Literatura académica sobre el tema "Iron Therapeutic use Tanzania"

Taraxacum officinale, also known as dandelion herb, is a popular medicinal and therapeutic herb used for many years and is mostly raised in Europe, Asia, North and South America. It contains several nutrients and bioactive substances, especially the leaves and roots of this herb, which are a rich source of fiber, lecithin, choline, and micronutrients such as minerals (potassium, magnesium, calcium, zinc, etc., iron) and vitamins (A, C, K, and B-complex). The root has been commonly used for digestive and liver problems due to its stimulatory effects on the production of bile and detoxification functions. The leaves of dandelion have stimulatory functions on the digestive system and possess diuretic effects. Furthermore, several studies have shown that dandelion leaves can enhance the growth and productivity of poultry. Various functions on the intestinal mucosa have been reported, including the effects on the architecture of villi, villus height/crypt depth ratio, and cellular infiltration. This herb also has various beneficial functions, such as immunomodulatory effects, stimulation of the digestive system and insulin activation, enhancing the metabolism of androgens, and acting as a probiotic, antiangiogenic, antineoplastic and demulcent. Moreover, the dandelion herb can treat indigestions and hepatitis B infection. Due to the lack of studies on the effects of dandelion, further research has to be conducted to exploit the medicinal properties of this herb for its beneficial health impact on humans, pet and livestock animals (e.g., poultry) nutrition.

Hepcidin a 25-amino-acid and highly disulfide bonded hormone, is the central regulator of iron homeostasis. In this chapter we propose ferritin as a peptide carrier to promote the association of the hybrid hepcidin/ferritin nanoparticle with a particular cell or tissue for therapeutic or diagnostic use. Indeed, human ferritin H-chain fused directly (on its 5’end) with camel mature hepcidin was cloned into the pASK-43 plus vector and expressed using BL21 (DE3) pLys E. coli strain. The transformed E.coli produced efficiently hepcidin-ferritin construct (hepcH), consisting of 213 amino acids with a molecular weight of 24 KDa. The recovered product is a ferritin exposing hepcidin on outer surface. The hepcH monomer was characterized by immunoblotting using a monoclonal antibody specific for human ferritin and a polyclonal antibody specific for hepcidin-25. The results were also confirmed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The recombinant native human ferritin and the commercial human hepcidin-25 were used as controls in this experiment. The assembly of hepcH, as an heteropolymer molecule, was performed in presence of denatured human ferritin-H and -L chains. After cysteine oxidation of the recombinant nanoparticles, cellular binding assays were performed on mammalian cells such as mouse monocyte–macrophage cell line J774, HepG2 and COS7.

Hereditary Hemochromatosis (HH) is a disorder where iron and ferritin concentrations in a patient's blood are much higher than normal healthy levels. The main therapeutic intervention for individuals with HH is removing 300-500 mL of blood every few months to maintain ferritin concentration within acceptable ranges. The blood collected during these venesections is usually discarded as there is a belief that blood with high levels of ferritin are not suitable for blood transfusion purposes. Australian Red Cross Blood Services voluntarily collects blood from donors for subsequent use in blood transfusion. Annually more than 700 thousand units are transfused within Australia and there is a constant need for new donors given the significant imbalance between supply and demand of blood products. Besides red cell transfusions, the Red Cross also issues donor blood for development of many other blood products essential for patient health care. The HH blood can currently be used for other blood products if not for red cell transfusion. However, there is evidence to suggest that there is no significant difference between the red cells of the normal healthy population compared to those from HH patients. Australian Red Cross has developed a mobile computer application (High Ferritin “app”) as they have started collecting blood from HH patients. Though there is little or no awareness about the existence and use of this High Ferritin app in general HH population, their doctors and nurses collecting their blood for therapeutic purposes. This chapter describes possibility of saving and utilizing the blood collected from hemochromatosis patients for therapeutic purposes. A national hemochromatosis patients registry, in collaboration with High Ferritin app (HFa) developed by Australian Red Cross Blood Services, accessible to the patients, their doctors and Red Cross Blood Collection Sservices 24 hours a day anywhere in the country can allow the patients to donate the blood collected for therapeutic purposes at any affiliated blood collection center in the country after they automatically get a message either by email or text message after their blood results have been reviewed by their doctor and they are required to go for venesection.

