Tesis sobre el tema "IRM structurale"
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Danet, Lola. "Recollection et familiarité chez 12 patients présentant un infarctus thalamique gauche : étude comportementale, en imagerie structurale et fonctionnelle de repos". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30335/document.
Texto completoRecognition memory allows determining whether a stimulus has been previously encountered based on either a rapid detection process (familiarity) or a longer retrieval of the context associated with the stimulus (recollection). Aggleton and Brown's model (1999) and Aggleton and colleagues (2011) postulated that recollection and familiarity are anatomically and functionally independent. They hypothesized that the anterior nucleus (AN) / mamillothalamic tract (MTT) complex of the thalamus would be critical for recollection due to its connections with the hippocampus. The Mediodorsal (MD) nucleus would support familiarity owing to its links with the perirhinal cortex. In this thesis we tested this independence hypothesis. The 12 subjects with a pure left thalamic infarction were included along with a healthy matched control group. Every subject underwent a neuropsychological assessment, three experimental verbal recognition memory tasks, a high-resolution structural volumetric MRI scan and resting state functional imaging. Recollection and familiarity estimations were derived from subjective reports or responses categorization. We specifically developed the methods used to automatically analyse the volume and localization of the lesions. Patients performed worse than controls on verbal memory and to a lesser extent on executive tasks (Study 1). Most of the lesions were located in the MD while no lesion of the AN was found. The seven patients exhibiting MTT damage had the lowest memory performance (Studies 1 and 2). Recollection was lower in patients than in controls in all the three tasks whereas familiarity was systematically normal. In addition we found a significant correlation between the recollection index and the DM damage, suggesting that DM is directly involved in recollection (Article 2). Finally the functional connectivity results showed a correlation between recollection and a pattern of thalamofrontal disconnection in the patients, helping to understand the DM-recollection relationship. Overall, the findings of the different studies mean that i\ AN damage is rare and is not necessary to cause an amnesia, ii\ MD damage is sufficient to cause a recollection impairment but not necessary to impair familiarity, iii\ MTT damage predicts the severity of the amnesia, iv\ the network linking functionally the MD with the prefrontal cortex seems to be involved in the subjective experience associated with recognition memory
Leroy, François. "Etude Méthodologique et Structurale du Développement Cérébral en IRM : Application aux Aires du Langage dans une Population de Nourrissons". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00633171.
Texto completoLeroy, François. "Etude méthodologique et structurale du développement cérébral en IRM : applications aux aires du langage dans une population de nourrissons". Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066800.
Texto completoNewborns not only recognize their mother tongue at birth but are also capable of distinguishing far better than their mothers the totality of sounds of languages spoken on earth. What is the particular organization of the human brain that permits such linguistic abilities? During my Ph. D. , I studied language areas in the brain’s anatomy to better understand the early acquisition of language in life. Anatomy was described and analyzed by using magnetic resonance images (MRI) on infant brains. With the help of Neurospin research teams, I built the following methodological tools: We first proposed a cortical segmentation framework to deal with the weak image contrast during the first months of life. This method is based on several image properties of tissues and requires no atlas. Two initial segmentations, which are set on each side of the cortex, are deformed so as to converge at the gray-white matter interface. Segmentation results were very good for younger infants, i. E. , neonates (Dice coefficient = 0. 89). Then, we defined a maturation index based on the cortical image intensity. As it was expected, the index strongly increased with age in every region of interest (R2=0. 88). Index variations are most likely due to a decrease of water content related to membrane proliferation. In MR images, we manually drew cortical sulci within language areas. We then measured asymmetry and maturation indices along these sulci. Early organization was found in language areas close to the one reported in adults for both indices. A little-known depth asymmetry was found at the superior temporal sulcus. The deepest part of this sulcus onthe right hemisphere might be a lifelong landmark, whereas the shallower left sulcus would be related to a more segmented pattern. Also, we characterized the early forward and upward shift of the posterior end of the right Sylvian fissure. Moreover we confirmed the asymmetrical sizes of both the planum temporale and the Heschl’s gyrus. These asymmetries might be related to a larger connectivity in the left areas as well as to interhemispheric differences in processing auditory stimuli, specifically speech. As for the maturation index, the index value of the Broca’s area was far from being the lowest among language areas, which is at odds with the common opinion that prefrontal regions are immature at birth. We also reported a decrease of the maturation index along a dorso-ventral axis in the temporal lobe, consistent with the hierarchical organization of linguistic processes. Last of all, maturation indices of both Broca’s area and the posterior part of the superior temporal sulcus were correlated with another developmental index (fractional anisotropy) in the arcuate fasciculus. This correlation suggests the early development of the linguistic dorsal pathway between Broca’s area and temporo-parietal regions. We discuss in the end the genetic origins and mechanisms of this organization, suggesting that some innate modules might be dedicated to process speech. The results presented in this thesis bring further questions: if the asymmetry of the superior temporal sulcus means a more segmented pattern on the left hemisphere, what are the consequences of such segmentation on the linguistic processes? Furthermore, what role does the dorsal pathway play in language lateralization?
Suprano, Ilaria. "Étude de la connectivité cérébrale par IRM fonctionnelle et de diffusion dans l’intelligence". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1282.
Texto completoThe idea that intelligence is embedded not only in specific brain regions, but also in efficient brain networks has grown up. Indeed, human brain organization is believed to rely on complex and dynamic networks in which the communication between cerebral regions guarantees an efficient transfer of information. These recent concepts have led us to explore the neural bases of intelligence using both advanced MRI techniques in combination with graph analysis. On one hand, advanced MRI techniques, such as resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) and diffusion MRI (dMRI) allow the exploration of respectively the functional and the structural brain connectivity while on the other hand, graph theory models allow the characterization of brain networks properties at different scales, thanks to global and local metrics. The aim of this thesis is to characterize the topology of functional and structural brain networks in children and in adults with an intelligence quotient higher (HIQ) than standard levels (SIQ). First, we focused our attention on a children population with different cognitive characteristics. Two HIQ profiles, namely homogeneous (Hom-HIQ) and heterogeneous HIQ (Het-HIQ), have been defined based on clinical observations and Intelligence Quotient (IQ) sub-tests. Using resting-state fMRI techniques, we examined the functional network topology changes, estimating the "hub disruption index", in these two HIQ profiles. We found significant topological differences in the integration and segregation properties of brain networks in HIQ compared to SIQ children, for the whole brain graph, for each hemispheric graph, and for the homotopic connectivity. These brain networks changes resulted to be more pronounced in Het-HIQ subgroup. Finally, we found significant correlations between the graph networks’ changes and the full-scale IQ, as well as some intelligence subscales. These results demonstrated for the first time, that different HIQ profiles are related to a different neural substrate organization. Then, the structural brain network connectivity, measured by dMRI in all HIQ children, were significantly different than in SIQ children. Also, we found strong correlations between the children brain networks density and their intelligence scores. Furthermore, several correlations were found between integration graph metrics suggesting that intelligence performances are probably related to a homogeneous network organization. These findings demonstrated that intelligence neural substrate is based on a strong white matter microarchitecture of the major fiber-bundles and a well-balanced network organization between local and global scales. This children population was finally studied using a memory-word task of fMRI. Significant changes were observed between both HIQ and SIQ groups. This study confirms our hypothesis that both HIQ profiles are characterized by a different brain activity, with stronger evidences in Het-HIQ children. Finally, we investigated both functional and structural connectivity in a population of adults HIQ. We found several correlations between graph metrics and intelligence sub-scores. As well as for the children population, high cognitive abilities of adults seem to be related brain structural and functional networks organization with a decreased modularity. In conclusion, the sensitivity of graph metrics based on advanced MRI techniques, such as rs-fMRI and dMRI, was demonstrated to be very helpful to provide a better characterization of children and adult HIQ, and further, to distinguish different intelligence profiles in children
Ali, Pauline. "Exploration en IRM cérébrale des capacités de marche chez les sujets âgés à travers le spectre cognitif : Substrat neuronal du contrôle de la marche volontaire". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Angers, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ANGE0043.
