Tesis sobre el tema "Isolation du cycle CPU"

En tant que composant important de la plate-forme cloud, le commutateur virtuel (vSwitch) est responsable de la réalisation de la connectivité réseau entre les machines virtuelles (VM) et les périphériques externes. La plupart des vSwitches existants adoptent le principe de conception partagée, qui détruit l'isolation entre les VMs. Dans vSwitch, différentes VMs se disputent les ressources partagées et accèdent à la mémoire sans restriction, cela les rend incapables de garantir une qualité de service (QoS) réseau stable, tout en faisant face au risque d'attaques de plans de données et d'accès illégaux à la mémoire. Afin de résoudre ces problèmes de performance, de défaillance et de sécurité causés par le manque d'isolement, les principaux travaux et contributions de cette thèse sont les suivants : 1) Méthode QoS réseau basée sur l'isolation du cycle CPU (C2QoS). Cette approche garantit la bande passante du réseau VM en isolant la concurrence des ressources CPU, et en même temps réduisant de 80 % la latence supplémentaire du réseau de VM causée par la concurrence. 2) Mécanisme de défense contre les attaques du plan de données basé sur l'isolement de la table de flux (D-TSE). D-TSE utilise VM comme unité pour séparer la structure de la table de flux afin d'obtenir des performances de classification de paquets indépendantes et une isolation des pannes au prix d'une utilisation CPU supplémentaire de 5 %. 3) Mécanisme d'E/S réseau virtualisé (VNIO) basé sur l'isolation de l'accès mémoire (S2H). Basé sur un modèle de partage de mémoire sécurisé, S2H assure l'isolation et la sécurité de la mémoire des VM au prix d'une latence accrue de 2 à 9 %
As an important component of cloud platform, virtual switch (vSwitch) is responsible for achieving network connectivity between virtual machines (VMs) and external devices. Most existing vSwitches adopt the split design principle, which destroys the isolation between VMs. In vSwitch, different VMs compete for shared resources and unrestricted memory access, making them unable to guarantee stable network quality of service (QoS), while facing the risk of data plane attacks and illegal access to memory. In order to solve these performance, failure and security problems caused by the lack of isolation, the main works and contributions of this thesis are as follows: 1) Network QoS method based on CPU cycle isolation (C2QoS). This approach secures VM network bandwidth by isolating concurrency from CPU resources, and at the same time reduces additional VM network latency caused by concurrency by 80%. 2) Data plane attack defense mechanism based on stream table isolation (D-TSE). D-TSE uses VM as the unit to separate the flow table structure to achieve independent packet classification performance and fault isolation at the cost of 5% additional CPU usage. 3) Virtualized Network I/O (VNIO) mechanism based on Memory Access Isolation (S2H). Based on a secure memory sharing model, S2H provides VM memory isolation and security at the cost of 2-9% increased latency

Les normes en vigueur et les conditions environnementales actuelles poussent les constructeurs automobiles à se pencher en permanence sur le problème des émissions polluantes. Mais désormais, afin de maîtriser l’ensemble de notre environnement, les collectivités locales s’intéressent de plus en plus au problème des émissions sonores des véhicules. La problématique de cette étude fait suite à l’observation suivante sur un moteur Diesel : des fluctuations cycle à cycle importantes du bruit de combustion (se traduisant par une perception désagréable) peuvent se manifester à faible régime et faible charge. On comprend l’importance de ce problème quand on sait que ce type de fonctionnement du moteur est représentatif de la conduite en milieu urbain (arrêts multiples aux stops ou aux feux de circulation, circulation à vitesse réduite,. . . ). La démarche suivie avait pour objectif de répondre à la question suivante : des fluctuations au niveau du système d’injection peuvent-elles être responsables de fluctuations au niveau de la combustion et du bruit de combustion ? L’étude expérimentale présentée dans ce manuscrit repose sur deux types de dispositifs expérimentaux. Les expérimentations sur banc moteur ont permis une caractérisation de la combustion et du bruit de combustion. L’utilisation d’un banc d’injection a quant à elle permis d’effectuer une caractérisation du comportement du système d’injection dans des conditions proches des conditions moteur. Les expérimentations sur ce dernier banc ont abouti à la présentation d’un modèle caractérisant le comportement de la masse injectée et de ses fluctuations cycliques. Une caractérisation simultanée du système d’injection (mesures de l’activation des injecteurs, de la pression d’injection,. . . ) et du processus de combustion à travers la pression cylindre (taux de dégagement de chaleur, bruit de combustion,. . . ) a été menée. Le modèle d’estimation de la masse injectée qui se base sur des paramètres communs aux deux types de banc a pu être appliqué aux données acquises sur banc moteur. Il constitue en effet le lien entre les deux types d’expérimentation. Pour le moteur choisi pour cette étude, il s’est avéré que les résultats obtenus montrent que le lien entre les fluctuations du bruit de combustion et du système d’injection s’il existe, reste faible
Due to the actual standards and environmental conditions, the car manufacturers have to think about the problem of pollutant emissions. But, to better control the environment, the local authorities are more and more interested in the acoustic emissions of vehicles. The problematic of this study is based on an observation made on a Diesel engine : important cycleto-cycle fluctuations (leading to unpleasant perception) can appear at low engine speed and low charge (brake mean effective pressure). This is a significant problem since such engine operating conditions are representative of the urban driving (repetitive stops, low-speed circulation,. . . ). This study has been made to try to answer the question : are fluctuations in injection system responsible for fluctuations in the combustion and in the combustion noise ? The experimental study presented here is based on two experimental devices. Experiments conducted on an engine test-bench allowed to characterize the combustion and the combustion noise. An injection test-bench was also used to characterize the injection system behavior in conditions close to the engine ones. The experiments on this setup led to a model for the determination of the injected fuel mass and its cyclic fluctuations. A simultaneous characterization of the injection system (injector command, injection pressure,. . . ) and of the combustion process (cylinder pressure, rate of heat release, combustion noise,. . . ) was conducted. The model for the injected fuel mass estimation has been applied to the data acquired on the engine test-bench. For the studied engine, the results show that the link between the combustion noise and the injection system if it exists, remains weak

As part of an International Cooperative Biodiversity Group (ICBG), extracts of plants from Suriname and Madagascar were bioassayed for cytotoxicity and antimalarial activity. Six cytotoxic extracts and one potential antimalarial were selected for fractionation, and yielded a number of bioactive compounds which were characterized by spectroscopy methods. Craspidospermum verticillatum (Apocynaceae) yielded four known indole alkoids. Casimirella sp (Icacinaceae) gave three new and five known diterpenoids. Pentopetia androsaemifolia (Apocynaceae) afforded one new and three known cardenolide glycosides. Physalis angulata (Solanaceae) yielded seven known physalins. Roupellina boivinnii (Apocynaceae) yielded four known and three new cardenolide glycosides, and three known cucurbitacins were isolated from Octolepis aff. dioica (Thymelaeaceae). In addition to these structural studies, a synthetic approach to lucilactaene, a cell cycle inhibitor was developed.
