Artículos de revistas: "Irrigation efficiency"

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Kassaye, Kassu Tadesse, Wubengeda Admasu Yilma, Mehiret Hone Fisha y Dawit Habte Haile. "Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Potato under Alternate Furrows and Deficit Irrigation". International Journal of Agronomy 2020 (24 de noviembre de 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8869098.

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The benefits of water-saving techniques such as alternate furrow and deficit irrigations need to be explored to ensure food security for the ever-increasing population within the context of declining availability of irrigation water. In this regard, field experiments were conducted for 2 consecutive dry seasons in the semiarid region of southwestern Ethiopia and investigated the influence of alternate furrow irrigation method with different irrigation levels on the yield, yield components, water use efficiency, and profitability of potato production. The experiment comprised of 3 irrigation methods: (i) conventional furrow irrigation (CFI), (ii) alternate furrow irrigation (AFI), and (iii) fixed furrow irrigation (FFI) combined factorially with 3 irrigation regimes: (i) 100%, (ii) 75%, and (iii) 50% of the potato water requirement (ETC). The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design replicated thrice. Results revealed that seasonal irrigation water applied in alternate furrows was nearly half (170 mm) of the amount supplied in every furrow (331 mm). Despite the half reduction in the total amount of water, tuber (35.68 t ha−1) and total biomass (44.37 t ha−1) yields of potato in AFI did not significantly differ from CFI (34.84 and 45.35 t ha−1, respectively). Thus, AFI improved WUE by 49% compared to CFI. Irrigating potato using 75% of ETC produced tuber yield of 35.01 t ha−1, which was equivalent with 100% of ETC (35.18 t ha−1). Irrigating alternate furrows using 25% less ETC provided the highest net return of US$74.72 for every unit investment on labor for irrigating potato. In conclusion, irrigating alternate furrows using up to 25% less ETC saved water, provided comparable yield, and enhanced WUE and economic benefit. Therefore, farmers and experts are recommended to make change to AFI with 25% deficit irrigation in the study area and other regions with limited water for potato production to improve economic, environmental, and social performance of their irrigated systems.

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Chandel, Divya. "A PV Powered Solar Water Pumping System Using Microcontroller". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, n.º 3 (31 de marzo de 2022): 526–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40666.

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Abstract: The efficiency of the irrigation is predicated on the system uses, there are several different forms of irrigation system everywhere the planet however manual irrigations mistreatment motor pump are encountering several issues. Water resource distribution may be an important challenge to enhance crop productions. Tiny scale farmers are in want of an affordable and reliable system to irrigate crops and increase production. Presents PV battery-powered solar water pumping system for irrigationin developing countries. To design a water pumping system for irrigation that uses solar power for its operation. To style a pumping system that minimizes human interventions. To style a facility system that produces irrigation a lot of economical, since it’s planning to be operated by mobile phones. Solar battery-powered irrigation system is acceptable different for farmers in gift state of energy disaster automatic system. Planned wet detector primarily based star battery-powered system offers required waterto crop, water is used in good manner, through star panels, and electrical power downside isn't any a lot of. Keywords: Automated irrigation’s mobile, humidity sensor, Solar Panel

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Kruse, E. Gordon, James E. Ells y Ann E. McSay. "Scheduling Irrigations for Carrots". HortScience 25, n.º 6 (junio de 1990): 641–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.6.641.

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A 3-year irrigation scheduling study on carrots (Daucus carota L.) was conducted at the Colorado State Univ. Horticulture Research Center near Fort Collins to determine the irrigation schedule that produced the best combination of high water use efficiency and marketable yields with the least amount of water and fewest irrigations. This study used an irrigation scheduling program developed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service with crop coefficients calculated for carrots. Maximum carrot production and water use efficiency were obtained when the scheduling program simulated a 30-cm rooting depth at planting, increasing linearly to 60 cm in 75 days. Best yields and water use efficiency were attained by irrigating whenever 40% of the available water in the root zone had been depleted. The computer program for irrigation scheduling is available on diskette from the authors.

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Shah, Kiran R. y PROF A. I. Lalani PROF.A.I.Lalani. "Optimization of the Irrigation water Efficiency". Indian Journal of Applied Research 1, n.º 11 (1 de octubre de 2011): 52–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/aug2012/18.

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Lankford, Bruce. "Localising irrigation efficiency". Irrigation and Drainage 55, n.º 4 (2006): 345–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ird.270.

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Jensen, Marvin E. "Beyond irrigation efficiency". Irrigation Science 25, n.º 3 (6 de febrero de 2007): 233–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00271-007-0060-5.

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Liakos, V., W. Porter, X. Liang, M. A. Tucker, A. McLendon y G. Vellidis. "Dynamic Variable Rate Irrigation – A Tool for Greatly Improving Water Use Efficiency". Advances in Animal Biosciences 8, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2017): 557–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040470017000711.

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This paper will present a dynamic Variable Rate Irrigation System developed by the University of Georgia. The system consists of the EZZone management zone delineation tool, the UGA Smart Sensor Array (UGA SSA) and an irrigation scheduling decision support tool. An experiment was conducted in 2015 and 2016 in two different peanut fields to evaluate the performance of using the UGA SSA to dynamically schedule Variable Rate Irrigation (VRI). For comparison reasons strips were designed within the fields. These strips were irrigated according to either UGA SSA or Irrigator Pro recommendations. The results showed that Irrigator Pro is a conservative irrigation method which results in high yields. On the other hand the UGA SSA recommendations worked very well with the VRI system and in both years it recommended an average of 25% less irrigation water than the Irrigator Pro.

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KUMAR, JITENDER, AMARJEET NIBHORIA, PARMOD KUMAR YADAV, SATYAJEET, MUKESH JAT y SUNDEEP KUMAR ANTIL. "Relative performance of drip irrigation in comparison to conventional methods of irrigation in Indian mustard (<i>Brassica juncea</i>) in south-west Haryana". Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 93, n.º 12 (19 de diciembre de 2023): 1320–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v93i12.123417.

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Application of water directly to the root zone through micro-irrigation system can reduce the water, fertilizer and labour requirements by improving their availability and use-efficiency. An experiment was conducted during winter (rabi) seasons of 2019–20 and 2020–21 at the research farm of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Bawal, Haryana to study the relative performance of drip irrigation in comparison to conventional methods of irrigation in Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.]. The experiment consisted 7 treatments, viz. two irrigations through flooding (as per state recommendation) at flowering and siliqua formation stage; two irrigations through sprinkler at flowering and siliqua formation stage; three irrigations through sprinkler at flowering, siliqua formation and seed development stage; and 6, 8, 10 and 12 split irrigations were applied from 30 days after sowing (DAS) through drip at 12, 9, 7 and 6 days interval, respectively. Volume of irrigation water under each treatment was same as under recommended practice of two flood irrigations (120 mm). Irrigation applied through drip at 6 days interval in 12 splits and at 7 days interval in 10 splits produced statistically similar seed yield to each other (22.51 and 21.94 q/ha, respectively) and significantly higher than recommended irrigation practice (18.92 q/ha) and sprinkler method of irrigation (18.62 and 19.32 q/ha) during 2019–20. The irrigation through drip in 12 splits (10 mm each) at an interval of 6 days between 30 to100 days after sowing also recorded the highest irrigation water-use efficiency (IWUE) (188 and 181 kg/ha-cm in 2019–20 and 2020–21, respectively). Based on these findings, it can be suggested to apply irrigation in Indian mustard through drip in 12 splits (10 mm depth each) at an interval of 6 days between 30 to100 DAS to get higher yield and water use efficiency.

