fish species composition. Overall, these findings demonstrated that fish community composition followed a predictable shift along an environmental gradient linked to the natural maturation of gravel pit lakes and the associated human practices. Second, we quantified the importance of intraspecific variability in functional traits in a model species, the largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). We sampled a whole population in a private pond and found that functional trait variability among individuals within the same population could affect estimates of functional diversity. Moreover, the extremely low overlap for both functional and stable isotope niches between age-classes indicated that different age classes within a species should be considered as distinct functional entities. We also demonstrated the existence of a significant correlation between functional traits and stable isotope values, suggesting the existence of a linkage between trophic specialization and differences in functional traits within each life stage. Third, incorporating intraspecific variation in functional traits at the community level, we examined the functional attributes of fish communities in the studied lakes. Our results demonstrated that native and non-native fish significantly differed in terms of functional traits. We also demonstrated that niche partitioning was the principal mechanism allowing the coexistence of native and non-native fish with similar functional traits
Le, Gal La Salle Corinne. "Circulation des eaux souterraines dans l'aquifere captif du continental terminal bassin des iullemeden niger methodologie et application : isotopes stables de la molecule d'eau, carbone-14, chlore-36, uranium et gaz nobles". Paris 11, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA112479.
Texto completoMartino, Aurélia. "Écologie trophique des poissons top-prédateurs, interactions entre espèces natives et introduites au sein d'écosystèmes dulçaquicoles". Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1773/.
Texto completoThe impacts of exotic species on ecosystem functions are still poorly known. Top-predatory fish, which are at the top of the food-chain are relevant models to study the impacts on freshwater ecosystems. Introductions of exotic top-predator fish can induce changes in the functioning of freshwater communities, that could be inferred by stable isotope analyses in lentic and lotic food-webs, using trophic positions and diet compositions of top-predators. Moreover, the otolith chemical signatures can discriminate freshwater fish stocks and help to reconstruction of the introduced fish life history. Our results provide new information about trophic ecology of top-predator fish, and this knowledge will be useful to design regional conservation plans
Guilpart, Etienne. "Etude de la composition isotopique (deutérium et oxygène 18) de la vapeur d'eau dans l'atmosphère sur l'île de La Réunion : apport à la compréhension des processus humides atmosphériques en région tropicale". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV002.
Texto completoThe isotopic composition of water vapor (dO18 and dD) is commonly used to study present and past water cycle and its varations. If this geochemical tool has been widely used to study past polar climates, many questions remain about the factors governing the isotopic composition of water in the tropics.The goal of this thesis is (1) to monitor the isotopic composition of water vapor in Reunion island (Indian Ocean), and (2) to evaluate the potential of theses measurements for understanding humid climate processes. We have set up a laser spectrometer at the Maïdo Atmospheric Observatory, allowing us to obtain a three-year chronicle of measurements.First, we analyze the temporal variability in our measurements. The isotopic composition of water vapor does not record any seasonal cyclicity. On the other hand, a strong diurnal cycle is visible, as well as a synoptic variability associated with cyclonic events.We then focus on the diurnal cycle. We show that it results from atmospheric boundary layer motions, with a marine vapor reaching the Observatory during the day, and air masses originating from the free troposphere reaching the Observatory during the night. During some nights, vapor is significantly more depleted in dO18 and dD. During the austral winter, this phenomenon is due to a modification of the regional atmospheric circulation causing a reinforcement of subsidences at Reunion Island, related to the position of the Subtropical Jet. During the austral summer, this phenomenon is sometimes due to an intensification of the subsidence at Reunion Island, and at other times to local or regional condensation processes.Finally, we focus on cyclonic events. During these periods, a strong isotopic depletion of the vapor is observed. We show that this depletion occurs 2 to 3 days before the system and continues until 3 days after. During this period, the evolution of the isotopic composition of the water vapor has a substructure. We note (1) an isotopic depletion that is a function of the distance to the center of the system, (2) an isotopic enrichment at the system wall, and (3) an abrupt evolutions of the isotopic composition of the water vapor in the rainbands due to mixing, condensation and/or recycling processes
Wang, Di. "What controls the 3D distribution of water vapor isotopic composition in East Asia?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2023SORUS567.pdf.
