Artículos de revistas: "Irradiation method"

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Oktavianto, Putra, Risdiyana Setiawan, Ilhami Ariyanti y Muhammad Fadhil Jamil. "BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM COCONUT HUSK USING THE WET GAMMA IRADIATION METHOD". Jurnal Forum Nuklir 14, n.º 2 (6 de octubre de 2021): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17146/jfn.2020.14.2.5908.

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BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM COCONUT HUSK USING the WET GAMMA IRRADIATION METHOD. The use of coconut husk has only been used as a material for making handicrafts such as ropes, brooms, mats, and others or just burned. The combustion of coconut husk can cause air pollution. In fact, coconut husk can be used as a raw material for bioethanol production so that the beneficial value of coconut husk will also increase. One way of bioethanol production from coconut husk is by irradiating the coconut husk. The coconut husk irradiation technique to be carried out in this study is the wet irradiation technique. Wet irradiation is carried out to accelerate the process of bioethanol production because at the time of irradiation, cellulose has been hydrolyzed and glucose has been formed so that it is more efficient in time and use of the material so that the cellulose hydrolysis process is not necessary. The coconut husk samples were wet because they were mixed with 4% NaOH and were irradiated using a gamma irradiator from STTN-BATAN Yogyakarta with a dose of 30 kGy and 50 kGy and 0 kGy (or without irradiation). Then the sample is fermented with the fungus Saccharomyces Cerevisiae from tape yeast to form ethanol. Ethanol is purified and then analyzed for concentrations using pycnometric and refractometric methods. The result is that the highest ethanol content is without irradiation (0 kGy), this is due to the low dosage used. However, the main point in this wet method research is evidence of hydrolysis of cellulose by the formation of gluoxane after irradiated wet coconut husk, and with Fehling A and B analysis, brown deposits are seen proving that glucose has been formed.

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Chen, Guo, Wei, Xie y Long. "Effect of Strengthening Methods on the Defect Evolution under Irradiations Investigated with Rate Theory Simulations". Metals 9, n.º 7 (29 de junio de 2019): 735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9070735.

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Under irradiations, mechanical performance of nuclear alloys would degrade due to irradiation induced defects. Different strengthening methods can play a different role in the evolution of the defects. In this study, the effect of four typical strengthening methods including fine grain strengthening, dislocation strengthening, second phase strengthening and solid solutions strengthening on the defect evolutions in bcc iron-based alloys are investigated with rate theory simulations, a technique capable of simulating a long-term evolution of defects caused by irradiations. Simulations show that at high dose, irradiation induced voids become the dominating factor that affect irradiation hardening. Strengthening methods with the enhancement of sink strength (fine grain strengthening, dislocation strengthening and second phase strengthening) have little effects on the evolution of voids, while strengthening method with impediment of migration of defects (solid solutions strengthening) can effectively inhibit the nucleation and growth of voids. For fine grain strengthening and dislocation strengthening, the irradiation hardening is almost kept unchanged when changing grain size and initial dislocation density. For second phase strengthening, the irradiation hardening can be inhibited to some extent by increasing mainly the number density of precipitates. The solid solutions strengthening is the most proper method to inhibit irradiation hardening of bcc iron-based alloy because it can inhibit the development of voids, especially at high dose.

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Jadwiszczak, Jakub, Pierce Maguire, Conor P. Cullen, Georg S. Duesberg y Hongzhou Zhang. "Effect of localized helium ion irradiation on the performance of synthetic monolayer MoS2 field-effect transistors". Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 11 (4 de septiembre de 2020): 1329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.11.117.

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Helium ion irradiation is a known method of tuning the electrical conductivity and charge carrier mobility of novel two-dimensional semiconductors. Here, we report a systematic study of the electrical performance of chemically synthesized monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) field-effect transistors irradiated with a focused helium ion beam as a function of increasing areal irradiation coverage. We determine an optimal coverage range of approx. 10%, which allows for the improvement of both the carrier mobility in the transistor channel and the electrical conductance of the MoS2, due to doping with ion beam-created sulfur vacancies. Larger areal irradiations introduce a higher concentration of scattering centers, hampering the electrical performance of the device. In addition, we find that irradiating the electrode–channel interface has a deleterious impact on charge transport when contrasted with irradiations confined only to the transistor channel.

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Popelářová, Eva, Eva Vlková, Roman Švejstil y Lenka Kouřimská. "The Effect of Microwave Irradiation on the Representation and Growth of Moulds in Nuts and Almonds". Foods 11, n.º 2 (14 de enero de 2022): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11020221.

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Microwave (MW) irradiation is a non-destructive method that can be applied as an alternative method to inhibit the growth of microorganisms. The present study evaluated the effect of MW irradiation on the occurrence of moulds in nuts and almonds. Samples of unshelled natural almonds, pistachios, and in-shell peanuts were treated with different doses of MW irradiation (2400–4000 W). The effect of MW irradiation on mould counts was evaluated by cultivating immediately after irradiation and after 3 and 6 months of storage. The most represented genera in all analysed samples were Aspergillus (68%), Penicillium (21%), and a small amount of Cladosporium (3%). Mould numbers significantly decreased after MW treatment. The treatments with MW irradiations at 3000 and 4000 W significantly reduced the mould colony counts, and their effect persisted during storage; irradiation at 2400 W was partially effective. The strongest effect of MW irradiation was observed in in-shell peanuts. MW irradiation seems to be a promising method for maintaining the microbiological quality of nuts.

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Mohamed, R. M. y E. S. Aazam. "Synthesis and Characterization of CeO2-SiO2Nanoparticles by Microwave-Assisted Irradiation Method for Photocatalytic Oxidation of Methylene Blue Dye". International Journal of Photoenergy 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/928760.

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CeO2-SiO2nanoparticles were synthesized for the first time by a facile microwave-assisted irradiation process. The effect of irradiation time of microwave was studied. The materials were characterized by N2adsorption, XRD, UV-vis/DR, and TEM. All solids showed mesoporous textures with high surface areas, relatively small pore size diameters, and large pore volume. The X-ray diffraction results indicated that the as-synthesized nanoparticles exhibited cubic CeO2without impurities and amorphous silica. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed that the particle size of CeO2-SiO2nanoparticles, which were prepared by microwave method for 30 min irradiation times, was around 8 nm. The photocatalytic activities were evaluated by the decomposition of methylene blue dye under UV light irradiations. The results showed that the irradiation under the microwave produced CeO2-SiO2nanoparticles, which have the best crystallinity under a shorter irradiation time. This indicates that the introduction of the microwave really can save energy and time with faster kinetics of crystallization. The sample prepared by 30 min microwave irradiation time exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity. The photocatalytic activity of CeO2-SiO2nanoparticles, which were prepared by 30 min irradiation times was found to have better performance than commercial reference P25.

