Literatura académica sobre el tema "ISC assembly machinery"

The textbook discusses the methodology of course design of general-purpose drives with a single-stage gearbox (cylindrical, conical and worm) and a V-belt or chain transmission. The procedure for calculating gears and constructing assembly drawings of gearboxes is shown, the development of specifications using the COMPASS-3D computer-aided design system is described. Examples of the design of drawings of the general type of the drive, assembly drawings of gearboxes and working drawings of parts of various types of gearboxes are given.
 Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
 It is intended for independent work of students of engineering specialties studying in the bachelor's degree and specialty.

The tutorial discusses the technological processes of remontamashin, contains elements of the design of technological processes for the restoration of parts and assembly units, describes ways to restore the main defects of machine parts.
 Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
 It is intended for students in the direction of training 35.03.06 "Agroengineering".

The textbook discusses topical issues of automating the assembly of an extensive range of machine and instrument-making products based on highly efficient robotic reconfigurable systems of a new generation built on a single structural basis. The possibility of fast organization of automated assembly of new types of products, which is provided by the presence of a flexible basic set as part of the complex (line), is shown. A complete set of original technical means for basic and service operations of assembly and control of products is described. Analytical conditions of automatic assembly are given, and recommendations on optimization of design solutions and modeling of projected assembly systems are given.
 It is intended for students studying under the bachelor's degree programs, certified specialists and masters, teachers of technical universities, as well as designers, technologists and scientists dealing with the problem of complex assembly automation.

The tutorial contains drawings of assembly units with a description of their design. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the connections of the parts. Examples of assembly units containing a small number of parts are used to describe the most common types of connections in the designs of machines and devices out of several dozen currently known. The atlas will allow you to introduce students to various modern types of connections of parts in a short time during classes. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For students of higher educational institutions studying in an enlarged group of training areas 15.00.00 "Mechanical Engineering".

Computing pioneer and polymath John von Neumann introduced the concept of a Universal Constructor as part of his effort to develop a mathematical theory describing living organisms. A Universal Constructor is a kinematic machine able to manipulate and assemble primitive building blocks. Von Neumann showed how this hypothetical constructor, being itself composed of the same primitive blocks, could self-reproduce and evolve. Remarkably, although this model system pre-dates the discovery of the genetic code, it applies to cell molecular biology as well as man-made machines. This chapter describes some key laboratory demonstrations related to universal construction and machine self-reproduction, and discusses parallels between reproduction processes in machines and biological cells.

Biomimetics is the development of novel technologies through the distillation of ideas from the study of biological systems. Biohybrids are formed through the combination of at least one biological component—an existing living system—and at least one artificial, newly engineered component. These two fields are united under the theme of Living Machines—the idea that we can construct artifacts that not only mimic life but also build on the same fundamental principles. The research described in this volume seeks to understand and emulate life’s ability to self-organize, metabolize, grow, and reproduce; to match the functions of living tissues and organs such as muscles, skin, eyes, ears, and neural circuits; to replicate cognitive and physical capacities such as perception, attention, locomotion, grasp, emotion, and consciousness; and to assemble all of these elements into integrated systems that can hold a technological mirror to life or that have the capacity to merge with it. We conclude with contributions from philosophers, ethicists, and futurists on the potential impacts of this remarkable research on society and on how we see ourselves.

The chapter Micro- and nanotechnology for living machines describes research on new biohybrid technologies, engineered at the micro- and nano-scales, that combine some of the benefits of mechanical and electronic systems with those of biological systems. The chapter begins by reviewing some of the challenges of building devices at very small physical scales and discusses how new fabrication methodologies could impact on different classes of industrial, daily life, and biomedical products. We next explain how progress is being achieved through advances in micro- and nanomechatronics, particularly in the field of nanorobotic manipulation. Finally, we summarize recent progress towards building biohybrid living machines that combine nanomaterials with biological cells and outline the design of a micro- and nanorobotic manipulation system for cell assembly called the nanolaboratory.