Texto completoUnlike polar ice core records, the isotope variations in Tibetan ice cores challenge the interpretation of temperature signals. One of the main reasons is that in monsoon regions at low and middle latitudes, water isotopes are influenced by convective and cloud processes. A deeper understanding of water isotope behavior and the dynamical controls involved in moisture transpiration and convection is needed. Large-scale in-situ observations and vertical profiles of vapor isotopes during convection would be helpful. However, such data are rare. The aim of this thesis was to document horizontal, vertical, and temporal variations in the isotopic composition of water in East Asian monsoon region. First, to document the horizontal and seasonal variations of water isotopes near the surface across China, we made in-situ observations of near-surface vapor isotopes over a large region (over 10000 km) across China in both pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons, using a newly-designed vehicle-based vapor isotope monitoring system. We found that the observed spatial variations of vapor δ18O are mainly controlled by Rayleigh distillation along air mass trajectories during the pre-monsoon period, but are significantly influenced by different moisture sources, continental recycling processes, and convection along moisture transport during the monsoon period. These results provide an overview of the spatial distribution and seasonal variability of water isotopic composition in East Asia and their controlling factors and emphasize the need to interpret proxy records in the context of the regional system and moisture sources. Second, to better understand the physical processes that control the vertical distribution of vapor isotopes and its intra-seasonal and seasonal variability, we observed the vertical profiles of atmosphere vapor isotopes up to the upper troposphere (from the ground surface at 3856m up to 11000m a.s.l.) from June to October in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau using a specially-designed unmanned-aerial-vehicle (UAV) system. For the sampling, we chose to carry air bags on UAVs as a portable sampling device, but encountered the permeability problem commonly associated with these bags. To corrected for this problem, we developed a diffusion model with diffusion parameters calibrated through laboratory experiments. This allows us to document for the first time the vertical distribution of atmospheric water vapor isotopes across the entire monsoon period up to the upper troposphere, boasting an unprecedented vertical resolution and altitude range. We find that the vertical profiles of water vapor isotopic composition reflect a combination of large-scale processes, in particular deep convection and continental recycling along trajectories, and local convective processes, in particular convective detrainment, and sublimation of ice crystals. The observed seasonal and intra-seasonal variations are generally vertically coherent, due to the strong vertical convective mixing and local convective detrainment of vapor originating from the low levels, and are mainly due to deep convection along trajectories
Marin, Valentin. "Utilisation de la pyramide des biomasses pour quantifier les réponses des écosystèmes d'eau douce aux changements globaux". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 3, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023TOU30255.