Ph. D.

Le projet LIGO a pour but la détection et l'étude d'ondes gravitationnelles via un réseau de détecteurs. LIGO possède deux détecteurs d'architecture et de fonctionnement identiques, situés aux États-Unis. Chaque détecteur est une version améliorée d'un interféromètre de Michelson avec des bras optiques de 4 km de long. Ces interféromètres ont observé une onde gravitationnelle pour la première fois en septembre 2015, suivi par cinq autres détections à ce jour. Ces détections marquent le début d™une nouvelle ère pour l'astrophysique, en liaison étroite avec la physique des trous noirs et des étoiles à neutrons. Depuis, un grand nombre d'activités sont en développement pour perfectionner les interféromètres. Cette thèse a pour objectif d'améliorer le temps de service des détecteurs, en répondant en particulier à deux problématiques majeures : le problème des impacts environnementaux, et notamment celui des tremblements de terre, ainsi que le problème lié à des couplages opto-mécaniques instables dans les cavités optiques, appelés instabilités paramétriques. Les stratégies de contrôle et les outils développés pour résoudre ces problématiques sont présentés. Les résultats prémilinaires montrent une réduction du temps d'arrêt généré par les tremblements de terre d'environ 40%. De plus, le dispositif ‚Acoustic Mode Damper™ développé pendant la thèse devrait complètement résoudre le problème des instabilités paramétriques pour LIGO. En conclusion, il sera démontré en quoi les problématiques résolues ont permis d'améliorer le cycle de service des détecteurs de LIGO de 4,6%, ce qui correspond à une augmentation du nombre d'ondes gravitationnelles détectées par an de 14%
The LIGO project is a large-scale physics experiment the goal of which is to detect and study gravitational waves of astrophysical origin. It is composed of two instruments identical in design, located in the United States. The two instruments are specialized versions of a Michelson interferometer with 4km-long arms. They observed a gravitational-wave signal for the first time in September 2015 from the merger of two stellar-mass black holes. This is the first direct detection of a gravitational wave and the first direct observation of a binary black hole merger. Five more detections from binary black hole mergers and neutron stars merger have been reported to date, marking the beginning of a new era in astrophysics. As a result of these detections, many activities are in progress to improve the duty cycle and sensitivity of the detectors. This thesis addresses two major issues limiting the duty cycle of the LIGO detectors: environmental impacts, especially earthquakes, and the issue of unstable opto-mechanical couplings in the cavities, referred to as parametric instabilities. The control strategies and tools developed to tackle these issues are presented. Early results have shown a downtime reduction during earthquakes of ~40% at one of the LIGO sites. Moreover, the electro-mechanical device called ‚Acoustic Mode Damper™ designed and tested during the thesis should completely solve the issue of parametric instabilities for LIGO. In conclusion, we will show that the problems tackled in this thesis improved the overall duty cycle of LIGO by 4.6%, which corresponds to an increase of the gravitational-wave detection rate by 14%

För att kunna livnära en växande population behöver avkastningen på skördar öka. En lösning på dettaär att optimera plantornas fotosyntes, vilket innefattar förbättrad koldioxidfixering. För att lyckas meddet krävs kunskap i hur reglering av nyckelproteiner i kloroplasten går till. Syftet med detta projekt är identifiera möjliga reglerande protein-metabolitinteraktioner i Arabidopsis thaliana. Målproteinerna ärde 11 enzymerna i Calvin-Benson-Basshamcykeln. Metaboliterna som testas är 3PGA, ATP, FBP, GAP, vilka är mellan produkter eller kofaktorer i cykeln; 2PG, som är en produkt av en konkurrerande reaktion i cykeln; och slutligen G6P, citrat och sackaros, vilka är centrala metaboliter i andra viktiga reaktioner i cellen.  Före experimenten med Arabidopsis testades protokollen med spenat.  Som ett första steg isolerades kloroplasterna från blad. När intakta kloroplaster verifierats extraherades proteinerna. Inter-aktioner mellan metaboliterna och proteinerna analyserades med en metod kallad limited proteolysis-small molecule mapping. Denna teknik, vilken kombinerar begränsad proteolys med masspektrometri, detekterade flertalet protein-metabolit interaktioner. I Arabidopsis uppvisade alla enzym förutom FB-Pase, PPE och TIM minst en interaktion. I spenat sågs interaktioner med FBA, GAPDH, PGK, PRK, RuBisCO, TIM och TK. Resultaten visar möjliga reglerande interaktioner, vilka skulle kunna användasför att identifiera flaskhalsar i kolfixeringen. Denna kunskap kan i sin tur utnyttjas för att öka flödet i Calvin-Benson-Basshamcykeln och därigenom förbättra växters koldioxidfixering.
