Artículos de revistas: "Irish 20th century Correspondence"

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Markova, Ekaterina A. "W.B. Yeats's play Where There is Nothing and its Tolstoyan dimension". Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, n.º 474 (2022): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/474/9.

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The article discusses the issue of the influence of Leo Tolstoy, his fiction and non-fiction, on William Butler Yeats's drama in the broader context of Tolstoy's reception in the late 19th - early 20th century in both Russia and the United Kingdom. Tolstoy's image as a writer in the correspondence and non-fiction of the Irish playwright is analysed. The author shows that Yeats's attitude towards the Russian writer, though initially favourable, was gradually becoming more and more irreverent and complex. Similar attitudes towards Tolstoy are detected in Russian writers of the period. Yeats criticises Tolstoy for his didactic tendencies. Nevertheless, Yeats acknowledges Tolstoy's genius and puts him on a par with greatest ancient and modern authors (Shakespeare, Goethe, English romantic poets, Balzac, Flaubert, Ibsen, etc.). Yeats's absolute favourite is his idea of non-resistance and non-violence, which is interpreted in Yeats's own way in his play Where There is Nothing. Yeats's reading of this concept is set in the context of the early 20th century discussion around Tolstoyism, since at the time Tolstoy was mostly perceived as a thinker in Britain. Yeats's position in this discussion is thoroughly analysed. It is most probable that Yeats read one of very short pamphlets compiled by English editors of Tolstoy. The author argues that Tolstoy's ideas and images in Yeats's play were immediately grasped and attacked by its critics. A comparative analysis of the play and Tolstoy's manifesto “What I Believe” reveals that in the play the Russian author's teaching interacts with Nietzschean philosophy and Yeats's own symbolism, as well as various occult practices he was deeply interested in. This amalgam is concentrated in the paradoxical image of a prophet, visionary, destroyer of the old world order (in fact, any order - secular and ecclesiastical) and at the same time a preacher of non-violence, Paul Ruttledge. As it has been argued in previous studies, the episode of a mock trial echoes Tolstoy's interpretation of the Sermon on the Mount. The in-depth analysis shows that not only this episode is related to Tolstoy but the whole play is somewhat reminiscent of his vision of Christian life (rejection of people's law as opposed to God's law, and of urban living; criticism of civilization; necessity for manual labour and simple life in harmony with nature; call for unity and equality of all people). Despite these similarities, there is still a lot of disagreement with Tolstoy in the play, mainly due to the Nietzschean influence (desire to destroy the old world, Dionysian motifs), who Yeats considered to be the exact opposite of Tolstoy. A similar juxtaposition of Tolstoy and Nietzsche is found in both English and Russian literature. A parallel is revealed between Paul and Tolstoy, who, according to Yeats, were mad prophets unable to change the world. This parallel is both mocking and tragic, and Paul is in line with other Yeats's images of jesters and madmen.

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Lecossois, Hélène. "Renegotiating and Resisting Nationalism in 20th-century Irish Drama". Études irlandaises, n.º 35-2 (30 de diciembre de 2010): 186–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/etudesirlandaises.2068.

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Davoren, Mary, Eugene G. Breen y Brendan D. Kelly. "Dr Ada English: patriot and psychiatrist in early 20th century Ireland". Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 28, n.º 2 (junio de 2011): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700011514.

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AbstractDr Adeline (Ada) English (1875-1944) was a pioneering Irish psychiatrist. She qualified in medicine in 1903 and spent four decades working at Ballinasloe District Lunatic Asylum, during which time there were significant therapeutic innovations (eg. occupational therapy, convulsive treatment). Dr English was deeply involved in Irish politics. She participated in the Easter Rising (1916); spent six months in Galway jail for possessing nationalistic literature (1921); was elected as a Teachta Dála (member of Parliament; 1921); and participated in the Civil War (1922). She made significant contributions to Irish political life and development of psychiatric services during an exceptionally challenging period of history. Additional research would help contextualise her contributions further.

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Bradley, Joseph M. "Facets of the Irish Diaspora: ‘Irishness’ in 20th Century Scotland". Irish Journal of Sociology 6, n.º 1 (mayo de 1996): 79–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/079160359600600105.

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This paper argues that Celtic Football Club has played a central organising role in establishing a common identity for Catholics of Irish descent in Scotland. Concentrating on evidence taken from discourse in the public media, it draws attention to reactions to this identity by other population groups. Such responses, which are frequently ferocious in the degree of rejection they express, highlight the effects of Celtic's role. It provides a public arena within which Irishness can be expressed; at the same time, it draws fire from hostile elements in the social setting. Tensions within the Irish community about their common identity may in part be responses to these reactions.

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Makaryshyn, Nadia. "THE PECULIARITIES OF IRISHISMS IN IRISH ENGLISH WITHIN THE PERIOD OF THE IRISH LITERARY REVIVAL (END OF THE 19TH – BEGINNING OF THE 20th CENTURY)". Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, n.º 10(78) (27 de febrero de 2020): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2020-10(78)-211-214.

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The article deals with the analysis of borrowings from the Irish language in Irish English within the period of the Irish literary revival (end of the 19th century – beginning of the 20th century) borrowed in the context of linguo-cultural communication. The article also examines the factors that affect the dynamics and productivity of such borrowings, among which – the absence of competitive equivalents in English, a necessity to establish social contacts between English and Irish speakers and cultures, the revival of Irish autochthonous elements, and others. Four main historic periods of borrowings in the course of Anglo-Irish contacts are schematically outlined with the article concentrating on the third period, i.e. the Gaelic Revival. The material for the article is based on the literary texts of the English-speaking Irish authors of late 19th and early 20th cc. (William Butler Yeats, Isabella Augusta Gregory (Lady Gregory), George William Russell (alias AE) and John Millington Synge). The peculiar features of Irish borrowings, their use and functions were examined as well. The expedience for a further study of borrowing tendencies and assimilation of Irish vocabulary in Irish English was substantiated, which would contribute to understanding the mechanisms and consequences of linguistic and cultural interaction in Ireland.