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GURJAR, D. S., R. KAUR y K. P. SINGH. "Irrigation requirement, water use efficiency and bulb productivity of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa) under varied wastewater-groundwater irrigation regimes". Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 88, n.º 12 (11 de diciembre de 2018): 1893–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v88i12.85442.

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A field experiment was conducted to assess the impact of wastewater irrigation on bulb productivity and water use efficiency in tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) under varied wastewater-groundwater irrigation regimes at Water Technology Centre (WTC) farm of Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during three consecutive years (2013-16). The experiment comprised varied wastewater irrigation schedules [at 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1.2 and 1.4 irrigation depth (ID)/cumulative pan evaporation (CPE) ratios], conjunctive use of ground and municipal wastewaters (at ID/CPE of 1.0) and only groundwater irrigations (at ID/CPE of 1.0) were laid-out in randomized block design with three replications. Results indicated that maximum irrigations (32 nos.) were applied in the plots where wastewater irrigations applied at 1.4 ID/CPE, whereas minimum irrigations (14 nos.) were applied in the treatment of wastewater irrigations at 0.6 ID/CPE. Irrigation requirement of tuberose was appreciable which increased from 700 mm to 1600mm with increasing ID/CPE. The data on bulb parameters such as number of bulblets (bulbs having diameter less than 20 mm), number of bulbs (bulbs having diameter more than 20 mm), bulb diameter, bulb length, weight of bulblets, weight of bulbs, and total bulb yield/plant were significantly not altered under application of wastewater irrigation at different ID/CPE, whereas appreciably higher values were observed in the treatment where wastewater irrigations were applied at 1.2 ID/CPE.

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Karam, Nabila S. y Alexander X. Niemiera. "INTERMITTENT SPRINKLER IRRIGATION INCREASES IRRIGATION APPLICATION EFFICIENCY". HortScience 28, n.º 5 (mayo de 1993): 561g—562. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.5.561g.

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Experiments were conducted to determine if applying a container-grown plant's daily water allotment in multiple applications (intermittently) increased application efficiency relative to the allotment applied in a single application (continuous). Water was applied (simulated overhead sprinkler system) to marigold plants in a pine bark substrate. Time interval between intermittent applications and water movement in the substrate were investigated. Application efficiency was greater when the water allotment was applied intermittently compared to a single application. Efficiency was also greater when the interval between applications was increased from one to two h. Sectioning substrate into top, middle, and bottom thirds showed that the bottom layer of the intermittent treatment contained more water than the bottom layer for the continuous treatment. There were no differences in water content in the top and middle layers between the two treatments.

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Ya.E., Pulatov. "Water-saving irrigation technologies and water use efficiency in agriculture". Ekologiya i stroitelstvo 4 (2017): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.35688/2413-8452-2017-04-004.

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Results of researches of water saving up technologies for irrigation of agricultural crops and effective utilization of water resources in the Tajikistan are described. The comparative estimation of usage methods of water savings is spent and proved that the cheapest method of additional safeguarding of volume of water (up 1000 м3) appeared during introduction of water saving up technologies for irrigation at which expenses is only 1…5 US dollars. It is established that on prospect for maintenance of food safety for Tajikistan it is necessary to develop the suitable new earths for irrigation equal 500…800 thousand hectare, thus a total perspective water fence for all branches of economy will reach volume 18 км3. Lacks of existing system irrigation are revealed that efficiency of use of irrigating water very low and make up from 0.4 to 0.6. Water saving up technologies depending on investment of capital is divided into 2 groups: water saving up technologies, demanding small expenses and demanding big expenses. It is established that at a drop irrigation of a cotton, corn, vegetable cultures and microirrigation of wheat, the economy of irrigating water reaches up to 60 %, and productivity raises in 1.8 … 2.0 times.

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Dayer, Ehsan, Ebrahim Pazira, Heydar Ali Kashkuli y Hossein Sedghi. "Changing Furrow Irrigation to Increase Efficiency and Feasibility Study of Reusing Surface Runoff". Civil Engineering Journal 3, n.º 12 (4 de enero de 2018): 1278. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-030957.

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To improve irrigation techniques and the utilization of available water resources in Iran, a first steps re evaluation of traditional irrigation methods. To assess the efficiency of furrow irrigation, a 4-ha plot (87 furrows) cultivated with sugarcane was evaluated in Khuzestan Province. The quantities of inflow, outflow runoff, soil moisture before irrigation, depth of root development and depth of water infiltration were measured and thus the values of water use efficiency, uniformity coefficient, and distribution uniformity were determined for the selected plot. Using Geographical Information System, in ArcView, the irrigation efficiency of its levels were analyzed using two furrow irrigation methods: open and closed-end. The results showed that the irrigation efficiency, uniformity coefficient and distribution uniformity for the open-end than the closed-end method. The prevention of deep infiltration losses (approximately 30% lower than for closed-end) and allowing outflow of end runoff, and depending on water quality, the riffle can be considered ideal for irrigating other surfaces.

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Lynne, G. D., K. Anaman y C. F. Kiker. "Irrigation Efficiency: Economic Interpretation". Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 113, n.º 3 (agosto de 1987): 317–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(1987)113:3(317).

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Blair, A. W. y E. T. Smerdon. "Unimodal Surface Irrigation Efficiency". Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 114, n.º 1 (febrero de 1988): 156–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(1988)114:1(156).

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Jobbágy, Ján, Matúš Bulla y Tatiana Bullová. "Application and Efficiency of Micro Sprinkler Irrigation". Visegrad Journal on Bioeconomy and Sustainable Development 12, n.º 1 (1 de junio de 2023): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vjbsd-2023-0002.