Digital computers are “protean” in that they can become almost anything through software. Their basic design elements came from a 19th-century British tradition in logic, exemplified by Boole and Babbage. It seemed natural to have logic realized in hardware. This tradition culminated in the work of Alan Turing who proposed a universal computing machine, now called a Turing machine, based on logic. Although hardware that computes logic functions lies at the core of digital hardware, low-level practical machine operations are grouped together in “words.” Programs are based on hardware operations controlling computation at the word level. This chapter presents a detailed example of what a computer does when it actually “computes.” Because human cognition finds it hard to use such an alien device, there is a brief discussion of how programming became “humanized” with the invention of software tools like assembly language and FORTRAN.

Digital signal processing (DSP) is one of the ‘foundational’ engineering topics of the modern world, without which technologies such the mobile phone, television, CD and MP3 players, WiFi and radar, would not be possible. A relative newcomer by comparison, statistical machine learning is the theoretical backbone of exciting technologies such as automatic techniques for car registration plate recognition, speech recognition, stock market prediction, defect detection on assembly lines, robot guidance and autonomous car navigation. Statistical machine learning exploits the analogy between intelligent information processing in biological brains and sophisticated statistical modelling and inference. DSP and statistical machine learning are of such wide importance to the knowledge economy that both have undergone rapid changes and seen radical improvements in scope and applicability. Both make use of key topics in applied mathematics such as probability and statistics, algebra, calculus, graphs and networks. Intimate formal links between the two subjects exist and because of this many overlaps exist between the two subjects that can be exploited to produce new DSP tools of surprising utility, highly suited to the contemporary world of pervasive digital sensors and high-powered and yet cheap, computing hardware. This book gives a solid mathematical foundation to, and details the key concepts and algorithms in, this important topic.

The chip size, substrate material and package type of ICs are continuously changed due to the advanced process development. In order to satisfy these needs, it is necessary to cut wafers as discrete chip shape. Recently, the cutting technology cardinally relies on the thinner diamond blade plus some variable dicing saw parameters to obtain the separate chips. Although the cutting process is similar to that with traditional mechanical cutting, the accuracy and the quality are totally different. The previous is better than the last. Therefore, the cutting cost is not easily reduced more, except promoting the cutting yield. At the same time, if the utility rate of the cutting machine in one day is increased, this is an alternative to possibly decrease the cost. In present and commercial species of cutting machine, there are single cut, double cut, and laser cut. Except some advanced products or special wafers with laser cut method, most of commercial ICs are still cut with single-cut machine. In this study, we investigate the recent wafer cutting methods and how to protect the pad quality on ICs and probably decrease the assembly price. During this effort, we expect that one is to increase the cutting yield and the other is to practically reduce the assembly-line cost.

The paper presents an analysis of possible emergency conditions in a voltage converter controlled from an FPGA or a microcontroller and a method for eliminating them using a logical machine. The principle of operation of the machine is explained using a model assembled in CAD Xilinx ISE Design Suite.

While the process fabrication and the electronic applications develop quickly, the die size and the package type also confront the improvement from the customers’ request to achieve the better signal performance in IC products. In cost consideration and marketing competition, most of commercial IC products still adopt the wire-bond technology, except some high performance products with solder/gold balls adhesion process. For consumer ICs, the gold wire is the major material to connect the IC chip and the lead frame through the bondability technology. In the recent era, the bond pad size and pitch is always shrinking. Therefore, the bond performance strongly depends on wire bond machine to provide lighters, thinner, and more reliable IC. After pad size shrinkage, the quality of pad is more impressed for wire bond reliability, especially in fine-pitch assembly process. It’s a challenge in reliability requirement. In this study, the root cause and promising solution of bond pad contamination were investigated. One is to improve the bonding yield in wire-bond process; the other is to promote the bonding reliability after the whole assembly process.

