Tesis sobre el tema "Isolation de la table de flux"

En tant que composant important de la plate-forme cloud, le commutateur virtuel (vSwitch) est responsable de la réalisation de la connectivité réseau entre les machines virtuelles (VM) et les périphériques externes. La plupart des vSwitches existants adoptent le principe de conception partagée, qui détruit l'isolation entre les VMs. Dans vSwitch, différentes VMs se disputent les ressources partagées et accèdent à la mémoire sans restriction, cela les rend incapables de garantir une qualité de service (QoS) réseau stable, tout en faisant face au risque d'attaques de plans de données et d'accès illégaux à la mémoire. Afin de résoudre ces problèmes de performance, de défaillance et de sécurité causés par le manque d'isolement, les principaux travaux et contributions de cette thèse sont les suivants : 1) Méthode QoS réseau basée sur l'isolation du cycle CPU (C2QoS). Cette approche garantit la bande passante du réseau VM en isolant la concurrence des ressources CPU, et en même temps réduisant de 80 % la latence supplémentaire du réseau de VM causée par la concurrence. 2) Mécanisme de défense contre les attaques du plan de données basé sur l'isolement de la table de flux (D-TSE). D-TSE utilise VM comme unité pour séparer la structure de la table de flux afin d'obtenir des performances de classification de paquets indépendantes et une isolation des pannes au prix d'une utilisation CPU supplémentaire de 5 %. 3) Mécanisme d'E/S réseau virtualisé (VNIO) basé sur l'isolation de l'accès mémoire (S2H). Basé sur un modèle de partage de mémoire sécurisé, S2H assure l'isolation et la sécurité de la mémoire des VM au prix d'une latence accrue de 2 à 9 %
As an important component of cloud platform, virtual switch (vSwitch) is responsible for achieving network connectivity between virtual machines (VMs) and external devices. Most existing vSwitches adopt the split design principle, which destroys the isolation between VMs. In vSwitch, different VMs compete for shared resources and unrestricted memory access, making them unable to guarantee stable network quality of service (QoS), while facing the risk of data plane attacks and illegal access to memory. In order to solve these performance, failure and security problems caused by the lack of isolation, the main works and contributions of this thesis are as follows: 1) Network QoS method based on CPU cycle isolation (C2QoS). This approach secures VM network bandwidth by isolating concurrency from CPU resources, and at the same time reduces additional VM network latency caused by concurrency by 80%. 2) Data plane attack defense mechanism based on stream table isolation (D-TSE). D-TSE uses VM as the unit to separate the flow table structure to achieve independent packet classification performance and fault isolation at the cost of 5% additional CPU usage. 3) Virtualized Network I/O (VNIO) mechanism based on Memory Access Isolation (S2H). Based on a secure memory sharing model, S2H provides VM memory isolation and security at the cost of 2-9% increased latency

A literature review on critical heat flux (CHF) prediction methods confirmed that the CHF look-up table (LUT) has many advantages over the other prediction methods: it covers the widest range of flow conditions, it is the most accurate CHF prediction method and it is computationally very efficient. The LUT has been included in the major thermalhydraulics and safety analysis computer codes. The LUT accuracy has increased over the years, although several areas have been identified where further improvements are desirable. These areas include (i) the screening of the experimental data, (ii) effect of the heated channel diameter and length on the CHF, and (iii) difficulties in predicting the CHF in the limiting quality region in LUT, at low flow/low pressure conditions and in the very high dryout quality range. This thesis describes the various improvements that have been made to the LUT derivation. In addition to the improvements in the LUT derivation methodology, a new visual analysis technique that allows simultaneous LUT trend visualization and comparison in all parametric directions has been developed. Based on the findings and improvements in the LUT derivation methodology, a new version of the LUT has been developed. The error analysis revealed that refined data screening and removal of outliers is an effective method for improving the CHF LUT accuracy. Because the majority of the experimental data were obtained for diameters close to the standard 8 mm ID, a better correction of diameter effect on the CHF does not significantly affect the overall LUT accuracy, although it appears to be very important at specific conditions such as low flow or extreme diameters.

In this research, the dynamic behavior of a seismic isolation system composed of high strength geotextile placed over an ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) geomembrane (together called as composite liner) beneath the structure is investigated experimentally. The results of the shaking table experiments which were performed on model structures both under harmonic and modified earthquake motions with and without the seismic isolation (composite liner system), are presented in the thesis. The main focus is given on the potential improvement obtained by use of the composite liner system as compared to the unisolated cases. Based on the performed experiments, it is observed that the utilization of composite liner system provides significant reduction in the accelerations and interstorey drift ratios of structures under harmonic motions while signifant drop is obtained in the spectral accelerations under earthquake motions which provide noticeable improvement in the durability of structures under dynamic effects at the expense of increased translational displacements.

La détection d'anomalies est une problématique importante dans de nombreux domaines d'application comme la santé, le transport, l'industrie etc. Il s'agit d'un sujet d'actualité qui tente de répondre à la demande toujours croissante dans différents domaines tels que la détection d'intrusion, de fraude, etc. Dans cette thèse, après un état de l'art général complet, la méthode non supervisé Isolation Forest (IForest) a été étudiée en profondeur en présentant ses limites qui n'ont pas été abordées dans la littérature. Notre nouvelle version de IForest appelée Majority Voting IForest permet d'améliorer son temps d'exécution. Nos méthodes ADWIN-based IForest ASD et NDKSWIN-based IForest ASD permettent la détection d'anomalies dans les flux de données avec une meilleure gestion du concept drift. Enfin, la détection distribuée d'anomalies en utilisant IForest a été étudiée et évaluée. Toutes nos propositions ont été validées avec des expérimentations sur différents jeux de données
Anomaly detection is an important issue in many application areas such as healthcare, transportation, industry etc. It is a current topic that tries to meet the ever increasing demand in different areas such as intrusion detection, fraud detection, etc. In this thesis, after a general complet state of the art, the unsupervised method Isolation Forest (IForest) has been studied in depth by presenting its limitations that have not been addressed in the literature. Our new version of IForest called Majority Voting IForest improves its execution time. Our ADWIN-based IForest ASD and NDKSWIN-based IForest ASD methods allow the detection of anomalies in data stream with a better management of the drift concept. Finally, distributed anomaly detection using IForest has been studied and evaluated. All our proposals have been validated with experiments on different datasets