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Pettigrew, Judith, Aisling Shalvey, Bríd Dunne y Katie Robinson. "Eamon O’Sullivan: 20th-century Irish psychiatrist and occupational therapy patron". History of Psychiatry 31, n.º 4 (3 de septiembre de 2020): 470–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957154x20948326.

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The profession of occupational therapy was formalized in the USA in 1917. Many of its earliest proponents were psychiatrists, yet their role in the development of the profession has received limited attention. This paper addresses this gap by considering one of the earliest Irish psychiatrist patrons of occupational therapy: Dr Eamon O’Sullivan (1897–1966) of Killarney Mental Hospital, Co Kerry, who developed an occupational therapy department in 1934. A textbook written by O’Sullivan reflects core philosophies articulated by occupational therapy’s founders, and these philosophies were evident in practice at his hospital. Some inconsistencies between O’Sullivan’s writings and practice are identified. In the absence of patient testimonies, it is not possible to resolve questions about the potential exploitation of patients through work as therapy.

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Hall, M. "Mortality in Ireland 1901 to 2006". British Actuarial Journal 18, n.º 2 (10 de mayo de 2013): 436–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357321713000226.

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AbstractOver the course of the 20th century Ireland moved from being a largely young population with a high death rate from infectious diseases to an increasingly older population with a consequent rise in chronic diseases. Understanding the changes that occurred in Irish mortality over the 20th century and how these changes compare with those experienced by similar countries can help us plan for the challenges of our aging population. This paper analyses trends in mortality in Ireland over the period 1901 to 2006 by age group, gender and five broad categories of cause of death – infectious diseases, circulatory diseases, respiratory diseases, cancer and external causes. To place the changes in an international context the trends are compared with those experienced by Northern Ireland and England and Wales. Ireland experienced the fastest improvements in mortality of the three regions in the early years of the 21st century. By 2006 the mortality of Irish males ranked between that of Northern Ireland and England and Wales while Irish females experienced the lowest mortality of the three regions. The improvement in Irish mortality in the 21st century can be attributed mainly to the drop in deaths from circulatory diseases for both males and females.

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Delay, Cara. "Wrong for womankind and the nation: Anti-abortion discourses in 20th-century Ireland". Journal of Modern European History 17, n.º 3 (20 de junio de 2019): 312–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1611894419854660.

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This article asks how anti-abortion discourses and dialogues engaged with ideas about motherhood, national identity, and women’s reproductive decision-making in 20th-century Ireland, particularly from 1967, when abortion was decriminalized in Britain, to 1983, when Ireland’s Eighth Amendment became the law of the land. It assesses the ways in which ‘pro-life’ advocates rejected the notion that women were independent adults capable of reproductive decision-making. Indeed, throughout the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, anti-choice activists defined all Irish women as innately innocent, moral, and naturally desirous of domesticity and motherhood. Abortion, they argued, was encouraged, coerced, and even forced by outsiders or ‘others’. The arguments of some anti-abortion activists utilized meaningful themes in Ireland’s colonial and nationalist history, including the historical notion of Irish sacrificial motherhood, the depiction of Irish women as young and vulnerable, and the explanation of abortion as foreign, anti-Irish, and reminiscent of British colonial repression.

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Amador-Moreno, Carolina P. y Francisco Javier Ruano-García. "Linguistic Perceptions of Irish English in Nineteenth-century Emigrant Letters". International Journal of English Studies 23, n.º 2 (27 de diciembre de 2023): 41–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/ijes.558741.

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In this paper we look at the real voices of Irish English speakers in the nineteenth century. By turning to the Corpus of Irish English Correspondence (McCafferty & Amador-Moreno, 2012), we analyse the perceptions that letter writers had of their own language use. We apply a micro-perspective analysis to the language of John Kerr, an Irish emigrant to America, in his letters to his uncle James Graham of Newpark (Co. Antrim, N. Ireland). We examine Kerr’s incisive comment on language use alongside metacommentary found in different Late Modern works, including dictionaries, essays on Irish English, as well as contemporary fictional representations of the variety of English spoken in Ireland during this period. Through this small batch of letters, we explore how the real voices of Irish English speakers echoed an enregistered Irish repertoire that may have raised awareness shaping their perceptions of their own dialect.

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LIVESEY, JAMES. "BERKELEY, IRELAND AND EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY INTELLECTUAL HISTORY". Modern Intellectual History 12, n.º 2 (11 de diciembre de 2014): 453–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244314000572.

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Eighteenth-century Irish intellectual history has enjoyed a revival in recent years. New scholarly resources, such as the Hoppen edition of the papers of the Dublin Philosophical Society and the recently published Berkeley correspondence, have been fundamental to that revival. Since 1986 the journal Eighteenth-Century Ireland: Iris an dá chultúr has sponsored a complex conversation on the meaning and legacy of the eighteenth century in Irish history. Work in the journal and beyond deploying “New British” and Atlantic histories, as well as continuing attention to Europe, has helped to enrich scholarly understanding of the environments in which Irish people thought and acted. The challenge facing historians of Ireland has been to find categories of analysis that could comprehend religious division and acknowledge the centrality of the confessional state without reducing all Irish experience to sectarian conflict. Clearly the thought of the Irish Catholic community could not be approached without an understanding of the life of the Continental Catholic Church. Archivium Hibernicum has been collecting and publishing the traces of that history for a hundred years and new digital resources such as the Irish in Europe database have extended that work in new directions. The Atlantic and “New British” contexts have been more proximately important for the Protestant intellectual tradition.