In an effort to increase the number of wheels with measured profile parameters and reduce the number of condemnable wheels in service, machine vision-based wayside inspection systems are being developed to “virtually” gage all wheels of passing trains. In 2003, Transportation Technology Center, Inc. (TTCI), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Association of American Railroads (AAR), evaluated a pair of these wheel profile monitoring systems from two different vendors. Wheel-related expenses (inspection, maintenance, and replacement) make up about 37 percent of annual car maintenance costs. A significant portion of these expenses is directly related to maintenance actions associated with worn wheels. The primary indicators of worn wheels are wheel profile parameters that reach condemnable limits imposed by industry maintenance standards. These parameters include flange thickness, flange height, rim thickness, and tread hollow (hollow-worn wheels). To monitor profile parameters, inspectors attempt to visually check each wheel on inbound and outbound trains. They also measure wheel profile parameter values with steel gages on about 5 percent of the wheels annually. Each system TTCI evaluated used a different method to measure wheel profiles and determine the four primary parameters of interest. One system used lasers to highlight the wheel profile, and the other used high intensity strobes to take a picture of the wheel. Both systems used video frame capture technology and proprietary algorithms to analyze the data and calculate profile parameters. Both systems were installed at wayside locations at the Federal Railroad Administration’s Transportation Technology Center (TTC), Pueblo, Colorado. The systems were set up and evaluated over a period of several months. For each system evaluation, a test consist was assembled and run by the system at various speeds and lighting conditions. The profiles for test wheels were measured with a MiniProf® profilometer, and the four primary profile parameters were determined for each wheel prior to testing. Both systems were used during the tests to measure the wheel profiles and associated profile parameters. Through subsequent analysis, the system-derived parameters were compared to MiniProf parameter values for each test wheel to determine the tested system measurement accuracy. Both systems were found to be capable of delivering measurement accuracies of greater than 90 percent for three of the four parameters.