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Abstract In the presented paper, we evaluated the quality of work and the economics of use of irrigation system consisting of micro-sprinklers. The experiment took place on the football field in countryside of southwest Slovakia. The original irrigation system was replaced with a modern one, using a control unit, rainfall sensor, in-ground distribution pipes and micro-sprinklers. The irrigation system consisted of components forming the main and detailed irrigation equipment for irrigating an area of 4,272 m2. The water source was a drilled well with a depth of 80 m. Detailed irrigation equipment consisted of sector micro sprinklers of two types. We monitored 13 rotary micro-sprinklers on the given playground in total. During the measurements, we proceeded according to the international standard ISO 7749-2, while the rain measuring containers were distributed into eight beams. The value of the quality of the work of individual sprinklers, expressed by the coefficient of uniformity of spraying, reached a maximum of 78.18%, but with total coverage it was higher than 90%. Anova statistical analysis did not show a significant dependence of the quality of work on the type of micro-sprinkler (for micro-sprinklers A1, A2 A3: F = 2.95, P >0.05; for micro-sprinklers B, C: F = 0.35, P >0.05). From the viewpoint of evaluating the economic return, the investment proved to return within the period of 4.2 years.

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Guillet, David. "Rethinking Irrigation Efficiency: Chain Irrigation in Northwestern Spain". Human Ecology 34, n.º 3 (23 de mayo de 2006): 305–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10745-006-9020-6.

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Alghawry, Adnan, Attila Yazar, Mustafa Unlu, Yeşim Bozkurt Çolak, Muhammad Aamir Iqbal, Celaleddin Barutcular, Enas M. El-Ballat et al. "Irrigation Rationalization Boosts Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Yield and Reduces Rust Incidence under Arid Conditions". BioMed Research International 2021 (6 de septiembre de 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5535399.

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Under changing climate, water scarcity and frequent incidence of diseases like stripe rust pose the biggest threat to sustainable crop production which jeopardizes nutritional security. A study was executed to rationalize crop water requirement and evaluate wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Bohoth 3) yield losses by stripe rust infection under irrigated conditions. Seven water treatments included three irrigations in three stages/season ( S 3 ), four irrigations ( S 4 ), and five irrigations ( S 5 ) at the different sensitive growth stages, full ( F ), and two deficit irrigation levels including D 1 = 80 % of field capacity (FC) and D 2 = 70 % (FC) along with farmers’ practice of irrigation as control ( C ). Results revealed that F and D 1 boosted grain yield by 31 and 14%. Overall, F irrigation regime resulted in the highest grain production (2.93 ton/ha) as well as biomass yield (13.2 ton/ha). However, D 2 had the highest value of grain protein (15.9%) and achieved the highest application efficiency (AE) at midseason (54.6%) and end season (59.6%), and the lowest AE was under S 3 . Also, halting irrigation at the milky stage ( S 5 ) led to a significant decrease in irrigation water use efficiency as compared to D 1 . However, cutting irrigation at the end of seedling, heading, and milky stages ( S 3 ) caused a significant reduction in E a , crop water use (ETa), and 1000 grain weight in comparison with all other treatments. Regarding yellow rust, S 3 irrigation regime resulted in the lowest incidence of yellow rust infection. The highest irrigation and water use efficiency values were recorded under D 1 (0.79 and 0.59 kg/m3), and the lowest values were obtained for control. Hence, the deficit irrigation treatment D 1 could be recommended as the best appropriate strategy to save more water and to improve the water productivity under Yemeni agroclimatic conditions.

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Jobbágy, J., J. Simoník y P. Findura. "Evaluation of efficiency of precision irrigation for potatoes ". Research in Agricultural Engineering 57, Special Issue (6 de diciembre de 2011): S14—S23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/47/2010-rae.

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The objective of the presented paper was to verify in practice the methods of precision irrigation, defined theoretically, under the employment of reel hose irrigation machines. The surface area of the field was 22 ha. The basic soil hydrological coefficients were measured in 19 monitoring points, specifically the field capacity and the wilting point. The field capacity ranged between 28.83% and 32.11% by vol., and the wilting point was in the interval between 8.40% and 12.40% by vol. At the conclusion, the soil moisture as a factor decisive for determining the irrigation rate was measured in these monitoring points. The irrigation rate ranged from 0 to 40 mm for the specific date of the soil moisture determination. During the whole growing season, five irrigation rates were applied according to the principles of precision irrigation. As compared to conventional water application, precision irrigation contributed to water saving in the amount of 478.56 m<sup>3</sup>/ha. The electric power saving reached 249.68 kWh/ha. The cost saving was characterised by the value of 9.1 EUR/ha and this represented 23.8%. The results have shown that precision irrigation is a fully effective system of precision farming, although the procurement and implementation of new technology and software requires at first a significant financial cost. There is also an increased need for the education and skills of the operating staff.

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Corbari, Chiara, Imen Ben Charfi y Marco Mancini. "Optimizing Irrigation Water Use Efficiency for Tomato and Maize Fields across Italy Combining Remote Sensing Data and the AquaCrop Model". Hydrology 8, n.º 1 (2 de marzo de 2021): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology8010039.

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Remote sensing data of canopy cover and leaf area index are used together with the AquaCrop model to optimize irrigation water use efficiency for tomato and maize fields across Italy, which differ in climate, soil types and irrigation technique. An optimization irrigation strategy, “SIM strategy”, is developed based on crop stress thresholds and then applied to all the analyzed fields in different crop seasons, evaluating the effect not only on irrigation volume and number of irrigations but also on crop yield and canopy cover, and on the drainage flux which represents the main water loss. Irrigation volume reduction is found to be between 200 and 1000 mm, mainly depending on the different soil types within the climate, irrigation technique and crop type. This is directly related to the drainage flux reduction which is of a similar entity. The SIM strategy efficiency has then been quantified by different indicators, such as the irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) which is higher than with the observed irrigations (around 35% for tomato fields in Southern Italy, between 30 and 80% for maize in Northern Italy), and the percolation deficit and irrigation efficiency. The AquaCrop model has been previously calibrated against canopy cover and leaf area index (LAI) data, producing errors between 0.7 and 5%, while absolute mean errors (MAE) between 0.015 and 0.04 are obtained for soil moisture (SM). The validation of the AquaCrop model has been performed against evapotranspiration (ET) ground-measured data and crop yields producing MAE values ranging from 0.3 to 0.9 mm/day, and 0.9 ton/ha for maize and 10 ton/ha for tomatoes, respectively.

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Colimba-Limaico, Javier Ezcequiel, Sergio Zubelzu-Minguez y Leonor Rodríguez-Sinobas. "Optimal Irrigation Scheduling for Greenhouse Tomato Crop (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) in Ecuador". Agronomy 12, n.º 5 (24 de abril de 2022): 1020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12051020.

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Tomato crop is grown worldwide and is considered a mass consumer product. In Ecuador, tomato growers face two major issues: water scarcity and water mismanagement, which cause a reduction in the framers’ gross income and ecosystem services. This paper is aimed at finding an optimal irrigation scheduling in greenhouse tomato crop to achieve a balance among production, fruit quality and water use efficiency. Thus, two experiments were settled. In the first experiment, four water doses (80, 100, 120 and 140% ETc) and two irrigation frequencies (one and two irrigations per day) were compared. The second experiment evaluated the two best water doses of the first one (100 and 120% ETc) and four irrigation frequencies (one and two irrigations per day, one irrigation every two days, one irrigation every three days). Each experiment monitored the variables for tomato production (plant height, stem diameter, fruits per plant, yield) and tomato quality (pH, total soluble solids, titratable acidity). The study concluded that water doses affected more than irrigation frequency to fruit quality and production. The dose of 100% ETc, applied in one irrigation per day, is suggested to obtain a balance between production, fruit quality and water use efficiency.