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Brannigan, John, Marcela Santos Brigida, Thayane Verçosa y Gabriela Ribeiro Nunes. "Thinking in Archipelagic Terms: An Interview with John Brannigan". Palimpsesto - Revista do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras da UERJ 20, n.º 35 (13 de mayo de 2021): 3–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/palimpsesto.2021.59645.

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John Brannigan is Professor at the School of English, Drama and Film at University College Dublin. He has research interests in the twentieth-century literatures of Ireland, England, Scotland, and Wales, with a particular focus on the relationships between literature and social and cultural identities. His first book, New Historicism and Cultural Materialism (1998), was a study of the leading historicist methodologies in late twentieth-century literary criticism. He has since published two books on the postwar history of English literature (2002, 2003), leading book-length studies of working-class authors Brendan Behan (2002) and Pat Barker (2005), and the first book to investigate twentieth-century Irish literature and culture using critical race theories, Race in Modern Irish Literature and Culture (2009). His most recent book, Archipelagic Modernism: Literature in the Irish and British Isles, 1890-1970 (2014), explores new ways of understanding the relationship between literature, place and environment in 20th-century Irish and British writing. He was editor of the international peer-reviewed journal, Irish University Review, from 2010 to 2016.

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Haas, Allison. "Two 1916s: Sebastian Barry’s A Long Long Way". Humanities 8, n.º 1 (23 de marzo de 2019): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h8010060.

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As Paul Fussell has shown, the First World War was a watershed moment for 20th century British history and culture. While the role of the 36th (Ulster) Division in the Battle of the Somme has become a part of unionist iconography in what is now Northern Ireland, the experience of southern or nationalist Irish soldiers in the war remains underrepresented. Sebastian Barry’s 2005 novel, A Long Long Way is one attempt to correct this historical imbalance. This article will examine how Barry represents the relationship between the First World War and the 1916 Easter Rising through the eyes of his politically-conflicted protagonist, Willie Dunne. While the novel at first seems to present a common war experience as a means of healing political divisions between Ireland and Britain, this solution ultimately proves untenable. By the end of the novel, Willie’s hybrid English–Irish identity makes him an outcast in both places, even as he increasingly begins to identify with the Irish nationalist cause. Unlike some of Barry’s other novels, A Long Long Way does not present a disillusioned version of the early 20th century Irish nationalism. Instead, Willie sympathizes with the rebels, and Barry ultimately argues for a more inclusive Irish national identity.

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Stalmaszczyk, Piotr. "Celtic Studies in Poland in the 20th century: a bibliography". ZCPH 54, n.º 1 (30 de abril de 2004): 170–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zcph.2005.170.

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Introduction Celtic Studies are concerned with the languages, literature, culture, mythology, religion, art, history, and archaeology of historical and contemporary Celtic countries and traces of Celtic influences elsewhere. The historical Celtic countries include ancient Gaul, Galatia, Celtiberia, Italy, Britain and Ireland, whereas the modern Celtic territories are limited to Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Isle of Man, Cornwall and Brittany. It has to be stressed that Celtic Studies are not identical with Irish (or Scottish, Welsh, or Breton) Studies, though they are, for obvious reasons, closely connected.

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Vershinina, D. B. "NATIONALISM, CATOLICISM, FEMINISM? GENDER DIMENSION OF THE NATIONAL STRUGGLE IN IRELAND OF THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20th CENTURY". Вестник Пермского университета. История, n.º 2(53) (2021): 186–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2021-2-186-197.

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The author analyzes the evolution of the national movement in Ireland in the first half of the 20th century through the prism of women's participation and gender equality issues. It is argued that the Irish nationalists' choice of patriarchal Catholic ideology has not been predetermined since the revival of Irish nationalism, and although the Catholic faith played a significant role in the anti-British activities of the Irish national movement, there were many Protestants among its activists, as well as women who shared feminist values and played an important role in organizing the political and military struggle of the Irish for independence. The article focuses on the various methods of women's participation in the Irish national movement, including the creation of separate women's organizations, and membership in key societies and groups, as well as participation in constructing barricades and in fighting during the Easter Rising. It was more difficult to take part in the specifically women's struggle to grant Irish women the right to vote, which was associated with the activities of London organizations, the Women's Socio-Political Union specifically. It is argued that it was the anti-British orientation of the Irish political struggle that made it impossible (or difficult) to associate Irish feminists with the goals of the women's movement in the United Kingdom, which led to the victory of the social doctrine of Catholics and the “enslavement” of Irish women after the Irish Free State was created. The article analyzes not only sources of personal origin, telling about the participation of Irish women in the national movement, but also official documents of the young Irish state, demonstrating the evolution of its ideology in social and gender issues towards a patriarchal approach to the role of women in society, the fight against which has become the task of feminists of the second wave starting in the 1970s.

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Milewski, Jarosław. "Masculinities, History and Cultural Space: Queer Emancipative Thought in Jamie O’Neill’s At Swim, Two Boys". Text Matters, n.º 8 (24 de octubre de 2018): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/texmat-2018-0004.

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At Swim, Two Boys, a 2001 novel by Jamie O’Neill, tells a story of gay teen romance in the wake of the Easter Rising. This paper considers the ways in which the characters engage in patterns of masculine behaviour in a context that excludes queer men, and the rhetorical effect of transgressive strategies to form a coherent identity. These patterns include involvement with the masculine and heteronormative nationalist movement, as well as a regime of physical exercise, and a religious upbringing in 20th-century Ireland. The strategies of broadening the practices of masculinity include their renegotiation and redefinition, as well as attempts to (re)construct the Irish and the gay canons of history and literature. These strategies, as exemplified by character development, become a rhetorical basis for the novel’s main argument for inclusiveness. This analysis deals with the central metaphors of space and continuity in the novel in the light of a struggle between identities. It also observes the tradition of parallels drawn between the emasculated position of the gay man and the Irish man at the beginning of the 20th century, and O’Neill’s rhetorical deployment of the shared telos in construction of a coherent gay Irish revolutionary identity.