ObjectiveGrasp planning is a popular topic in the fields of robotic and Digital Human Model (DHM) (4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11). So far, the proposed planners do not consider the final posture of the DHM has a criteria when determining potential grasps. In (4), a grasping algorithm has been developed to automatically grasp known tools. The present work introduces a grasp planner for single-hand grasp on an unknown object, further referred as “part”.MethodThe grasp planner gives has a result a grasp pose (position + orientation) for the posture solver (Smart Posturing Engine) to reach. The input necessary to the grasp planner are the 3D model of the object to grasp and of the surrounding environment, and an initial manikin position that is automatically determines by the posture solver algorithm.First the part is approximated by its oriented bounding box (OBB), limiting the grasp poses to 6 (one for each face of the OBB). Then precise grasp types (5) and apertures are chosen based on the face’s dimensions (i.e. width and depth), ranging from a small face (i.e. pinch) to larger ones (i.e. medium wrap or precision sphere).To determine what is the best face of the OBB to grasp, accessibility checks are performed by validating that the space around the face is free of collision. The faces are checked using a specific order (i.e. top, right or left, bottom, front, back) that is determined using the relative initial position of the manikin. As soon as a face is found to be graspable and accessible, the algorithm stops and choose that face as the best one to grasp.Using the selected face target, the hand is positioned using an inverse kinematic solver, free to rotate around the target using extra hand degrees-of-freedom inside a limited range (4). Giving the posture solver more possibilities to find a realistic posture.ResultsThe grasp planner described above leaded to believable grasps for the simulated tasks as well as a believable overall DHM posture. Examples of postures will be shown on assembly tasks performed on a gearbox assembly line.DiscussionThe proposed grasp planner seems really promising. In its current form, it is most suitable for small parts and bigger ones well represented by their OBB. More complex and bigger parts may require further segmentation into multiple smaller sub-parts (9, 10), allowing to perform the proposed checks at more specific and believable locations on the object. This would allow to obtain grasps on a wider range of objects. The object weight is also important and is currently being added to grasp type selection. The present planner is used by the Smart Posture Engine (SPE) framework (1, 2 and 3) inside Dassault Systèmes application “Ergonomic Workplace Design”. With the Ergo4All (12) technology the SPE allows to assess and minimize ergonomic risks involved in simulated workplaces.1. Lemieux, P.-O., Barré, A., Hagemeister, N., Aissaoui, R.: Degrees of freedom coupling adapted to the upper limb of a digital human model. Int. J. Hum. Factors Model. Simul. 5(4), 314–337 (2017)2. Lemieux, P., Cauffiez,M., Barré, A., Hagemeister, N., Aissaoui, R.: A visual acuity constraint for digital human modeling. In: 4th Conference proceedings (2016)3. Zeighami, A., Lemieux, P., Charland, J., Hagemeister, N., Aissaoui, A.: Stepping behavior for stability control of a digital human model. ISB/ASB (2019)4. Bourret, Q., Lemieux, P., Hagemeister, N., Aissaoui, R.: Flexible hand posture for tools grasping. DHM (2019)5. FEIX, Thomas, ROMERO, Javier, SCHMIEDMAYER, Heinz-Bodo, et al. The grasp taxonomy of human grasp types. IEEE Transactions on human-machine systems, 2015, vol. 46, no 1, p. 66-77.6. BEKEY, George A., LIU, Huan, TOMOVIC, Rajko, et al. Knowledge-based control of grasping in robot hands using heuristics from human motor skills. IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation, 1993, vol. 9, no 6, p. 709-722.7. Holleman, C.; Kavraki, L.E.; A framework for using the workspace medial axis in PRM planners, in Proceedings 2000 ICRA. Millennium Conference. IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. Symposia Proceedings (Cat. No. 00CH37065), IEEE, Vol 2, 2000, 1408-1413. https://doi.org/10.1109/ROBOT.2000.8447958. FEIX, Thomas, BULLOCK, Ian M., et DOLLAR, Aaron M. Analysis of human grasping behavior: Correlating tasks, objects and grasps. IEEE transactions on haptics, 2014, vol. 7, no 4, p. 430-4419. Díaz, C.; Puente, S.; Torres, F.; Grasping points for handle objects in a cooperative disassembly system, IFAC Proceedings Volumes, 40(2), 2007, 112-117. https://doi.org/10.3182/20070523-3-ES-4907.0002010. Miller, A.T., Knoop, S., Christensen, H.I. and Allen, P.K., Automatic grasp planning using shape primitives. in Robotics and Automation, 2003. Proceedings. ICRA'03. IEEE International Conference on, (2003), IEEE, 1824-1829.11. Goussous, Faisal Amer. Grasp planning for digital humans. The University of Iowa, 2007.12. Bourret, Quentin, et al. "Ergo4All: An Ergonomic Guid

Preventing the materialization of climate change is one of the main challenges of our time. The involvement of the financial sector is a fundamental pillar in this task, which has led to the emergence of a new field in the literature, climate finance. In turn, the use of Machine Learning (ML) as a tool to analyze climate finance is on the rise, due to the need to use big data to collect new climate-related information and model complex non-linear relationships. Considering the proliferation of articles in this field, and the potential for the use of ML, we propose a review of the academic literature to assess how ML is enabling climate finance to scale up. The main contribution of this paper is to provide a structure of application domains in a highly fragmented research field, aiming to spur further innovative work from ML experts. To pursue this objective, first we perform a systematic search of three scientific databases to assemble a corpus of relevant studies. Using topic modeling (Latent Dirichlet Allocation) we uncover representative thematic clusters. This allows us to statistically identify seven granular areas where ML is playing a significant role in climate finance literature: natural hazards, biodiversity, agricultural risk, carbon markets, energy economics, ESG factors & investing, and climate data. Second, we perform an analysis highlighting publication trends; and thirdly, we show a breakdown of ML methods applied by research area.