Texto completoThe process of aging is associated with a decline in physical and functional performance, which can be attributed to a multitude of factors, including genetic, biological and environmental influences. Such decline may become pathological, affecting specific functions. Cognitive and mobility impairment frequently coexist, and subjects exhibiting gait alterations are at an elevated risk of developing dementia. These associations between cognitive and mobility capacities are underscored by neurological alterations that are common to these functions. This thesis investigates the associations between gait and cognitive capacities across older adults, with the objective of identifying the neural substrate associated with gait parameters.The study analyzed three cohorts (IRMarche, GAIT from Angers University Hospital, Gait&Brain from Western Ontario University) comprising older adults (over 60 years) with varying cognitive statuses (cognitively healthy, mild cognitive impairment and people with dementia). The current study employs structural brain magnetic resonance imaging to examine the relationship between brain structure and gait capacity. Finally, a spectroscopy analysis with a voxel localized in the primary motor cortex was conducted to examine the link between neurometabolite changes and dual-task gait performance in MCI. A first study demonstrates that dual-task gait speed (while naming animals) is a more effective method for distinguishing cognitive statuses, making it a promising approach for screening tests. The remaining articles identified specific brain regions associated with gait parameters, with these varying according to the cognitive status of the subjects. Furthermore, the neural substrate of high dual-task cost (DTC, while counting backwards by ones) provide insight into why individuals with MCI with higher DTC progress to dementia. This thesis offers novel insights into the cerebral mechanisms associated with cognitive and gait decline. Additional studies employing other neuroimaging techniques are necessary to fully elucidate these findings
Vigneau-Roy, Nicolas. "Structure et fonction du cerveau : lien entre la densité vasculaire régionale et l'amplitude du signal BOLD". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6370.
Texto completoTran, dong Minh Ngoc Thien Kim. "Connectome structurel des réseaux neuronaux des patients d’épisode dépressif caractérisé étudié en IRM de tenseur de diffusion et de tractographie". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS082/document.
Texto completoMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is expanding on worldwide. Functional and volumetric imaging found abnormal activities and reductions in cerebral gray matter in MDD patients. However, the pattern of brain connections (structural connectome) of MDD patients in diffusion imaging remains unclear. The objective of this work is to study the structural connectome of MDD patients. For 3 years from 03/2014 to 03/2017, 56 MDD patients and 31 healthy controls (HC) were included in the study. All of these patients received the same venlafaxine depression treatment and were followed for 3 months. They received clinical evaluation and anatomical MRI and cerebral diffusion at baseline and at 3 months. HC are evaluated once at inclusion. At 3 months, 37 out of 56 patients completed all assessments. The old use of the antidepressant drugs (AD) and the previous episode of depression have been found to be related to the increased and decreased of cerebral anisotropy in depressed patients, respectively. No differences in cerebral anisotropy between patients and HC at baseline and at 3 months of treatment were detected. The response to AD is not related to patients’ cerebral anisotropy at baseline and at 3 months. The topography of the connections seems modified but not significant. This result showed for the first time 2 opposing affections of AD and depression on the cerebral structural connectome in long term
Abdelaziz, Salih. "Développement d'un système robotique pour la radiologie interventionnelle sous IRM". Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00801844.
Texto completoTeillac, Achille. "Tractographie globale sous contraintes anatomiques". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS357/document.
Texto completoThis work aims at developing a method inferring white matter fibers reconstructed using a global spin-glass approach constrained by anatomical prior knowledge. Unlike usual methods building fibers independently from one another, our markovian approach reconstructs the whole tractogram in an unique process by minimizing the global energy depending on the spin glass configuration (position, orientation, length and connection(s)) and the match with the local diffusion process in order to increase the robustness and the accuracy of the algorithm and the anatomical reliability of the reconstructed fibers. Thus, the work done during this PhD, along with the development of the global tractography algorithm, consisted in studying the feasibility of the anatomical prior knowledge integration stemming from the T1 weighted MRI and from new diffusion MRI microstructure approaches providing microstructural information of the surrounding tissue. In particular, the algorithm was built to allow a high fiber curvature when getting closer to the cortical ribbon and thus enabling the connection not only at the end of the gyri but also on their sides. The NODDI (Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging) model has become more and more popular during the past years thanks to its capability to be used in clinical routine and allows to quantify neurite density and axons angular dispersion. A high dispersion means the existence of different fibers population or a high curvature of a fascicle within a voxel. Thus, the orientation dispersion has been used in our global tractography framework to release the curvature constraint near the cerebral cortex when the angular dispersion is high, allowing fibers to orientate collinear to the local normal to the cortical surface. However, this constraint is removed if the angular dispersion stays low, meaning a low curvature fiber trajectory following the example of the fibers projecting to the end of a gyrus or the U-fibers. The performances of this new tractography approach constrained by anatomical prior knowledge have been evaluated on simulated data, and tested on high resolution post-mortem MRI acquisitions and millimetric resolution in vivo MRI acquisitions. In parallel of this methodological development, a study about local-regional correlations between neurite density and cerebral activation on the cortical surface has been made. This study has been conducted on the healthy volunteers cohort scanned in the frame of the European CONNECT project including anatomical, diffusion and functional data. The anatomical data has been used to extract the pial surface and an individual parcellation on the cortical surface for each volunteer, the diffusion data has been used to evaluate the individual maps of neurite density within the cortical ribbon and the functional data from the BOLD (Blood Oxygen Level Dependent) effect has been used to calculate the individual z-scores of the general linear model for specific contrasts investigating the motor, language and visual networks. A co-localization of neurite density and activation peaks has been observed, which might indicate an increase of the neurite density within functional networks in order to increase its efficiency. This study also corroborates the lateralization of the language functional network and the motor one, in good agreement with the population lateralization, while an increase of the neurite density in the visual cortex has been observed which might be correlated to the results of visuo-spatial attention studies described in the literature on the non-human primate
Song, Tianqi. "Détection et caractérisation des plis-de-passage sur la surface du cortex cérébral : de la morphologie à la connectivité". Thesis, Ecole centrale de Marseille, 2021. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03789664.
Texto completoThe surface of the cerebral cortex is very convoluted, with a large number of folds, the cortical sulci. Moreover, these folds are extremely variable from one individual to another. This great variability is a problem for many applications in neuroscience and brain imaging. One central problem is that cerebral sulci are not the good unit to describe folding over the cortical surface. In particular, their geometry (shape) and topology (branches, number of pieces) are very variable. “Plis de passages” (PPs) or “annectant gyri” can explain part of the variability. The concept of PPs was first introduced by Gratiolet (1854) to describe transverse gyri that interconnect both sides of a sulcus, are frequently buried in the depth of these sulci, and are sometimes apparent on the cortical surface. As an interesting feature of the cortical folding process, the underlying structural connectivity of PPs also generated a lot of interest. However, the difficulty of identifying PPs and the lack of systematic methods to automatically detecting them limited their use. This thesis aims to detect and characterise the PPs on the cortical surface from both morphology and connectivity aspects. It was structured around two main research axes: 1. Definition of a machine learning-based PPs detection process using their geometrical (or morphological) characteristics. 2. Investigate the relationships between PPs and their un- derlying structural connectivity, and further development of multi-modal machine learning models. In the first part, we present a method to detect the PPs on the cortex automatically according to the local morphological characteristics proposed in (Bodin et al., 2021), To record the local morphological patterns for each vertex on the cortical surface, we used the cortical surface profiling method (Li et al., 2010). After that, the three-dimensional PP recognition problem is converted to a two-dimensional image classification problem of class-imbalance where more points in the STS are non-PPs than PPs. To solve this case, we propose an ensemble SVM model (EnsSVM) with a rebalancing strategy. Experimental results and quantitative statistics analyses show the effectiveness and robustness of our method. In the second part, we study the structural connectivity, particularly short-range U-fibers, underlying the location of PPs, and propose a new approach to study the density of U-fiber terminations on the cortical surface. We hypothesize that the PPs are located in regions of high density of intercrossing U-fibers termination. Indeed, our statistical analyses show a robustness correlation between PPs and U-fibers termination density. Moreover, we discuss the impact of connectivity heterogeneity in the STS on the machine learning results, and the myelin map is then used as a supplement to the structural connectivity
Lagadec, Saioa. "Dépression post-AVC : apport d’une double approche de neuroimagerie et enquête en vie quotidienne". Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR21927/document.