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Radmilo Derado, Sanja. "MERGING SOCIAL CRITICISM WITH IRISH CULTURAL HERITAGE IN THE SHORT STORY COLLECTION THE UNTILLED FIELD BY GEORGE MOORE". Folia linguistica et litteraria X, n.º 32 (2020): 43–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31902/fll.32.2020.3.

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The paper analyses the short story collection The Untilled Field by the Irish writer George Moore (1852-1933) with the aim of establishing the subversive potential of these stories in the context of the criticism of the overpowering dogmas within the Irish society at the beginning of the 20th century. With this long neglected short story collection, George Moore reveals a darker, silenced side of Ireland, hidden from the public discourse of the socio-political mainstream of the period. His social criticism is primarily focused on some neuralgic aspects of the Irish society of the time, namely on the dominant influence of the Irish Catholic church on the collective ethos of the nation and, subsequently, on the spiritual and moral paralysis of the Irish people as well as on mass emigrations of the Irish to America. By pinpointing these, in his view, destructive social forces and the complex sociopolitical situation in Ireland during the formation of the modern Irish state, George Moore identifies a state of collective moral lethargy characterised by total absence of any possibility of individual affirmation through artistic agency. The importance of this short story collection, from the point of view of scientific research, lies in the foregrounding motivation behind it. In other words, in George Moore´s intention to dig deep into the relentless existence of the Irish people at one stage in the country´s history and to re-shape the well- established colonial representations which favoured falsely pastoral visions of Ireland. It was not until the second half of the 20th century that the stigma of ´un-patriotic´ and ´subversive´ was lifted from this short story collection giving it, though still limited, well-deserved attention and recognising its literary and artistic importance for Irish national culture and for its literature.

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Sánchez Rei, Xosé Manuel. "Language and music in Galicia and Ireland in the early 20th century". Oceánide 13 (9 de febrero de 2020): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.37668/oceanide.v13i.37.

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This study takes a contrastive approach to the situation of Galician and Irish Gaelic in the first third of the twentieth century, and to traditional music in particular. It is a period of significant interest in both Galiza and Ireland in terms of the cultural, political and social climate. Indeed, the current situations of the two countries can hardly be understood without taking these crucial years into consideration.

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Pintér, Márta. "“Hungarian-Irish Parallels”: The Elevation of Mid-19th Century Nationalist Ireland through Irish-Hungarian Parallels by Young Irelanders". ELOPE: English Language Overseas Perspectives and Enquiries 10, n.º 1 (9 de mayo de 2013): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/elope.10.1.63-70.

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Although documented cultural and social contacts between Hungary and Ireland extend back to the Middle Ages, it is through a series of 19th and early-20th century writings that mutual interest by leading figures of Hungarian and Irish public life in the events of their countries is first revealed. These writings have given rise to the notion of “Hungarian-Irish national parallels”, the validity of which, however, has recently been challenged on grounds of historical accuracy. My paper examines mid-19th century works by Irish nationalists that include references to Hungary, some of which have been used so far to demonstrate Hungarian-Irish parallels. While also considering historical accuracy, I will widen the scope of my study by highlighting the ideological aspects of these references. My aim is to show that national parallels are ideological constructions which may reveal an effort of elevating one’s own nation to the level of another European nation that is viewed as a model in a given historical moment.

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Serafimova, Vera D. "About a premonition of the writer’s fate. The story of S.D. Dovlatov “Fate”". Philological Sciences. Scientific Essays of Higher Education, n.º 3 (mayo de 2023): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/phs.3-23.083.

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Purpose of the article: To introduce the insufficiently researched materials of the collection “Little-known Dovlatov”, the memories of writers about him: Alexander Genis, Pyotr Weil, the correspondence of S. Dovlatov to his friends — letters to Lyudmila Stern. Dovlatov’s correspondence to his friends — letters to Lyudmila Stern. The author studies the typological similarities in the dominant ideas, poetics, language with the classic of the 20th century Russian literature A.P. Platonov.

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Lis, Tomasz Jacek. "Możliwości wykorzystania korespondencji misyjnej do badań nad historią wychodźstwa chłopskiego z terenów byłej Rzeczypospolitej na przełomie XIX i XX wieku". Studia Historyczne 61, n.º 1 (241) (26 de septiembre de 2019): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/sh.61.2018.01.04.

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The Possibility of Utilizing Missionaries’ Correspondence to Study the History of Peasant Migration (from the territories of former Polish Commonwealth) at the turn of the twentieth century The article presents new possibilities of research on the history of migration at the turn the 20th century using narrative sources, particularly the correspondence of missionaries. Peasants produced and left behind very few narrative sources, which results in migration historians rarely using them. The author indicates how to use alternative narrative sources produced by people of the Church to study the history of migration, in particular emigration from the territories of the former Polish Commonwealth.

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Meeder, Sven. "Boniface and the Irish Heresy of Clemens". Church History 80, n.º 2 (13 de mayo de 2011): 251–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640711000035.

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One of the few Irishmen active on the Continent in the eighth century of whom we have some information was a priest (or bishop) named Clemens. Together with the Gaul Aldebert, this peregrinus was the subject of an extensive correspondence between Boniface and the pope, which eventually led to the condemnation of both men at the Roman Council of 745. The accusations brought against Clemens by Boniface display parallels with known Irish teachings and practices, as well as other allegations leveled against individual traveling Irishmen and the Irish in general. This article closely examines the context of Boniface's charges and introduces an additional source to the framing of his arguments. It argues that the allegations must be viewed in the context of both contemporary practices and debates in Irish church and society, and the portrayal of these Irish peculiarities in texts written in and spread throughout the mid-eighth-century Continent and Anglo-Saxon England.