Gene targeting (GT) is a much needed technology as a tool for plant research and for the precise engineering of crop species. Recent advances in this field have shown that the presence of a DNA double-strand break (DSB) in a genomic locus is critical for the integration of an exogenous DNA molecule introduced into this locus. This integration can occur via either non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) into the break or homologous recombination (HR) between the broken genomic DNA and the introduced vector. A bottleneck for DNA integration via HR is the machinery responsible for homology search and strand invasion. Important proteins in this pathway are Rad51, Rad52 and Rad54. We proposed to combine our respective expertise: on the US side, in the design of zincfinger nucleases (ZFNs) for the induction of DNA DSBs at any desired genomic locus and in the integration of DNA molecules via NHEJ; and on the Israeli side in the HR events, downstream of the DSB, that lead to homology search and strand invasion. We sought to test three major pathways of targeted DNA integration: (i) integration by NHEJ into DSBs induced at desired sites by specially designed ZFNs; (ii) integration into DSBs induced at desired sites combined with the use of Rad51, Rad52 and Rad54 proteins to maximize the chances for efficient and precise HR-mediated vector insertion; (iii) stimulation of HR by Rad51, Rad52 and Rad54 in the absence of DSB induction. We also proposed to study the formation of dsT-DNA molecules during the transformation of plant cells. dsT-DNA molecules are an important substrate for HR and NHEJ-mediatedGT, yet the mode of their formation from single stranded T-DNA molecules is still obscure. In addition we sought to develop a system for assembly of multi-transgene binary vectors by using ZFNs. The latter may facilitate the production of binary vectors that may be ready for genome editing in transgenic plants. ZFNs were proposed for the induction of DSBs in genomic targets, namely, the FtsH2 gene whose loss of function can easily be identified in somatic tissues as white sectors, and the Cruciferin locus whose targeting by a GFP or RFP reporter vectors can give rise to fluorescent seeds. ZFNs were also proposed for the induction of DSBs in artificial targets and for assembly of multi-gene vectors. We finally sought to address two important cell types in terms of relevance to plant transformation, namely GT of germinal (egg) cells by floral dipping, and GT in somatic cells by root and leave transformation. To be successful, we made use of novel optimized expression cassettes that enable coexpression of all of the genes of interest (ZFNs and Rad genes) in the right tissues (egg or root cells) at the right time, namely when the GT vector is delivered into the cells. Methods were proposed for investigating the complementation of T-strands to dsDNA molecules in living plant cells. During the course of this research, we (i) designed, assembled and tested, in vitro, a pair of new ZFNs capable of targeting the Cruciferin gene, (ii) produced transgenic plants which expresses for ZFN monomers for targeting of the FtsH2 gene. Expression of these enzymes is controlled by constitutive or heat shock induced promoters, (iii) produced a large population of transgenic Arabidopsis lines in which mutated mGUS gene was incorporated into different genomic locations, (iv) designed a system for egg-cell-specific expression of ZFNs and RAD genes and initiate GT experiments, (v) demonstrated that we can achieve NHEJ-mediated gene replacement in plant cells (vi) developed a system for ZFN and homing endonuclease-mediated assembly of multigene plant transformation vectors and (vii) explored the mechanism of dsTDNA formation in plant cells. This work has substantially advanced our understanding of the mechanisms of DNA integration into plants and furthered the development of important new tools for GT in plants.

Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis and of other essential biosynthetic activities in plant cells. Chloroplasts are semi-autonomous organelles, since they contain their own genomes and protein biosynthetic machinery, but depend on the coordinate expression of nuclear genes to assemble macromolecular complexes. The bioeingineering of plants requires manipulation of chloroplast gene expression, and thus a knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that modulate mRNA and protein production. In this proposal the heterotrophic green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has been used as a model system to understand the control and interrelationships between transcription termination, mRNA 3' end processing and mRNA stability in chloroplasts. Chlamydomonas is a unique and ideal system in which to address these issues, because the chloroplast can be easily manipulated by genetic transformation techniques. This research uncovered new and important information on chloroplast mRNA 3' end formation and mRNA stability. In particular, the 3' untranslated regions of chloroplast mRNAs were shown not to be efficient transcription terminators. The endonucleolytic site in the 3' untranslated region was characterized by site directed mutagensis and the role of several 3' untranslated regions in modulating RNA stability and translation has been studied. This information will allow us to experimentally manipulate the expression of chloroplast genes in vivo by post-transcriptional mechanisms, and should be widely applicable to other higher plant systems.