In order to feed a growing population, the crop yield needs to be increased.  One way to do this is to optimise the photosynthetic activity in the plant, which includes improvement of carbon fixation. To succeed with this, knowledge of the regulation of key proteins in the chloroplast is required. The aim of this project is to identify possible regulatory protein-metabolite interactions in chloroplasts from Arabidopsis thaliana. The target proteins are the 11 enzymes of the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle. The metabolites of interest are 3PGA, ATP, FBP, GAP, which are intermediates or co-factors of the cycle;2PG, which is a product of a competing reaction in the cycle; and finally G6P, citrate and sucrose, which  are central metabolites in other vital reactions in the cell. Before the experiments with Arabidopsis, spinach was used as a test organism to evaluate the proposed protocols. First, chloroplasts were isolatedfrom leaves. When the integrity of the chloroplasts had been validated, the proteins were extracted. Metabolic interactions with the extracted proteins were analyzed with limited proteolysis-small molecule mapping. This method, which combines limited proteolysis with mass spectrometry, detected severalprotein-metabolite interactions. In Arabidopsis, all enzymes except for FBPase, PPE and TIM had atleast one interaction. In spinach, interactions were seen with FBA, GAPDH, PGK, PRK, RuBisCO,TIM and TK. The results highlight potential regulatory events, which could be used to target bottlenecks in carbon fixation. This could provide a pathway to increase the flux in the Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle, and thereby improve carbon fixation in plants.

Rapporten beskriver ett examensarbete som har genomförts hos Scania R&D. Målet har varit att testa om det är möjligt att använda JTAG för kontroll av Ball Grid Array på komponenter som sitter på kretskort. Vanliga mätmetoder kan inte användas med mindre än att man separerar komponenten från kretskortet. Det som framkommer är att JTAG kan användas för att kontrollera Ball Grid Array samtidigt som kretskortet finns i ett så kallat temperaturchockskåp (som används för att testa hur utrustning och komponenter reagerar vid snabba temperaturändringar). Svårigheten består att den flatkabel som för över signaler mellan dator och kretskort är så lång att arrangemanget blir störningskänsligt. Detta kan lösas med en Extender som förstärker signalen så att kabeln kan vara längre än 0,5 meter. Resultat visar att JTAG kan användas med kretskort som befinner sig i temperaturchockskåpet. Målet har även varit att utveckla en kontrollmetod för att kontrollera att det kretskort som levereras till Scania uppfyller kraven i ISO 26262. För att kunna kontrollera om en leverantör uppfyller ISO 26262 behövs dokumentation som verifierar att produkten utvecklats i enlighet med ISO 26262. I ISO standarden finns det tolv delar som beskriver kraven på produkten. I rapporten har fokus lagts på delen som handlar om hårdvara. Ingen kontrollmetod har kunnat utvecklats då ISO standarden var mer omfattade än väntat.

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FAPESB
O estudo dos processos afetivos na psicologia é de grande importância e tem sido objeto de atenção crescente, em particular entre os pesquisadores na área da Psicologia Cultural. A maternidade e a soropositividade são contextos nos quais rupturas e transições ocorrem de forma impactante na vida dos indivíduos, contribuindo para a ocorrência de uma importante variedade de reações emocionalmente orientadas. O objetivo geral desse estudo foi analisar o significado da maternidade para mães soropositivas para HIV. Os objetivos específicos, por sua vez, foram (a) analisar os processos envolvidos na garantia de continuidade do self em condições de ruptura de mães soropositivas para HIV, e (b) caracterizar os recursos simbólicos disponíveis ou criados pelas mulheres que experienciam a maternidade sendo soropositivas para HIV. Para atingir os objetivos, foi realizado um estudo de casos, através de narrativas de histórias de vida com dez mães soropositivas para HIV, entrevistadas no CEDAP, na cidade de Salvador/Bahia. As entrevistas realizadas foram transcritas e submetidas à análise de entrevista narrativa. O conceito desenvolvido nesse estudo, o Ciclo de Isolamento, detalhou como ocorre o processo de retirada dos contextos de interação social, que envolve custo emocional e pode estar associado a processos de depressão. A existência de uma rede social de suporte mostrou-se como condição fundamental para uma melhor qualidade de vida na vivência da maternidade. As experiências de enfrentamento perante as dificuldades - seja a dor da descoberta do HIV, da traição, da impossibilidade da amamentação ou dos episódios de discriminação – são bastante diversificadas, a depender da presença ou ausência de outros importantes ao lado dessas mulheres. A participação da família na vida dessas mulheres é imprescindível para o seu bem estar e para seu fortalecimento físico, emocional, mental e social. O Ciclo de Isolamento é relevante enquanto construto teórico capaz de especificar processos em curso quando a pessoa experiência situações socialmente estigmatizadas e tem implicações para a prática profissional em diversas áreas. Destaque-se sua utilidade potencial para o planejamento de ações na promoção de saúde pública. The study of affective processes in psychology is of great importance and has been the subject of increasing attention, particularly among researchers in the field of Cultural Psychology. Motherhood and seropositivity are contexts in which ruptures and transitions are striking in the lives of individuals, contributing to the occurrence of a variety of important reactions emotionally oriented. The general objective of this study was to analyze the meaning of motherhood for mothers infected with HIV. The specific objectives, in turn, were (a) analyze the processes involved in ensuring continuity of the self in terms of disruption to mothers seropositive for HIV, and (b) to characterize the symbolic resources available or created by women who are experiencing motherhood seropositive for HIV. To achieve the goals, we performed a case study, through narratives of life histories with ten HIV seropositive mothers, interviewed in the CEDAP, the city of Salvador / Bahia. The interviews were transcribed and analyzed for narrative interview. The concept developed in this study, the Isolation Cycle, detailed process of withdrawal of the contexts of social interaction, which involves emotional cost and can be associated with cases of depression. The existence of a network of social support proved to be a prerequisite for a better quality of life in the experience of motherhood. The experiences of coping with the difficulties - the pain of the discovery of HIV, betrayal, or the impossibility of breastfeeding episodes of discrimination - are quite diverse, depending on the presence or absence of important others alongside these women. Family participation in the lives of these women is essential to their well being and strengthening their physical, emotional, mental and social. The Isolation Cycle is relevant as theoretical construct able to specify processes in progress when the person experiences situations socially stigmatized and has implications for professional practice in various areas. Stand out from its potential usefulness for planning actions to promote public health.