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Kang, Qi, Xu Wu, Jing Liu y Bin Yang. "Effect of Ultraviolet Irradiation on Photoelectric Properties of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) Thin Film Deposited by Sol-Gel Method". Advanced Materials Research 199-200 (febrero de 2011): 1756–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.199-200.1756.

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Transparent and conductive ITO thin films were prepared on quartz glasses by the sol-gel dip-coating method and treated by ultraviolet irradiation, with 4W (254nm), 15W (254nm), 15W (365nm) and 500W (365nm) respectively. The experimental results suggest that UV irradiation could enlarge the size of crystalline and improve the conductive property of ITO thin films significantly. The relative reduction in sheet resistance rose, resulting from increase in power and irradiating time, as well as decrease in wavelength of UV irradiation. In addition, for those samples which were treated by UV irradiation and placed at room temperature for 20 days, the internal action could cause the conductivity to rise, and decrease the minimum sheet resistance to 41.378Ω/m2.

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Sun, Lue, Yohei Inaba, Yu Sogo, Kumi Morikawa, Naoki Kunugita, Koichi Chida y Takashi Moritake. "Analysis of whole-blood antioxidant capacity after chronic and localized irradiation using the i-STrap method". Journal of Radiation Research 63, n.º 1 (27 de octubre de 2021): 30–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrr/rrab099.

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Abstract Ionizing radiation exposure affects the redox state in vivo. Recently, whole-blood antioxidant capacity (WBAC) has been reported to decrease in a dose-dependent manner after acute total body irradiation (TBI). However, changes in WBAC after localized and chronic irradiations have not been reported. This study analyzed changes to WBAC in mice after either localized irradiation (irradiation of the left hind leg only) or chronic TBI using the i-STrap method. Leg-localized irradiation exerted limited effects on WBAC, while WBAC decreased in a dose rate-dependent manner after TBI. Further, the WBAC reached the minimum value in a shorter period at a smaller dose rate. Our results suggest that changes in WBAC do not directly reflect absorbed dose, but may reflect radiation-induced biological damage at the systemic level. This study will contribute to the understanding of radiation-induced injuries and diseases, and will facilitate the establishment of biomarkers for radiation exposure.

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Srithanachai, Itsara, Surada Ueamanapong, Amporn Poyai y Surasak Niemcharoen. "New Method for Improving the Electrical Characteristics of P-N Junction Diode". Advanced Materials Research 378-379 (octubre de 2011): 606–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.378-379.606.

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This paper investigates the effect of soft X-ray irradiation various energy and times on P-N junction diodes. X-ray energy irradiated on P-N junction diode with 55 and 70 keV with various time in the range 5-50 sec. After irradiations were study on the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics and capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics. Leakages current after irradiated by X-ray are not change, while forward current are increase about 3 orders. The change of current-voltage characteristics can analyze by many parameter such as carrier lifetime and series resistance. Capacitance-voltage characteristics after irradiation are not change. The results show that soft X-ray technique can be improving performance of the P-N junction diodes. These techniques are importance to use for improving device performance in industry work.

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Khatib, Tamer, Azah Mohamed, K. Sopian y M. Mahmoud. "Solar Energy Prediction for Malaysia Using Artificial Neural Networks". International Journal of Photoenergy 2012 (2012): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/419504.

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This paper presents a solar energy prediction method using artificial neural networks (ANNs). An ANN predicts a clearness index that is used to calculate global and diffuse solar irradiations. The ANN model is based on the feed forward multilayer perception model with four inputs and one output. The inputs are latitude, longitude, day number, and sunshine ratio; the output is the clearness index. Data from 28 weather stations were used in this research, and 23 stations were used to train the network, while 5 stations were used to test the network. In addition, the measured solar irradiations from the sites were used to derive an equation to calculate the diffused solar irradiation, a function of the global solar irradiation and the clearness index. The proposed equation has reduced the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) in estimating the diffused solar irradiation compared with the conventional equation. Based on the results, the average MAPE, mean bias error and root mean square error for the predicted global solar irradiation are 5.92%, 1.46%, and 7.96%. The MAPE in estimating the diffused solar irradiation is 9.8%. A comparison with previous work was done, and the proposed approach was found to be more efficient and accurate than previous methods.

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Funayama, Tomoo, Michiyo Suzuki, Nobumasa Miyawaki y Hirotsugu Kashiwagi. "A Method to Locally Irradiate Specific Organ in Model Organisms Using a Focused Heavy-Ion Microbeam". Biology 12, n.º 12 (14 de diciembre de 2023): 1524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12121524.

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The functions of organisms are performed by various tissues composed of different cell types. Localized irradiation with heavy-ion microbeams, which inactivate only a portion of the constituent cells without destroying the physical intercellular connections of the tissue, is a practical approach for elucidating tissue functions. However, conventional collimated microbeams are limited in the shape of the area that can be irradiated. Therefore, using a focused heavy-ion microbeam that generates a highly precise beam spot, we developed a technology to uniformly irradiate specific tissues of an organism with a defined dose, which conventional methods cannot achieve. The performance of the developed paint irradiation technology was evaluated. By irradiating the CR-39 ion track detector, we confirmed that the new method, in which each ion hit position is placed uniformly in the irradiated area, makes it possible to uniformly paint the area at a specified dose. The targeted irradiation of the pharynx and gonads of living Caenorhabditis elegans demonstrated that the irradiated ions were distributed in the same shape as the targeted tissue observed under a microscope. This technology will elucidate biological mechanisms that are difficult to analyze with conventional collimated microbeam irradiation.

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11

Klepper, L. Ia. "Increasing to Accuracy Reductions Heterogeneous Dose Distribution to All-Out Volume of the Irradiation at Models Modified Weibull Distribution". Meditsinskaya Fizika 96, n.º 4 (30 de enero de 2023): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.52775/1810-200x-2022-96-4-5-11.