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Li, Xufeng, Juanjuan Ma, Lijian Zheng, Jinping Chen, Xihuan Sun y Xianghong Guo. "Optimization of the Regulated Deficit Irrigation Strategy for Greenhouse Tomato Based on the Fuzzy Borda Model". Agriculture 12, n.º 3 (24 de febrero de 2022): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12030324.

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It is of great significance to explore the strategy of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) under mulched drip irrigation to stabilize tomato yield and improve quality and efficiency. This experimental study was conducted on a drip-irrigated greenhouse in two consecutive years (2020 and 2021). Three deficit levels were set for the flowering and fruit development stage (Stage I), and three were set for the fruit-ripening stage (Stage II). As a combination evaluation method, the fuzzy Borda model was used to optimize the RDI strategy of greenhouse tomato. The results showed that the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and total shoot biomass of tomato decreased with an increase in the water deficit, while the intercellular CO2 concentration had an opposite trend. The mild and moderate water deficit at Stage I reduced tomato yield by 16–24% and 30–40% compared to full irrigation. The water deficit at Stage II was able to improve various quality parameters and the water-use efficiency of tomato; the irrigation water-use efficiency (32.8–33.9 kg/m3) and leaf water-use efficiency (3.2–3.6 μmol/mmol) were the highest when the soil water content was 70–90% θf (field capacity) at Stage I and 40–60% θf at Stage II (T3). Based on the fuzzy Borda combination evaluation model, T3 was determined as the treatment with stable yield, high quality, and efficient irrigation under the experimental conditions. The irrigation regime was as follows: irrigating 20–25 mm in the transplanting stage, no irrigation in the seedling stage, irrigating 193.2–220.8 mm at Stage I, and then irrigating 27.6 mm at Stage II.

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NARENDRA SINGH GURJAR, S.K. VERMA y S.P.S. TOMAR. "Root characteristics and performance of different wheat (Triticum aestivum) genotypes under restricted irrigations in alluvial soil". Indian Journal of Agronomy 59, n.º 2 (10 de octubre de 2001): 286–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v59i2.4552.

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A field experiment was conducted during the winter season of 201011 and 201112 at Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, to evaluate performance of different cultivars of wheat [ Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.] under restricted irrigations on alluvial soils. The treatments were 18 combinations of 3 irrigation levels (no irrigation, 1 irri- gation and 2 irrigations) and 6 wheat genotypes (HI 1572, HI 1500, Lok 1, MP 3288, A 9-30-1 and HI 8627). A significant increase was observed in chlorophyll content index, root-development parameters (length, volume and diameter), yield attributes and grain yield in all the varieties with first irrigation. The increase in these charac- ters owing to second irrigation was also significant, but the magnitude was relatively low. Among the different genotypes, HI 1572 responded more to irrigation than the others and it was closely followed by MP 3288. Signifi- cant decrease in the water-use efficiency was recorded with the increase in water application and highest water- use efficiency was recorded in variety HI 1572, which was closely followed by MP 3288.

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Zadorozhniy, R. N. y I. V. Romanov. "Enhancing Irrigation Efficiency Through the Selection of Sprinkler Machine Design". Agricultural Machinery and Technologies 17, n.º 4 (19 de diciembre de 2023): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2073-7599-2023-17-4-82-86.

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The expansion of agricultural production implies an accelerated pace of development of water supply systems in agricultural areas. Water is consumed during animal breeding, primary processing of raw materials, preparation of liquid fertilizers, for household and other needs. Large volumes of water are spent on preparing liquid fertilizers when growing crops and irrigating fields. To increase moisture reserves in the root layer of the soil and increase land fertility, it is necessary to carry out irrigation measures. Sprinkling is one of the most common methods of irrigation. Taking into account the characteristics of the terrain, the type of agricultural products grown, as well as the security of a particular farm, you should choose certain sprinkler machines that will ensure high irrigation efficiency. Sprinklers can be classified according to their principle of operation, type and type, as well as according to the transformation of water flow. (Research purpose) Improving irrigation efficiency by selecting the optimal parameters of sprinklers based on local conditions. (Materials and methods) The object of the study was sprinkling machines, their performance and technical characteristics, as well as the features of the relief. The following research methods were used: analysis of literary sources; logical analysis of existing experimental data on irrigation processes; evaluation of the effectiveness of the use of specific machines and equipment; statistical data processing. (Results and discussion) The paper describes the design and operation of various sprinklers, provides irrigation schemes and calculations of its intensity. Shortcomings of specific irrigation schemes and types of sprinklers were identified, and ways to eliminate them were proposed. (Conclusions) The choice of irrigation scheme depends on the area of the site and its topography. Depending on the budget of the farm, you can choose the most optimal type of sprinkler.

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Grant, Olga M., Michael J. Davies, Helen Longbottom y Christopher J. Atkinson. "Irrigation scheduling and irrigation systems: optimising irrigation efficiency for container ornamental shrubs". Irrigation Science 27, n.º 2 (12 de agosto de 2008): 139–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00271-008-0128-x.

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Marouelli, Waldir A., Washington L. C. Silva y Celso L. Moretti. "Production, quality and water use efficiency of processing tomato as affected by the final irrigation timing". Horticultura Brasileira 22, n.º 2 (junio de 2004): 226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-05362004000200013.

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A field study was conducted under "Cerrado" conditions of Brazil, during the dry season of 2000, to evaluate the effect of final irrigation timing on fruit yield, quality, and the use of water in processing tomatoes. Fourteen irrigation cut-off times were employed, 7 days apart, from blossom until harvest. Maximum marketable fruit yield took place when irrigations were cut-off 21 days before harvest (10% of red fruit). Total soluble solids content was linearly reduced at the rate of 0.34 ºBrix per each additional 10 days period of irrigation. Maximum pulp yield was obtained ending irrigation 34 days before harvest (20% of plants holding at least one red fruit). The highest tomato water use efficiency was observed when the last irrigation occurred between 37 and 45 days after blossom, respectively for fruit and pulp yield.

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Skaggs, R. K. y Z. Samani. "Farm size, irrigation practices, and on-farm irrigation efficiency". Irrigation and Drainage 54, n.º 1 (2005): 43–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ird.148.

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MEENA, MADANMOHAN, K. K. BANDYOPADHYAY, A. SARANGI, S. PRADHAN y P. KRISHNAN. "Effect of tillage and irrigation management on radiation use efficiency of wheat (Triticum aestivum)". Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 92, n.º 3 (29 de marzo de 2022): 324–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v92i3.122679.

