Siga este enlace para ver otros tipos de publicaciones sobre el tema: Intrinsic propertie.
Libros sobre el tema "Intrinsic propertie"
Crea una cita precisa en los estilos APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard y otros
Consulte los 46 mejores mejores libros para su investigación sobre el tema "Intrinsic propertie".
Junto a cada fuente en la lista de referencias hay un botón "Agregar a la bibliografía". Pulsa este botón, y generaremos automáticamente la referencia bibliográfica para la obra elegida en el estilo de cita que necesites: APA, MLA, Harvard, Vancouver, Chicago, etc.
También puede descargar el texto completo de la publicación académica en formato pdf y leer en línea su resumen siempre que esté disponible en los metadatos.
Explore libros sobre una amplia variedad de disciplinas y organice su bibliografía correctamente.
1
Francescotti, Robert M., ed. Companion to Intrinsic Properties. Berlin, Boston: DE GRUYTER, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110292596.
Texto completo
2
Relatively hyperbolic groups: Intrinsic geometry, algebraic properties, and algorithmic problems. Providence, R.I: American Mathematical Society, 2006.
Buscar texto completo
3
Dirba, Imants. Fe8Nx Thin Films and Nanoparticles: From Intrinsic Properties Towards Magnetic Applications. Darmstadt: Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Darmstadt, 2017.
Buscar texto completo
4
Zaka, Yasin. Properties of intrinsic and doped amorphous silicon produced by R.F. Sputtering. Birmingham: University of Aston.Department of Physics, 1985.
Buscar texto completo
5
Miller, James G. An approach for relating the results of quantitative nondestructive evaluation to intrinsic properties of high-performance materials: Semiannual progress report : September 15, 1989 - March 14, 1990. St. Louis, Mo: Washington University, Dept. of Physics, Laboratory for Ultrasonics, 1990.
Buscar texto completo
6
Companion Intrinsic Properties. Walter de Gruyter, 2000.
Buscar texto completo
7
Francescotti, Robert M. Companion to Intrinsic Properties. de Gruyter GmbH, Walter, 2014.
Buscar texto completo
8
Francescotti, Robert M. Companion to Intrinsic Properties. de Gruyter GmbH, Walter, 2017.
Buscar texto completo
9
Francescotti, Robert M. Companion to Intrinsic Properties. de Gruyter GmbH, Walter, 2014.
Buscar texto completo
10
Tozzi, Raul y Riccardo Zancan. Beyond Special Relativity: Looking for the Intrinsic Properties of Space-Time. Nova Science Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52305/uoxu1773.
Texto completo
11
Tozzi, Raul. Beyond Special Relativity: Looking for the Intrinsic Properties of Space-Time. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2022.
Buscar texto completo
12
Tozzi, Raul. Beyond Special Relativity: Looking for the Intrinsic Properties of Space-Time. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2022.
Buscar texto completo
13
McDaniel, Kris. Persons and Value. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198719656.003.0007.
Texto completoResumen
There are people, but how people exist is unclear. This chapter argues that it is part of our evaluative self-conception that persons are fully real, but decline to take this as proof that we are fully real. Instead, It explores a series of arguments for this conclusion. A common premise of these arguments is that a sufficient condition for being fully real is instantiating a perfectly natural property or relation. Specific arguments appeal to properties such as what it’s like to taste chocolate, being Kris McDaniel, certain moral properties such as intrinsic value, and freedom. We will not settle the question of whether we fully exist, but in this chapter the author demonstrates how complex the issues involved are.
14
McKitrick, Jennifer. Extrinsic Dispositions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717805.003.0008.
Texto completoResumen
Some dispositions are intrinsic properties while others are extrinsic properties. Many extrinsic properties bear the Marks of Dispositionality. Perfect intrinsic duplicates could differ with respect to certain dispositions. A thing could lose a disposition merely by changing its location. Examples of extrinsic dispositions include visibility, vulnerability, and recognizability. Some philosophers argue that extrinsic dispositions are unnatural or derivative, and that this is some reason to think that extrinsic dispositions do not really exist. However, all but the most fundamental properties are derivative. Unless one is committed to a sparse theory of properties, a property’s being non-fundamental is no reason to think that it does not exist. Furthermore, it is not obvious that all extrinsic dispositions must be derivative. It is possible, and perhaps scientifically plausible, to think that some fundamental powers such as mass, are extrinsic.
15
Pták, Pavel y Sylvia Pulmannová. Orthomodular Structures as Quantum Logics: Intrinsic Properties, State Space and Probabilistic Topics (Fundamental Theories of Physics). Springer, 1991.