Salvador

Syftet med denna rapport är att visa hur en ökning av isolertjockleken i ett hus påverkar kostnader och energiåtgång för isoleringen i ett livscykelperspektiv, samt för husets bruksskede. I studien har en optimering av isoleringen på ett pågående byggprojekt i Växjö, kv Limnologen, utförts. Total energiåtgång för isoleringens livscykel har tagits fram från tidigare utförda livscykelanalyser (LCA). Husets värmebehov har beräknats mha information från ritningar och kontakter med personer i anknytning till kv Limnologen. En ekvation har utformats för att finna ett teoretiskt optimum för isolertjockleken med inriktning mot total energiåtgång, koldioxidutsläpp och ekonomi. Resultatet för optimeringen av total energiåtgång visar att optimum ligger vid den dubbla tjockleken för tak och grund, samt tredubbla för väggarna. För koldioxidutsläpp och ekonomin är resultatet mer beroende av husets uppvärmningskälla. Fjärrvärme med biobränslen är mer miljövänligt och ekonomiskt idag i jämförelse med fossila bränslen. Det innebär att hus som är oljeuppvärmda bör isoleras betydligt mer. I denna studie sammanställs en del faktorer såsom energi, koldioxid och ekonomi vilket gör det lättare att analysera och värdera dem. Att isolera till vårt framräknade optimum vore inte relevant då detta är ett teoretiskt värde och inte tar hänsyn till förändringar i konstruktionen och andra problem som kan uppstå. Optimeringskurvan visar att vinsten ökar snabbast de första centimetrarna av tilläggsisolering och om konstruktionen inte påverkas nämnvärt skulle det vara möjligt att utföra detta tillägg. Slutsatsen är att husen som byggs på kv Limnologen är välisolerade enligt dagens förutsättningar.

The aim with this report is to show how an increase of the thickness of insulating in a house influences the costs and the energy consumption for the insulation in a life cycle perspective and for the usage stage of the house. An optimization of the insulation on an ongoing construction project in Växjö, Limnologen has been carried out in the study. Total energy consumption for the insulation’s life cycle has been taken from earlier accomplished life cycle assessments (LCA). The house's heat need has been calculated on the basis of information from blueprints and contacts with persons in connection to Limnologen. An equation has been formulated in order to find a theoretical optimum for the insulating thickness regarding total energy consumption, carbondioxide and economy. The result of the optimization for total energy consumption shows that optimum lies at the the double thickness for ceilings and foundation, and triple for the walls. For carbondioxide and the economy the result is more depending on the house's heating source. District heating with biomass fuel is more environmentally friendly and economic today compared with fossil fuel. It means that houses that are oil heated should be insulated considerably more. In this study a compilation of some factors have been made, such as energy, carbondioxide and economy which makes it easier to compare them. Insulating to the calculated optimum is not relevant because the optimum is a theoretical value and does not take into consideration structure solutions and other problems that can arise. On the other hand the optimization curve shows that the profit increases rapidly at the first centimetres of additional insulation and if the structure is not affected markedly this addition would be profitable to carry out. The conclusion is that the buildings raised at Limnologen are well insulated with the presumptions of today.

Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons effectué des mesures de caractérisations magnétiques (cycles d’hystérésis, pertes, H_c…) à très haute température jusqu’à 600 °C, à l’aide d’un dispositif de caractérisation adapté à ces conditions extrêmes qui est un cadre Epstein que nous avons élaboré et réalisé. Sa validation a pu être vérifiée avec un cadre normalisé à température ambiante. Les mesures sont faites sur les deux types de tôles ferromagnétiques les plus utilisées : FeSi GO et NO. Les résultats montrent une réduction avec la température des pertes fer et des différents paramètres qui définissent le cycle d’hystérésis et dévoilent une similarité qui existe entre l’évolution du champ coercitif et les pertes par cycle. Par la suite, nous avons décrit les pertes et le champ coercitif en fonction de la température et la fréquence par des équations empiriques linéaires dans le cas de matériaux saturés et par une extension de l’équation de Bertotti à haute température via une identification de ses paramètres dans le cas des matériaux non saturés. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons caractérisé l’isolation d’un conducteur destiné à être utilisé à haute température constitué par un fil guipé mica d’origine inorganique, en mesurant la tension des décharges partielles et de claquage. À partir de ces résultats, nous avons montré que l’inhomogénéité de cette isolation le long du conducteur provoque des décharges destructives sans l’apparition de décharge partielle. Ce type de fils est constitué d’une âme en cuivre entourée par une fine couche de nickel, l’influence de cette dernière a été magnétiquement caractérisée au cours de notre travail. L’ensemble de ces études confirment l’importance de la prise en compte des effets de la température élevée et répond aux besoins croissants d’améliorer l’efficacité énergétique dans les différentes utilisations du génie électrique
In this thesis work, we carried out a magnetic characterization measurements (hysteresis cycles, losses, H_c...) at very high temperatures up to 600 °C, using a characterization device adapted to these extremes conditions which is an Epstein frame that we have developed and implemented. Its validation is verified with a standard frame at ambient temperature. The measurements are performed by two types of ferromagnetic sheets mostly used: FeSi GO and NO. The results show a decrease with temperature in iron losses and different parameters which define the hysteresis cycle, and expose a similarity between the variation of coercive field and the losses per cycle. Subsequently, we described the losses and the coercive field as a function of temperature and frequency. That is done by a linear empirical equations in case of saturated materials and by an extension at high temperature of the Bertotti equation via an identification of its parameters in case of unsaturated materials. In a second phase, by measuring the voltage of partial discharge and of the electrical breakdown we characterized the insulation of a conductor intended to be used at a high temperature covered by mica; this later has an inorganic origin. These results show that the inhomogeneity of this insulation along of the conductor causes destructive discharges without appearance of partial discharges. This kind of wire consists of copper surrounded by a thin nickel layer and this later has been characterized magnetically during our work