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Fend, Max, Louise Williams, Alan J. Carson y Jon Stone. "The Arc de Siècle: functional neurological disorder during the ‘forgotten’ years of the 20th century". Brain 143, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 2020): 1278–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awaa037.

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Using archived records, plus oral histories from retired neurologists, Fend et al. examine attitudes to functional neurological disorders in the mid-20th century. While frequently scathing in their correspondence, most neurologists of the time adopted a pragmatic approach with many referring patients to psychiatrists.

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Bubert, Marcel. "„Indo-European in Basis and Origin“. Das altirische Recht zwischen insularem Archaismus und europäischer Verflechtung". Das Mittelalter 25, n.º 1 (3 de junio de 2020): 165–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mial-2020-0012.

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AbstractResearch on Old Irish law was from the very beginning related to specific epistemological and political contexts in which Celtic and Indo-European Studies emerged as scientific disciplines at the end of the 19th century. The premise of historical linguistics that the Indo-European languages derived from a common ‘origin’ had far reaching implications for studies on medieval Celtic law tracts. Since linguists had discovered significant parallels between Old Irish and Sanskrit, the legal traditions of Ireland and India were believed to preserve archaic Indo-European continuities as well. Against this background, and in a particular political context, Irish scholars of the 20th century argued for the autonomy and isolation of Old Irish law which was supposed to be unaffected by the Latin and Christian literature of continental Europe. However, later researches departed radically from this national perspective and emphasized the impact of Canon law, hagiography and the Bible on Irish written culture. This article takes up a different perspective by focusing on the persistence of a legal imagery that was by no means essentially Indo-European but still provided conceptual tools for the interpretation and ‘translation’ of texts, as they occur in vernacular adaptations of Latin literature.

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Collins, A. "Daniel Frederick Rambaut: ‘Rugbanian’ and innovative Resident Medical Superintendent". Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 34, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 2016): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2015.70.

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Daniel Frederick Rambaut was a prominent asylum doctor in the late 19th and early 20th century. Of Irish and Huguenot origins, his career brought him from the Richmond Asylum in Dublin to the Resident Medical Superintendent position at the largest private hospital in England. In his student years at Trinity, he was a central figure in a groundbreaking rugby match.

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Apryshchenko, V. Yu y N. A. Lagoshina. "Irish Jacobites in Continental Europe at End of 17^th — 18^th Centuries". Nauchnyi dialog, n.º 8 (24 de agosto de 2021): 272–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2021-8-272-289.

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The problem of migration of the Irish military to the European continent in modern times is examined in the article. Particular attention is paid to their role, political attitudes and adaptation in host societies. The relevance of the study is due to insufficient knowledge of the specifics of the Irish military migration of the 18th century and the degree to which Jacobite ideology influenced the political mood of Irish people in Europe. The novelty of the study is seen in the fact that the study of the mass migration of the Irish military to Europe in the period between the Treaty of Limerick in 1691 and the end of the War of Austrian Succession in 1748 will complement the Irish military history of modern times. The study of personal correspondence, memoirs and literary works allows a deeper study of the issues of identity, ideology and collective memory of the Irish military, to determine the degree of participation of the Irish in various dynastic wars and conspiracies in Europe in the XVIII century, to restore some details from the life of the Irish Jacobites, conspirators, spies and social net-works migrants. Analysis of various sources has led to a rethinking of the situation of the Irish diaspora in France and Spain. It was found that through an extensive migration network, the Irish Jacobites communicated with the world community of Irish-in-exile, posing a threat to the Hanoverian government.

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Goldsby, Jacqueline. "“Something is Said in the Silences”: Gwendolyn Brooks’s Years at Harper’s". American Literary History 33, n.º 2 (1 de mayo de 2021): 244–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alh/ajab007.

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Abstract This essay draws upon Gwendolyn Brooks’ 49-year correspondence (1944–93) with her editor Elizabeth Lawrence to trace the “publishing knowledges” that Brooks gleaned during her mid-20th-century career with the US firm Harpers & Brothers. First and foremost, their correspondence richly details Brooks’s growth as an experimental poet with a mainstream commercial firm. The aesthetic sociality of their editorial debates fostered also allowed them to explore personal and political intimacies; in this dimension, their correspondence (both the letters’ contents and epistolary form) sheds light on how Brooks and Lawrence navigated the shoals of race, gender, and liberalism in the notoriously patriarchal corporate culture of mid-20th-century US publishing. Finally, the arc of Brooks’s relationship with Lawrence at Harper’s charts is how US publishing transformed from its corporate to conglomerated forms. Taken together, these epistolary threads not only weave African American poetry into the literary history of an era-defining institutional realignment but also they demonstrate how Brooks’ and Lawrence’s cross-racial solidarity and commitment to an anti-corporate poetics comprise a continuum between Brooks’s career in mainstream US publishing and her later years in the Black independent press in the late 1960s. [P]ublishing at Harper’s was a shrewd, tactical choice [that] . . serve[d] Brooks’s evolving ideologies about art and politics.

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Kniazeva, Jeanna. ""To be strong and civilised at the same time is very difficult..." musicologists about the politics: Jacques Handschin and Higini Anglés, from the correspondence of the 1930s". Muzikologija, n.º 20 (2016): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/muz1620053k.

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This article is based on the correspondence between two important European musicologists of the second quarter of the 20th century, Jacques Handschin and Higini Angl?s. I analyse the political problems discussed in these letters as well as the influence of the political beliefs of the both scientists on their scientific concepts.