Texto completoBody size is a powerful trait to describe how organisms interact with their biotic and abiotic environments. Size distribution in food webs can be formalized by a negative linear relationship between organism size and abundance. This relationship, usually referred as the "size spectrum", is commonly used in marine ecosystems to assess the impacts of commercial fisheries on food webs properties. In this work, our aim was to develop this size-based approach on communities to quantify the effects of global changes on the functioning of lacustrine ecosystems. In a first chapter, we investigated the spatial variation of the fish size spectrum in natural and reservoir lakes on a national scale using various biomonitoring surveys. While bioindicators were significatively affected by eutrophication and biological invasions, our findings highlighted the added value of using the size spectrum to highlight the impacts of habitat alterations. In a second chapter, we quantified the temporal stability of these communities in response to changes in the intensity of global change drivers. Biological invasion had no influence on the fish size spectrum dynamic, but we observed that increased water temperature, as well as increased nutrient loading could be linked to short-term changes in size spectra. In the third chapter, we assessed the relationship between size spectrum slope and the trophic structure of fish communities. Using stable isotope analysis, we showed that a low predator-prey mass ratio, suggesting to higher trophic transfer efficiency, induced flatter size spectrum slopes (higher abundance of large fishes). However, the presence of non-native species disrupted this relationship and reduced the potential for using the size spectrum to reflect energy flux in food webs. In the fourth chapter, our goal was to experimentally identify how changes in the size spectrum reflect changes in ecosystem functioning (e.g. productivity or metabolism). Results demonstrated that size spectrum can be linked to primary and secondary production through bottom-up processes, and changes in the intensity of trophic cascades through top-down processes. Taken together, these results demonstrate the relevance of using size structure to quantify anthropogenic impacts on lacustrine communities and the potential consequences on ecosystem functioning, with possible applications in biomonitoring programs at ecosystem level
Guilpart, Etienne. "Etude de la composition isotopique (deutérium et oxygène 18) de la vapeur d'eau dans l'atmosphère sur l'île de La Réunion : apport à la compréhension des processus humides atmosphériques en région tropicale". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV002/document.
Texto completoThe isotopic composition of water vapor (dO18 and dD) is commonly used to study present and past water cycle and its varations. If this geochemical tool has been widely used to study past polar climates, many questions remain about the factors governing the isotopic composition of water in the tropics.The goal of this thesis is (1) to monitor the isotopic composition of water vapor in Reunion island (Indian Ocean), and (2) to evaluate the potential of theses measurements for understanding humid climate processes. We have set up a laser spectrometer at the Maïdo Atmospheric Observatory, allowing us to obtain a three-year chronicle of measurements.First, we analyze the temporal variability in our measurements. The isotopic composition of water vapor does not record any seasonal cyclicity. On the other hand, a strong diurnal cycle is visible, as well as a synoptic variability associated with cyclonic events.We then focus on the diurnal cycle. We show that it results from atmospheric boundary layer motions, with a marine vapor reaching the Observatory during the day, and air masses originating from the free troposphere reaching the Observatory during the night. During some nights, vapor is significantly more depleted in dO18 and dD. During the austral winter, this phenomenon is due to a modification of the regional atmospheric circulation causing a reinforcement of subsidences at Reunion Island, related to the position of the Subtropical Jet. During the austral summer, this phenomenon is sometimes due to an intensification of the subsidence at Reunion Island, and at other times to local or regional condensation processes.Finally, we focus on cyclonic events. During these periods, a strong isotopic depletion of the vapor is observed. We show that this depletion occurs 2 to 3 days before the system and continues until 3 days after. During this period, the evolution of the isotopic composition of the water vapor has a substructure. We note (1) an isotopic depletion that is a function of the distance to the center of the system, (2) an isotopic enrichment at the system wall, and (3) an abrupt evolutions of the isotopic composition of the water vapor in the rainbands due to mixing, condensation and/or recycling processes
Kadlecova, Milada. "Contamination mercurique des sédiments et cours d'eau du nord de la France et de la République Tchèque". Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10148/document.