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Purpose: To development of the methods of the estimation quality, systematized clinical information, which is described in the manner of probability of the arising the NTCP (complications in tissues) depending on volume of the irradiation and sharing the dose their uniform and heterogeneous irradiation. Material and methods: Used designed mathematical models for calculation of NTCP and mathematical models, which allow to calculate reduction values of the identical doses of the uniform irradiation tissues equivalent on probability of the arising the beam complication to heterogeneous sharing the doses. Results: Method of increasing to precision of the estimation to consensus systematized clinical information, founded on its presentation in the manner of differential histogram dose-volume, and on reductions heterogeneous doses distribution in identical dose all-out and uniform irradiation tissue. Conclusion: It is shown that designed method of the estimation of the heterogeneous sharing the dose by way of his adduction to equivalent, on probability of the arising the beam complications in tissues, all-out irradiations tissues, allows to raise accuracy of the calculation of the identical dose of the source lumpy distribution tolerants doses. She allows to raise precision of the estimation to consensus systematized clinical values of tolerant doses, received of specialist.

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Hiki, Yoshiki. "Laser Treatment of Contact Irradiation Method". JOURNAL OF JAPAN SOCIETY FOR LASER SURGERY AND MEDICINE 11, n.º 1 (1990): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2530/jslsm1980.11.1_11.

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Umek, Bogdan, M. Zwitter y H. Habič. "Total body irradiation with translation method". Radiotherapy and Oncology 38, n.º 3 (marzo de 1996): 253–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8140(95)01697-x.

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Sperling, N. N., J. Bogue, K. Reddy y E. I. Parsai. "Integrated Feathering Method for Craniospinal Irradiation". International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics 99, n.º 2 (octubre de 2017): E724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.06.2344.

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Ishikawa, Ippei, Atsushi Kimoto y Shuji Kiyohara. "Development of UV-Irradiated PADC and Improvement of Etching for Reducing Experimental Time". Materials 16, n.º 15 (2 de agosto de 2023): 5413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16155413.

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PADC is well known as a highly sensitive solid-state nuclear track detector. A proposal is for a radiation education method that utilizes these characteristics. A significant issue in the proposed educational method using PADC is the time-consuming etching process. This study attempted to reduce etching time by using a homemade PADC. The experimental results have revealed that the homemade PADC achieves faster etch pit enlargement compared to BARYOTRAK (commercial PADC). An attempt was made to enlarge etch pit diameters rapidly by irradiating UV at a wavelength of 253.7 nm and etching with NaOHaq/ethanol solution. The results revealed that UV irradiation at a wavelength of 253.7 nm, after etching, resulted in etch pit diameters several times larger than those obtained in conventional methods within the same etching time. Therefore, UV irradiation and short-time etching with NaOHaq/ethanol solution proved to be effective. This study also investigated the effects of fading on the PADC during its storage period after UV irradiation. The experimental results confirmed that the etch pit diameters shrank by approximately 30% after 2 months of storage. However, considering the enlargement effect of the etch pit diameters due to UV irradiation, it can be concluded that UV irradiation is practical for radiation education experiments.

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Takahashi, Akiyuki, Masahiro Arita y Masanori Kikuchi. "Computer Simulation of Irradiation Growth in Zirconium". Advanced Materials Research 33-37 (marzo de 2008): 889–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.33-37.889.

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This paper describes the computer simulation of irradiation growths induced by neutron irradiations in zirconium using a combination of Molecular Dynamics (MD) and Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) methods. First, we performed the MD simulation of the displacement cascade on a defect cluster to study the interaction between the defect cluster and the displacement cascade. The MD simulations provide a lot of information on the amount of the defect production and the subsequent morphological change in the defect cluster. The results are used to make simple models that describe the nature of the displacement cascade overlap on the defect clusters. The models are then implemented into the KMC simulation code to extend the length- and time-scale of the simulation, which allows us to evaluate directly the defect cluster accumulations during a long-term irradiation. The irradiation growth strain resulting from the defect cluster accumulations is simply evaluated, and compared to an available experimental data. The comparison suggests that the displacement cascade overlap plays an important role on the irradiation growth, and, consequently, the KMC method with the simple models must be appropriate for the simulations of the irradiation growth.

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Nguyen Thi, Tho, Anh Tran Tuan, Cuong Trinh Van, Doanh Ho Van, Duong Tran Quoc y Dung Ho Manh. "Determination of thermal neutron flux distribution at the rotary rack served for elemental concentration analysis using the k0-INAA method". Nuclear Science and Technology 10, n.º 1 (30 de agosto de 2021): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.53747/jnst.v10i1.27.

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The accuracy of elements concentration determination using the k0-standardization method directly depends on irradiation and measurement parameters including Non-1/E epithermal neutron flux distribution shape α (ϕ epi ≈1/E1+α ) , thermal-to-epithermal neutron flux ratio f, efficiency ε, peak area… In the case of the irradiation position at the rotary rack of the Dalat Nuclear Research Reactor (DNRR), the difference of thermal neutron flux between the bottom (3.54x1012 n.cm-2.s-1) and the top (1.93x1012 n.cm-2.s-1) of the 15 cm aluminum container is up to 45%. Therefore, it is necessary to accurately determine above-mentioned parameters in the sample irradiation position. The present paper deals with the determination of the distribution of thermal neutron flux along the sample irradiation container by using 0.1% Au–Al wire activation technique. The thermal neutron flux was then used to calculate the concentration of elements in the Standard Reference Material 2711a and SMELS type III using k0-INAA method at different positions in the container. The obtained results with the neutron flux correction were found to be in good agreement with the certified values. In conclusion, the proposed technique can be applied for activation analyses without sandwiching flux monitors between samples during irradiations.

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Notton, Gilles, Cyril Voyant, Alexis Fouilloy, Jean Laurent Duchaud y Marie Laure Nivet. "Forecasting of Three Components of Solar irradiation for Building Applications". E3S Web of Conferences 111 (2019): 05012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911105012.

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Solar energy and the concept of passive architecture and Net Zero Energy buildings are being increased. For an optimal management of the building energy, a Model Predictive Control is generally used but requires an accurate building model and weather forecast. For a more reliable modelling, the knowledge of the global solar irradiation is not sufficient; three methods, smart persistence, artificial neural network and random forest, are compared to forecast the three components of solar irradiation measured on the site with a high meteorological variability. Hourly solar irradiations are forecasted for time horizons from h+1 to h+6. The random forest method (RF) is the most efficient and the accuracy of forecasts are in term of nRMSE, from 19.65% for h+1 to 27.78% for h+6 for global horizontal irradiation, from 34.11% for h+1 to 49.08% for h+6 for beam normal irradiation, from 35.08% for h+1 to 49.14% for h+6 for diffuse horizontal irradiation. The improvement brought by the use of RF compared to the two other methods increases with the forecasting horizon. A seasonal study is realized and shows that the forecasting during spring and autumn is less reliable than during winter and summer due to a higher meteorological variability.