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Panov, S. I. y O. Y. Panova. "Materials of 20th-century American writers in Moscow archives 1917–1941". Voprosy literatury, n.º 2 (6 de mayo de 2022): 165–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31425/0042-8795-2022-2-165-197.

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This analytical overview of materials located in Moscow archives is devoted to the history of American literature and the Soviet-American literary connections in the years before World War II (1917–1941). These materials document American writers’ contacts with Soviet and international communist organisations, personally with Joseph Stalin, with cultural and literary institutions. The USSR closely monitored the sentiment among American writers, as evidenced by the corpus of correspondence between Soviet literary functionaries and their informants in the USA. Archives of Soviet publishers offer insights into the process of translating and editing American literature as well as creation of theatrical and film adaptations. Readers’ letters from the 1930s demonstrate the mass audience’s enthusiasm for American literature.

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29

Carroll, Elizabeth, Tim Sparks, Alison Donnelly y Tom Cooney. "IRISH PHENOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FROM THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY REVEAL A STRONG RESPONSE TO TEMPERATURE". Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 109B, n.º 2 (2009): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bae.2009.0015.

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Armao, Frédéric. "From Yeats to Friel: Irish Mythology through Arts and Science in the 20th century". Études irlandaises, n.º 41-1 (15 de junio de 2016): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/etudesirlandaises.4842.

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31

Carroll, Elizabeth, Tim Sparks, Alison Donnelly y Tom Cooney. "IRISH PHENOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FROM THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY REVEAL A STRONG RESPONSE TO TEMPERATURE". Biology & Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 109, n.º 2 (1 de enero de 2009): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3318/bioe.2009.109.2.115.

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32

Nic Congáil, Ríona. "The Three Stack Sisters: A New Perspective on 20th-Century Irish-Language Women’s Writing". Études irlandaises, n.º 47-2 (15 de diciembre de 2022): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/etudesirlandaises.13373.

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33

Carroll, Elizabeth, Tim Sparks, Alison Donnelly y Tom Cooney. "IRISH PHENOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS FROM THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY REVEAL A STRONG RESPONSE TO TEMPERATURE". Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 109B, n.º 2 (septiembre de 2009): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bae.2009.a809714.

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Dzienisiewicz, Daniel. "Błędy (orto)graficzne w rosyjskojęzycznych wiadomościach przesyłanych na kartach pocztowych". Studia Rossica Posnaniensia 44, n.º 1 (8 de agosto de 2019): 349–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/strp.2019.44.1.33.

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The aim of the article is to analyse orthographic errors in Russian postcard messages from the second half of the 20th century. Nearly 240 orthographic errors retrieved from a corpus consisting of approximately 1000 Russian postcards have been classified and examined. The results of the study present the most common mistakes occurring in this type of correspondence.

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35

Frolov, M. A. "Correspondence between Yu. G. Oksman and N. K. Gudzij (1930–1965) (Introduction, Editing and Commentary by M. A. Frolov)". Russkaya literatura 4 (2020): 136–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31860/0131-6095-2020-4-136-185.

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The publication introduces the scholarly community to a long-term correspondence between two literary historians and textual experts, Iu. G. Oksman and N. K. Gudzij (currently stored at RGALI and Manuscript Department, Russian State Library). The correspondence reflects the diversity and similarity of the research interests of the two correspondents whose epistolary dialogue mirrored the life of the Soviet society, the challenges faced by the Russian philological scholarship of the second third of the 20th century in many of its tragic episodes, and most importantly, the fates of the participants of this dialogue.

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Teslya, Andrey. "On the Correspondence of V.V. Rozanov and P.P. Pertsov*". Almanac “Essays on Conservatism” 2 (15 de agosto de 2023): 475–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24030/24092517-2023-0-2-475-478.

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In the article the author examines the publication by “Pushkinsky Dom” publishing house in 2023 of the complete version of the correspondence between V.V. Rozanov and P.P, Pertsev in the period of 1896 – 1918. The correspondence accompanied by detailed comments allows to better understand many of the events of Russian intellectual history of the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, but above all provides much information about the outstanding interlocutor of Vasiliy Rozanov, namely Pyotr Pertsov, whose biography and intellectual legacy has been poorly studied as yet.

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Keatinge, Benjamin. "‘I see where I stand’ Detachment and Engagement in Harry Clifton’s Poetry". Humanities 9, n.º 1 (16 de febrero de 2020): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h9010020.

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This essay reads Harry Clifton’s poetry as a body of work that illustrates the poet’s engagement with and detachment from the poetry of his peers. It notes Clifton’s chosen routes of travel in Africa, Asia, and Europe, his interest in Ireland and its elsewheres and his endeavours to find an ideal distance to write from. It also elucidates his Irish subject matter, his involvement with journals, editors and publishers as well as his critical readings of 20th-century Irish poetry. The essay engages with important strands of current critical thinking that have sought to examine a post-nationalist Ireland with Clifton being seen as a bridge between an older and younger circle of writers. Neither hermetic nor sociable, Clifton emerges as a poet engaging with concentric circles of Irish poetry on his own terms.

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38

Zhang, Yueyang. "A Study of Deviation in Joyce's Ulysses". Journal of Higher Education Research 3, n.º 3 (2 de julio de 2022): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.32629/jher.v3i3.873.

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Ulysses is a novel written by James Joyce, an Irish writer in the 20th century. It is regarded as the first work of “stream of consciousness” novels. Since its publication, the researches of scholars have widely focused on the value of the art of "stream of consciousness", but a large number of "deviation" phenomena reflected in the work also have important research significance. This article according to the “deviation theory” put forward by the famous linguist Leach, classifies the use of deviation in Ulysses. Combined with examples to analyze its effect and influence in the story, the essay aims at showing the confusion and numbness of two protagonists in the paralysis of Irish society by showing off technique application in the specific case, and reveals Joyce's hatred and disappointment towards the paralyzed Irish society.