The Eco-Digital Fabrication (EDFAB) research project aimed to investigate how automated prefabrication technologies and off-the-shelf construction products can be employed to disrupt building industry norms. The aim of this research – conducted at the University of Auckland and Unitec Institute of Technology from 2014 onward – was to provide small-to-medium enterprises in the construction industry with a pathway to upskill and increase construction productivity through the use of these processes. The availability of automated machines and easy-to-use fabrication software is increasing dramatically and this can be paired with readily available construction products to produce novel mass-customised housing solutions. The application of basic automated technologies – such as CNC (Computer Numerical Control) routers – allowed researchers to create ‘recipes’ that can be adopted and adapted relatively easily. By no means did the research favour digital manufacture or assembly processes over traditional analogue construction techniques – the goal was to provide logical, productive and accessible blended solutions for greater affordability and flexibility in design. For example, the designed experiments were required to be built from readily available products, and used simple readymade screw fixings rather than digitally produced custom fixings or joining mechanisms. The research project aimed to generate discussion and provide recommendations on how the construction industry might support the adoption of automated prefabrication technology in small-to-medium enterprise (SME).

This program focused on citrus tristeza virus (CTV), the largest and one of the most complex RNA-plant-viruses. The economic importance of this virus to the US and Israeli citrus industries, its uniqueness among RNA viruses and the possibility to tame the virus and eventually turn it into a useful tool for the protection and genetic improvement of citrus trees justify these continued efforts. Although the overall goal of this project was to study the role(s) of CTV associated defective (d)-RNAs in CTV-induced diseases, considerable research efforts had to be devoted to the engineering of the helper virus which provides the machinery to allow dRNA replication. Considerable progress was made through three main lines of complementary studies. For the first time, the generation of an engineered CTV genetic system that is capable of infecting citrus plants with in vitro modified virus was achieved. Considering that this RNA virus consists of a 20 kb genome, much larger than any other previously developed similar genetic system, completing this goal was an extremely difficult task that was accomplished by the effective collaboration and complementarity of both partners. Other full-length genomic CTV isolates were sequenced and populations examined, resulting in a new level of understanding of population complexities and dynamics in the US and Israel. In addition, this project has now considerably advanced our understanding and ability to manipulate dRNAs, a new class of genetic elements of closteroviruses, which were first found in the Israeli VT isolate and later shown to be omnipresent in CTV populations. We have characterized additional natural dRNAs and have shown that production of subgenomic mRNAs can be involved in the generation of dRNAs. We have molecularly cloned natural dRNAs and directly inoculated citrus plants with 35S-cDNA constructs and have shown that specific dRNAs are correlated with specific disease symptoms. Systems to examine dRNA replication in protoplasts were developed and the requirements for dRNA replication were defined. Several artificial dRNAs that replicate efficiently with a helper virus were created from infectious full-genomic cDNAs. Elements that allow the specific replication of dRNAs by heterologous helper viruses also were defined. The T36-derived dRNAs were replicated efficiently by a range of different wild CTV isolates and hybrid dRNAs with heterologous termini are efficiently replicated with T36 as helper. In addition we found: 1) All CTV genes except of the p6 gene product from the conserved signature block of the Closteroviridae are obligate for assembly, infectivity, and serial protoplast passage; 2) The p20 protein is a major component of the amorphous inclusion bodies of infected cells; and 3) Novel 5'-Co-terminal RNAs in CTV infected cells were characterized. These results have considerably advanced our basic understanding of the molecular biology of CTV and CTV-dRNAs and form the platform for the future manipulation of this complicated virus. As a result of these developments, the way is now open to turn constructs of this viral plant pathogen into new tools for protecting citrus against severe CTV terms and development of virus-based expression vectors for other citrus improvement needs. In conclusion, this research program has accomplished two main interconnected missions, the collection of basic information on the molecular and biological characteristics of the virus and its associated dRNAs toward development of management strategies against severe diseases caused by the virus and building of novel research tools to improve citrus varieties. Reaching these goals will allow us to advance this project to a new phase of turning the virus from a pathogen to an ally.