Abstract: Human skeletal muscle is an essential source of various cellular progenitors with potential therapeutic perspectives. Muscle-resident mesenchymal stromal cells (mrMSCs) are thought to be involved in the development of several regenerative disorders such as fatty degeneration, heterotopic ossification and fibrosis. Identifying the cell population responsible for these pathologies will help better understand the underlying mechanisms and lead to more efficient treatment. We first developed an isolation method and culture conditions for the proliferation and maintenance of the adherent fraction of human skeletal muscle derived cells. To further enrich the cell population as multipotent progenitors, we used fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS) and known mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) markers. The enriched cell populations obtained were tested for their multipotent capabilities towards the osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic lineages. The CD73 + CD 105+ CD90- subset of human skeletal muscle adherent cells displayed robust multipotence to all three lineages under the appropriate differentiation conditions. Clonal differentiation assays confirmed that all three lineages stem from a single multipotent progenitor. Furthermore, this cell subset was able to differentiate into brown adipocyte-like cells, expressing UCP1 at the RNA and protein levels following prolonged stimulation with rosiglitazone (ROS). This result suggests that this cell subset could also represent a human cell model for brown adipogenesis. The cell isolation and enrichment method presented in this thesis represent a novel technique to obtain human mrMSCs. This method holds great promise for future clinical applications with the enriched cell populations since they are expanded in a defined medium, which supports inter-laboratory reproducibility. Furthermore, the phenotypic markers chosen for the FACS isolation are well conserved amongst donors in the proposed conditions, limiting donor-to-donor variability.||Résumé: Le muscle squelettique humain est une source essentielle de cellules progénitrices ayant plusieurs applications thérapeutiques potentielles. Les cellules stromales mésenchymateuses du muscle squelettique humain (hmrMSCs) semblent être impliquées dans des pathologies telles l’ossification hétérotopique, la dégénérescence graisseuse et la fibrose. L’identification de la population cellulaire à l’origine de ces pathologies permettrait de mieux comprendre les mécanismes derrières celles-ci et aiderait à la création de traitements plus efficaces. Nous avons d’abord mis au point une méthode d'isolement et déterminer des conditions de culture pour la prolifération et le maintien en culture de la fraction cellulaire adhérente dérivée du muscle squelettique humain. Par le biais de la cytométrie en flux et des marqueurs connus des cellules stromales mésenchymateuses (MSC), nous avons pu enrichir les cellules stromales multipotentes. Le potentiel ostéogénique, adipogénique et chondrogénique des populations cellulaires enrichies a été évalué par des essais de différenciation. La sous-population de cellules CD73[indice supérieur +]CD105[indice supérieur +]CD90[indice supérieur -] a montré une multipotence robuste sur les trois lignées étudiées. Des essais de différenciation clonale ont confirmés que les trois lignées obtenues proviennent tous d’un progéniteur multipotent commun. De plus, cette sous-population cellulaire avait la capacité de se différencier en cellule de gras brun, démontrée par une expression élevée d’UCP1 au niveau génique et protéique suivant une stimulation continue avec le rosiglitazone (ROS). Ce résultat suggère que cette sous-population cellulaire pourrait également représenter un modèle pour l’adipogenèse vers le gras brun. La méthode d’enrichissement présentée représente une nouvelle technique afin d’obtenir des hmrMSCs. Elle semble prometteuse pour de futures applications cliniques employant ces cellules, étant donné qu’elles sont amplifiées dans un milieu défini permettant une reproductibilité interlaboratoire. De plus, les marqueurs de phénotype choisis pour l’enrichissement par cytométrie en flux sont bien conservés entre individus, limitant la variabilité inter-donneur.[symboles non conformes]

La libéralisation dans le secteur agro-alimentaire figure aujourd’hui parmi les grandes préoccupations de l’OMC. Les discussions du cycle de Doha ont abouti en Décembre 2008 à une proposition de texte sur la procédure de la libéralisation des tarifs et des différentes formes de soutien dans le secteur agricole. Jusqu’à ce jour, les études réalisées dans le secteur agricole pour évaluer l’impact de ces propositions se sont intéressées principalement aux secteurs de la viande et du lait. La présente étude s’applique au secteur des œufs de consommation et vise à analyser l’effet de différents scénarios de libéralisation. La période d’étude s’étend de 2000 à 2008 et prend en compte les trois grandes catégories de produits d’œufs à savoir les œufs en coquille, les œufs transformés et les produits dérivés des œufs. Pour ce faire, nous utilisons un modèle de gravité afin d’estimer les paramètres structuraux des flux commerciaux dans le secteur des œufs. Ces paramètres sont ensuite utilisés pour quantifier l’impact des différents scénarios de libéralisation sur la probabilité d’importer ainsi que sur l’intensité du commerce. Le modèle de panel autorégressif a été retenu pour effectuer l’analyse des différentes variables. Mots clés: œufs de table, libéralisation de l’échange, cycle de Doha, modèle de gravité, panel autorégressif.

This dissertation describes the analytical research as part of a comprehensive research program to develop a new floor anchorage system for seismic resistant design, termed the Inertial Force-limiting Floor Anchorage System (IFAS). The IFAS intends to reduce damage in seismic resistant building structures by limiting the inertial force that develops in the building during earthquakes. The development of the IFAS is being conducted through a large research project involving both experimental and analytical research. This dissertation work focuses on analytical component of this research, which involves stand-alone computational simulation as well as analytical simulation in support of the experimental research (structural and shake table testing). The analytical research covered in this dissertation includes four major parts: (1) Examination of the fundamental dynamic behavior of structures possessing the IFAS (termed herein IFAS structures) by evaluation of simple two-degree of freedom systems (2DOF). The 2DOF system is based on a prototype structure, and simplified to represent only its fundamental mode response. Equations of motions are derived for the 2DOF system and used to find the optimum design space of the 2DOF system. The optimum design space is validated by transient analysis using earthquakes. (2) Evaluation of the effectiveness of IFAS designs for different design parameters through earthquake simulations of two-dimensional (2D) nonlinear numerical models of an evaluation structure. The models are based on a IFAS prototype developed by a fellow researcher on the project at Lehigh University. (3) Development and calibration of three-dimensional nonlinear numerical models of the shake table test specimen used in the experimental research. This model was used for predicting and designing the shake table testing program. (4) Analytical parameter studies of the calibrated shake table test model. These studies include: relating the shake table test performance to the previous evaluation structure analytical response, performing extended parametric analyses, and investigating and explaining certain unexpected shake table test responses. This dissertation describes the concept and scope of the analytical research, the analytical results, the conclusions, and suggests future work. The conclusions include analytical results that verify the IFAS effectiveness, show the potential of the IFAS in reducing building seismic demands, and provide an optimum design space of the IFAS.