Magnetic nanofluids can be remotely heated by alternating magnetic field and have significant potential for cancer hyperthermia therapy. The heat generated by magnetic nanoparticles is typically quantified by the specific absorption rate (SAR), which represents the thermal power per unit mass of magnetic material generated in the presence of an alternating magnetic field. During hyperthermia treatment, heat dosage of tumor tissue correlates with slowing tumor growth. The therapeutic ratios of cancer can be increased with the use of biofunctionalized magnetic nanoparticles that have higher SAR for modest amplitudes of magnetic field[1]. Hence, understanding the factors that control the heat generation of magnetic nanoparticle suspensions is important to design fluids with optimized biocompatibility and functionality. In all biomedical applications, the nanoparticles must be coated on the surface to prevent their agglomeration [2], enhance biocompatibility and allow targeting to a specific area. Existing studies have shown that the SAR of nanoparticles may change in the presence of functional coating[3–5]. However, while these studies show that the coating may affect the heat generation rate, there is a limited understanding on the mechanisms that cause that changes of SAR. Hence, it is important to carry out a systematic investigation of nanoparticles similar in size but with different organic coating relevant to biomedical applications to obtain a more complete picture of the mechanisms contributing to changes in SAR. In this work, we present a review of our efforts in this area. Specifically, in our studies we are investigating the correlation between the magnetic and physical properties of commercially available nanoparticles systems and their heat generation rate. The susceptibility and SAR of suspensions of coated and uncoated iron oxide nanoparticles of similar particle size are measured. The coatings selected are highly relevant to biomedical applications and include amine and carboxyl functionalization as well as bioaffine ligands such as protein and biotin. The particle and cluster size was determined from transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and Dynamic light scattering (DLS). TEM and DLS studies suggested that clusters exist in samples. A summary of all morphological properties together with pH of each suspension is shown in Table.1. The AC magnetic susceptibility of the suspensions was measured as a function of frequency with an in-house made apparatus. Finally SAR was determined by heating the suspension in a commercial induction system and measuring the temperature rise as function of time with a fiber optic sensor. Following these measurements, the SAR values were predicted in two ways: 1) based on measured AC susceptibility and 2) based on particle physical and magnetic properties, starting from Debye model for susceptibility. The normalized predicted and experimental SAR values for all samples are also shown in Table 1. From Table 1, it was found that pH may influence aggregation as described in Ref [6], which indicated that at pH about 2 nanoparticles are highly charged preventing their aggregation while in pH in 6–10 suspensions aggregations are more significant. Normalized SAR of nanoparticle system with aggregations seems to be not related to concentration, different from the well dispersed system[7]. The carboxyl coated sample has smallest diameter and show the lowest SAR, as reported in Ref[8]. The results of suspensions of uncoated iron oxide nanoparticles as well as particles coated with amine groups show that normalized experimental SAR (NSARE) agrees relatively well with calculated SAR using experimental susceptibility (NSARC_χ″E); poor agreement was found when experimental susceptibility was substituted with calculated one (NSART_χ″C) using Debye model, which is developed for non-interacting magnetic particles. These results suggest that the coating do not have a direct effect on SAR. On the other hand, agglomeration, which was present in both samples, may lead to dipolar interaction between nanoparticles and enhancement in magnetic properties and SAR. For carboxyl coated sample which has negligible clustering, showed no temperature increase and zero imaginary part of susceptibility. Therefore, good agreement between Debye-model based predictions of SAR and experimental results were obtained in this sample. However, unexpected results were obtained for bioaffine ligands coated sample, where the experimental SAR values are higher than the SAR values determined based on experimental susceptibility. Protein coated sample, which has the larger clusters among the two samples, has a heat generation rate is 6 times higher than the prediction. Meanwhile, the biotin coated sample which has relatively smaller clusters show only a small increase in heat generation rate. A possible explanation for these results is the loss of superparamagnetic character and an opening in hysteresis loop at test frequency for suspensions with large clusters, which may increase the dissipated power above that produced by the relaxation heat losses [9]. Above results show that coating had little effect on SAR. On the other hand, aggregations and clusters may significantly affect SAR, possibly due to dipolar interaction between nanoparticles in suspensions with relatively small clusters or loss of superparmagnetic characters when very large clusters are present.