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Frolov, M. A. "CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN YU. G. OKSMAN AND N. K. GUDZIJ (1930–1965) (Final Part)". Russkaya literatura 1 (2021): 19–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31860/0131-6095-2021-1-19-54.

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The publication introduces the scholarly community to a long-term correspondence between the two literary historians and textual experts, Yu. G. Oksman and N. K. Gudzij (currently stored at RGALI and Manuscript Department, Russian State Library). The correspondence refl ects the diversity and similarity of the research interests of the two correspondents, whose epistolary dialogue refl ected the life of the Soviet society, the challenges faced by the Russian philological scholarship of the second third of the 20th century in many of its tragic episodes, and most importantly, the fates of the participants of this dialogue.

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40

Lillo, Antonio. "Exploring rhyming slang in Ireland". English World-Wide 25, n.º 2 (22 de diciembre de 2004): 273–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.25.2.06lil.

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There are several varieties of English where rhyming slang is or has been a productive source of new words. However, its incidence in some Englishes still remains, by and large,terra incognitafor slang lexicographers and linguists alike. Based on a number of written sources and oral transcripts, this article surveys the origins and development of rhyming slang in Ireland, its most outstanding characteristics and its productivity throughout the 20th century down to the present. In order to illustrate the significance and creative potential of this category of word-formation in Irish English, the final part of the article offers a glossary of Irish rhyming slang, including many terms which are not recorded in the standard slang dictionaries.

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41

Coté, Joost. "Female Colonial Friendships in Early 20th Century Java: Exploring New Correspondence by Kartini’s Sisters". Dutch Crossing 41, n.º 1 (18 de marzo de 2016): 21–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03096564.2016.1139778.

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42

FRENCH, BRIGITTINE M. "Linguistic science and nationalist revolution: Expert knowledge and the making of sameness in pre-independence Ireland". Language in Society 38, n.º 5 (noviembre de 2009): 607–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404509990455.

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ABSTRACTThis article examines the linguistic ideological work entailed in the analyses of Irish by the “revolutionary scholar” and cofounder of the Gaelic League, Eoin MacNeill. It does so to discern one central way in which the essentialized link between the Irish language and a unified Irish people became an efficacious political construction during the armed struggle for independence in the early 20th century. It shows how MacNeill used authoritative linguistic science to engender nationalist sentiment around Irish through semiotic processes even as he challenged a dominant conception of language prevalent in European nationalist movements and social thought. The essay argues that MacNeill wrote against the unilateral valorization of codified linguistic homogeneity and embraced the heterogeneous variation of spoken discourse even as he sought to consolidate Irish national identity through sameness claims. This critical examination suggests that scholars of nationalism reconsider the taken-for-granted homogenizing efforts of nationalist endeavors that are ubiquitously presumed to negatively sanction linguistic variation. (Nationalism, linguistic ideology, Ireland, semiotics, heterogeneity, Eoin MacNeill, Gaelic League, Europe, scientific knowledge)

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Kapoor, Dr Sheetal. "The Poetic Vision of Patrick Kavanagh". International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences 9, n.º 3 (2024): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.93.20.

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Patrick Kavanagh, a prominent 20th-century Irish poet from Inniskeen Parish, County Monaghan, profoundly impacted global audiences with his poetry, transcending national boundaries. Despite limited formal education, Kavanagh's passion for literature led him to become a self-taught poet, capturing the essence of rural Irish life. His early works, such as "The Green Fool," reflect his struggle and detachment from peasant life, while his poetry often combines simplicity with profound insights, celebrating childhood wonder and the beauty of nature. Kavanagh's criticism of the Irish Literary Revival and his rejection of romanticized rural stereotypes positioned him as a genuine post-colonial thinker. His major works, including "The Great Hunger," depict the harsh realities of rural existence, contrasting with idealized notions of Irish identity. Kavanagh's influence extended beyond his lifetime, liberating subsequent generations of Irish poets from traditional constraints and emphasizing the significance of finding beauty in ordinary life. Despite facing challenges and limited recognition during his career, Kavanagh's legacy endures, celebrated for his honest portrayal of life's struggles and his ability to inspire through his poetic vision.

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Bulysheva, Elena V. "V.N. Chuvakov. My Meetings and Correspondence with Elena Aleksandrovna Polevitskaya (1958–1968)". Literary Fact, n.º 22 (2021): 146–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2541-8297-2021-22-146-163.

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The published diary entries of the famous literary critic and bibliographer V.N. Chuvakov are devoted to his meetings with the actress E.A. Polevitskaya in 1958–1961. In the text there is an image of an actress who was extremely popular in the 1910s, who had a long and difficult creative path, but still needed theater and acting. From Polevitskaya’s memoirs about her theatrical activity and about the theater of the early 20th century Chuvakov builds the main plot for him, associated with the name of Leonid Andreev. Fragmentary, inconsistent, but vivid, the actress’ memories about her creative relationships and personal meetings with Andreev complement our ideas about the writer, bring new shades to the picture of theatrical and artistic life of the early 20th century. The publication includes a letter from Polevitskaya to prof. K.I. Platonov, the author of a “forensic psychopathological study” on Andreev’s play “Ekaterina Ivanovna.” In the letter, the actress expounds her original, deep interpretation of the image of the mysterious and attractive Ekaterina Ivanovna and the motivation for her actions. Chuvakov's notes create an idea of Polevitskaya as an actress, capable of seriously, analytically approaching work on the role, delving deeply into the author's intention, which makes the diary's author's conclusion reasonable: Polevitskaya is the best Ekaterina Ivanovna (the heroine of Andreev's play).