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Sun, Bo, Junlin Pan, Zili Wang, Yi Ren, Dariusz Mazurkiewicz, Małgorzata Jasiulewicz-Kaczmarek y Katarzyna Antosz. "Fatigue Reliability Analysis Method of Reactor Structure Considering Cumulative Effect of Irradiation". Materials 14, n.º 4 (8 de febrero de 2021): 801. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14040801.

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The influence of irradiation should be considered in fatigue reliability analyses of reactor structures under irradiation conditions. In this study, the effects of irradiation hardening and irradiation embrittlement on fatigue performance parameters were quantified and a fatigue life prediction model was developed. Based on this model, which takes into account the cumulative effect of a neutron dose, the total fatigue damage was calculated according to Miner’s linear cumulative damage law, and the reliability analysis was carried out using the Monte Carlo simulation method. The case results show that the fatigue life acquired by taking into account the cumulative effect of irradiation was reduced by 24.3% compared with that acquired without considering the irradiation effect. Irradiation led to the increase of the fatigue life at low strains and its decrease at high strains, which is in accordance with the findings of an irradiation fatigue test. The rate of increase in the fatigue life decreased gradually with the increase of the neutron dose. The irradiation performance parameters had a small influence on fatigue reliability, while the fatigue strength coefficient and the elastic modulus had a great influence on the fatigue reliability. Compared with the current method, which uses a high safety factor to determine design parameters, a fatigue reliability analysis method taking into account the cumulative effect of irradiation could be more accurate in the reliability analysis and life prediction of reactor structures.

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Fathima, R. y A. Mujeeb. "Laser Assisted Synthesis of Surfactant-Free Au-Ag Alloy Nanoparticles in Water". ECS Transactions 107, n.º 1 (24 de abril de 2022): 11305–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.11305ecst.

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Surfactant-free nontoxic Au-Ag alloy nanoparticles were synthesized via re-irradiation of laser generated mono metallic colloidal mixtures with 532 nm radiations from Nd: YAG nanosecond laser. The impact of re-irradiating laser energy in alloy formation kinetics was investigated. The alloy formation process was analyzed with UV-Visible absorption spectra at different time intervals of laser irradiation. The generated nanoparticles were characterized with dynamic light scattering size analysis, zeta potential studies, and HRTEM imaging. Photothermal properties of the samples were investigated employing thermal lens method. Alloy formation became faster with a slight blue shift in the plasmonic band wavelength with increase in irradiation energy. Reduction in nanoparticle size and stability were also observed at high irradiation energies.

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Ni, Yuan, Cai Xia Kan, Bo Cong, Jin Sheng Liu y Hai Ying Xu. "Photo-Thermal Conversion and Stability of Gold and Silver Nanostructures". Advanced Materials Research 906 (abril de 2014): 204–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.906.204.

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Gold and silver nanostructures (such as Au nanorods and Ag nanoplates) exhibit strong and tunable surface plasmon resonance in the near-infrared region (NIR). Under a certain NIR laser irradiation, noble metal nanostructrues achieve a high photo-thermal effect, which would be useful in the therapy. In this work, Au nanorods with longitude surface plasmon resonance (SPRL) shifting in the region of 650 ~1100 nm were synthesized by a seed method. Ag nanoplates and nanocubes with SPR located in the region of 650~850 nm were produced by a hydrothermal method. Through adjusting laser power and irradiating time, the photo-thermal conversions of these nanostructures were studied under NIR laser irradiation. Under low power laser (808 nm, <1W) irradiation, the shape of the Au nanorods are stable and the temperature of colloid increase from room temperature to ~57°C. However, Au nanorods undergo deformation from rod to spherical particle under irradiation of high power (808 nm laser; 6W; 1064nm laser, 7W), resulting in the disappearance of SPRL. Morphology evolutions and photo-thermal conversion of Ag nanostructures were also studied. Ag nanostructures have a lower photo-thermal conversion compared with that of Au nanorods colloid. Snipping and dendrite can be observed for Ag nanoplates after irradiating, while Ag nanocubes have no obvious shape change.

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Hadiati, S. W., H. Winarno y S. Pramono. "Gamma irradiation as suitable preservation method on herbal medicine: a review". Food Research 5, n.º 5 (31 de agosto de 2021): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.5(5).494.

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The trend of consuming herbal medicines has been increasing over the past three decades. No less than 80% of the world's population has used herbal medicines as a treatment. One of the problems in herbal medicine is the high level of microbial contamination caused by raw materials and production processes. Various attempts have been made to overcome these problems, one of them is the gamma irradiation method. Although irradiation has been widely used for food sterilization, the use of irradiation for sterilization on herbal medicines is still debated. It is because irradiation may affect the composition of active compounds of herbal medicines. This review aimed to discuss the applications of gamma irradiation for herbal medicines by emphasizing the chemical constituent stabilities of herbal medicines.

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Pradina, Sisca Chandra, Sutanto Sutanto y Farida Nuraeni. "Processing of Liquid Confectionery Wastewater Using Combination of Electrocoagulation With UV Lights Method". Helium: Journal of Science and Applied Chemistry 3, n.º 2 (29 de diciembre de 2023): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33751/helium.v3i2.9291.

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Liquid confectionery waste water treatment is carried out using a combination of batch system electrocoagulation methods and irradiation by UV light. The variations of contat time applied were 30, 45, 60, and 75 minutes, the electrode distance was 2 cm and voltage variation was 20 and 30 volts. In addition to reducing pollutant levels, UV lamps are also used to remove odors. The result showed that the electrocoagulation process and UV irradiation could reduce pollutant levels maximally at 30 volts 73 minutes. COD level decreased to 1646,40 mg/L (efficiency 76,34%) and TSS to 50 mg/L (efficiency 88,68%). UV irradiation is also effective in removing the odor of soft confectionery wastewater. This result meets the wastewater quality stabdard according to PerMenLH No. 5 of 2015 Appendix XXVI, it’s just that COD does not meet the quality standards, therefore further research is needed.