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are considered the major cause of death worldwide. Therapeutic delivery to the cardiovascular system may play an important role in the successful treatment of a variety of CVDs, including atherosclerosis, ischemic-reperfusion injury, and microvascular diseases. Despite their clinical benefits, current therapeutic drugs are hindered by their short half-life and systemic side effects. This limitation could be overcome using controlled drug release with the potential for targeted drug delivery using a nanomedicine approach. In the current study, we have assessed the use of a highly porous nano-sized preparation of iron-based Metal-organic Framework (MOF) commonly referred to as MIL-89 as potential drug carriers in the cardiovascular system. Aims: To assess the effect of MOFs on the viability and cytotoxicity of human vascular cells and the cellular uptake in vitro, and the organ-system toxicity of MOF in vivo using the Zebrafish model. Methods: Human pulmonary endothelial cells (HPAECs) and pulmonary smooth muscle cells (HPASMCs) were treated with variable concentrations of MOFs. The viability, cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory effects were measured using AlamarBlue, LDH assay and ELISA. The cellular uptake of MOFs were assessed using light, confocal, and transmission electron microscopes and EDS analysis. Moreover, Zebrafish embryos were cultured and treated with MOFs-nanoparticles at 0 hours post fertilization (hpf) followed by different organ-specific assays at 24, 48, and 72 hpf. Results: Although MOFs affect the viability at high concentrations, it does not cause any significant cytotoxicity on HPAECs and HPASMCs. Interestingly, MOFs were shown to have an anti-inflammatory effect. Microscopic images showed an increased (concentration-dependent) cellular uptake of MOFs and transfer to daughter cells in both cell types. Moreover, the in vivo study showed that high concentrations of MOFs delay zebrafish embryos hatching and cause heart deformation, which is currently investigated using cardiotoxicity markers. Conclusion: MOFs is a promising nanoparticle prototypes for drug delivery in the cardiovascular system with high cellular uptake and anti-inflammatory effects. Further investigations of MOFs, including diseased models and drug- loaded formulation is required.

In the case of type II diabetes, the most important preventive and therapeutic effect gives a diet with a minimal amount of easily digestible carbohydrates. Vegetable juices are posi-tioned as healthy food, because of the high content of phenolic and other biologically active compounds. However, due to the high glycemic index, juices are contraindicated in obesity, and diabetes, while juices with a reduced glycemic index, are not available on the market. We have developed a technology for the fractionation of red beetroot juice based on molecular mass using ultrafiltration. The resulting fraction stimulates the absorption of iron, increases blood hemoglobin level, and enhances capillary blood flow more effectively than native juice does. Both effects are important for patients with diabetes because the impaired blood supply to tissues and organs is an important pathogenetic factor in the development of diabetic renal failure, blindness, and gangrene. The sugar content in fractionated beetroot juice is 5–7%, which makes its use in diabetes problematic. The purpose of the study was to develop a technology for removing sugar from fractionated red beetroot juice and assessing the safety of its functional properties. The fractionated native red beetroot juice and fractionated fermented juice were studied. Fermentation was carried out using pre-activated yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It was found that after 5-day fermentation, the sugar content in the fermented fractionated juice fell to 0.5–0.7%, while maintaining functional activity.