Texto completo30% of stroke survivors will experience Post-Stroke Depression (PSD) that is associated to a poor quality of life. PSD is still under-diagnosed due to the absence of clear diagnostic criteria and its pathophysiology remains unknown. The aim of this study was to identify early imaging and psychiatric risk factors of depression 3 months after stroke. Patients with a first ischemic stroke, without any neurologic and psychiatric history were included. Daily-life symptoms were evaluated using ESM 10 days after stroke. Brain MRI acquisition was performed at 10 days after stroke including DWI, FLAIR/T2, resting state fMRI and anatomical sequences. We explored the association between 1/ the severity of depressive symptoms and MRI data 2/ the severity of depressive symptoms and ESM data 3/ the severity of depressive symptoms measured by ESM and MRI data.Results revealed a modification of the functional connectivity between posterior structures of the DMN (Default Mode Network) and between the middle temporal cortex and the DMN. In the acute phase, depressed patients presented either high fatigue and anhedonia or another profile including high anxiety, negative thoughts and emotional reactivity which is associated to the risk of depression 3 months after stroke. Moreover, we demonstrated that functional connectivity modifications within the DMN and the cerebellum grey matter were respectively associated to emotional reactivity and the frequency of positive and negative thoughts.In conclusion, modifications of the DMN were implicated in the physiopathology of PSD in the same way that major or vascular depression, with a specificity represented by the new contribution of the middle temporal cortex within the DMN. Furthermore, this study suggests that more than a stroke lesion, anterior psychobiological vulnerabilities of an individual patient could mediate PSD occurrence
Mouchet-Mages, Sabine. "Corrélats structuraux des anomalies neurologiques mineures dans la schizophrénie". Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066345.
Texto completoPron, Alexandre. "Etude de la connectivité structurelle des faisceaux d'association courts de la substance blanche du cerveau humain en IRM de diffusion". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0391.
Texto completoShort association fibres (U-shaped fibres) of the white matter connect cortical territories located in adjacent gyri. In vivo estimation of the spatial extent of these fibres requires diffusion-weighted MRI data (dMRI) with high spatial and angular resolution to limit the effect of partial volume at the cortex/white substance interface and to capture the complexity of the fibre patterns. Such data require appropriate pre-processing methods. In addition, the quantitative study of the connectivity of these fibres requires the implementation of advanced tractography and filtering strategies for the tractograms obtained. In this context, we have developed Diffuse (https://github.com/MecaLab/Brainvisa-Diffuse), a toolbox dedicated to dMRI data processing that interfaces state-of-the-art methods for pre-treatment, local modelling and estimation of fibre trajectories by tractography. Using Diffuse, we quantified the impact of six artefact correction chains typically used in dMRI data processing on subsequent local modelling and tractography steps (Brun et al. 2019). The second contribution to this thesis proposes to describe the connectivity of the U-shaped fibres of a sulcus by defining a new continuous representation space (Pron et al. 2018). This space was used to characterize the anatomical connectivity of the short association fibers of the central sulcus of 100 right-handed subjects from the Human Connectome Project's high-quality MRI database
Rayyan, Ahmad I. "Evaluation of the frontal solver on the IBM PC". Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91062.
Texto completoM.S.
Tchekiken, El Hadi. "Estimation de l'orientation 3D du cœur : une approche basée sur l'analyse de la structure spatio-temporelle de l'électrocardiogramme orthogonal". Lyon, INSA, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ISAL0008.
Texto completoThis work is about the estimation of the 3D orientation of the heart from the orthogonal electrocardiogram. The long term objective is to perform a spatio-temporal ECG-gated echocardiography technique for the acquisition of serial, but comparable images during a stress echocardiography test. We first propose a method for the determination of the position of the successive spatio-temporal QRS and T loops with reference to the body coordinates system. We determine the inertia axes which define a new coordinates system closely related to the loop's preferential space. We then study the spatial and the structural reproducibility of the ECG loops for body posture, respiration and stress. The obtained results have confirmed the beat-to-beat reproducibility and evidenced the correlation between the position of the heart and the spatial position of the ECG loops. Starting from the hypothesis that the QRS and T loops are tied to the heart, we have developed a method to estimate the orientation of any anatomic axis of the heart. For the evaluation, we proposed two approaches which allow the confrontation of the electric and the anatomic positions of the heart. The first approach is based on the spatial determination of echocardiographic planes of the four chambers and the second one on the 3D MRI of the thorax and the heart. The results show that there is a correlation between electric and anatomic positions of the heart. In this work, we also evidenced that our method is suitable for the estimation of the changes of the beat-to-beat orientation of the heart. Hence, we can consider the development of a spatio-temporal ECG-gated echocardiography technique
Lesage, Florian. "Etude structurale et fonctionnelle de canaux k+ de type shaker, isk et irk". Nice, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NICE4824.
Texto completoPierre, Louapre Céline. "Corrélats structuraux et fonctionnels de l'atteinte cognitive précoce au cours de la sclérose en plaques". Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066423/document.
Texto completoSevere cognitive impairment involving multiple cognitive domains can occur early during the course of multiple sclerosis (MS). We investigated resting state functional connectivity changes in large-scale brain networks and related structural damage underlying cognitive dysfunction in patients with early MS.We included MS patients with 3 to 5 years of disease duration, either without cognitive impairment (n=20), or with cognitive impairment (n=15), and 20 controls. After a standardized neuropsychological evaluation, all subjects underwent a multimodal 3T MRI including anatomical T1 and T2 images, diffusion imaging to assess anatomical connectivity and resting state functional MRI to assess functional connectivity.Patients with cognitive dysfunction were impaired in all cognitive domains tested except for mnesic storage. Functional connectivity was altered in patients with cognitive impairment only, within associative networks relevant for cognition, especially the default mode and the attentional networks. This functional disconnection did not parallel diffusion abnormalities in white matter tracts. In patients with cognitive impairment, atrophy was localized in cortical regions connecting the default mode network. Disconnection in these networks may deprive the brain of compensatory mechanisms required to face widespread structural damage
Pascart, Tristan. "Étude des modifications osseuses de composition et de structure au cours de l’ostéonécrose de tête fémorale et corrélations étiopathogéniques IRM". Thesis, Lille 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL2S049/document.
Texto completoIntroductionThe pathophysiology and structural evolution of the osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) are poorly understood. The objectives of this thesis were to search for modifications of composition and structure of both the trabecular and the subchondral bone occurring during ONFH.MethodsA preliminary study looked into the potential modifications of bone composition induced by embalmment procedures using Raman spectroscopy in order to determine which controls are the most appropriate for comparisons with pathological bones. Femoral bones from 5 embalmed anatomical subjects were compared to femoral bones from 5 subjects that did not undergo any preservation procedure. The first work on ONFH addressed the potential modifications of trabecular bone mineral and organic physico-chemical parameters using Raman spectroscopy. The study included bone samples from femoral heads of 11 patients affected with ONFH and compared them to samples from 11 fresh anatomical subjects. The second study on ONFH addressed modifications of the subchondral bone. The study included 15 patients suffering from ONFH and 15 patients affected with hip osteoarthritis (OA) requiring joint prosthetic replacement. MRI examination that included standard medical sequences as well as experimental perfusion and DIXON sequences was performed prior to surgery. Once removed, the femoral heads were scanned using a nano-CT and samples of regions of interest were performed and analysed using histology, nano-CT with contrastenhancer marking and Raman spectroscopy.ResultsBone femoral mineral and organic composition was significantly altered in embalmed samples. Trabecular bone composition did not differ in any of the regions of interest inside the group of patients with ONFH nor in comparison with the control group of embalmed subjects after adjustment on age. The volume of the necrotic zone defined by the hypo-T1 MRI signal correlates to the volume including the sclerotic zone measured by nano-CT. Regarding the subchondral bone, preliminary results found differences of mineral and organic composition of the subchondral plate between zones of the ONFH group and with the OA group. Qualitative preliminary results from the study of biopsies analysed with the nano-CT and histology suggest that there are alterations of the subchondral plate and of the subchondral trabecular bone to a lesser extent. MRI examination with the DIXON sequence and nano-CT scans suggest that there is a decrease of the adipose content in the femoral head but an increase in the femoral neck in the ONFH group compared to the OA group.ConclusionThis work adds further evidence advocating that trabecular disorganization during ONFH is a consequence of massive alterations of the subchondral bone
Wirsich, Jonathan. "EEG-fMRI and dMRI data fusion in healthy subjects and temporal lobe epilepsy : towards a trimodal structure-function network characterization of the human brain". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM5040.