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Niralwad, Kirti S., Ishwar B. Ghorade y Pravin S. Kharat. "A Novel Method for Beckmann Rearrangement Catalyzed by Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate Under Microwave-Irradiation". Indian Journal of Applied Research 3, n.º 4 (1 de octubre de 2011): 47–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/apr2013/15.

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YAMAGUCHI, NAOHIRO, CHIEMI FUJIKAWA, KAZUNOBU OKASAKA y TAMIO HARA. "Production of highly ionized plasma by micro-dot array irradiation and its application to compact X-ray lasers". Laser and Particle Beams 20, n.º 1 (enero de 2002): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026303460220110x.

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A plasma production method using the irradiation of an array of small spots has been investigated from the point of view of soft X-ray laser generation in the recombining plasma scheme pumped by a pulse-train laser. The expansion geometry of highly ionized ions produced by the micro-dot array irradiation method has been measured and compared with that by a simple line irradiation. Spatial distribution of gain coefficients of the Li-like Al ion transition lines have also been measured for both irradiation methods. Highly ionized ions were observed to spread wider in the micro-dot array irradiation method. It is expected that rapid expansion and efficient cooling are achieved in plasmas produced by the micro-dot array irradiation method, which is consistent with the experimental results on the spatial structure of the X-ray laser gain region.

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Agapov, A. V. y G. V. Mitsyn. "A Dynamic Irradiation Method for Proton Radiotherapy". Biomedical Engineering 55, n.º 2 (julio de 2021): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10527-021-10088-w.

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Sugita, Tatsuya, Akira Arimoto, Teruaki Mitsuya, Yasuo Takuma y Nobuyoshi Hoshi. "Pattern generation method by direct toner irradiation". Optics Letters 20, n.º 11 (1 de junio de 1995): 1224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.20.001224.

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Apte, S. K., S. D. Naik, R. S. Sonawane, B. B. Kale, Neela Pavaskar, A. B. Mandale y B. K. Das. "Nanosize Mn3O4 (Hausmannite) by microwave irradiation method". Materials Research Bulletin 41, n.º 3 (marzo de 2006): 647–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2005.08.028.

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Farkas, J. "Irradiation as a method for decontaminating food". International Journal of Food Microbiology 44, n.º 3 (noviembre de 1998): 189–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1605(98)00132-9.

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Yokota, Hirohisa, Eiichi Sugai y Yutaka Sasaki. "Optical irradiation method for fiber coupler fabrications". Optical Review 4, n.º 1 (enero de 1997): A104—A107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02936004.

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Saito, Noboru, Shuzo Yamashita y Takehisa Matsuda. "Laser-irradiation-induced surface graft polymerization method". Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 35, n.º 4 (marzo de 1997): 747–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0518(199703)35:4<747::aid-pola20>3.0.co;2-m.

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Toda, Ayano, Kazuyoshi Uematu, Tadashi Ishigaki, Kenji Toda y Mineo Sato. "Morphology Control of Phosphors Synthesized by Microwave Heating Method". Key Engineering Materials 445 (julio de 2010): 233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.445.233.

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Ba2Gd3Li3Mo8O32:Eu3+ phosphor was prepared using a single mode microwave oven operated at a frequency of 2.45 GHz and a power of 500 W. The temperature of raw materials, mixtures of BaCO3, Gd2O3, Li2CO3, MoO3 and Eu2O3 subjected to microwave irradiation increased to about 1073 K in 120 s, followed by a sharp drop despite irradiating the raw materials continuously. By measuring the dielectric loss factor of the raw materials at 2.45 GHz, the temperature increased could be attributed to the fact that MoO3 absorbs a high proportion of microwave energy. In the case of the microwave heating method, the phosphor particles were highly non-aggregated.

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33

Nonnecke, G. R., D. G. Olson, C. A. Reitmeier, R. J. Gladon y M. L. Gleason. "NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR IRRADIATION OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES". HortScience 28, n.º 5 (mayo de 1993): 469a—469. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.5.469a.

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The fruit and vegetable industry attempts to deliver to the consumer products of the highest quality. Irradiation of fruits and vegetables may allow the industry to achieve this goal more efficiently. A new and developing technology for enhancing food quality and safety is irradiation by using an electron beam linear accelerator, a source of high-speed electrons and x-rays. Advantages provided by this method of irradiation, as compared with other forms of irradiation, are: the direct use of electrons or conversion to x-rays; increased flexibility for irradiating a variety of products; variation of the irradiation dosage and energy level; no requirement for specialized safety equipment for installation of the facility; minimum operating cost of the facility when not in use; an immediate electrical disconnection when the facility is not in use; and, the source of energy for irradiation is not radioactive. The technology associated with electron beam irradiation is dynamic and continues to improve as more research is completed. The electron beam linear accelerator facility at Iowa State University has been commissioned and is operational. The facility and the process for irradiation of several agricultural products will be described. Also, preliminary data on electron beam irradiation of strawberries will be presented.

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34

Kobayashi, Daisuke, Kazuki Sano, Yusuke Takeuchi y Koichi Terasaka. "Effect of irradiation distance on degradation of phenol using indirect ultrasonic irradiation method". Ultrasonics Sonochemistry 18, n.º 5 (septiembre de 2011): 1205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2011.01.010.

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Li, Yajun, Yang Xiang, Zhongxia Yang, Xiongzhe Han, Jiewen Lin y Zhengfang Hu. "A Laser Irradiation Method for Controlling Pieris rapae Larvae". Applied Sciences 11, n.º 20 (14 de octubre de 2021): 9533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11209533.

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At present, chemical pesticides remain the main approach for controlling Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). This research proposes a novel laser irradiation method for managing P. rapae larvae as an alternative to chemical control. The effectiveness of controlling larvae and the influencing factors of lasers were studied to estimate optimal parameter combinations. Tests using the antifeedant effect and mortality of the larvae as dependent variables showed that the laser power, irradiation area, laser opening time and irradiation position were positively correlated with the P. rapae controlling effect. The optimal parameters for each factor were the following: laser power, 7.5 W; irradiation area, 6.189 mm2; laser opening time, 1.177 s; and irradiation position, middle of the abdomen. Based on these observations, a validation experiment was performed using the optimal combination of parameters, and the results showed that the antifeedant percentage of P. rapae larvae within 24 h posttreatment was 98.49%, whereas the mortality rate was 100%. The optimal parameter combination identified in the study was suitable for P. rapae larvae from the first- to fifth-instar stages, and a more effective controlling effect was observed with the younger larvae. These results can provide a theoretical basis for future pest control using laser pest-killing robots.