Texto completoMercury (Hg) is naturally occurring toxic element; however global mercury emissions are dominated by anthropogenic sources. The global cycle of mercury has seen an increase in mercury deposition, especially in aquatic ecosystems, since the beginning of the industrial revolution. First part of the thesis summarizes the source of mercury, its properties and toxicity from the general point of view, but also the current state of knowledge on the biogeochemical cycle of mercury and in particular behaviour of mercury inside the sediments of the aquatic environment and factors influencing its transformation into methylated form. The sediment in aquatic systems may acts as the ultimate sink, where mercury in its various complexes is deposited. The mercury in sediments can then be converted to its more toxic organic form, methylmercury (MeHg), by the transformation processes controlled by various physical, chemical and biological factors. More over remobilization of mercury species from sediments is possible due to diffusion and resuspension and so sediments may act as potential source of mercury for aquatic biota. Bioaccumulation and biomagnifications can then continue up the food chain where humans, among other animals, consume the organic mercury. It is clear that determination of total mercury is not sufficient to understand its fate in the environment; determination of MeHg provides very useful additional information. The sensitive and precise analytical method for MeHg determination is necessary. The methodological part of the thesis deal with the methods for determination of mercury species in sediments. The method for methylmercury determination in sediments using automated Headspace sampler equipped with Trap and coupled with Gas Chromatography and Atomic Fluorescence Detector was developed and is define. The special attention is also given to the necessity of clean sampling procedures and the proper storage and pre-treatment of the samples and the field study of Hg distribution in sediments. The mercury contamination of sediments from the South Moravia and Northern France are compared. The mercury species and other elements (Fe, Mn, S) were analysed in sediments and/or pore water and/or surface water collected from the sampling sites in the Deûle and Lys River (France) and Jihlava and Morava River (Czech Republic). In order to better assess the mercury contamination of aquatic ecosystem, the pore water concentration could be evaluated to understand the availability of mercury from sediment. The use of diffusive gradient in thin film (DGT) technique is applied to measure pore water mercury concentration in river sediments. Different resins gels for mercury determination are used: Spheron-Thiol, Duolite GT-73 and TiO2. River Deûle act as a sink for enormous anthropogenic Hg from the industrial activities and is considered as a potential significant source of methylmercury to the surrounding environment. The last part of thesis deals with the application of well-established isotope experiments to study methylation/demethylation processes in sediments of Deûle River. For this purpose, species-specific isotopically enriched tracers in the form of inorganic mercury IHg (199Hg) and MeHg (201MeHg) have been added to the sediment slurries. Mercury labelled species were used as the tracers to follow their chemical fate and calculate the extent of the transformation reaction yield occurring during the 24 hours experiment. This experiment methodology is refined by applying advanced matrix algebra to resolve the contributions of several different enriched stable isotope species specific tracers to the isotope pattern found, making the calculation of methylation/demethylation rates possible
Gajurel, Ananta Prasad. "ETUDE SEDIMENTOLOGIQUE ET GEOCHIMIQUE (ISOTOPES STABLES) DES BASSIN SYN-OROGENIQUES DE L'HYMALAYA DU NEPAL (SIWALIKS ET BASSIN DE KATHMANDU)". Phd thesis, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00110985.
Texto completoPour l'actuel, le Δ18Ow des rivières varie de -18 à -4‰. Le Δ18Ocar montre que les carbonates sont proches de l'équilibre isotopique avec les eaux dans lesquels ils sont formés (20 à 25°C). Le Δ13Ccar est appauvri par rapport au DIC des rivières, impliquant qu'une part de carbone organique est utilisée pour la synthèse des coquilles.
Dans les Siwaliks (16-1 Ma), le Δ18Ocar varie de -16.4 à 0.6‰. Les valeurs anté-6Ma sont très inférieures aux valeurs pliocènes et actuelles de la plaine du Gange. La plaine miocène sup. était donc drainée par des rivières de configuration différente des rivières modernes. Le Δ13C augmente vers 5 Ma jusqu'à environ 0‰, évolution qui semble en rapport avec l'explosion de la flore C4.
Le bassin de Kathmandu (3-0 Ma) est caractérisé par une sédimentation fluvio-lacustre. La profondeur du lac montre des fluctuations importantes, contrôlées par la tectonique, les glissements et débris-flow. Pour les périodes pos-50 Ka, la géochimie des isotopes de l'O des mollusques montre des périodes pour lesquelles les valeurs Δ18Ocar sont très élevées (-2.4 à 8‰), compatibles avec les eaux de précipitation d'hiver à Kathmandu (-6.5 à 7.5‰). Ces valeurs sont généralement associées à des diatomées. Deux processus semblent se combiner durant ces épisodes: une diminution des précipitations d'été et une forte évaporation, qui augmentent le 18O.