Texto completoThe understanding human brain structure and the function patterns arising from it is a central challenge to better characterize brain network pathologies such as temporal lobe epilepsies, which could help to improve the clinical predictability of epileptic surgery outcome.Brain functioning can be accessed by both electroencephalography (EEG) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), while brain structure can be measured with diffusion MRI (dMRI). We use these modalities to measure brain functioning during a face recognition task and in rest in order to link the different modalities in an optimal temporal and spatial manner. We discovered disruption of the network processing famous faces as well a disruption of the structure-function relation during rest in epileptic patients.This work broadened the understanding of epilepsy as a network disease that changes the brain on a large scale not limited to a local epileptic focus. In the future these results could be used to guide clinical intervention during epilepsy surgery but also they provide new approaches to evaluate pharmacological treatment on its functional implications on a whole brain scale
Gnedin, Nickolay Y., George D. Becker y Xiaohui Fan. "Cosmic Reionization on Computers: Properties of the Post-reionization IGM". IOP PUBLISHING LTD, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624497.
Texto completoWen, Junhao. "Structural and microstructural neuroimaging for diagnosis and tracking of neurodegenerative diseases". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS415.
Texto completoBiomarker identification and tracking in dementia are essential to better understand the pathological mechanism and disease trajectory. The current PhD aims has two main objectives. First, we aim to identify the most promising biomarkers at the presymptomatic stage of dementia. More specifically, we studied this in the case of genetic frontotemporal lobar degeneration due to C9orf72 mutation. The second objective is to advance early diagnosis and prognosis by using machine learning methods with magnetic resonance imaging data. We tackle this in the context of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease. According to these two objectives, the thesis consists of two main parts, each part comprising two studies. In the first study, biomarkers were identified from conventional T1-weighted MRI and diffusion tensor imaging model. The second study compared the sensitivity and specificity of the advanced NODDI model and to that of conventional techniques, namely T1-weighted MRI and DTI. The second part focuses on early diagnosis of AD and comprises the last two studies. The third study proposes an open source framework for reproducible evaluation of AD classification using diffusion MRI and conventional ML methods. The last study extends this framework to deep learning methods and demonstrates its use on T1-weighted MRI
Hagot, Pascal. "Evaluation de l’interaction fluide-structure dans les Voies Aériennes Supérieures par Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique". Thesis, Paris 11, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA112059/document.
Texto completoObstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a common disorder occurring in almost 3 million French people. However, current diagnosis methods are not sufficient to precisely define obstructing sites and doesn't take into account the fluid structure coupling which plays an important role during upper airway closing. During this thesis, we developed a series of tools exploring upper airway closing process. On the one hand, a screening tool of the structure and the mechanical properties of the upper airway, and on the other hand, a screening tool exploring with dynamic images of inert gases flow into the upper airway, were obtained using conventional hydrogen MRI coupled to magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) and helium-3 or fluor-19 gases MRI, respectively. Geometric and biomechanical data obtained using MRI/MRE are injected into a numerical model given the compliance and the state law of upper airway. Contributions of anatomical restriction on airway collapse are also investigated using a multi-compartmental two-dimensional fluid structure interaction model during a breath inspiration to predicted airway mechanical changes and collapse pressures. Furthermore, helium 3 and sulfur hexafluoride flow was modeled at steady state using commercial finite volume software to evaluate potential feasibility to image upper airway collapsibility during OSA. First dynamic MR imaging using sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) was obtained showing the feasibility of this technique. Using SF6, 6 times denser than air, shows a higher sensibility to upper airway obstruction. This thesis opens a new imaging modality to probe and to diagnose upper airway obstruction
Benlala, Ilyes. "Apport de l’imagerie TDM et IRM quantitative à l’étude des modifications structurales et fonctionnelles respiratoires dans les maladies obstructives chroniques des voies aériennes chez l’homme". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0291.
Texto completoChronic obstructive airway diseases are a major public health problem, characterized by chronic inflammation and airways remodeling. Imaging of the structural elements of the lungs (bronchi, bronchioles, vessels...) is essential for defining, phenotyping and following-up these diseases. Visual assessment is prone to inter-observer variability that affects its reliability. Therefore, the development of reliable and reproducible new quantitative methods is necessary. CT and MRI are the two complete imaging methods of the various structural and functional compartments of the lung. This work focused on the development and the validation of quantitative methods using CT and MRI of the lung.Using quantitative CT, we have shown that measurements of bronchial and vascular remodeling in patients with severe pulmonary hypertension (PH), a particular phenotype in COPD patients, contributed to highlight interactions between the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. We have developed a method for small airway disease quantification, tested in a chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis cohort, that may contribute to evaluate and monitor chronic obstructive airway diseases.Using quantitative MRI, we have developed a fully automated quantification technique to assess the severity of emphysema extent in COPD patients. In addition, transposing bronchial measurement methods from CT to MRI has become possible thanks to the new ultra short echo time (UTE) sequences. Thus, the quantification of bronchial remodeling at 3DUTE MRI in patients with cystic fibrosis, for whom it is necessary to reduce exposure to ionizing radiation, has shown morphological information similar to that of CT. We have also shown that automatic quantification of destructive and inflammatory phenomena by 3DUTE MRI in cystic fibrosis is a reliable and reproducible method for assessing the severity of structural alterations. Furthermore, the feasibility of an automatic quantification of T2 high signal intensity on MRI has been demonstrated and its relevance as a specific biomarker for inflammatory airway disease has been assessed.Thus, the quantitative analysis, in both CT and MRI, of various structural and functional modifications in chronic obstructive airway diseases could be a reliable method in the follow-up and the evaluation of the response to treatment in these diseases
Pasalic, Dzana [Verfasser], Johannes [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Buchner y Michael [Gutachter] Sattler. "Structural requirements for IgM oligomerization / Dzana Pasalic ; Gutachter: Michael Sattler, Johannes Buchner ; Betreuer: Johannes Buchner". München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1131253620/34.
Texto completoBiffi, Veronica. "Studying the ICM velocity structure within galaxy clusters with simulations and X-ray observations". Diss., lmu, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-143375.
Texto completoRobert, Philippe. "Adaptation des stratégies d'utilisation des agents de contraste en IRM : exemples pour la caractérisation morphologique, structurelle ou cellulaire des tissus avec des chélates de gadolinium". Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112245.
Texto completoThe MRI is a noninvasive and new technology which gives very numerous diagnostic information. It was initially used for anatomical investigations of organs but has now extended its application field to structural and functional imaging of tissues. The introduction of MR contrast agents has participated in this extension of the MRI indications by giving the images a strong and dynamic exogen contrast. This increased signal can be devoted to enhance the distinction between two different macroscopic structures (morphological imaging), to give information on the tissue functionality (structural and functional imaging) or to vizualize a microscopic phenomenon at the cellular or molecular scale (cellular and molecular imaging). We chose examples of applications in each of these three types of examinations by analysing the specific cases of (1) MR angiography, (2) tumoral imaging and (3) specific imaging of a cell carrier overexpressed in some tumors. We studied the key issues of imaging protocols in each case by comparing three different gadolinium chelates (small non specific macromolecule and functionalised chelates). We proposed a new approach in the use of contrast media such as the administration protocol (dosage, injection rate, volume), the delay between the injection and the imaging or the MRI sequence (k-space acquisition strategy, spatial resolution)
Vassal, François. "Le Connectome du Langage dans le cerveau humain : étude structurelle et foncionnelle en tractographie par Imagerie tensorielle de diffusion, IRM fonctionnelle et stimulation électrique peropératoire". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF1MM12.