La génétique des populations a révélé que la diversité génétique des espèces marines était très souvent distribuée de façon discrète dans l’espace, en mosaïque de patchs populationnels génétiquement homogènes délimités par des discontinuités appelées barrière au flux génique. L’objectif de cette thèse était de contribuer à mieux comprendre les processus expliquant l’origine, le maintien et la position des barrières génétiques au niveau de la zone de transition entre l’Atlantique et la Méditerranée. Dans un premier temps a été étudiée la structure génétique de la moule Mytilus galloprovincialis. Contrairement au cline abrupt et étroit reporté en Espagne, nous avons découvert en Algérie une vaste zone hybride mosaïque sur 600 km de côtes à l'Est du front océanique Almeria-Oran. Dans un deuxième temps a été menée une étude de la structure génétique du gastéropode marin Stramonita haemastoma. Nous avons découvert deux lignées cryptiques différentiellement fixées pour des haplogroupes mitochondriaux, et différenciées sur 3 marqueurs microsatellites développés dans cette thèse. La distribution spatiale en mosaïque est étonnante avec un patch de la lignée atlantique enclavé au nord de la Méditerranée occidentale et bordé par une zone hybride au sud dans la région de Valence. Ces deux études mettent en avant l’importance de l’isolement reproductif intrinsèque dans l’explication de la distribution mosaïque de la diversité génétique marine. Bien que les frontières entre patchs correspondent à des barrières physiques à la dispersion ou à des écotones, l’hydrographie et l’environnement n’expliquent sans doute que la position des discontinuités génétiques mais ni leur origine ni leur maintien
Population genetics has revealed the genetic diversity of marine species is often subdivided into a mosaic of discrete patches, within which populations are genetically homogeneous, delineated by discontinuities called barriers to gene flow. The aim of this thesis was to contribute to better understand the processes explaining the origin, maintenance and location of genetic barriers at the Atlantic/Mediterranean transition zone. First, we studied the genetic structure of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. In contrast to the abrupt narrow cline reported in Spain, we discovered along the Algerian coastline a 600 km wide mosaic hybrid zone eastward of the Almeria-Oran oceanic front. Second, we studied the genetic structure of a marine gastropod Stramonita haemastoma. We discovered two cryptic lineages differentially fixed for alternative mitochondrial haplogroups, and differentiated at three microsatellite markers developed in this PhD work. Surprisingly, the spatial distribution proved to be an unusual mosaic with a patch of the Atlantic lineage enclaved in the north of the Western Mediterranean Sea, bordered in the South by a hybrid zone in eastern Spain around Valencia. These two studies highlight the importance of intrinsic reproductive isolation in explaining the mosaic distribution of the marine genetic diversity. Although boundaries between patches coincide with physical barriers to dispersal or ecotones, hydrography and environment mainly explain the position of the genetic discontinuities but neither their origin nor their maintenance

Afin de comprendre le processus de spéciation, il est nécessaire d'appréhender les patrons de flux géniques entre espèces naissantes et le rôle de la sélection dans leur détermination. C'est ce que tente d'aborder cette thèse en utilisant comme modèle deux sous-espèces de la souris domestique, Mus musculus. Nous avons reconstitué l'histoire de leur différenciation sur la base du polymorphisme de séquence à 60 locus autosomaux. La simulation du coalescent de ces locus sous plusieurs scenarios historiques nous a permis d'inférer, via une méthode ABC (Approximate Bayesian Computation), une divergence ancienne des sous-espèces (1,5Ma). Elle fut suivie d'une longue phase d'isolement (1,2Ma) précédant une phase d'échanges génétiques débutant bien avant la formation de la zone hybride européenne actuelle. La phase d'isolement a été assez longue pour expliquer une grande partie des incompatibilités génétiques observées actuellement. Les flux génétiques anciens et prolongés pourraient avoir favorisé le renforcement comportemental de l'isolement reproductif. Nous étudions aussi la relation entre le mode d'évolution de 77 régions génomiques autosomales et leur comportement d'introgression à travers une zone hybride. Le taux de recombinaison locale semble déterminer en partie les introgressions symétriques et limitées de certains locus. Toutefois tel n'est pas le cas pour 40% des locus, qui présentent une introgression asymétrique dans l'une ou l'autre direction. Nous proposons que l'introgression coté musculus soit majoritairement contrôlée par la sélection et que l'introgression coté domesticus soit influencée par un déplacement de la zone hybride vers le territoire musculus
Understanding the speciation process requires to appraise patterns of gene flow between incipient speices as well as the role of selection in their determination. This thesis attempts to do so using two subspecies of the house mouse, Mus musculus, as a model. We inferred the history of their differentiation based on sequence polymorphism data at 60 autosomal loci. By simulating the coalescent of these loci under several historical scenarios we were able to infer, using an ABC (Approximate Bayesian Computation) method, an ancient divergence of the subspecies (1.5 MY). This was followed by a long period of isolation (1.2 MY) preceding a phase of genetic exchanges that started well before the formation of the present European hybrid zone. The isolation phase lasted long enough to explain a majority of the present genetic incompatibilities. Ancient and lasting gene flow could have favoured a behavioural reinforcement of reproductive isolation. We a lso studied the relationship between the mode of evolution of 77 autosomal genomic regions and their introgression patterns across a hybrid zone. Local recombination rates variations seem to partly account for the patterns observed at some loci with limited and symmetrical introgression. However such is not the case for 40% of the the loci showing asymmetrical introgression in on direction or the other. domesticus results from a movement of the hybrid zone from domesticus to musculus