Context. As the number of organizations using cloud application platforms to host their applications increases, the priority of distributing physical resources within those platforms is increasing simultaneously. The goal is to host a higher quantity of applications per physical server, while at the same time retain a satisfying rate of performance combined with certain scalability. The modern needs of customers occasionally also imply an assurance of certain privacy for their applications. Objectives. In this study two types of instances for hosting applications in cloud application platforms, virtual machines and application containers, are comparatively analyzed. This investigation has the goal to expose advantages and disadvantages between the instances in order to determine which is more appropriate for being used in cloud application platforms, in terms of performance, scalability and user isolation. Methods. The comparison is done on a server running Linux Ubuntu 16.04. The virtual machine is created using Devstack, a development environment of Openstack, while the application container is hosted by Docker. Each instance is running an apache web server for handling HTTP requests. The comparison is done by using different benchmark tools for different key usage scenarios and simultaneously observing the resource usage in respective instance. Results. The results are produced by investigating the user isolation and resource occupation of respective instance, by examining the file system, active process handling and resource allocation after creation. Benchmark tools are executed locally on respective instance, for a performance comparison of the usage of physical resources. The amount of CPU operations executed within a given time is measured in order determine the processor performance, while the speed of read and write operations to the main memory is measured in order to determine the RAM performance. A file is also transmitted between host server and application in order to compare the network performance between respective instance, by examining the transfer speed of the file. Lastly a set of benchmark tools are executed on the host server to measure the HTTP server request handling performance and scalability of each instance. The amount of requests handled per second is observed, but also the resource usage for the request handling at an increasing rate of served requests and clients. Conclusions. The virtual machine is a better choice for applications where privacy is a higher priority, due to the complete isolation and abstraction from the rest of the physical server. Virtual machines perform better in handling a higher quantity of requests per second, while application containers is faster in transferring files through network. The container requires a significantly lower amount of resources than the virtual machine in order to run and execute tasks, such as responding to HTTP requests. When it comes to scalability the prefered type of instance depends on the priority of key usage scenarios. Virtual machines have quicker response time for HTTP requests but application containers occupy less physical resources, which makes it logically possible to run a higher quantity of containers than virtual machines simultaneously on the same physical server.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O conhecimento dos aspectos biológicos, morfológicos e comportamentais dos moluscos terrestres é importante para o desenvolvimento de medidas de controle de pragas e de estratégias de conservação de espécies. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar os padrões de biologia, conquiliomorfometria e comportamento da espécie Dysopeas muibum e verificar os efeitos do isolamento e do fotoperíodo sobre seu ciclo de vida e a morfometria da concha, em condições de laboratório. Foi realizado o acompanhamento do crescimento da concha, da liberação de filhotes e da mortalidade de 160 moluscos, dos quais 40 foram mantidos isolados e 120 agrupados (10 moluscos por grupo; 40 em condições naturais de temperatura, umidade relativa do ar e fotoperíodo, e 80 tendo estas condições controladas – 40 com dias longos e 40 com dias curtos), desde o nascimento até 180 dias de vida, quando então foram aferidas as medidas da concha. Para verificar o horário de atividade e compor o etograma, 30 moluscos adultos (10 moluscos por grupo) foram observados durante 24 horas contínuas, através do método de varredura, com registro dos atos comportamentais a intervalos de 20 minutos. Já para verificar a ocorrência de agregação e a preferência por sítio de repouso, durante cinco dias, a intervalos de 24 horas, foram observados de 30 moluscos adultos (10 moluscos por grupo): número de agregações, de indivíduos agregados e isolados, e de indivíduos sob o disco com alimento, sob o disco sem alimento, sobre o substrato, enterrados e na parede do terrário. Para todas as análises, os moluscos foram criados em terrários plásticos vedados com tecido de algodão e elástico, contendo como substrato terra vegetal esterilizada e umedecida com água de torneira, e alimentados com ração para frangos de corte enriquecida com carbonato de cálcio. Foi verificado que a espécie ocorre no município de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, possui parte mole amarelada e concha pequena e alongada, e é capaz de se reproduzir por autofecundação. Possui crescimento indeterminado, fecundidade aumentando com o tamanho corporal, iteroparidade e baixa mortalidade antes e após a maturidade sexual, não tendo o fotoperíodo efeito sobre esses padrões. As condições controladas de temperatura, umidade relativa do ar e fotoperíodo favoreceram o crescimento, maiores valores conquiliomorfométricos e o rápido alcance da maturidade sexual, enquanto a diminuição do comprimento do dia favoreceu a fecundidade. O isolamento aumentou o número total de filhotes, o número de filhotes por molusco parental e o intervalo entre eventos reprodutivos, reduziu o número de eventos reprodutivos e de filhotes por evento, e não influenciou o crescimento, o alcance da maturidade sexual, a relação crescimento-reprodução, a mortalidade e a conquiliomorfometria. O etograma foi composto por oito atos comportamentais: repousar, estar enterrado, deslocar, enterrar, explorar, alimentar, emergir e interagir. A espécie apresentou maior tendência ao repouso e a locomoção foi o ato comportamental de atividade prevalente, não apresentou horário de atividade predominantemente noturno e comportamento agregativo, e seu sítio preferido para o repouso foi o enterramento no substrato.