Texto completoThe langage connectome is defined as the neuronal networks that subserve languagefunctions. Anatomically, it comprises specialized cortical areas and modulatory subcortical areas (i.e. deepgray nuclei and cerebellum), as well as their interconnections trough white matter (WM) fascicles.Although brain regions involved in language have been largely explored thanks to functional MRI (fMRI)and intraoprative electrical stimulation (IES), the underlying WM connectivity is still not mastered. It isnot only unknown which WM fascicles specifically contribute to language, but there is also much debateabout their precise anatomy and the functions they subserve during language processing. Betterunderstanding of the structural and functional organization of the language connectome is requisite toreduce postoperative morbidity in neurosurgery and develop targeted treatments for aphasiarehabilitation. Herein, our objective was to map structurally and functionally, in vivo, the subcorticalconnectivity of language. First, we conducted a preclinical study in 20 healthy subjects, combining DTItractography and fMRI (reading comprehension task) to yield connectivity associated with language. Weexplored 8 WM fascicles that have been proposed as putative candidates for language —i.e. arcuatefascicle, superior longitudinal fascicle, inferior fronto-occipital fascicle, uncinate fascicle, inferiorlongitudinal fascicle, middle longitudinal fascicle, operculopremotor fascicle, frontal aslant tract—, towhich we assigned functionality by tracking their connections to the fMRI-derived clusters. We generateda normative database of anatomical characteristics for each WM fascicle, such as volume, length, corticalterminations and their interhemispheric and interindividual variations. By using this construct, weprovided in explicit details the structural map of the language connectome. Second, this body ofknowledge was transposed to brain tumor surgery. Patients suffering of gliomas located close to languageregions were operated on under local anesthesia (i.e. awake surgery) in order to perform intraoperativelanguage mapping (object naming task). Essential language sites were localized through IES andanatomically characterized thanks to navigated tractography images. This intraoperative protocol allowedmaximum tumor resection while preserving language functions. Furthermore, it gave us a uniqueopportunity to perform reliable, real-time structure – function relationships, determining the role of 5WM fascicles (arcuate fascicle, inferior fronto-occipital fascicle, frontal aslant tract, orofacial premotorfibers, frontostriatal fascicle) in different subcomponents of language, i.e. phonological processing,semantic processing, articulatory planning, motor control and executive/cognitive control of verbalresponse. Globally considered, our results allow a better understanding of the anatomo-functionalorganization of the language network in the human brain. Beyond the scientific interest, the possibility toconstruct the individual (patient-specific) connectome paves the way for major applications inneurosurgery, in the perspective of personalized medicine. Today, the maximum safe resection of braintumors located in eloquent language areas, guided by navigated, multimodal images. Tomorrow, thedevelopment of new treatments for rehabilitation of post-stroke aphasia patients, such as the targeteddelivery of drugs, stem cells, or neuromodulation devices, fitting with the residual functional connectivityspared by the lesion
Paradis, Anne-Lise. "Exploration par IRM fonctionnelle de la perception visuelle des formes tridimensionnelles ; dessin de paradigmes d'acquisition et outils d'analyse appliqués au domaine de la vision". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Sorbonne - Paris IV, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00157092.
Texto completoGrenier, Alexandre. "Caractérisation par IRM et modélisation de transferts thermiques dans une matrice à structure alvéolée évolutive : application à la congélation, décongélation : pousse d'un pâton de pain". Nantes, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NANT2095.
Texto completoWagner, Muriel. "Suivi local et dynamique par IRM lors de la cuisson du pain et étude des mécanismes contrôlant la mise en place de la structure alvéolaire". Massy, ENSIA, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005EIAA0152.
Texto completoThe objective of this PhD was to improve understanding of the physical mechanisms underlying the bread transformation during baking. Continuous methods based on MR image analysis were developped to measure during baking the local porosity and water content. In parallel a theoretical study of these mechanisms and a monodimensional model were developed, taking into account of the crust formation, the passage pf a closed porous structure to a continuous, the mechanism of evaporation condensation diffusion and the dough viscosity variation. The confrontation of both approaches confirmed the idea that baking plays an important part in bread porous structure formation. This study highlighted that the expansion is not uniform and that the crust plays a major role as a constraint for the total and local expansion. The results of this study also confirmed that the evaporation-condensation-diffusion mechanim takes place during baking
Paquette, Michael. "Modélisation locale en imagerie par résonance magnétique de diffusion : de l'acquisition comprimée au connectome". Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11179.
Texto completoNempont, Olivier. "Modèles structurels flous et propagation de contraintes pour la segmentation et la reconnaissance d'objets dans les images : application aux structures normales et pathologiques du cerveau en IRM". Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005269.
Texto completoBeaujoin, Justine. "Post mortem inference of the human brain microstructure using ultra-high field magnetic resonance imaging with strong gradients". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS448/document.
Texto completoThe aim of ultra-high field strength (≥7T) and ultra-strong gradient systems (≥300mT/m) is to go beyond the millimeter resolution imposed at lower field and to reach the mesoscopic scale in neuroimaging. This scale is essential to understand the link between brain structure and function. However, despite recent technological improvements of clinical UHF-MRI, gradient systems remain too limited to reach this resolution. This thesis aims at answering the need for mapping the human brain at a mesoscopic scale by the study of post mortem samples. An alternative approach has been developed, based on the use of preclinical systems equipped with ultra-high fields (7T/11.7T) and strong gradients (780mT). After its extraction and fixation at Bretonneau University Hospital (Tours), an entire human brain specimen was scanned on a 3T clinical system, before separating its two hemispheres and cutting each hemisphere into seven blocks that could fit into the small bore of an 11.7T preclinical system. An MRI acquisition protocol targeting a mesoscopic resolution was then set up at 11.7T. This protocol, including anatomical, quantitative, and diffusion-weighted sequences, was validated through the study of two key structures: the hippocampus and the brainstem. From the high resolution anatomical and diffusion dataset of the human hippocampus, it was possible to segment the hippocampal subfields, to extract the polysynaptic pathway, and to observe a positive gradient of connectivity and neuritic density in the posterior-anterior direction of the hippocampal formation. The use of advanced microstructural models (NODDI) also highlighted the potential of these techniques to reveal the laminar structure of the Ammon’s horn. A high resolution anatomical and diffusion MRI dataset was obtained from the human brainstem with an enhanced resolution of a hundred micrometers. The segmentation of 53 of its 71 nuclei was performed at the Bretonneau University Hospital, making it the most complete MR-based segmentation of the human brainstem to date. Major white matter bundles were reconstructed, as well as projections of the locus coeruleus, a structure known to be impaired in Parkinson’s disease. Buoyed by these results, a dedicated acquisition campaign targeting the entire left hemisphere was launched for total scan duration of 10 months. The acquisition protocol was performed at 11.7T and included high resolution anatomical sequences (100/150μm) as well as 3D diffusion-weighted sequences (b=1500/4500/8000 s/mm², 25/60/90 directions, 200μm). In addition, T1-weighted inversion recovery turbo spin echo scans were performed at 7T to further investigate the myeloarchitecture of the cortical ribbon at 300µm, revealing its laminar structure. A new method to automatically segment the cortical layers was developed relying on a Gaussian mixture model integrating both T1-based myeloarchitectural information and diffusion-based cytoarchitectural information. The results gave evidence that the combination of these two contrasts highlighted the layers of the visual cortex, the myeloarchitectural information favoring the extraction of the outer layers and the neuritic density favoring the extraction of the deeper layers. Finally, the analysis of the MRI dataset acquired at 11.7T on the seven blocks required the development of a preprocessing pipeline to correct artifacts and to reconstruct the entire hemisphere using advanced registration methods. The aim was to obtain an ultra-high spatio-angular resolution MRI dataset of the left hemisphere, in order to establish a new mesoscopic post mortem MRI atlas of the human brain, including key information about its structure, connectivity and microstructure
Zhu, Chuanqi. "Essays on macroeconometrics". Thesis, Boston College, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:104398.