Les vésicules extracellulaires (VEs) sont des vésicules membranaires de taille majoritairement submicrométrique présentes dans les fluides biologiques et émises par les cellules en réponse à divers stimuli. Les VEs sont impliquées dans de nombreux phénomènes physiologiques mais également dans des pathologies telles que cancers ou maladies cardiovasculaires. Elles pourraient donc être utilisées comme biomarqueurs de ces pathologies. Bien que les VEs soient aujourd’hui largement étudiées, nos connaissances sur le sujet demeurent limitées. Ceci est principalement dû aux difficultés de caractérisation des VEs et à l’absence de standardisation de leurs méthodes d’étude et d’isolation. La première partie de mon travail de thèse a porté sur le développement d’une méthode de thiolation de protéines. Des anticorps ont été modifiés pour exposer des thiols et ont été conjugués à des nanoparticules d’or fonctionnalisées par des maléimides. Le couplage des anticorps thiolés aux nanoparticules d’or a été étudié de manière quantitative et des conditions de conjugaison optimales ont été déterminées par des approches biochimiques. La seconde partie de ce travail a concerné la caractérisation des VEs du plasma sanguin de sujets sains par microscopie électronique à transmission (MET). La morphologie, la taille et le phénotype des VEs ont été déterminés par cryo- MET combinée au marquage par des nanoparticules d’or conjuguées à des protéines. La quantification objective des VEs du plasma sanguin a été réalisée à l’aide d’une méthode originale de MET basée sur la sédimentation de VEs sur grille de MET. La troisième partie de cette étude a consisté à mettre au point une méthode d’isolation de VEs à l’aide de particules magnétiques conjuguées à de l’AnxA5. Des conditions permettant d’extraire la totalité des VEs exposant la phosphatidylsérine contenues dans un plasma sanguin ont été déterminées par cytométrie en flux (CF). Ce travail a permis d’apporter une caractérisation détaillée des VEs du plasma sanguin du sujet sain et peut servir de référence pour des études ultérieures concernant les VEs contenues dans des plasmas ou autres liquides biologiques pathologiques
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are submicrometric membrane vesicles found in body fluids and produced by cells in response to various stimuli. EVs are involved in numerous physiological processes but also in pathologies as cancers or cardiovascular diseases. Even if EVs are largely studied, our knowledge about them remains limited. This is mainly caused by the difficulties to characterize EVs and by the lack of standardized methods allowing their characterization. The first part of my PhD work focused on the development and optimization of a protein thiolation method. Antibodies modified to expose few thiols were conjugated to gold nanoparticles functionalized with maleimides. The binding of thiolated antibodies to gold nanoparticles was quantitatively studied and optimal conjugation conditions were determined using biochemical methods. The second part of my PhD work concerned the characterization of blood plasma EVs from healthy subjects using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). EVs morphology, size and phenotype were determined by cryo-TEM combined with labelling with protein-conjugated gold nanoparticles. The near-absolute quantification of blood plasma EVs was achieved using an original TEM method based on the direct sedimentation of EVs onto TEM grids. The third part of this study consisted in developing an EV isolation method using AnxA5-conjugated magnetic particles. Conditions allowing total extraction of blood plasma phosphatidylserine-exposing EVs were determined using flow cytometry (FC). This study presents a detailed characterization of blood plasma EVs from healthy subjects and can serve as a reference for future studies on EVs contained in pathological plasmas or other body fluids

L'objectif de la thèse consiste à proposer une nouvelle approche, appelée "Sphères de comportement" pour la modélisation et l'exécution de procédés flexibles. Il s'agit d'assurer une flexibilité dans la gestion de propriétés comportementales qu'elles soient transactionnelles, opérationnelles ou organisationnelles. De telles propriétés concernent non seulement des activités considérées individuellement (ce que permettent les modèles de procédés actuels), mais également des groupes d'activités d'un procédé. La première contribution de cette thèse consiste à séparer la spécification des propriétés comportementales de celle du procédé. La solution que nous proposons permet de définir des "sphères de comportement" associant un comportement à un groupe d'activités du procédé. Cela a permis, après une définition des principes fondamentaux d'une telle solution, d'identifier quels sont les comportements dont la représentation en termes de sphères induit une plus grande flexibilité de la modélisation et de l'exécution des procédés métiers. La seconde contribution consiste en l'étude du cas particulier de la propriété transactionnelle de l'isolation dans les procédés métiers. Cela a abouti à la définition de la notion de "sphère d'isolation" et d'étudier ses caractéristiques en termes de cohésion et de cohérence, donnant lieu à deux nouveaux critères de sérialisabilité. La troisième contribution de ce travail consiste à déceler les anomalies engendrées par l'exécution d'activités coopératives et la contribution des sphères d'isolation à la gestion flexible de telles anomalies de coopération. La dernière contribution de ce travail consiste à proposer une démarche permettant la mise en œuvre des sphères de comportement dans les plateformes de procédés à base de Web Services. La mise en œuvre a consisté à modéliser des sphères de comportement dans la notation BPMN et à transformer une telle notation en contextes de coordination WS-Coordination couplé au langage BPEL. La finalité d'une telle mise en œuvre, dite "de bout en bout", est de connecter la modélisation des sphères de comportement (BPMN) à l'exécution du procédé métier (BPEL et WS-Coordination).