Knowledge of biological, morphological and behavioral characteristics of terrestrial molluscs is important for the development of pest control measures and strategies for the conservation of species. This study aimed to characterize the patterns of biology, conchiliomorphometric and behavior of the species Dysopeas muibum and check the effects of isolation and photoperiod on its life cycle and shell morphometry, under laboratory conditions. We conducted monitoring growth of the shell, release of puppies and mortality of 160 molluscs, of which 40 were kept isolated and 120 grouped (10 molluscs per group; 40 in natural conditions of temperature, relative humidity and photoperiod, and 80 with controlled conditions – 40 with long days and 40 with short days), from birth to 180 days of life, when the measures of the shell were taken. To check the schedule of activity and compose the ethogram, 30 adult molluscs (10 molluscs per group) were observed for 24 continuous hours, through the scanning method, with a record of behavioral acts at intervals of 20 minutes. For verifying the occurrence of aggregation and the preference for resting place, for five days, at 24 hour intervals, were observed in 30 adult molluscs (10 molluscs per group): number of aggregations, of aggregates and isolated individuals, and of individuals below the disc with food, below the disc without food, on the substrate, buried and in the wall of terrarium. For all analyzes, the molluscs were reared in plastic terrariums sealed with cotton fabric and elastic, containing plant soil sterile and moistened with tap water, and fed with food to broilers enriched with calcium carbonate. It was found that the species occurs in the Juiz de Fora City, MG, Brazil, has the soft yellowish and small and elongated shell, and is able to reproduce by self-fertilization. It has indeterminate growth, fecundity increases with body size, iteroparity and low mortality before and after sexual maturity, not having the photoperiod effect on these patterns. The controlled conditions of temperature, relative humidity and photoperiod favored growth, conchiliomorphometric values higher and fast reach sexual maturity, while the decrease in day length favored fecundity. The isolation increased the total number of pups, number of pups per parent mollusc and the interval between reproductive events, reduced the number of reproductive events and pups per event, and did not influence growth, reach sexual maturity, growth-reproduction relation, mortality and conchiliomorphometric. The ethogram was composed of eight behavioral acts: lie, lie buried, move, bury, explore, food, emerge and interact. The species had a greater tendency to rest and locomotion was the behavioral act prevalent activity, showed no activity time predominantly nocturnal and affiliative behavior, and their favorite place to rest was buried in substrate.

Conditional cell cycle mutants which block cell division under restrictive conditions, increase their cell mass as a result of continued growth. Here, we develop a protocol to screen for large Paramecium temperature-sensitive cell cycle mutants by sizeselecting centrifugal elutriation. By using the ccl mutant as a standard for Paramecium temperature-sensitive cell cycle mutants, we determine that 14 hours of heat treatment produces sufficient size difference for the elutriator to discriminate cell cycle mutants from wild-type cells. In addition, this duration of heat treatment does not reduce the viability nor delays recovery rates significantly in cell cycle mutants. We demonstrate that multiple elutriations are able to retrieve ccl cells at cell cycle mutant frequencies of 0.02%. Two mutants, cc5 and cc8 have been isolated from this screen. Temperature-shift experiments reveal that these two mutants possess similar temperature-sensitive periods to ccl. The cc5 and cc8 mutants are allelic to each other but extragenic to ccl. The presence of a "pseudo" class in the F2 progeny of the cc5 X ccl cross suggests an interaction between the cc5 and ccl gene products.

This work adopts a probabilistic evaluation approach to investigate the effectiveness of isolation devices for bridges in terms of seismic performance, vulnerability and expected life-cycle cost-benefit. A novel procedure to evaluate a reliable structure-based IM for isolated bridges and an improved life-cycle cost analysis formulation with respect to the existing ones are the two main original contributions. This dissertation has an assessment approach, so for each step some assumptions on the design of intervention, types of modelling and analysis have been introduced. No design optimization is carried out since it was not the purpose of this work, however the assumptions are based on the state of the art and practice and they will be clearly explained together with the limitations that eventually result from them. In order to achieve the purposes, an existing bridge has been selected as case study to take into account the complexity of a real structure. Even though a single case study bridge can restrict the generality of the numerical results, the main contributions mentioned previously consist in procedures that are not conditioned on the case study and that can be readily applied to other bridges. Damage to bridges during an earthquake event can lead to significant service breaks in the transportation system, causing primarily difficulties to the emergency operations. The main consequences due to bridge failure are a potential huge human's life loss and in addiction a wide economic impact on the transportation network, represented mainly by direct repair costs of intervention and indirect costs due to the loss of functionality of the bridge during repair. With specific reference to the Italian transportation network, the majority of the bridges was built between 1960 and 1980, consequently these structures are to date suffering structural deterioration and a large number of them was built following antiquated design standards with deficient or missing design criteria against seismic actions, therefore the issue of retrofitting of bridges assumes a key role, and it needs to be addressed with also reference to the Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) analyses. Between all the several design and retrofit strategies for improving the resistance of bridges to earthquakes, the seismic isolation is nowadays an effective choice for the protection of bridges that has been adopted in bridge design or retrofit for over 35 years in the United States and more recently it has been increasingly adopted also in Italy, especially towards the application of elastomeric bearings and friction-pendulum devices. The modern design philosophies, based on probabilistic performance-based earthquake engineering (PBEE) approaches, provides useful tools to identify the best retrofits for non-seismically designed bridges not only in terms of vulnerability assessment but also in order to achieve goals such as risk mitigation or minimization of economic loss. A primary objective of this work is the effectiveness evaluation of seismic protection devices for bridges following the