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Li, Yajun, Yang Xiang, Zhongxia Yang, Xiongzhe Han, Jiewen Lin y Zhengfang Hu. "A Laser Irradiation Method for Controlling Pieris rapae Larvae". Applied Sciences 11, n.º 20 (14 de octubre de 2021): 9533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11209533.

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At present, chemical pesticides remain the main approach for controlling Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). This research proposes a novel laser irradiation method for managing P. rapae larvae as an alternative to chemical control. The effectiveness of controlling larvae and the influencing factors of lasers were studied to estimate optimal parameter combinations. Tests using the antifeedant effect and mortality of the larvae as dependent variables showed that the laser power, irradiation area, laser opening time and irradiation position were positively correlated with the P. rapae controlling effect. The optimal parameters for each factor were the following: laser power, 7.5 W; irradiation area, 6.189 mm2; laser opening time, 1.177 s; and irradiation position, middle of the abdomen. Based on these observations, a validation experiment was performed using the optimal combination of parameters, and the results showed that the antifeedant percentage of P. rapae larvae within 24 h posttreatment was 98.49%, whereas the mortality rate was 100%. The optimal parameter combination identified in the study was suitable for P. rapae larvae from the first- to fifth-instar stages, and a more effective controlling effect was observed with the younger larvae. These results can provide a theoretical basis for future pest control using laser pest-killing robots.

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Megantoro, Prisma, Muhammad Akbar Syahbani, Sigit Dani Perkasa, Ahmad Rahmad Muzadi, Yusrizal Afif, Agus Mukhlisin y Pandi Vigneshwaran. "Analysis of instrumentation system for photovoltaic pyranometer used to measure solar irradiation level". Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 11, n.º 6 (1 de diciembre de 2022): 3239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v11i6.4390.

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A pyranometer is a device used to measure the level of solar irradiation. This device has a sensor that measures the density of the electromagnetic flux of solar radiation on a flat plane. The electromagnetic flux density parameter is converted into an electrical parameter in watts per square meter. Pyranometers are used in weather station devices to analyze and predict weather conditions. Solar power generation systems are usually also installed with this device. It is intended to monitor solar irradiation's condition to examine the generating system's performance. This article discusses the photovoltaic-based pyranometer characterization method. The characterization method is carried out to determine the measurement parameters such as accuracy, precision, and hysteresis. Knowing these parameters will make it possible to see the performance of measuring solar irradiation levels by a measuring instrument for solar irradiation levels, like a pyranometer. The characterization method is to compare the measurement results with standard instruments. The solar irradiance level monitoring is also optimal, accurate, and precise with a reliable measurement method.

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Lee, Seon Min, Kicheol Yoon, Sangyun Lee, Seung Yeob Ryu y Kwang Gi Kim. "Multi-Asymmetric Irradiation Method Using a Ring Array to Obtain an Emission-Capable LED Beam Power Effect to Observe Cancer Removal Status in a Surgical Microscope". Diagnostics 13, n.º 22 (20 de noviembre de 2023): 3482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13223482.

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The light emitting diodes (LEDs) used in surgical fluorescence microscopes have weak power, to induce fluorescence emission. The LED induces fluorescence emission throughout a lesion due to its large beam width; however, the beam irradiation intensity is not uniform within the beam width, resulting in a fluorescence emission induction difference. To overcome this problem, this study proposes an asymmetric irradiation array for supplying power uniformly throughout the beam width of the LED and increasing the intensity of the LED. To increase the irradiation power of the LEDs, a multi-asymmetric irradiation method with a ring-type array structure was used. The LED consisted of eight rings, and the space between the LEDs, the placement position, and the placement angle were analyzed to devise an experimental method using 3D printing technology. To test the irradiation power of the LED, the working distance (WD) between the LED and target was 30 cm. The bias voltage of the LED for irradiating the light source was 5.0 V and the measured power was 4.63 mW. The brightness (lux) was 1153 lx. Consequently, the LED satisfied the fluorescence emission induction conditions. The diameter of the LED-irradiated area was 9.5 cm. Therefore, this LED could be used to observe fluorescent emission-guided lesions. This study maximized the advantages of LEDs with optimal conditions for fluorescence emission by increasing the beam width, irradiation area, and energy efficiency, using a small number of LEDs at the maximum WD. The proposed method, optimized for fluorescence expression-induced surgery, can be made available at clinical sites by mass producing them through semiconductor processes.

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Nemoz, Christian, Astrid Kibleur, Jean Noël Hyacinthe, Gilles Berruyer, Thierry Brochard, Elke Bräuer-Krisch, Géraldine Le Duc, Emmanuel Brun, Hélène Elleaume y Raphaël Serduc. "In vivopink-beam imaging and fast alignment procedure for rat brain tumor radiation therapy". Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 23, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2016): 339–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577515018561.

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A fast positioning method for brain tumor microbeam irradiations for preclinical studies at third-generation X-ray sources is described. The three-dimensional alignment of the animals relative to the X-ray beam was based on the X-ray tomography multi-slices after iodine infusion. This method used pink-beam imaging produced by the ID17 wiggler. A graphical user interface has been developed in order to define the irradiation parameters: field width, height, number of angles and X-ray dose. This study is the first reporting an image guided method for soft tissue synchrotron radiotherapy. It allowed microbeam radiation therapy irradiation fields to be reduced by a factor of ∼20 compared with previous studies. It permitted more targeted, more efficient brain tumor microbeam treatments and reduces normal brain toxicity of the radiation treatment.

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40

Sun, Kang Wen, Chun Yang Liu, Gao Ming Liang y Ming Zhu. "A Simulation of PV Module and MPPT Control Based on Matlab/Simulink". Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (mayo de 2012): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.59.

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The simulation model of PV module, which is based on Simulink software, the mathematical model and the equivalent circuit of PV module, is established in this paper. This PV module model can be used to show the output characteristics of PV module under different irradiations and temperatures. Moreover, this model can be extended to various parameters of PV modules and used to study parallel and serial characteristics of PV module. The output characteristics of PV module, which is affected greatly by light irradiation and ambient temperature, has obvious non-linear features. Therefore, a maximum power point tracker (MPPT) is needed. Compared with perturbation and observation (P&Q) control method and other MPPT control methods, incremental conductance (IncCond) method may be unease to be adopted because it needs a high-performance controller which is costliness. However, as IncCond method is suitable for the irradiation situation of both rapid and slow changes, it has important research meanings. Meanwhile, aiming at the disadvantage of a fixed tracking step size, a improved control method is put forward and simulated in this paper. Finally the simuliation results verify the accuracy and superiority of the improved IncCond method.