L'objectif de cette thèse est l'étude de la diversité génétique au sein de 136 lignées appartenant à 10 populations naturelles tunisiennes de M. Truncatula. Ces populations proviennent de différentes conditions pédoclimatiques représentatives du territoire tunisien. La première partie consiste à une analyse à l'échelle moléculaire par l'utilisation de 18 microsatellites répartis sur les différents groupes de liaison. Cela a permis de structurer les populations selon un axe nord / sud séparé par la dorsale tunisienne. Le paramètre pluviométrie est le principal facteur influençant cette structuration. De même l'utilisation de marqueurs morphologiques a permis d'approfondir la caractérisation des populations et de la comparer à celle obtenue par les microsatellites. Dans une seconde partie, on a poursuivi l'analyse de la diversité par l'étude de la variabilité de croissance d'un certain nombre de lignées, sous alimentation azotée et en symbiose avec différentes souches de Rhizobium, en absence ou en présence de stress salin. A partir de cette analyse, on a pu sélectionner des couples de lignées contrastants pour leur réponse au sel dans ces deux conditions étudiées qui nous ont permis d'identifier des critères de tolérance au sel. La dernière partie concerne une analyse quantitative visant essentiellement à identifier des marqueurs impliqués dans la tolérance à la salinité chez le partenaire végétal. On a utilisé la descendance d'un croisement disponible au laboratoire entre deux lignées de référence Jemalong et F83005. 5. . .
The objective of this thesis is to study genetic diversity within 136 lines belonging to Tunisian 10 natural populations of M. Truncatula. These populations come from different soil and climatic conditions, representative of the Tunisian territory. The first part consists of an analysis at the molecular level by the use of 18 microsatellites spread over different linkage groups. That helped to structure populations depending to a north / south axis separated by the Tunisian Dorsale. The parameter rainfall is the most important factor influencing this structure. Similarly, using morphological markers, we tried to deepen the characterization of populations and to make comparison with that obtained by microsatellites. In the second part, we continued the analysis of the diversity by the study of the variability of a number of lines under nitrogen assimilation or in symbiosis with different strains of Rhizobium, in the presence or absence of salt stress. Based on this analysis, it was possible to select pairs of contrasting lines for their response to salt in those two conditions studied, which have enabled us to identify criteria for salt tolerance. The last part involves a quantitative analysis which aimed primarily to identify markers involved in salt tolerance in the plant partner. . .

Les mécanismes à l'origine de la mise en place de l'isolement reproducteur sont relativement peu étudiés dans les radiations adaptatives insulaires. Selon la théorie de la spéciation écologique, l'isolement reproducteur résulte de la sélection divergente agissant sur des populations écologiquement différentes. Par leurs caractéristiques uniques, les îles océaniques constituent des systèmes idéals pour étudier le rôle des facteurs écologiques dans la diversification des lignées endémiques. Le rôle de l'habitat et des pollinisateurs dans la restriction des flux géniques inter et intraspécifique est examiné chez le faham (Jumellea rossii et J. fragrans), une orchidée endémique des Mascareignes. Pour ce faire, les patrons de différenciation phénotypique (traits floraux morphologiques et chimiques), environnementale (habitat, altitude, climat) et génétique (microsatellites nucléaires) ont été confrontés. À l'échelle intraspécifique, les résultats montrent que les flux de gènes sont principalement limités par les différences environnementales entre habitats sans rôle évident des pollinisateurs. A l'échelle interspécifique, outre les variations d'habitat, le changement de pollinisateur semble expliquer l'absence de flux de gènes. Dans le cadre du continuum de spéciation chez le faham, l'isolement reproducteur évoluerait en premier lieu en réponse à l'adaptation aux différents habitats, puis serait renforcé par l'adaptation à différents pollinisateurs. La révision de la taxinomie du clade et les priorités en terme de conservation sont également discutées
Mechanisms responsible for the establishment of reproductive isolation are little studied in island adaptive radiations. According to the theory of ecological speciation, reproductive isolation results from the ecologically-based divergent selection. By their unique characteristics, oceanic islands are ideal systems to study the role of ecological factors in the diversification of endemic lineages. This study focuses on the role of habitat and pollinators in restricting inter and intraspecific gene flow between populations of faham (Jumellea spp.), an orchid endemic to Mascarene Islands. To do this, patterns of phenotypic differentiation (floral traits), environmental differentiation (habitat, altitude, climate) and genetic differentiation (nuclear microsatellites) were compared. At the intraspecific level, the results show that gene flow restriction is mainly due to the colonization of different habitat types with no obvious role of pollinators. At the interspecific level, in addition to the role of habitat, pollinator shift seems to explain effective complete reproductive isolation. By placing these results into the continuum of speciation, it appears that reproductive isolation evolve initially in response to adaptation to different habitats and, in a second phase, would be enhanced by pollinator-driven divergent selection. Operationally, this study reviews the taxonomy of faham and proposes to define management units and priorities in terms of conservation

La co-culture d’amibes est utilisée afin d’isoler des microorganismes. Ainsi le premier virus géant,fut découvert. Cependant, les méthodes de culture sur protozoaires sont délicates et fastidieuses. De ce fait, le développement de ces cultures représente une difficulté pour les microbiologistes, limitant ainsi l’analyse d’un nombre important d’échantillons et la caractérisation de nouveaux virus. De nouvelles stratégies et des améliorations des modèles actuels sont donc nécessaires. Notre travail a été de développer de nouvelles stratégies permettant l’isolement de microorganismes associés aux amibes. Dans la 1ere partie nos travaux ont permis une amélioration des cultures avec le développement de nouveaux milieux de culture et l’utilisation ciblée d’antimicrobiens.La clé de ces stratégies est l’association des techniques rapides aux étapes améliorées de culture et leur application à un large panel de protozoaires pouvant abriter des microorganismes. Les résultats ont permis le développement d’un système d’isolement à haut débit très efficace. Nous avons notamment mis au point des techniques de tri de virus géants par cytométrie.Dans la seconde partie, nos travaux ont porté sur la description et la caractérisation des nouveaux isolats.Les résultats obtenus démontrent l’importance de poursuivre l’isolement et la caractérisation de ces microorganismes afin de mieux appréhender l’évolution de ces microorganismes, leur biotope et leur pathogénicité.De nouveaux outils sont nécessaires,notre manque d’imagination et l’absence de systèmes automatisés seront les limites aux nouvelles stratégies dans le monde de la microbiologie
Amoebae are predators without distinction and they can also act as hosts to several different microorganisms that may coexist simultaneously. Some protozoa are sources of human pathogens where they act as reservoir of any human pathogens like Legionellae, Chlamydiaceae and others. In addition, the first giant virus, Acanthamoeba Polyphaga imivirus, was discovered using Amoeba as cell host. Since then, many other giant viruses have been isolated. For decades, amoebae were used as cell hosts in the culture- based process to isolate microorganisms, and allowed to recover new giant viruses and bacterial species from human and environmental samples. In contrast the co-culture system with protozoa is tedious and fastidious. Microbiologists are limited to routine culture methods, limiting by this the speed of screening potential samples and the efficiency of yielding new isolates. Much effort and improvement were needed. Our work consisted in the development of new strategies and techniques for the isolation of new microorganisms associated to protozoa. In the first part of this work, we described, all the improvements we brought to the protists culture system for the isolation of intracellular microorganisms especially giant viruses and Chlamydiaceae. Major improvements were based on modified culture enrichment steps, adapted culture media, and targeted use of specific drugs. The key of this new strategy was the implementation of high-throughput technologies to the ameliorated culture based systems, and the application of this later to a wide panel of protozoa used as potential host cells. These presented advances and strategies demonstrated significant time saving, and higher sensitivity than older techniques, they considerably increased the potential of collecting new environmental or clinical isolates and also new undiscovered microorganisms especially new giant virus familiesand particular Chlamydiaceae associated to amoebae. We continued to ameliorate the efficiency of the flow cytometric technology by reviewing its contributions to the virology field, then by applying it to the isolation system by sorting the new isolates as a new strategy for better genomic and proteomic analysis. In the second part of this work, we focused on the characterization of new isolates at the level of developmental cycle and genomic description. We used electron microscopy, and genome sequencing as main tools to describe our newly isolated giant viruses but also report new species of Chlamydiaceae and managed to decipher Chlamydiaceae species with a host dependent replication cycle, an issue that has not, thus far, been observed in protozoa-associated Chlamydiaceae. The strategies and results described herein show the importance of pursuing the isolation of new associatedamoebal microorganisms in order to give rise to new insights into the evolution of these microorganisms, their respective biotopes, and their potential or hidden pathogenicity. The more we need to search the more tools are needed, only our lack of imagination and appropriate automated systems will put limits on any needed strategy in the field of microbiology