probabilistic Intensity Measure (IM) based approach developed by the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER). In fact, if IM-based approaches are well established and widely studied for bridges and buildings, there has been a very limited research to date regarding the performance assessment of bridges for evaluating the effectiveness of seismic isolation devices. This matter is then considered an actual topic implying a number of additional issues with respect to the case of non-isolated bridges. The elastomeric bearings (ERB) and the friction pendulum system (FPS) are here considered as isolation solutions, and they are applied to an existing railway bridge as case study. The bridge has a continuous five-span steel truss deck with a total length of about 500 m carried by four concrete piers with height ranging from 50 to 130 m. Geometry, loads, structural materials and existing bearings are investigated in order to design and estimate the retrofit interventions in an executable manner which can actually be put into practice. The structural modelling is conducted by developing three-dimensional finite element (FE) models of three bridge configurations (as-built, with ERB and with FPS) and subjecting them to a suite of 80 recorded ground motions with a wide range of spectral properties that are appropriate for isolated bridges. The FE models are developed in OpenSees employing fibre beam column elements for bridge piers and bilinear hysteretic elements for isolation devices. The influence of isolation on the demand for various critical bridge elements is evaluated through the development Probabilistic Seismic Demand Models (PSDMs) with 'cloud' approach to derive analytical fragility functions by nonlinear time history analysis (NLTHA) of the models. Peak ground acceleration (PGA) and Spectral Acceleration (Sa) calculated at different periods are adopted and compared as intensity measures (IMs) in terms of efficiency and sufficiency. To deal with the issue of adopting a reliable structure-based IM for isolated bridges, a novel procedure is introduced for the evaluation of the most appropriate period Ts which makes Sa(Ts) a reliable IM by maximizing its correlation to different components of a complex structure. The proposal of a new property for the IM, additional to efficiency and sufficiency, is addressed. Moreover, after the definition of appropriate limit states, the analysis of vulnerability at component level is addressed, followed by the evaluation of the effectiveness of isolation in terms of total probabilities of failure after the convolution with a seismic hazard coherently evaluated with respect to the selected ground motion set. To prevent high level of damage, both isolation systems give better protection in small piers than high ones, while they give more benefits in high pier for slight level of damage. The ERB results to be the most efficient to reduce the expected damage in the piers' base, however in terms of probability of damage at 1/3 height of the pier the effect of the two isolation systems are comparable. The FPS isolation is more efficient for the small piers than higher ones, for all the limit states. Moreover, the ERB provides a more uniform effect on the piers and better results on high piers than FPS. As mentioned above, life-cycle cost (LCC) analysis for bridges has gained widespread interest in recent years. Nevertheless, the effect of adopting seismic isolation devices for existing or new bridges, needs to be correctly addressed in terms of costs. The lack of knowledge regarding the correct estimation of LCC in presence of these kinds of devices needs to be covered by research, since in literature there are only few examples on how the isolation systems are producing cost-effective solutions for bridge owners. In order to give a contribution in this direction, this work provides an insight regarding the damage restoration of bridge components. The nominal retrofitting costs (initial cost in case of intervention), restoration costs (due to the possible damages in bearings and piers) and indirect costs (due to the loss of functionality of the bridge during repair) are estimated in an executable manner. Finally statistical moments of seismic losses, such as the expected value and variance, are calculated for the three examined bridge configurations by different life-cycle cost formulations (Wen and Kang, 2001, Beck et al., 2002, Wen et al., 2003, Ghosh and Padgett, 2011). The proposal of an improved LCC formulation with particular attention to the issue of a correct evaluation of discount functions to commutate future costs into present values is presented. The benefits of isolation in terms of expected costs are calculated comparing the different solutions.

Disordered eating (DE) is a subclinical eating disorder that includes a wide range of unhealthy behaviours, spanning from occasional dieting and use of laxatives to chronic dieting that may eventually evolve into a clinical eating disorder. Several studies indicate that disordered eating is associated with distress and impairment, underscoring the need for intervention, as it is the most common indicator of the development of an eating disorder. However, little is known about factors that trigger and maintain disordered eating behaviours. For example, the literature supports the possible role of a dysfunctional attachment style, as well as proximal negative affect and immediate context, in precipitating disordered eating behaviours. Moreover, hormonal changes seem to be responsible for exacerbating disordered eating symptomatology in accordance with a particular phase of the menstrual cycle (e.g., prior to or during menstruation). This dissertation examined the role of attachment style, negative affect, immediate context and menstrual cycle as possible antecedents of eating in disordered and normal eaters. Longitudinal changes one-hour prior to and after eating, and over a one-week period have been investigated. Moreover, the influence of menstrual cycle on eating intake in the disordered eating sample and general population has been studied. The research utilised Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA), a design that involved repeated assessments of current psychological and situational states in participants’ natural environments. Forty-six male (Mean = 28.8 years old) and ninety female participants (Mean = 28.7 years old) with disordered eating (N = 55) and healthy controls (N = 81) were recruited from the community to make multiple daily ratings of affect, hunger levels, menstrual status (for the female sample), time and location using random-, interval-, and event-contingent recordings. They had to record their food intake, mood and location over a one-week period, to investigate their eating pattern, and over a two-week period to study the impact of menstrual cycle on eating behaviours. Hierarchical regressions, Generalised Estimating Equations, repeated-measured Manova/Anova and Mixed Model analyses were used to examine between-day differences and within-day changes in psychological, situational variables relative to eating and menstrual status in disordered eating individuals and controls. The results showed that the feeling of loneliness might predict disordered eating behaviours when moderated by an anxious attachment style [B (SE) = -1.62, p = .029)]. Levels of shame [Estimate (SE) = -.483 (.222), p = .030] and disgust [Estimate (SE) = -.428 (.177), p = .016] were higher at eating episodes, while guilt [Estimate (SE) =.639 (.189), p = .001] increased mostly after eating. Moreover, the results confirmed the importance of situational factors in precipitating disordered eating behaviours [e.g., being at home [OR (95%IC) = .847 (.753-.952), p =. 