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Field experiments were conducted during 2015â€“16 and 2016â€“17 on wheat (cv HD2967) in a sandy loam soil at ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to study the effect of tillage and irrigation management on radiation use efficiency (RUE) of wheat. The treatments comprising of three levels of tillage as main plot factor (Conventional tillage, Deep tillage and No tillage) and three levels of irrigation as subplot factor (I1: 1 irrigation, I3: 3 Irrigations and I5: 5 Irrigations) were evaluated in a split plot design. The results showed that there was no significant difference among tillage treatments with respect to extinction coefficient. However, pooled data of 2 years, extinction coefficient due to I5 was significantly higher than that of I3 and I1 by 8.8 and 23.8%, respectively, and extinction coefficient due to I3 was significantly higher than I1 by 13.8%. There was no significant difference among the tillage treatments with respect to radiation use efficiency (RUE) of wheat, but RUE increased significantly with increasing irrigation level. RUE of wheat under I5 was significantly higher than that of I1 and I3 treatments but there was no significance difference between I1 and I3 with respect to RUE of wheat in both the years.

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Zaman, R., A. R. Akanda, S. K. Biswas y M. R. Islam. "Effect of Deficit Irrigation on Raised Bed Wheat Cultivation". Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova 50, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 2017): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cerce-2017-0032.

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Abstract The experiment was conducted during Rabi season of 2015-2016 and 2016-2017 at the Regional Agricultural Research station, BARI, Ishurdi, Pabna, Bangladesh, to determine the water requirements of wheat on raised bed and the effect of different deficit irrigation on yield, water use efficiency and applied water productivity under raised bed wheat. This study consisted of following irrigation treatments: T1 = Irrigations up to 100% field capacity (FC) at crown root initiation (CRI), botting and grain filling stages (flat bed), T2 = Irrigations up to 100% FC at CRI, botting and grain filling stages on raised bed, T3 = Irrigations up to 80% FC at CRI, botting and grain filling stages on raised bed and T4 = Irrigations up to 60% FC at CRI, botting and grain filling stages on raised bed and laid out in a randomize complete block design with three replications. The result showed that significant effect of irrigation treatments were observed on plant height, spike per m2 and grain yield. Highest grain yield (4.66 t/ha) was obtained from treatment, irrigations up to 100% FC at CRI, botting and grain filling stages on raised bed, followed by irrigation up to 100% FC at same stages on flat bed. At raised bed wheat cultivation saving 14.30% water with increasing 15.66% grain yield than flat bed. Besides, comparing deficit irrigation (20% and 40% of full irrigation) and full irrigation condition on raised bed seeding system water use could be reduced about 4.18% to 5.57%, while scarifying 18.20% to 32.33% grain yield, where reduced 14.17% to 27.54% water use efficiency. Maximum applied water productivity 1.81 kg m−3 was observed in raised bed full irrigation condition. The rate of daily evaporation started to increase as the temperature started to rise and humidity started to decrease during the crop growing period. The results will be helpful for taking policy decision regarding efficient irrigation and water management under prevailing water scarce situation.

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29

K.C. SHARMA y K.S. SOLANKI. "Critical stages of wheat (Triticum aestivum) for irrigation under different water availability conditions in Vertisols of Central India". Indian Journal of Agronomy 67, n.º 3 (15 de noviembre de 2022): 240–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v67i3.13.

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The field experiment was conducted during winter (rabi) seasons of 2015–16 and 2016–17 at ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Regional Station, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, to identify most critical stages of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under varying availability of irrigation water for higher and economic wheat production in Vertisols of Central India. Total 15 treatments consisting of the control and different critical stages for irrigation, viz. crown-root initiation (CRI), late tillering, late jointing, late flowering and late milking, and their combinations were selected for irrigation. Results indicated that 4 irrigations applied at CRI + tillering + late jointing + late flowering stages resulted in the maximum plant height (93.3 cm), spike length (10.47 cm), spikelets/spike (17.4), 1,000-grain weight (45.4 g), grain yield (5.32 t/ha), soil plant analysis development (SPAD) value (54.4), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) value (0.76), energy output (184,704 MJ/ha), net returns (`66,385/ha) and benefit : cost ratio (2.59). Above values including biological yield (13.86 t/ha) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) value (40.4 ml) were almost similar with 5 irrigations applied at all critical stages, but substantially higher over rest of the treatments. In case of lower levels of irrigations, 3 irrigations applied at CRI + late tillering + flowering; 2 irrigations applied at tillering + flowering and 1 irrigation at late tillering stage recorded higher, energy efficient and economical wheat productivity than with their similar level of irrigation at the other stages. Water-use efficiency, canopy temperature, energy-use efficiency and energy productivity were decreased with the increase in the levels of irrigation. Hence, for getting higher, energy-efficient and economic wheat grain production, 4 irrigations can be applied at CRI + tillering + late jointing + flowering stages. In case of availability of only 3 irrigations, crop should be irrigated at CRI + tillering + flowering stages, 2 irrigations at tillering + flowering and single irrigation at tillering stage in Vertisols of Central India.

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30

Pal, Payel, Sanmay Kumar Patra y Ratneswar Ray. "Deficit Irrigation-Nutrient Coupling on Growth, Yield, Fruit Quality and Water Use Efficiency of Indian Jujube". International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 12, n.º 3 (30 de junio de 2021): 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/1.2021.2222.

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Sustainability of quality fruit production in Indian jujube is adversely affected by improper irrigation and nutrient management. A field study comprising of four irrigation levels (drip irrigation at 0.8, 0.6 and 0.4 of pan evaporation (E0) and surface irrigation at 1.0 IW/CPE with 50 mm depth) and three nutrient levels (100% RDF, 75% RDF+25% RDF as vermicompost and 50% RDF+50% RDF as vermicompost) was conducted during 2018-19 (11 months) on jujube plant. Results showed that tallest tree (3.72 m), greatest tree circumference (0.32 m), maximum fruits tree-1 (563), highest fruit weight (15.5 g) and fruit yield tree-1 (8.42 kg) were recorded with drip irrigation at 0.8 E0 with 100% RDF. Minimum growth, yield components and yield were found with drip irrigation at 0.4 E0 with 50% RDF+50% RDF as vermicompost. Seasonal ETa was 373.6, 409.4 and 446.4 mm for drip irrigation at 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 E0, respectively and 694 mm for surface irrigation. Maximum CWUE of 18.87 g tree-1 mm-1 was obtained with drip irrigation at 0.8 E0 with 100% RDF. About 55.7-75.5% water was saved by drip irrigations which could bring an additional area of 55.5-85.8% under drip irrigated jujube. Highest predicted yield of 9.02 kg tree-1 was accomplished with 278 mm irrigation water. This model approach could serve as a good guideline to yield potential decision in relation to limited irrigation water for jujube growers in the Indo-Gangetic plains or similar agro-climatic regions.