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45

Elbanowski, Adam. "„Jesteśmy wspólnikami”: Korespondencja João Guimarãesa Rosy z tłumaczami". Między Oryginałem a Przekładem 25, n.º 44 (15 de junio de 2019): 117–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/moap.25.2019.44.06.

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“Yes, We Are Partners”: Correspondence of João Guimarães Rosa with his Translators In the article I present the correspondence of João Guimarães Rosa with his German, Spanish, Italian, French and American translators. The case of this most outstanding Brazilian novelist of the 20th century is special, because he was a polyglot and he actively participated in the process of translating his works. The main theme of the letters is the translation of his masterpiece, the writer’s only novel – Grande Sertão: veredas (The Devil to Pay in the Backlands). This correspondence provides an insight into the poetics of the Brazilian writer and his theory of translation, shows specific relations connecting him with his translators, and also reveals various translation strategies used by Guimarães Rosa’s translators.

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Kuzina, Nataliya. "Russian-Catalan Relations of the Second Half of the 19th and Early 20th Century". ISTORIYA 13, n.º 10 (120) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840023314-4.

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This article is devoted to contacts and connections between Catalan and Russian intellectuals, artists in the period from the second half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century. These interactions were largely fragmentary, the connections were personal and few, but they significantly influenced the literary and artistic life of Russia and Catalonia. Questions of culture, science and art were the main subjects of conversation between Russians and Catalans. The article highlights such episodes as the correspondence between I. Pavlovsky and N. Ollier, the influence of the Catalan artist M. Fortuny on domestic painters, joint projects of S. Diaghilev and H. Sert, etc.

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47

Engler, S., J. Luterbacher, F. Mauelshagen y J. Werner. "The Irish famine of 1740–1741: causes and effects". Climate of the Past Discussions 9, n.º 1 (15 de febrero de 2013): 1013–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-9-1013-2013.

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Abstract. This paper advances the current debate on causes and effects of famines. Since Sen's food entitlement decline theory emerged in the 1980's, climate and environmental factors are widely excluded in famine analysis. Studying the causation and the processes of famines as well as the adaptations to it before the 20th century will enhance modern famine theories and lead to a rethinking of the role of climate/environmental aspects in current research. In our case study, the "Famine Vulnerability Analysis Model" (FVAM) serves as an explanatory model and will open up new perspectives on famines. Special emphasis will be put on the Europe-wide crises of 1740–1741, with a focus on the famine of the "great frost" in Ireland. The interaction of demographic, political, economic and environmental aspects is characteristic in this famine.

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48

Polyakova, Elena. "Ireland During the War of Independence. From the Truce to the Treaty". Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, n.º 5 (2022): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640020639-0.

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The year 2022 marks the centenary of the formation of the modern, independent Irish state. The Anglo-Irish Treaty signed in December 1921 was crucial to its creation and political destiny, setting the direction of Irish state policy for a century and laying the foundations of modern Irish statehood. The treaty was signed after two years of Anglo-Irish war, in which the Republic of Ireland, proclaimed in 1919, had to defend its independence, when both sides found the will to declare a truce and agree to a five-month-long period of negotiations. The author examines the events that influenced the terms of the treaty, including the 1920 Government of Ireland Act, which provided for the creation of two Irish parliaments, for the South and the North, effectively dividing the country, and the complex and dramatic events between the truce and the signing of the treaty. Special attention is given to the positions of British Prime Minister David Lloyd-George and Irish republican leader Éamon de Valera on key issues of Irish sovereignty and territorial integrity, as reflected in their months-long correspondence. The peace treaty signed by Britain with the unrecognised Republic of Ireland was the starting point of its move towards genuine independence.

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49

Cui, Wenqi. "Catholicism on Chinese Education from the 19 Century to 20 Century: Aurora College for Women in Shanghai". Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 7, n.º 1 (17 de mayo de 2023): 267–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/7/20220813.

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Some studies worldwide have described Catholic schools in China in the 20th century in some detail, encompassing the establishment, causes, and effects of Catholic schools. However, many studies have focused on male missionaries and elite male teaching models, and women have been neglected by academics in the study of Chinese Catholicism. Against this background, this paper examines the Aurora College for Women in Shanghai, the first university in China to admit women in the 20th century by Sisters of the Sacred Heart. To present the experience of Aurora College for Women in Shanghai at different periods and to explore its influence on Chinese education, this paper cites handwritten letters from the sisters of Aurora College for Women in Shanghai from the Italian and Shanghai archives as primary sources. The documents in the Italian Archives are the correspondence and records of the sisters in the archives of the Rome headquarters. These primary sources from the Rome headquarters are rarely cited and are of great importance to the study of the Aurora College for Women in Shanghai. It is also combined with secondary sources, which include newspapers, books, related photography, and government-published intangible cultural heritage (ICH). The study found that the Aurora College for Women in Shanghai was a crucial point in women's education in three parts: (i) the popularization of Catholic schools in China in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, (ii) the size and characteristics of the school, (iii) the survival strategy. In addition, the holistic education proposed by the Aurora College for Women in Shanghai concluded that the Aurora College for Women in Shanghai contributed to the education for all and produced independent and self-reliant women. With these findings, this paper explores the spread of Catholicism in China through the lens of women and help enrich the meaning of Catholic schools.

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Lekmanovr, Oleg. "Акмеизм и «Цех поэтов» в оценках критики начала 1910-х годов: цитаты с комментариями". Modernités Russes 10, n.º 1 (2010): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/modru.2010.897.

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The paper proposes an analysis of the contrasted reception of the Corporation of the poets and acmeism by readers and literary circles of the beginning of the 20th century. The author used discussions in the press, critical notes, correspondence and fragments from the memories of artists and critics of this time. The contemporaries’ debate makes it possible to determine the place of acmeism in literary history at the time of its birth.

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