Palynology, the study of organic microfossils, is an important tool for improving our understanding of past environments and landscapes. Palynology provides a wealth of information from which climatic and environmental conditions can be inferred. However, inferred climatic and environmental conditions are often open to interpretation. Assumptions made about past climate conditions from pollen assemblages often rely on qualitative understanding of modern-day vegetation distributions, rather than empirical relationships. Historic anthropogenic impact on the environment must also be inferred, and assessments made as to whether vegetation changes are a result of climate change or human impact. This study seeks to address some of the questions that arise through the interpretation of pollen assemblages, by establishing empirical relationships between the geochemistry of modern pollen and climate or environmental controls. It focuses on the pollen of the climatically sensitive montane conifer Cedrus atlantica, which is distributed across the mountains of Morocco and Algeria. The study investigates aspects of modern pollen geochemistry and morphology and finds a strong relationship between the stable carbon isotope composition of modern pollen and mean annual precipitation (r2 = 0.54, p <0.001) and summer precipitation (r2 = 0.63, p <0.0001). Furthermore, a stronger relationship exists with aridity measured using the self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (r2 = 0.86, p <0.0001), suggesting that the stable carbon isotope composition of Cedrus atlantica pollen is influenced by environmental moisture availability. The study also finds there is an increased abundance of ultraviolet absorbing compounds (UACs) in modern Cedrus atlantica pollen with increasing summer UV-B flux. This relationship was evident with samples growing in their native range (r2 = 0.84, p <0.0001), but not with samples from outside this range (r2 = 0.00, p = 0.99), suggesting a possible genetic influence. Lastly, the study finds that grain size of Cedrus atlantica pollen is highly variable within and between samples, and we rule out climatic control on pollen grain size. These results suggest that quantitative relationships can be established between the geochemistry of Cedrus atlantica pollen and environmental and climatic influences. Stable carbon isotope analysis of fossil pollen could be used as a proxy for reconstruction of summer moisture availability, while analysis of UACs in fossil pollen could be used as a proxy for the reconstruction of summer UV-B flux. These proxies will enhance our understanding of climatic and environmental change in Northwest Africa and will complement existing palynological techniques for environmental and climate reconstruction. Palynology, the study of organic microfossils, is an important tool for improving our understanding of past environments and landscapes. Palynology provides a wealth of information from which climatic and environmental conditions can be inferred. However, inferred climatic and environmental conditions are often open to interpretation. Assumptions made about past climate conditions from pollen assemblages often rely on qualitative understanding of modern-day vegetation distributions, rather than empirical relationships. Historic anthropogenic impact on the environment must also be inferred, and assessments made as to whether vegetation changes are a result of climate change or human impact. This study seeks to address some of the questions that arise through the interpretation of pollen assemblages, by establishing empirical relationships between the geochemistry of modern pollen and climate or environmental controls. It focuses on the pollen of the climatically sensitive montane conifer Cedrus atlantica, which is distributed across the mountains of Morocco and Algeria. The study investigates aspects of modern pollen geochemistry and morphology and finds a strong relationship between the stable carbon isotope composition of modern pollen and mean annual precipitation (r2 = 0.54, p <0.001) and summer precipitation (r2 = 0.63, p <0.0001). Furthermore, a stronger relationship exists with aridity measured using the self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (r2 = 0.86, p <0.0001), suggesting that the stable carbon isotope composition of Cedrus atlantica pollen is influenced by environmental moisture availability. The study also finds there is an increased abundance of ultraviolet absorbing compounds (UACs) in modern Cedrus atlantica pollen with increasing summer UV-B flux. This relationship was evident with samples growing in their native range (r2 = 0.84, p <0.0001), but not with samples from outside this range (r2 = 0.00, p = 0.99), suggesting a possible genetic influence. Lastly, the study finds that grain size of Cedrus atlantica pollen is highly variable within and between samples, and we rule out climatic control on pollen grain size. These results suggest that quantitative relationships can be established between the geochemistry of Cedrus atlantica pollen and environmental and climatic influences. Stable carbon isotope analysis of fossil pollen could be used as a proxy for reconstruction of summer moisture availability, while analysis of UACs in fossil pollen could be used as a proxy for the reconstruction of summer UV-B flux. These proxies will enhance our understanding of climatic and environmental change in Northwest Africa and will complement existing palynological techniques for environmental and climate reconstruction.