Texto completoThis dissertation contains three chapters in theoretical Macroeconometrics and applied Macroeconometrics. This first chapter addresses the issues related to the estimation, testing and computation of ordered structural breaks in multivariate linear regressions. Unlike common breaks, ordered structural breaks are those breaks that are related across equations but not necessarily occurring at the same dates. A likelihood ratio test assuming normal errors is proposed in this chapter in order to detect the ordered structural breaks in multivariate linear regressions. The estimation of ordered structural breaks uses quasi-maximum likelihood and adopts the efficient algorithm of Bai and Perron (2003). I also provide results about the consistency and rate of convergence when searching for ordered structural breaks. Finally, these methods are applied to one empirical example: the mean growth rate of output in three European countries and United States. This second chapter focuses on the parameter stability of dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models. To this end, I solve and estimate a representative New Keynesian model using both linear and nonlinear methods. I first examine how nonlinearities affect the parameter stability of the New Keynesian model. The results show that parameter instabilities still exist even using nonlinear solutions, and also highlight differences between two nonlinear solution methods: perturbation method and projection method. In addition, I propose a sequential procedure for searching for multiple structural breaks in nonlinear models, and apply it to the New Keynesian model. Two common structural breaks among these estimated parameters are identified for all the five solutions considered in this chapter. One structural break is in the early 1970s, while another one locates around the middle 1990s. In the third chapter, we investigate changes in long run productivity growth in the United States. In particular, we approach productivity growth from a sectoral perspective, and decompose the whole economy into two broad sectors: investment goods-producing sector and consumption goods-producing sector. Although the evidence of changes in the aggregate productivity growth is far from obvious at conventional test size, we find evidence of structural breaks in the sectoral productivity growth using both growth accounting and DSGE model based measures. There are two structural breaks in investment goods-producing sector using growth accounting measures, which indicates that the era of investment and productivity boom in the middle 1990s may have ended before the Great Recession. In addition, our results show there is one structural break in consumption goods-producing sector around the 1970s and attribute the aggregate productivity slowdown at that time to consumption goods-producing sector. These results are broadly consistent with Ireland and Schuh (2008). Our results offer up with a modestly pessimistic outlook on future productivity growth and, therefore, potential output
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2013
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Economics
Najafi, Peyman. "Mécanismes centraux du prurit chronique : imagerie cérébrale fonctionnelle et structurelle". Thesis, Brest, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BRES0004.
Texto completoDespite recent advances in studying itch, central mechanisms underlying its perception and any possible disruption to them caused by pathologies are relatively unknown. Herein we have studied central mechanism of itch perception in two pathologies Psoriasis and Urticaria (to a smaller degree), while comparing them to a healthy control group. For this goal 14 psoriasis patients, 15 healthy control and 2 Urticaria subjects were recruited. Itch was mentally induced in subjects during their MRI session by videos showing others scratching themselves; a phenomenon known as contagious itch. fMRI, DTI and anatomical images were acquired during this study. Our results show that parts of the brain network that is tasked with itch perception is more interconnected in psoriatic patients compared to healthy volunteers for equivalent levels of induced itch. In addition, the increase in structural connectivity reflects that the perceptual-motor aspects of scratching and its hyperactivity can induce long-term changes in patients' brain’s white matter microstructure
Popov, Alexandros. "Global inference of the structural connectivity of white matter fiber bundles using deep learning approaches and microstructural prior knowledge". Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2022. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03789629.
Texto completoMapping the structural connectivity of the human brain is a major scientific challenge. Describing the trajectory and connections made by the hundred billion neurons that make up the brain is a titanic and multi-scale task.The major fiber bundles have been described by classical anatomical approaches since the 20th century. These studies also revealed the existence of shorter bundles, called superficial bundles, that ensure the connectivity between neighboring anatomical regions. The small size and complex shape of these bundles set a serious challenge to their visualization, so that their description remains under discussion to this day.The first research axis of this thesis aims at pushing the limits of diffusion MRI and proposing a new ex-vivo dataset of the whole human brain, called Chenonceau, dedicated to the characterization of the fine connectivity of the brain.The dataset consists of two T2-weighted anatomical acquisitions at 100 and 150 micron resolution, as well as 175 dMRI datasets at 200 micron resolution with diffusion weighting reaching 8000 s/mm2. More than 4500 hours of acquisition, distributed across two and a half years were necessary to acquire this data.Chenonceau takes advantage of the Bruker 11.7T preclinical MRI system, equipped with both a high magnetic field and a powerful gradient tunnel (780mT/m) allowing to reach the mesoscopic resolution and a very high diffusion weighting.To reconcile the large size of the human brain with the preclinical system, a new acquisition protocol is proposed. It is based on the separation of the brain into smaller samples, which are imaged individually, then reassembled in post-processing to reconstitute the full volume.The whole process is presented, including the protocol for the cutting and the storage of the anatomical samples, the details of the MRI sequences and the description of the image processing pipeline. Special attention is dedicated to the definition of the registration step which recomposes the whole volume from the individual acquisitions.The first inferences of anatomical connectivity from this new dataset are also presented. Tractography associated with clustering techniques allow the extraction of the long and superficial bundles of Chenonceau.The second part of the thesis focused on the development of a new method for fiber tracking, based on the use of the spin glass model.The latter expresses the tractography problem as a set of fiber fragments, called spins, distributed in the sample and whose position and orientation, as well as the connections they establish, are associated with an amount of energy. The construction of the tracts results from the displacement and connection of the spins, with the aim of reaching the global minimum of energy.This thesis proposes to replace the Metropolis-Hastings method used for optimization by an agent trained in a reinforcement learning framework.This new formulation aims at improving the choice of actions, which would no longer be randomly drawn, but dictated by a strategy learned by the agent, fruit of its past interactions with similar environments.The anticipation and projection capacities of such an agent appear particularly adequate to propose the most relevant trajectory in regions where the diffusion information is ambiguous. Moreover, the possibility for the algorithm to learn through interactions allows to circumvent the difficulty of establishing datasets of ground-truth bundles
Cachia, Arnaud. "Modèles statistiques morphométriques et structurels du cortex pour l'étude du développement cérébral". Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2003. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001246.
Texto completoChiang, Naiyuan. "Structure-exploiting interior point methods for security constrained optimal power flow problems". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8281.
Texto completoCochet, Hubert. "Relations structure-fonction dans les arythmies cardiaques : apport de l’imagerie non-invasive". Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR22071/document.
Texto completoWe have developed and applied image-processing methods to the study of structure-function relationships in atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. In Atrial Fibrillation, our results indicate that the late gadolinium enhancement observed with the use of MRI is strongly associated with the presence and persistence of the disease. In addition, we have demonstrated that these enhancements show distinctive electrophysiological characteristics: the fibrillatory signal is slower and less fractionated within enhanced areas, whereas the global complexity of atrial fibrillation is conversely increasing with the extent of enhancement. Our preliminary results on rotor distribution are consistent, rotors being more likely found at the border of enhanced areas, and the number of regions with high rotor activity being positively related to the extent of enhancement. These results confirm that late gadolinium enhancement MRI enables a non-invasive characterization of the atrial tissue. In Ventricular Arrhythmias, we have developed a strategy to integrate multimodal non-invasive data during ventricular tachycardia ablation procedures. We have demonstrated the value of fusing MDCT and MRI data and have introduced a method enabling the integration of ischemic substrate from MDCT data, feasible in patients with implantable defibrillator who cannot undergo MRI. In arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, we have developed an automatic method for the mapping and quantification of fat in the right ventricular free wall based on MDCT data, and have successfully applied the method to the diagnosis and therapy guidance of the disease. Last, we have introduced a method for the multimodal assessment of cardiac arrhythmias combining electrocardiographic mapping with MDCT and MRI. The method enables a non-invasive and combined assessment of cardiac anatomy, myocardial structural substrate, and arrhythmia mechanisms
Bidlová, Kristýna. "Integrovaný operační program: implementace a případová studie". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-165478.