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31

Singh, O. P. y P. K. Singh. "Effects of drip and alternate furrow method of irrigation on cotton yield and physical water productivity: A case study from farmers’ field of Bhavnagar district of Gujarat, India". Journal of Applied and Natural Science 13, n.º 2 (5 de junio de 2021): 677–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13i2.2696.

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With the growing irrigation water scarcity, the researchers and policymakers are more concerned to improve the irrigation water use efficiency at farmers’ field level. The water-saving technologies provide greater control over water delivery to the crop root zone and reduce the non-beneficial evaporation from the crop field. Water productivity is an important concept for measuring and comparing water use efficiency. The present study tried to estimate the irrigation water use and physical water productivity of cotton under alternate furrow and drip irrigation methods in the Bhavnagar district of Gujarat. Results suggest that crop yield and physical water productivity were higher for cotton irrigated by drip method than alternate furrow method during normal rainfall and drought year. The irrigation water use under the drip method of irrigation was lower as compared to the alternate furrow method. In the case of total water (effective rainfall + irrigation water) use, per hectare crop yield and physical water productivity were higher for the drip method of irrigation than the alternate furrow method of irrigating cotton crop during normal rainfall and drought year. In the case of total water use (effective rainfall + irrigation water), it was lower for drip irrigation than the alternate furrow method of irrigating cotton crop during normal rainfall year and drought year. While estimating total water (effective rainfall + irrigation water) use, it was assumed that there is no return flow of water from the cotton field in the study area under both irrigation methods.

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32

Vartolomei, Mihaela. "Irrigation Investment and Agricultural Efficiency". Scientific Bulletin of the Politehnica University of Timişoara Transactions on Engineering and Management 4, n.º 1 (24 de abril de 2023): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.59168/otdn4901.

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The main scope of the paper is to make an empirical analysis regarding the relationship between irrigation and efficiency in agriculture sector, the use of water in irrigation and the share of agriculture sector in GDP related to European and world environmental policies, in the frame of water resource management and climate change conditions. We concluded there is a shy relationship between irrigation and agriculture crop. Furthermore, irrigation has no significant effects on GDP. The study is based on data collection using EUROSTAT and Romanian databases. We conclude that water management reform is necessary.

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33

Jana, Sebak Kumar y K. Palanisami. "Efficiency Analysis of Irrigation Tanks". International Journal of Sustainable Economies Management 9, n.º 4 (octubre de 2020): 28–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsem.2020100102.

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Village tanks in some parts of India, particularly in dry zones, have been one of the most important water resources on which the rural communities depend on for their livelihood. Though these traditional water harvesting structures provide a number of services like drinking water and protective irrigation, their importance and contribution declined during the post-independence period. Recognising the importance of irrigation tanks for agricultural development, the central government and some state governments of India have taken various irrigation development programmes like tank rehabilitation to improve surface irrigation. The present study attempts to measure the efficiency of the selected 50 irrigation tanks in dry zones in the state of West Bengal in India. The efficiency scores of the selected irrigation tanks have been evaluated using the non-parametric technique of data envelopment analysis (DEA). The study reveals that there is a wide variation in efficiency scores across the tanks with an average efficiency score being 0.688. The Tobit regression analysis reveals that the tanks with private ownership and of smaller size have higher efficiency levels. The study outcomes from this research will be useful for policymakers to adopt right policy in the direction of sustainable development.

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34

Clemmens, A. J. y C. M. Burt. "Accuracy of Irrigation Efficiency Estimates". Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 123, n.º 6 (noviembre de 1997): 443–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(1997)123:6(443).

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35

Grafton, R. Q., J. Williams, C. J. Perry, F. Molle, C. Ringler, P. Steduto, B. Udall et al. "The paradox of irrigation efficiency". Science 361, n.º 6404 (23 de agosto de 2018): 748–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aat9314.

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36

Tsakiris, G. P. "Infiltration efficiency in sprinkler irrigation". Advances in Water Resources 8, n.º 1 (marzo de 1985): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0309-1708(85)90080-6.

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37

Ells, James E., E. Gordon Kruse y Ann E. McSay. "IRRIGATION. SCHEDULING PROGRAM FOR ZUCCHINI SQUASH". HortScience 25, n.º 9 (septiembre de 1990): 1072d—1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1072d.

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An irrigation scheduling program has been developed for zucchini squash that produced high yields and high water use efficiency with, a minimum number of irrigations. The irrigation program is based upon a soil water balance model developed by the USDA. This irrigation program is available in diskette form and may be used with any IBM compatible personal computer provided wind run, temperature, solar radiation, humidity and precipitation data are available.

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38

Fazliev, J. "EFFICIENCY OF USE OF CLAY WATER WITH DROP IRRIGATION". JOURNAL OF AGRO PROCESSING 4, n.º 1 (30 de abril de 2019): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9904-2019-4-8.

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39

Bernardo, Daniel J. "The Effect of Spatial Variability of Irrigation Applications on Risk-Efficient Strategies". Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 20, n.º 1 (julio de 1988): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s008130520002567x.

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AbstractThe effect of irrigation system uniformity on the selection of risk-efficient irrigation strategies is evaluated using crop simulation and stochastic dominance procedures. Alternative strategies are evaluated under assumptions of both uniform and non-uniform application. Results indicate that the variability of net returns resulting from the employment of a specified schedule increases when irrigation uniformity is explicitly represented. Solutions derived using economic efficiency and stochastic dominance criteria indicate that the uniformity with which irrigations are applied contributes to the application of water-intensive irrigation schedules.

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40

Lopes, Adriano da Silva, Marcos Vinicius Folegatti, Eder Duarte Fanaya Junior, Gabriel Queiroz de Oliveira, Jean Carlos Lopes de Oliveira, Kelvin Melgar Rosalvo Brito y Norton Hayd Rego. "Volume, biomass, carbon stock and efficiency of water use in irrigated eucalyptus". Ciência Florestal 32, n.º 2 (24 de junio de 2022): 1047–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509847949.

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Since eucalyptus is a fast-growing plant, it offers advantages in comparison to other forest species, and the use of localized irrigation systems can increase yield and reduce time to cutting. The aim of this study was to evaluate two eucalyptus hybrids, growth in crop condition: irrigated and dry land, during the first year of development of the crop. The experiment was set up in April 2011 in the irrigation experimental area of the State University of Mato Grosso do Sul, in the municipality of Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. A randomized block experimental design was use in split-plots, with four blocks and two replications within each block. Plots were composed of the irrigation treatments (drip, micro sprinkler and no irrigation), and the subplots were composed of two eucalyptus hybrids (Grancam and Urograndis). Evaluations occurred at 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 days after transplant (DAT), measuring the height of plants and trunk diameter; and, thus, the volume, biomass, carbon stock and efficiency in water use in all the periods evaluated was estimated. Data were subject to analysis of variance and compared by the Tukey test at the level of 5% probability. It is concluded that at 360 DAT, the drip and micro sprinkler irrigations led to gains in biomass and carbon stock of around 190% as compared to eucalyptus without irrigation.