碩士
國立高雄第一科技大學
營建工程所
97
Base isolation technology is an effective earthquake resistance technique, since it can be used for protecting both the structural system and the internal equipment. Nevertheless, recent studies have revealed that an isolation system may induce an excessive response when subjected to a near-fault earthquake that contains a long-period pulse waveform. In order to improve isolation efficiency in near-fault earthquakes, a semi-active sliding isolation system called Piezoelectric Smart Isolation System (PSIS), which consists of a sliding isolation system and a semi-active piezoelectric friction damper, is proposed in this study. The semi-active damper functions as a supplementary energy dissipating device for the isolation system. Because of its low energy demand and quick response, a piezoelectric actuator was chosen as the control device for regulating the clamping force of the semi-active friction damper. In this thesis, both theoretical and experimental investigations were conducted for the proposed PSIS isolation system. Three kinds of control laws were employed to control the PSIS. These control laws are: (1) Seim-active optimal control (semi-LQR), (2) Non-sticking friction control (NSF), (3) Fuzzy friction controller. The test results show that the PSIS with NSF (��=20) or Fuzzy (rule=15555) controller has the best isolation efficiency and requires the less sensors. The test results also demonstrate that the dynamic responses of the PSIS with different kinds of the control laws are very consistent with the theoretical ones obtained from numerical simulation. This verifies the feasibility and efficiency of the PSIS system.

碩士
雲林科技大學
機械工程系碩士班
98
In this thesis a vibration isolation table is regulated by proportional pneumatic valves. The linear variable differential transformers are used to measure the height of the table. A central control unit is devised to supervise the regulation of three pneumatic valves for automatic leveling. The central control unit is a 16-bit microcontroller, which initializes communication between three local controllers and the central control unit. A proportional-integral-derivative (PID) algorithm is used as the control law. It is found that positioning accuracy cannot be satisfactorily achieved when each axis is controlled independently. This phenomenon can be improved using the central controller, which also raises transient speeds. Experimental results indicate that with the central controller, long-time accuracy can be better maintained compared to independent local control.

碩士
臺灣大學
工程科學及海洋工程學研究所
98
This study aims to develop the position control of an active PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)-controlled pneumatic isolation table system. A novel concept using parallel dual-on/off valves with PWM control signals is implemented to realize active control and to improve the conventional pneumatic isolation table that supported by four pneumatic cushion isolators. In this study, the cushion isolators are not only passive vibration isolation devices, but also pneumatic actuators in active position control. Four independent closed-loop position feedback control system are designed and implemented for the four axial isolators. In this study, on/off valves are used, and PWM is realized by software. Therefore, additional hardware circuit is not required to implement PWM and not only cost down but also reach control precision of demand. The study first derives the nonlinear time-variant mathematical models of single-axial pneumatic isolation system and then simplifies the models as a 3rd system. In the controller design, the Fourier series-based adaptive sliding-mode controller with H-infinity tracking performance is used to deal with the uncertainty and time-varying problems of pneumatic system. The open-loop and closed-loop dynamic simulations are implemented by MATLAB to verify the feasibility of the proposed system and controller. Finally, the experiments on the pneumatic isolation table system for synchronous position and trajectory tracking control, including no-load and loading conditions, and synchronous position control with master-slave method are implemented in order to verify that the controller for each cushion isolator can realize good position and trajectory tracking performance.

碩士
國立成功大學
機械工程學系
106
The deep trench isolation (DTI) structure plays an important role in the three-dimensional integrated circuit, and the most efficient way to etch an anisotropic DTI structure is to use the BOSCH etching method. However, setting the operating parameters of the BOSCH is a complicated issue. If the influence of the operating parameters on the etching profile can be known in advance, the process efficiency can be improved. In this study, a theoretical energy flux model and an experimental energy flux model are used to study the correlations between operating parameters and etching profiles. The ANSYS/LS-DYNA numerical analysis software were used to simulate the etching profile, and Johnson-Cook failure criterion was added as the silicon failure condition. Through the theoretical energy flux model, the energy flux of SF6 and C4F8 etching gases at different coil powers can be calculated separately. Through the experimental energy flux model, the relationship between the etch rate and the energy flux of the SF6/C4F8 mixed gas, and the relationship between the gas flow rate and the energy flux can be established. Combining the results of theoretical and experimental energy flux models, the energy flux ratio contributed by each gas in the mixed gas can be obtained. The etching profile obtaining from different energy fluxes can be simulated from ANSYS/LS-DYNA. This study proposes a new way to simulate the etching profile. Using the Gaussian distribution function to adjust the morphology of the plasma indenter and iteratively to find the maximum pressure need to be assumed for the plasma indenter. Comparing the simulated etching profiles with the experimental samples etching profiles obtains the maximum relative error to be controlled within 6.52%.