Texto completoGirard, Gabriel. "Tractographie de la matière blanche orientée par a priori anatomiques et microstructurels". Thesis, Nice, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NICE4014/document.
Texto completoDiffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging is a unique imaging modality sensitive to the microscopic movement of water molecules in biological tissues. By characterizing the movement of water molecules, it is possible to infer the macroscopic neuronal pathways of the brain. The technique, so-called tractography, had become the tool of choice to study non-invasively the human brain's white matter in vivo. For instance, it has been used in neurosurgical intervention planning and in neurodegenerative diseases monitoring. In this thesis, we report biases from current tractography reconstruction and suggest methods to reduce them. We first use anatomical priors, derived from a high resolution T1-weighted image, to guide tractography. We show that knowledge of the nature of biological tissue helps tractography to reconstruct anatomically valid neuronal pathways, and reduces biases in the estimation of complex white matter regions. We then use microstructural priors, derived from the state-of-the-art diffusionweighted magnetic resonance imaging protocol, in the tractography reconstruction process. This allows tractography to follow the movement of water molecules not only along neuronal pathways, but also in a microstructurally specific environment. Thus, the tractography distinguishes more accurately neuronal pathways and reduces reconstruction errors. Moreover, it provides the mean to study white matter microstructure characteristics along neuronal pathways. Altogether, we show that anatomical and microstructural priors used during the tractography process improve brain’s white matter reconstruction
Costard, Aude. "Estimation de la structure d’indépendance conditionnelle d’un réseau de capteurs : application à l'imagerie médicale". Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENT059/document.
Texto completoThis thesis is motivated by the study of sensors networks. The goal is to compare networks using their conditional independence structures. This structure illustrates the relations between two sensors according to the information recorded by the others sensors in the network. We made the hypothesis that the studied networks are multivariate Gaussian processes. Under this assumption, estimating the conditional independence structure of a process is equivalent to estimate its Gaussian graphical model.First, we propose a new method for Gaussian graphical model estimation : it uses a score proportional to the probability of a graph to represent the conditional independence structure of the studied process and it is initialized by Graphical lasso. To compare our method to existing ones, we developed a procedure to evaluate the performances of Gaussian graphical models estimation methods. One part of this procedure is an algorithm to simulated multivariate Gaussian processes with known conditional independence structure.Then, we conduct a classification over processes thanks to their conditional independence structure estimates. To do so, we introduce a new metric : the symmetrized Kullback-Leibler divergence over normalized cross-profiles of studied processes. We use this approach to find sets of brain regions that are relevant to study comatose patients from functional MRI data
Yang, Zheyi. "Numerical methods to estimate brain micro-structure from diffusion MRI data". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023IPPAE016.
Texto completoDiffusion magnetic resonance imaging (diffusion MRI) is a widely used non-invasive imaging modality to probe the micro-structural properties of biological tissues below the spatial resolution, by indirectly measuring the diffusion displacement of water molecules. Due to the geometrical complexity of the brain and intricate diffusion MRI mechanism, it is challenging to directly link the received signals to meaningful biophysical parameters, such as axon radii or volume fraction.In recent years, several biophysical models have been introduced to address the issue of weak interpretability. These models represent the diffusion MRI signals as a mixture of analytical signals under certain assumptions, e.g. impermeable membranes, of various disconnected simple geometries, such as spheres and sticks. Subsequently, they aim to extract the parameters of these geometries, which correlate with biophysical parameters, by inverting the analytical expression.However, the validity of these assumptions remains undetermined in actual experiments.The objective of this thesis is to improve the microstructure estimation reliability and efficiency from two perspectives. First, to facilitate the quantitative study of the valid range of biophysical models and the effect of geometrical deformation and cell membrane permeability via simulation, we proposed two reduced models derived from the Bloch-Torrey equation, respectively. For the case of the presence of permeable membranes, a new simulation approach using impermeable Laplace eigenbasis is proposed. As for the geometrical deformation, we use an asymptotic expansion with respect to the deformation angles to approximate the signal. These two reduced models enable efficient computation of signals for various values of deformation/permeability. Numerical simulations reveal that these two models can fast compute the signals within a reasonable error level compared to existing methods. Several studies have been conducted about the effects of permeability and deformation on the signals or the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), using the proposed models.Second, instead of inverting a simplified geometries model, we present a novel approach to associate soma size in gray matter by intermediary biomarkers. Numerical simulations identify a correlation between the volume-weighted soma radius/volume fraction and the inflection point of direction-averaged signals at high b-values (b>2500s/mm^2), offering insights for microstructure estimation. We fit a fully connected neural network using these biomarkers and compared to biophysical models, this approach offers comparable results on both synthetic and in vivo data and fast estimation since no inversion is involved
Condurso, Heather Lindsay. "Structural and Functional Investigations into the Biosynthesis of Peptide Natural Products". Thesis, Boston College, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:104069.
Texto completoThesis advisor: Steven Bruner
Peptide natural products have diverse, elaborate scaffolds and are important leads in the development of new drugs. A complete understanding of the natural biosynthetic pathways of these compounds can improve chemical syntheses and boost bioengineering efforts. There are two classes of peptide natural products: ribosomal and nonribosomal peptides. Ribosomally produced and posttranslationally modified peptides (RiPPs) are produced by the ribosome using the 20 canonical amino acids and undergo extensive tailoring to yield the active natural products. Nonribosomal peptides (NRPs) are assembled through an enzyme dependent system and can incorporate over 500 different amino and acyl building blocks to impart complexity. These peptides can also undergo additional tailoring to further modify the core peptide. The microviridins are a class of RiPPs that are modified by two ATP dependent ligases to create a total of three macrocyclic bonds. We have solved the three dimensional protein structures of each of these ligases to establish the mechanism of substrate recognition and cyclization. Vancomycin is a NRP that contains five nonproteinogenic aromatic amino acids that are necessary for biological activity. One of these amino acids is derived from a polyketide pathway and undergoes a four-electron oxidation by a cofactor independent dioxygenase, DpgC. We have solved the structure of this enzyme and have established a radical mechanism. We have investigated this mechanism using synthetic probes and mutagenesis. We have examined O2 binding using molecular dynamics and mutagenesis. NRPs are synthesized by the multidomain, modular nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) in an enzyme templated, ATP-dependent manner. We have synthesized domain specific probes to study the structures and mechanisms of these pathways. Our continued work will provide the insight necessary to manipulate these pathways to provide biologically active compounds
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2013
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Chemistry
Biffi, Veronica [Verfasser] y Hans [Akademischer Betreuer] Boehringer. "Studying the ICM velocity structure within galaxy clusters with simulations and X-ray observations / Veronica Biffi. Betreuer: Hans Boehringer". München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1022791133/34.
Texto completoStanfield, David A. "International Branch Campuses: Motivation, Strategy, and Structure". Thesis, Boston College, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:103560.
Texto completoThesis advisor: Karen D. Arnold
Over 200 international branch campuses (IBCs) currently exist globally and the number continues to rise (Lawton & Katsomitros, 2012). This study examines the strategy, structure, and motivation behind a single American IBC--Texas A&M University at Qatar (TAMUQ). Drawing from organizational theory and international higher education literature, this research reveals important considerations for institutions developing or currently operating IBCs. Findings stemmed from 27 in-depth qualitative interviews with faculty and administrators from the branch campus in Qatar, the main campus in Texas, and the host country sponsor. Multiple factors contributed to Texas A&M being poised and ready to accept the opportunity to open an international branch campus: an invitation from a host country sponsor willing to cover all expenses, existing international ambitions, and strong support from the central administration. The inception period leading up to the opening of the branch campus proved crucial for success. University administrators wisely developed buy-in among campus constituencies, negotiated important contract stipulations with the host country, ensured that the institution's existing structure could reasonably support such an endeavor, and assessed whether Qatar was a good fit. The early years of TAMUQ resembled a startup organization. The pioneering team of faculty and staff brought an entrepreneurial spirit necessary to build the institution, but they operated largely independent from the home campus in Texas. A later push for greater ties with the main campus was difficult but important for progress. Since TAMUQ is a derivative of the main campus, administrators had to consider the degree to which they would replicate and adapt various institutional elements. Academically, the curriculum is only modified slightly, but course content and pedagogy are adapted more heavily in response to the unique needs of the student population. Hiring faculty with experience teaching on the main campus is considered an important way to maintain quality, yet administrators consistently struggle to recruit faculty. Unlike other IBCs, TAMUQ has developed a robust research program through the financial support of the host country sponsor
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2014
Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education
Discipline: Educational Leadership and Higher Education
Kural, Deniz. "Methods for Inter- and Intra-Species Genomics for the Detection of Variation and Function". Thesis, Boston College, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:104053.