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Ayub Windarko, Novie, Muhammad Nizar Habibi, Mochamad Ari Bagus Nugroho y Eka Prasetyono. "Simulator Panel Surya Ekonomis untuk Pengujian MPPT pada Kondisi Berbayang Sebagian (Low Cost PV Photovoltaic Simulator for MPPT Testing under Partial Shading)". Jurnal Nasional Teknik Elektro dan Teknologi Informasi 9, n.º 1 (5 de febrero de 2020): 110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jnteti.v9i1.117.

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This paper describes a low-cost solar panel simulator for Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) method testing, especially under partially shading conditions. The simulator consists of a DC power supply and a solar panel. The simulator works to emulate the characteristics of solar panels without depending on artificial illumination or sunlight. The simulator can represent the needed irradiation through the settings on the DC power supply. The experimental setup is developed to emulate the characteristics of solar panels at Standard Test Conditions (STC) irradiation conditions as well as varying irradiation conditions. Testing is done to emulate irradiation varies from 200-1,000 W/m2. To emulate the characteristics of solar panels in partial shading conditions, two DC power supply units and two solar panels are used. Each solar panel is simulated to receive different solar irradiations. The test results show that the simulator can emulate the characteristics of solar panels under partial shading conditions which has several maximum power points. Furthermore, partial shading conditions are simulated under varying irradiation conditions which resulted varying maximum power point values.

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42

Jiang, Yan, Nai Yan Wang, Jian Wei Huang, Tao Hu, Ming Xin Zhang, Yao Feng Zhang y Yao Gang Li. "Electron Beam Irradiation Degradation and Biological Treatment of 4-Chlorophenol in Aqueous Solution". Advanced Materials Research 848 (noviembre de 2013): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.848.191.

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Recently 4-Chlorinatedphenol has been paid great concerns because of their persistency and extreme toxicity in the environment. The recent progresses on irradiation degradation of 4-Chlorinatedphenol is reviewed mainly in the paper.Got the irradiation technology joint approach to treat biological sewage is the most effective way. Polymer of refractory organic matter degradation by joint methods are efficient, the main problems existing in current sewage treatment by this method can simultaneously be solved. Keywords: Electron-beam irradiation; Biological treatment; Irradiation dose; Joint method

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43

Cho, Jae-Hoon, Jin-Il Park, Won-Pyo Hong y Myung-Geun Chun. "A Variable Step Size Incremental Conductance Direct MPPT Method for Stand-Alone PV Systems". Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 16, n.º 7 (20 de noviembre de 2012): 881–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2012.p0881.

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This paper presents a variable step size incrementalconductance direct Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) method using fuzzy membership for a standalone photovoltaic (PV) system under rapidly changing irradiation. MPPT techniques have been widely applied in PV systems to make a PV array generate maximum power, which depends on solar irradiation. In most applications of MPPT technologies, MPPT algorithm design methods are performed and tested under slowly changing atmospheric conditions such as irradiation and temperature. The short-term effect under rapidly changing irradiation should be considered, however, to improve the dynamic performance of PV system. Our proposed MPPT method is based on an incremental conductance algorithm with a direct control scheme that can directly adjust the duty cycle for the PI controller. A fuzzy membership function is adopted to determine the variable step size according to rapidly changing irradiation. The proposed methods thus has not only faster dynamic performance but also high tracking accuracy. In order to show the effect of the proposed method, the simulation model and proposed MPPT is designed with MATLAB/Simpower and simulated with MATLAB/Stateflow.

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Okada, Hitoshi, Susumu Itoh, Shohei Kawamoto, Miyo Ozaki y Takashi Kusaka. "Reactivity of bilirubin photoisomers on the measurement of direct bilirubin using vanadic acid method". Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 55, n.º 2 (29 de junio de 2017): 296–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004563217709844.

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Objective Investigation of the reactivity of fractions of bilirubin photoisomers with the vanadic acid oxidation method. Methods Bilirubin photoisomers were prepared by irradiating a bilirubin/human serum albumin solution with blue light emitting diode. Direct bilirubin and bilirubin fractions were measured using the vanadic acid oxidation method and high-performance liquid chromatography in the sample before and after irradiation. Results Direct bilirubin was increased in the solution containing bilirubin photoisomers. ( EE)-/( EZ) -cyclobilirubin-IXα and ( ZE)-/( EZ)-bilirubin-IXα completely disappeared after the addition of vanadic acid. Conclusion Bilirubin photoisomers reacted as direct bilirubin in the vanadic acid oxidation method.

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Namour, Amaury, Marwan El Mobadder, Patrick Matamba, Lucia Misoaga, Delphine Magnin, Praveen Arany y Samir Nammour. "The Safety of Removing Fractured Nickel–Titanium Files in Root Canals Using a Nd: YAP Laser". Biomedicines 12, n.º 5 (7 de mayo de 2024): 1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12051031.

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The fracture of nickel–titanium (Ni-Ti) instruments during root canal instrumentation leads to compromised outcomes in endodontic treatments. Despite the significant impact of instrument facture during a root canal treatment, there is still no universally accepted method to address this complication. Several previous studies have shown the ability of a Neodymium: Yttrium–Aluminum–Perovskite (Nd: YAP) laser to cut endodontic files. This study aims to determine safe irradiation conditions for a clinical procedure involving the use of a Neodymium: Yttrium–Aluminum–Perovskite (Nd: YAP) laser for removing fractured nickel–titanium files in root canals. A total of 54 extracted permanent human teeth (n = 54) were used. This study involved nine distinct groups, each employing different irradiation conditions. Groups 1 s, 3 s, 5 s, 10 s, and 15 s simply consist of irradiation for 1, 3, 5, 10, and 15 s, respectively. After identifying the longest and safest duration time, four additional groups were proposed (labeled A, B, C, and D). Group A was composed of three series of irradiations of 5 s each separated by a rest time of 30 s (L5s + 30 s RT). Group B consisted of three series of irradiations of 5 s each separated by a rest time of 60 s (L5s + 60 s RT). Group C consisted of two series of irradiations of 5 s each separated by a rest time of 30 s (L5s + 30 s RT), and group D consisted of two series of irradiations of 5 s each separated by a rest time of 5 s (L5s + 5 s RT). In all groups, during the rest time, continuous irrigation with 2.5 mL of sodium hypochlorite (3% NaOCl) was carried out. The variation in temperature during irradiation was registered with a thermocouple during irradiation with different protocols. The mean and standard deviation of the temperature increase was noted. The calculation of the temperature was made as the Δ of the highest recorded temperature at the root surface minus (-) that recorded at baseline (37°). Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used after irradiation in all groups in order to assess the morphological changes in the root dentinal walls. The Nd: YAP laser irradiation parameters were a power of 3W, an energy of 300 mJ per pulse, a fiber diameter of 200 µm, a pulsed mode of irradiation with a frequency of 10 Hz, a pulse duration of 150 𝜇s, and an energy density of 955.41 J/cm2. Our results show that the safest protocol for bypassing and/or removing broken instruments involves three series of irradiation of 5 s each with a rest time of 30 s between each series. Furthermore, our results suggest that continuous irradiation for 10 s or more may be harmful for periodontal tissue.