Current seismic design practice promotes inelastic response in order to reduce the design forces. By allowing the structure to yield while increasing the ductility of the structure, the global forces can be kept within the limited bounds dictated by the yield strength. However, during severe earthquakes, the structures undergo significant inelastic deformations leading to stiffness and strength degradation, increased interstory drifts, and damage with residual drift. The research presented in this thesis has three components that seek to address these challenges. To prevent the inelastic effects observed in yielding systems, a new concept “apparent weakening” is proposed and verified through shake table studies in this thesis. “Apparent weakening” is introduced in the structural system using a complementary “adaptive negative stiffness device” (NSD) that mimics "yielding” of the global system thus attracting it away from the main structural system. Unlike the concept of weakening and damping, where the main structural system strength is reduced, the new system does not alter the original structural system, but produces effects compatible with an early yielding. Response reduction using NSD is achieved in a two step sequence. First the NSD, which is capable of exhibiting nonlinear elastic stiffness, is developed based on the properties of the structure. This NSD is added to the structure resulting in reduction of the stiffness of the structure and NSD assembly or “apparent weakening”-thereby resulting in the reduction of the base shear of the assembly. Then a passive damper, designed for the assembly to reduce the displacements that are caused due to the “apparent weakening”, is added to the structure-thereby reducing the base shear, acceleration and displacement in a two step process. The primary focus of this thesis is to analyze and experimentally verify the response reduction attributes of NSD in (a) elastic structural systems (b) yielding systems and (3) multistory structures. Experimental studies on 1:3 scale three-story frame structure have confirmed that consistent reductions in displacements, accelerations and base shear can be achieved in an elastic structure and bilinear inelastic structure by adding the NSD and viscous fluid damper. It has also been demonstrated that the stiffening in NSD will prevent the structure from collapsing. Analogous to the inelastic design, the acceleration and base shear and deformation of the structure and NSD assembly can be reduced by more than 20% for moderate ground motions and the collapse of structure can be prevented for severe ground motions. Simulation studies have been carried on an inelastic multistoried shear building to demonstrate the effectiveness of placing NSDs and dampers at multiple locations along the height of the building; referred to as “distributed isolation”. The results reported in this study have demonstrated that by placing a NSD in a particular story the superstructure above that story can be isolated from the effects of ground motion. Since the NSDs in the bottom floors will undergo large deformations, a generalized scheme to incorporate NSDs with different force deformation behavior in each storey is proposed. The properties of NSD are varied to minimize the localized inter-story deformation and distribute it evenly along the height of the building. Additionally, two semi-active approaches have also been proposed to improve the performance of NSD in yielding structures and also adapt to varying structure properties in real time. The second component of this thesis deals with development of a novel device to control the response of structural system using adaptive length pendulum smart tuned mass damper (ALP-STMD). A mechanism to achieve the variable pendulum length is developed using shape memory alloy wire actuator. ALP-STMD acts as a vibration absorber and since the length is tuned to match the instantaneous frequency, using a STFT algorithm, all the vibrations pertaining to the dominant frequency are absorbed. ALP-STMD is capable of absorbing all the energy pertaining to the tuned-frequency of the system; the performance is experimentally verified for forced vibration (stationary and non-stationary) and free vibration. The third component of this thesis covers the development of an adaptive control algorithm to compensate hysteresis in hysteretic systems. Hysteretic system with variable stiffness hysteresis is represented as a quasi-linear parameter varying (LPV) system and a gain scheduled controller is designed for the quasi-LPV system using linear matrix inequalities approach. Designed controller is scheduled based on two parameters: linear time-varying stiffness (slow varying parameter) and the stiffness of friction hysteresis (fast varying parameter). The effectiveness of the proposed controller is demonstrated through numerical studies by comparing the proposed controller with fixed robust H∞ controller. Superior tracking performance of the LPV-GS over the robust H∞ controller in different displacement ranges and various stiffness switching cases is clearly evident from the results presented in this thesis. The LPV-GS controller is capable of adapting to the parameter changes and is effective over the entire range of parameter variations.

Le canal calcique de type-L CaV1.2 participe au couplage excitation-contraction des cardiomyocytes. Cav1.2 est composé d’une sous-unité principale CaVα1, associée aux sous-unités auxiliaires CaVβ et CaVα2δ1. Lorsque présente à la membrane, c’est CaVα2δ1 qui est responsable de moduler la densité du courant calcique. Elle ne possède qu’un seul segment transmembranaire présent du côté C-terminal, au niveau de la protéine δ, ce qui en fait une protéine transmembranaire de type I. Certaines protéines qui appartiennent à cette famille doivent être clivées au niveau du site dit « omega », une modification post-traductionnelle nécessaire à leur fonction. Une fois clivées, ces protéines sont retenues à la membrane plasmique par une ancre glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol (GPI). Nos études en microscopie confocale montrent que la protéine sauvage est sensible à l’action de la phospholipase C qui clive de manière spécifique les groupements phosphoinositol, ce qui est compatible avec la présence d’une ancre GPI fonctionnelle. De plus, la mutation des résidus formant le site « omega » en isoleucine au niveau des sites G1060 et G1061 prévient l’adressage membranaire de CaVα2δ1 estimé par cytométrie en flux et imagerie confocale, et réduit la modulation des courants calciques mesurés par la méthode du « patch-clamp ». Les mutants G1060I et G1061I sont aussi associés à un changement dans le patron de migration de la partie C-terminale, suggérant un processus protéolytique défecteueux. Les mutations simples des glycines en alanines préservent les propriétés de la protéine mais le double mutant G1060A/G1061A réduit significativement l’expression de CaVα2δ1 à la surface de la cellule et sa modulation sur le canal CaV1.2. Ces données suggèrent fortement que le clivage requiert spécifiquement un résidu Glycine en position 1060 ou 1061 pour produire le clivage protéolytique dominant chez CaVα2δ1, et que cet ancrage GPI est essentiel à la fonction du canal.
Voltage-gated calcium channels CaV1.2 play an essential role in the regulation of cardiac excitability. Functional channels are formed by the CaVα1 subunit and the intracellular CaVβ and the extracellular CaVα2δ1 subunits. CaVα2δ1 are type I transmembrane proteins that undergo a posttranslational modification producing their association at the plasma membrane through a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. The molecular determinants required for the proteolytic cleavage of the recombinant CaVα2δ1 protein were studied using biochemical, immunocytochemical, fluorescence, and electrophysiological methods. Enzymatic treatment with a phospholipase C specific for the cleavage of phosphatidyl inositol lipids abolished the colocalisation of CaVα2δ1 with a plasma membrane marker as shown using live-cell confocal imaging. Single point mutations G1060I or G1061I in the predicted transmembrane CaVδ domain was shown to significantly reduce the cell surface fluorescence of CaVα2δ1 as characterized by two-color flow cytometry assays and confocal imaging, and to prevent the CaVα2δ1-mediated increase in the peak current density and voltage-dependent gating of CaV1.2 currents. The isoleucine mutations were also associated with a change in the migration pattern of the C-terminal fragments suggesting that proteolytic processing was altered. Single glycine to alanine mutations preserved the protein properties but the double mutant G1060A/G1061A significantly impaired cell surface expression of CaVα2δ1 and its functional regulation of CaV1.2. Altogether our data support a model where one Glycine residue at position 1060 or 1061 is required to produce the dominant proteolytic cleavage of CaVα2δ1 and further suggest that the GPI-anchored form of CaVα2δ1 is essential for channel function.