005], absence of others [OR (95%IC) = .883 (.786-.993), p = .037)]. This is the first study to demonstrate that there are within-person situational processes in disordered eating revealing that the absence of others might be a unique antecedent of eating pathology. In addition, loneliness, shame, disgust and guilt might play a unique role in triggering and maintaining disordered eating. Menstrual cycle seemed to play an important role in influencing eating pattern in disordered eating individuals. Disordered eating females experienced cravings (F = 41.25, p < .001) and bloating (F = 3.39, p < .001) more frequently on menstrual days compared to non-menstrual days, while controls did not show much difference. To conclude, findings suggest that the absence of others, high levels of negative affect and the menstrual cycle might precipitate disordered eating behaviours in a subclinical disordered eating population.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
食品科技研究所
94
Polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum, a popular Traditional Chinese Medicine ingredient, have been associated with the antitumor, immuno-modulating and hypoglycemic activities of this mushroom. (1,3)-β-D-glucans bearing (1,6)-β-D glucosyl branches has been proved to be the major active component in the hot-water extractable polysaccharides. In this study, we employed ethanol fractional precipitation, ultra-filtration and freeze-thaw cycle techniques to separate the (1,3)-β-D-glucans from broth of mycelium liquid culture of G. lucidum. The separation was based on the properties of the (1,3)-β-D-glucans having larger molecular weight than other polysaccharides and having high tendency to aggregate. A freeze-dried powder containing 3.6% of (1,3)-β-D-glucans was used as raw material for this study. The results indicated that ethanol fractional precipitation adjusting ethanol concentration at 40% was the most efficient way, having 68.3% of recovery, among mentioned methods to purify (1,3)-β-D-glucans from a hot-water extract. The purity of the fractioned polysaccharides was 93.2% on carbohydrate basis. Increasing ethanol concentration increased both recovered quantity of the polysaccharides and the glucans but decreased the content of (1,3)-β-D-glucans. The operations of ultra-filtration using 10 kDa molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) hollow fiber membrane and freeze-thaw cycle recovered 73.5% and 34.3% of the (1,3)-β-D-glucans, respectively; the contents of the glucans were 35.3% and 14.1% on carbohydrate basis, respectively. Combination of ultra-filtration and freeze-thaw cycle could significant increase the content of (1,3)-β-D-glucans up to 69.4% with slightly lower recovery, 65.3%.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Civil apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra.
Portugal enfrenta enormes desafios impostos por metas ambientais e pela atual situação económica e social da Europa. Neste contexto, a eco-edificação assume um papel importante no sector da construção. Apesar do recurso a materiais sustentáveis não ser novo, continua a existir uma enorme oportunidade tecnológica na otimização e caracterização de sistemas construtivos que potenciem o máximo benefício destes materiais. Por outro lado, há necessidade de verificar a capacidade de industrializar estas técnicas que, até ao momento, apresentam uma utilização pouco sistemática. Com este trabalho, pretendeu-se desenvolver uma solução de painel de parede inovadora (eco-painel), composta por madeira e palha ou casca de arroz, orientada para o mercado da eco-edificação. Previsivelmente, a utilização destes materiais possibilitará a definição de um produto sustentável, com impacte ambiental inferior ao de produtos concorrentes, e com propriedades de isolamento térmico e acústico adequadas. O estudo experimental foi conduzido nas instalações laboratoriais do ITeCons – Instituto de Investigação e Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Ciências da Construção, recorrendo a um conjunto de equipamentos adequados à determinação da condutibilidade térmica e do índice de isolamento sonoro da solução construtiva. O eco-painel estudado foi também sujeito a uma avaliação de ciclo de vida. Os sistemas compostos por palha e casca de arroz foram comparados com os de soluções construtivas equivalentes constituídas por diferentes lãs de rocha, sendo os resultados obtidos indicadores de níveis de isolamento térmico e acústico adequados aos objetivos de aplicação. De salientar, ainda, que a solução construtiva estudada integra na sua estrutura subprodutos do setor agrícola, mais concretamente da região do Baixo Mondego, acrescentando assim um novo significado à ecoeficiência da solução proposta.
Portugal faces enormous challenges imposed by environmental goals and by the current economic and social situation that Europe is experiencing. In this context, the eco-edification assumes an important role in the construction sector. Although the use of sustainable materials isn’t new, still exists a huge technologic opportunity in the optimization and characterization of constructive systems that potentiates the maximum benefit of this materials. In the other hand, there is a need to verify the ability to industrialize these techniques which, until now, show a less systematic use. With this work, it was intended to develop an innovative solution of wall panel (eco-panel), composed by wood and rice straw or husk, oriented for the market of eco-edification. Predictably, the use of these materials will allow the definition of a sustainable product with an environmental impact lower than the concurrent products, and with appropriate thermic and acoustic properties. The experimental study was conducted in the laboratory facilities of ITeCons - Institute for Research and Technological Development in Construction Sciences, using a set of proper equipment for determining the thermal conductivity and sound isolation index of the constructive solution. The eco-panel study was also subject to an assessment of the life cycle. The systems composed of rice straw and rice husk systems were compared to those of an equivalent constructive solutions composed of different rock wool, and the results obtained were indicators of levels of thermal and acoustic isolation appropriate to the objectives of the application. To point, also, that constructive solution integrates in its structure sub products of the agricultural sector, more specifically of the region of “Baixo Mondego”, adding a new meaning to the eco-efficiency of the proposed solution