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Chen, Song, Jin Gou Ji, Yi Xu, Wei Qi Liu, Ji Da Chen y Zhi Guo Zhou. "Preparation of Calcium-Deficient Carbonated Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles by Microwave Process". Key Engineering Materials 368-372 (febrero de 2008): 1178–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.368-372.1178.

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In this paper, carbonated calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite (d-HA) nanoparticles were synthesized by a chemical precipitation method assisted with microwave irradiation. The important factors which effected on the synthesis process, such as pH value, time and the power of microwave irradiation on the Ca/P molar ratios of d-HA were discussed. The experimental results showed that carbonated d-HA nanoparticles could be quickly synthesized by irradiating the reaction solution for about 1h under moderate microwave power and pH value ranging from 8 to 9.

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Suwanboon, Sumetha, Pongsaton Amornpitoksuk y Phuwadol Bangrak. "Synthesis, Optical, Photocatalytic and Bactericidal Properties of Nanocrystalline ZnO Powders by Precipitation Method". Advanced Materials Research 970 (junio de 2014): 293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.970.293.

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Nanocrystalline ZnO powders were synthesized by precipitation method. The n-propylamine was used as capping agent. The crystallite size of ZnO powders depended on the n-propylamine concentration. ZnO powders exhibited as agglomerated spherical shape. The optical band gap of ZnO powders were varied in a range of 3.204-3.219 eV. The photocatalytic efficiency of ZnO powders for degradation of methylene blue (MB) increased as a function of UV irradiation time and the photocatalytic efficiency was over 80% after UV irradiating for 1 h. The highest photocatalytic efficiency was 96% after UV irradiating for 1 h obtained from nanocrystalline ZnO powders modified with 0.025 mol of n-propylamine (R = 1). Nanocrystalline ZnO powders caused more damage to Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) than Escherichia coli (E. coli).

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48

Ling, Yongsheng, Guang Wang, Ting Chen, Xionghui Fei, Song Hu, Qing Shan, Daqian Hei, Huajun Feng y Wenbao Jia. "Irradiation-catalysed degradation of methyl orange using BaF 2 –TiO 2 nanocomposite catalysts prepared by a sol–gel method". Royal Society Open Science 6, n.º 10 (octubre de 2019): 191156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.191156.

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BaF 2 –TiO 2 nanocomposite material (hereinafter called the composite) was prepared by a sol–gel method. The composite surface area, morphology and structure were characterized by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method, X-ray diffraction analysis and a scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that BaF 2 and TiO 2 form a PN-like structure on the surface of the composite. Composites were used to catalyse the degradation of methyl orange by irradiation with ultraviolet light, γ-rays and an electron beam (EB). It was demonstrated that the composite is found to be more efficient than the prepared TiO 2 and commercial P25 in the degradation of methyl orange under γ-irradiation. Increasing the composite catalyst concentration within a certain range can effectively improve the decolorization rate of the methyl orange solution. However, when the composite material is used to catalyse the degradation of organic matter in the presence of ultraviolet light or 10 MeV EB irradiation, the catalytic effect is poor or substantially ineffective. In addition, a hybrid mechanism is proposed; BaF 2 absorbs γ-rays to generate radioluminescence and further excites TiO 2 to generate photo-charges. Due to the heterojunction effect, the resulting photo-charge will produce more active particles. This seems to be a possible mechanism to explain γ-irradiation's catalytic behaviour.

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Hontoria, Leocadio, Catalina Rus-Casas, Juan Aguilar y Jesús Hernandez. "An Improved Method for Obtaining Solar Irradiation Data at Temporal High-Resolution". Sustainability 11, n.º 19 (24 de septiembre de 2019): 5233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195233.

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Solar irradiation that is received on a terrestrial surface at minor scale of an hour does not have many records, since the current solar irradiation databases generally only have data recorded on a daily (most) and hourly (some less) scale. For places where there are no records of solar irradiation, there are a lot of methods that are used to synthetically or artificially generate these data, and again they are usually methods that generate data on a daily or hourly scale. Currently, for all types of applications, especially in the field of photovoltaic solar energy, irradiation data are needed at minor scale of an hour. In this case, there are very few methods to generate such data. For this purpose, a new methodology to generate series of solar irradiation at temporal high-resolution. In this paper, it is presented on a 10-min basis. A comparative study with real data has been done and the conclusion, as it will be explained is that the proposed methodology provides very good results.

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50

Liu, Liu, Yu-Shi Wen, Dan Wang, Hong Yang, Xiao-Gan Dai, Chang-Gen Feng, Qiang Gan y Yang Zhou. "A new high-irradiation ignition test and diagnosis method of solid combustibles". Thermal Science, n.º 00 (2023): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci230116095l.

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This study proposes a new high-irradiation ignition test method for studying the pyrolysis and ignition of solid combustibles under extreme scenarios (> 0.1 MW?m-2). The irradiation system that generates a 10-cm octagonal spot of dynamic irradiation with a peak flux of 1.25 MW?m-2 and 95% uniformity, and a chamber with well-controlled ambient conditions and advanced diagnostics coupled with a multi-physical parameter measurement system. A verification test was conducted on corrugated cardboard using the proposed test method, resulting in high-quality outcomes with lower coefficients of variation compared to previous test methods. This improved approach provides a better procedure for testing and understanding the ignition threshold of combustible materials and laying the foundation for the development of advanced models of material pyrolysis and ignition processes under high irradiation.

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