Texto completoThis thesis concerns itself with the development of methods for comparing genomes. Chapter 2 is a comparative genomics investigation of coding regions across multiple species. Regions of the genome coding for proteins show higher conservation than non-coding regions. Furthermore, we show that a portion of coding regions are conserved beyond the requirements of protein conservation, supporting functions such as microRNA binding and splicing enhancement, providing the non-coding functional impetus to conservation. In Chapter 3, we focus on the detection and characterization of a particular type of structural variation - mobile element insertions (MEIs). While there are many types of mobile elements in the human genome, three of these are active and cause most of the MEI variation observed in humans: ALU, L1 and SVA elements. We detect variation across 1000 Genomes Pilot populations caused by these elements, assemble ALU elements to single nucleotide resolution, and determine actively copying species of this element. We've developed a variety of algorithmic approaches to MEI detection, and present these. Chapter 4 outlines an approach to remedy reference bias via the incorporation of variation data into the reference. In particular, we construct a pan-genome reference, demonstrated concretely via resolving ALU regions, and develop new alignment software to align against this enriched reference structure
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2014
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Biology
Champy-Tixier, Anne-Sophie. "Extraction, purification, and structurala nalysis of glycosylated natural products, mimetics of native antigens involved in an immune response". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCE003/document.
Texto completoThis PhD in co-direction between the Peptlab Laboratory of the University of Firenze (Italy) and the Laboratory of Pharmacognosy of the University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté (France), deals with extraction, purification and structural elucidation of saponins from plants as mimetic antigens involved in an immune response. The phytochemical study of five species from three different families, Wisteria frustecens, Wisteria floribunda “macrobotrys” and Wisteria floribunda “rosea” from Fabaceae, Weigela florida “rumba” from Caprifoliaceae, and Polygala acicularis from Polygalaceae, allowed us to isolate sixteen natural glycosides: six with new structures, one analyzed for the first time in its native form, and nine which have been already described in the literature. These compounds were isolated using various chromatographic methods, and their structures were elucidated using mainly 2D NMR and mass spectrometry. From the isolated glycosides, six were selected and tested as mimetics of native antigens involved in the immune response. Moreover, one flavonoid glycoside extracted from Sophora japonica, and one commercial triterpenic acid, ursolic acid, were also chosen as mimetics of native antigens. Immunoenzymatic assays (ELISA) were performed for each compound to evaluate their potential as mimetics of native antigens of multiple sclerosis and Rett syndrome. The IgM levels in sera of patients affected by multiple sclerosis and Rett syndrome were measured and compared to normal blood donors. Concerning multiple sclerosis, no significant results were obtained for saponins, but in the case of Rett syndrome, interesting and surprising results were obtained. Indeed, the first hypothesis was that the glycosyl part of the molecule could be relevant for antibody recognition. In the case of Rett syndrome ursolic acid, an aglycone without any glycosidic part, demonstrated a good efficiency in IgM recognition. On the other hand, one triterpenic glycoside showed similar results. These results were discussed to define possible structure/activity relationships
Qiao, Yi. "Tumor subclone structure reconstruction with genomic variation data". Thesis, Boston College, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:104182.
Texto completoUnlike normal tissue cells, which contain identical copies of the same genome, tumors are composed of genetically divergent cell subpopulations, or subclones. The abilities to identify the number of subclones, their frequencies within the tumor mass, and the evolutionary relationships among them are crucial in understanding the basis of tumorigenesis, drug response, relapse, and metastasis. It is also essential information for informed, personalized therapeutic decisions. Studies have attempted to reconstruct subclone structure by identifying distinct allele frequency distribution modes at a handful of somatic single nucleotide variant loci, but this question was not adequately addressed with computational means at the start of this dissertation work, and recent efforts either enforce certain assumptions or resort to statistical procedure which cannot guarantee the complete landscape of solution space. This dissertation present a computational framework that examines somatic variation events, such as copy number changes, loss of heterozygosity, or point mutations, in order to identify the underlying subclone structure. Chapter 2 discuss the presence of intra-tumoral heterogeneity, and for historical interest, a method to reconstruct the parsimonious solution based on simplifying assumptions in tumor micro-evolution process. Analysis results on clinical datasets concerning Ovarian Serious Carcinoma and Intracranal Germ Cell Tumor based on this method, which confirmed the genomic complexity, are also presented. Due to the reason that the linkage information i.e. whether two mutations are co-localizing in the same cancer cell is lost during tissue homogenization and DNA fragmentation, common sample preparation steps used in whole genome profiling techniques, often there are more than one subclone model capable of explaining the observation. Chapter 3 describes an extended method that is able to search for all models consistent with the observation. Consequently, the solution to a specific input dataset is then a set of possible subclone structures. The method then trim this solution space in the case that more than one sample from the same patient are available, such as the primary and relapse tumor pairs. Furthermore, a statistical framework is developed that, when further trimming is not possible, predicts whether two mutations are co-localizing in the same subclone. The formal definition on the problem of subclone structure reconstruction, as well as techniques to pre-process various types of genomic variation data are given given here as well. Results on the analysis of published and novel datasets, ranging from cancer types including Acute Myeloid Leukemia, Sinonasal Undifferenciated Carcinoma and Ovarian Serious Carcinoma, and data types including whole genome sequencing, copy number array, single nucleotide polymorphism array and single nucleotide variant calls with deep sequencing are also included. They show that the method is applicable to these wide range of cancer and data types, able to independently replicate the published conclusion based on manual reasoning, and gain novel insights into the pattern of tumor recurrence and chemoresistance. It also shows that the method can be valuable in prioritizing variants for function study
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2014
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Biology
Biron, Katarzyna. "The Molecular structure of the Insoluble Organic Matter (MOI) deposited from organic plasma : Comparison with IOM isolated from carbonaceous meteorites". Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MNHN0004/document.
Texto completoCarbonaceous meteorites are the most primitive objects of the solar system. They contain up to 4% of carbon, mainly occurring as insoluble organic matter (IOM). This IOM contains key information about the organo-synthesis processes taking place in the Solar System, which are so far poorly understood. A statistical model was recently proposed for the IOM molecular structure along with a possible synthesis pathway for its hydrocarbon backbone (Derenne and Robert, 2010).The first aim of this work was to test experimentally this pathway using an organic plasma as a source of CHx radicals. This device allowed the formation of both soluble and insoluble OM. The IOM was analyzed through the same techniques as those previously used for the chondritic IOM, revealing numerous similarities between both materials and thus supporting the proposed pathway. Moreover, NanoSIMS analyses revealed large isotopic variations at a sub-micrometric spatial resolution that are commensurable with those observed in chondritic IOM.Then, the source of heteroatoms (N and O) into the IOM was experimentally investigated through the addition of heteroelement-containing precursors to the hydrocarbonaceous radicals. As for nitrogen, two types of precursors were considered: hexylamine as a source of nitrogen hydrides and N2. Although both precursors led to nitrogen incorporation in the IOM, nitrogen hydrides seem to be more relevant based on the nitrogen speciation. Two types of experiments were performed to investigate the potential source of oxygen in the chondritic IOM. They were designed to address the two main scenarios proposed in the literature to account for the origin of the oxygen in the chondritic IOM: either aqueous alteration on the asteroidal parent body or O incorporation during the organo-synthesis in the primitive solar nebula. When the aqueous alteration is mimicked, the chemical composition of the SOM and IOM makes this pathway a reasonable source of the chondrite oxygen moieties. In contrast, no evidence for direct incorporation of O from OH radicals could be brought