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41

Cholavardan, Dade, Jaya Krishna V. V. S. y Sushant. "Assessing the Effect of Irrigation Levels and Hydrogel on Growth and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)". International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, n.º 10 (8 de septiembre de 2023): 2644–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i102929.

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One of the most essential inputs for agriculture is water. Moisture stress at critical growth stages in wheat severely effects the growth and yield. Hydrogel (water-absorbing polymer) can keep the appropriate moisture level at the root zone depth and protects the crop from adverse effect of moisture stress. The present trial was conducted during rabi season of 2020-21 to assess the performance of different hydrogels under different levels of irrigations on growth, yield, and water use efficiency of wheat. Results revealed that application of 3 irrigations recorded significantly maximum number of tillers per m2 at 90 Days After Sowing and at harvest. The application of Nano hydrogel @ 20 kg ha-1 significantly increased the number of tillers per m2 at 90 DAS and at harvest over control. Significantly maximum grain (26.1%) and straw (24.5%) yield were obtained with 3 irrigation levels over one irrigation. The Nano hydrogel increased grain (33.6%) and straw (22.9%) yield significantly over control. Water use efficiency significantly improved with one irrigation over 3 irrigation levels, application of Nano hydrogel @ 20 kg ha-1 significantly increased WUE.

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42

Tekin, Servet, Attila Yazar y Adnan Alghory. "Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Winter and Spring-Sown Chickpea to Various Irrigation Regimes Under Mediterranean Environment". Romanian Agricultural Research 38 (2021): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.59665/rar3805.

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The effects of various irrigation strategies applied with drip system and different planting dates on yield, components and water use efficiency of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.; var. Inci), were evaluated during 2010 and 2011 under Mediterranean conditions. The treatments included full irrigation (FI), mild deficit irrigation (DI-75), severe deficit irrigation (DI-25), partial root-zone drying (PRD-50), and non-irrigated (DRY) for winter and spring planting times. DI-75, PRD-50, and DI-25 received irrigation water 75, 50, and 25% of full irrigation, respectively. Both irrigation regimes and sowing dates had significantly different effect on grain yields. Interaction of irrigation and sowing dates was also significant in 2011. Water stress reduced significantly yield of spring-planted chickpea as compared to winter-planted chickpea. The greatest yields of 4.40 and 2.85 t ha-1 were recorded, respectively, for winter- and spring-planted chickpeas under FI. The greatest water use efficiency was 0.70 kg m-3 for winter-planted and 1.03 kg m-3 for spring-planted chickpeas in DRY treatment. WUE increased with decreasing irrigation amounts for both planting times. Winter planting performed better than spring planting for the yield and yield attributes. However, in dry years, deficit irrigations DI-75 and PRD-50 can be practiced to obtain higher yields with winter sowing.

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43

Arbizu-Milagro, Julia, Francisco J. Castillo-Ruiz, Alberto Tascón y Jose M. Peña. "How Could Precision Irrigation Based on Daily Trunk Growth Improve Super High-Density Olive Orchard Irrigation Efficiency?" Agronomy 12, n.º 4 (22 de marzo de 2022): 756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12040756.

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Water deficit, especially during summer, is currently one of the most important stress factors that influence olive oil production in olive orchards. A precision irrigation strategy, based on daily trunk growth, was assessed and compared with one continuous deficit, one full irrigation, and two different regulated deficit irrigation strategies. All of them were tested in a super high-density olive orchard located in northeast Spain, in which oil production, main oil production components, applied irrigation water, and water productivity were assessed. For this purpose, the crop was monitored from budding to harvesting, mainly during the summer months in which the Precision strategy only applied water after two days of negative daily trunk growth. Maximum monthly water savings for the Precision strategy reached 91.8%, compared with full irrigation, while major annual mean water savings reached 50% for the continuous deficit strategy and 31.2% for the Precision strategy, which also reduced irrigation events by up to 19.7%, compared with the full irrigation strategy. Oil production and oil production components varied depending on the irrigation strategies providing the Control, one of the regulated deficit irrigations, and Precision higher values than the other strategies; oil yield results differ, nonetheless. The Precision strategy showed an overall better performance. Despite this, it did not achieve the highest water saving, it achieved higher water productivity.

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44

Warren, Stuart L. y Ted E. Bilderback. "More Plant per Gallon: Getting More Out of Your Water". HortTechnology 15, n.º 1 (enero de 2005): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.15.1.0014.

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Irrigation of container-grown ornamental crops can be very inefficient, using large quantities of water. Much research was conducted in the 1990s to increase water efficiency. This article examined water management, focusing on three areas: water application efficiency (WAE), irrigation scheduling, and substrate amendment. Increases in WAE can be made by focusing on time-averaged application rate and pre-irrigation substrate moisture deficit. Irrigation scheduling is defined as the process of determining how much to apply (irrigation volume) and timing (when to apply). Irrigation volume should be based on the amount of water lost since the last irrigation. Irrigation volume is often expressed in terms of leaching fraction (LF = water leached ÷ water applied). A zero leaching fraction may be possible when using recommended rates of controlled-release fertilizers. With container-grown plant material, irrigation timing refers to what time of day the water is applied, because most container-grown plants require daily irrigation once the root system exploits the substrate volume. Irrigating during the afternoon, in contrast to a predawn application, may increase growth by reducing heat load and minimizing water stress in the later part of the day. Data suggest that both irrigation volume and time of application should be considered when developing a water management plan for container-grown plants. Amending soilless substrates to increase water buffering and reduce irrigation volume has often been discussed. Recent evidence suggests that amending pine bark substrates with clay may reduce irrigation volume required for plant production. Continued research focus on production efficiency needs to be maintained in the 21st century.

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45

Laita, Meriame, Rachid Sabbahi, Khalil Azzaoui, Belkheir Hammouti, Hanae Nasri, Zerhoune Messaoudi, Rachid Benkirane y Houssain Aithaddou. "Optimizing water use and crop yield with deficit irrigation techniques: A comprehensive overview and case study from Morocco". Multidisciplinary Reviews 7, n.º 4 (26 de enero de 2024): 2024074. http://dx.doi.org/10.31893/multirev.2024074.

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Water scarcity is a global challenge that threatens agricultural productivity and food security. Irrigation agriculture consumes most of the world’s freshwater resources and often suffers from low water use efficiency. To address water shortages, deficit irrigation techniques have been developed to minimize water inputs while sustaining or enhancing crop yields and quality. Deficit irrigation consists of allocating a minimum amount of water to the crop. It can be applied either for the entire growing season (sustained deficit irrigation) or for specific crop stages (regulated deficit irrigation). Another technique is partial root zone drying, which involves alternately irrigating different parts of the root system. This causes partial water stress and increases the water uptake efficiency. These techniques aim to maximize net water use efficiency by exploiting the physiological responses of crops to water stress. This paper provides a theoretical background on deficit irrigation, a review of recent studies on its effects on different crops and environments, and a case study in Morocco where sustained deficit irrigation was applied to peach trees in a semiarid region. The findings showed that sustained deficit irrigation reduced water use by 20% without affecting fruit yield or quality and increased water productivity by 33%. This paper also discusses the challenges and opportunities for implementing deficit irrigation in different contexts and provides some recommendations for future research and development.

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46

SHAHID B. DAR y HARI RAM. "Grain yield, nutrient uptake and water-use efficiency of wheat (Triticum aestivum) under different moisture regimes, nutrient and hydrogel levels". Indian Journal of Agronomy 61, n.º 1 (10 de octubre de 2001): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v61i1.4330.

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A field experiment was conducted during winter (rabi) season of 201314 at Ludhiana, Punjab, to determine the effect of four irrigation regimes (0, 2, 3 and 4 irrigations) and 6 levels of nutrient and hydrogel [100% recom- mended dose of fertilizer (RDF) 150 kg N: 60 kg P O : 30 kg K O/ha without hydrogel, 100% RDF with 2.5 kg/ha 2 5 2 hydrogel, 100% RDF with 5.0 kg/ha hydrogel, 75% RDF without hydrogel, 75% RDF with 2.5 kg/ha hydrogel and 75% RDF with 5.0 kg/ha hydrogel] on wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.]. Grain yield was the highest under 4 irrigations which was, however, at par with grain yield under 3 irrigations. Using RDF H , 100 5 RDF H and RDF H , similar grain yield was recorded. Consumptive use was highest under 4 irrigations. Wa- 100 2.5 75 5 ter-use efficiency (WUE) decreased with increase in irrigation levels while it showed an increasing trend with in- crease in hydrogel dose. The highest WUE was found with no irrigations along RDF H which was statistically at 100 5 par with application of 2 irrigations along RDF H and no irrigation RDF H . 100 5 100 2.5

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47

Jia, Hong Wei y Lei Lei Zheng. "Irrigation Water Use Efficiency Based on the Deficit Irrigation Theories". Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (diciembre de 2013): 2179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.2179.

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Irrigation water use efficiency is an important index to evaluate agricultural water use efficiency of irrigation districts, and is a basic parameter of hydraulic engineering construction and water management. However, there are many problems in practical applications of the traditional irrigation water use efficiency which is based on sufficient irrigation theory. This paper puts forward a new concept and determination method of irrigation water use efficiency based on the theories of deficit irrigation. Finally, we discussed the connotations from the project characteristics, benefit characteristics, spatial scale and time scale characteristics.

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48

B.L., Manjunath, Anil Kumar Nair, Laxman R H y Abhilasha C N. "Standardisation of soil volume wetting for drip irrigation in mango (Mangifera indica L.,)". Journal of Horticultural Sciences 17, n.º 2 (31 de diciembre de 2022): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24154/jhs.v17i2.1022.

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Field experiments were conducted in mango for four years during 2017-2020 at ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research to standardise optimum soil volume wetting for drip irrigation. Wetting soil volume upto 70% recorded higher mean fruit yield of 34.8 kg/plant (9.68 t/ha)and with further increase in the level of soil volume wetting irrigation (upto 80%), there was a decline in the mango yield (7.40 t/ha). Similarly, significantly increased response was observed in fruit weight upto 70% soil volume irrigation (226 g) although there were no significant differences in the TSS of the fruit. Significantly higher water use efficiency was observed for 30% soil volume wetting irrigation (274.1 kg/m3) and further no significant differences were observed in water use efficiency between 50% and 70% soil volume wetting irrigations indicating that in areas of water scarcity, it is enough to scheduling the irrigation only upto 50% soil volume wetting in mango for economising the water (232.1 kg/m3).

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Song, In-Hong, Peter M. Waller, C. Yeon-Sik Choi y Soon-Kuk Kwun. "Water Use Efficiency of Subsurface Drip Irrigation and Furrow Irrigation". Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers 49, n.º 2 (31 de marzo de 2007): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5389/ksae.2007.49.2.003.

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50

Tyler, Helen H., Stuart L. Warren y Ted E. Bilderback. "Cyclic Irrigation Increases Irrigation Application Efficiency and Decreases Ammonium Losses". Journal of Environmental Horticulture 14, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 1996): 194–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-14.4.194.

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Abstract Cyclic irrigation using pressure compensated drip emitters was evaluated for irrigation application efficiency, nutrient efficacy, and plant growth. The experiment, a RCBD with four replications was conducted in a simulated nursery using high volumes of irrigation which are common in container-grown ornamental nurseries in the southeastern United States. A container-grown plant production area, subdivided into 16 separate plots, allowed for the collection of all irrigation water leaving each plot. Rudbeckia fulgida Ait. ‘Goldsturm’ and Cotoneaster dammeri Schneid. ‘Skogholm’ plants were potted into 3.8 liter (#1) containers in a pine bark: sand substrate (8:1 by vol) and irrigated with either 900 ml (1.2 in) of water applied once a day [900 ml (1×)], 450 ml (0.62 in) applied in two cycles [450 ml (2×)], 300 ml (0.41 in) applied in three cycles [300 ml (3×)], or 150 ml (0.21 in) applied in six cycles [150 ml (6×)]. A cycle consisted of a one-hour rest interval between each irrigation allotment. At 8:00 AM daily, volume of effluent from each plot was measured and a sub-sample of the effluent was analyzed for NO3-N, NH4-N, and P. Cycled irrigation (2×, 3×, 6×) reduced volume of effluent, increased irrigation application efficiency [(irrigation volume applied-volume leached) ÷ volume applied], and decreased total NH4-N (mg) losses compared to the 900 ml (1×) application. Cycled irrigation (2×, 3×, 6×) did not differ in effluent volume or irrigation application efficiency. However, the 450 ml (2×) treatment had greater total NH4-N losses compared to 300 ml (3×) and 150 ml (6×) treatments. Irrigation treatments did not affect NO3 or P losses. Irrigation application efficiency over the course of the experiment averaged 0.52 for cyclic irrigation applications (2×, 3×, 6×), a 38% improvement over the 900 ml (1×) standard application. Depending on irrigation treatment, 89% to 104% of the 3.0 g of N applied was recovered. Nitrogen efficiency averaged 89% and 88% for cotoneaster and rudbeckia, respectively. Of the 0.34 g of P applied, 43.4% was recovered. Phosphorus efficiency averaged 29% for both species. Growth, nutrient concentration, and nutrient content of cotoneaster or rudbeckia were not affected by irrigation treatments.

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