Buscar texto completo
16
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Staff. Approach for Relating the Results of Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation to Intrinsic Properties of High-Performance Materials. Independently Published, 2018.
Buscar texto completo
17
Deruelle, Nathalie y Jean-Philippe Uzan. Riemannian manifolds. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786399.003.0064.
Texto completoResumen
This chapter is about Riemannian manifolds. It first discusses the metric manifold and the Levi-Civita connection, determining if the metric is Riemannian or Lorentzian. Next, the chapter turns to the properties of the curvature tensor. It states without proof the intrinsic versions of the properties of the Riemann–Christoffel tensor of a covariant derivative already given in Chapter 2. This chapter then performs the same derivation as in Chapter 4 by obtaining the Einstein equations of general relativity by varying the Hilbert action. However, this will be done in the intrinsic manner, using the tools developed in the present and the preceding chapters.
18
McKitrick, Jennifer. Dispositional Pluralism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717805.001.0001.
Texto completoResumen
Dispositional Pluralism is the view that dispositional properties are abundant and diverse. When something has a disposition, it is such that, if it were in a certain kind of circumstance, a certain kind of effect would occur. Dispositions include such varied properties as character traits like a hero’s courage, characteristics of physical objects like a wine glass’s fragility, and characteristics of microphysical entities like an electron’s charge. Some dispositions are natural while others are non-natural. Some dispositions called “powers” are ungrounded while non-fundamental dispositions are grounded in other properties. Some dispositions manifest constantly, some of them manifest spontaneously, while others manifest only when they are triggered to do so. Some dispositions manifest by causing another dispositional property to be instantiated, while others have manifestations that involve non-dispositional properties and relations. Some dispositions are intrinsic to their bearers while others are extrinsic. Some of them are causally relevant to their manifestations while others are not. Some dispositions manifest in some particular way in particular circumstances, while other dispositions manifest in various ways in various circumstances. What makes all of these diverse properties dispositions is their connection to a certain kind of counterfactual fact. Nevertheless, disposition ascriptions are not semantically reducible to counterfactual claims.
19
Franklin, Christopher Evan. Abilities, Opportunities, and Determinism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190682781.003.0004.
Texto completoResumen
This chapter further elaborates the contention that an agent’s free will consists in her possessing abilities and opportunities, specifically the opportunity to exercise her abilities of reflective self-control in more than one way. It is argued that an agent’s abilities nomologically supervene on her intrinsic properties and that her opportunities nomologically supervene on her intrinsic-cum-extrinsic properties. With these analyses in hand, the No Opportunity Argument is given to show that free will and moral accountability are incompatible with determinism because the opportunity to do otherwise is incompatible with determinism. The chapter closes by considering and rejecting two compatibilist counterproposals. The first is the new dispositionalism, which maintains that free will solely consists in an agent’s abilities. The second is Kadri Vihvelin’s account of free will. It is argued that both accounts are implausible as they, unwittingly, imply that addicts and phobics possess free will.
20
Asai, H. Theoretical Study of THz Emission from HTS Cuprate. Editado por A. V. Narlikar. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198738169.013.9.
Texto completoResumen
This article examines the THz emission from high-temperature superconducting (HTS) cuprates in the mesoscopic state using the intrinsic Josephson junction model. Cuprate superconductors are high-temperature superconductors that exhibit exotic electromagnetic properties. One of the remarkable features of HTS cuprates is high anisotropy due to their layered structures. Almost all HTS cuprates are composed of stacks of CuO2 layers and blocking layers which supply charge carriers to the CuO2 layers. The crystal structures of the HTS cuprates naturally form Josephson junctions known as intrinsic Josephson junctions (IJJs). This article first describes the basic theory of IJJ and the mechanism of THz emission before discussing the effect of temperature inhomogeneity on the emission properties. It then introduces a novel IJJ-based THz emitter that utilizes laser heating. Theoretical results show that the THz emission is caused by the strong excitation of transverse Josephson plasma waves in IJJs under a direct current bias.
21
Till, Nicholas. “Sound Houses”. Editado por Yael Kaduri. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199841547.013.48.
Texto completoResumen
This chapter looks at the relationship of music and architecture, both historically and with regard to the “spatial” and “acoustic” turns in recent cultural thinking. The author suggests that during the twentieth century sound art offered a distinctive challenge to the formalizing tendencies of both modernist music and modernist architecture. Architecture is instead understood in its multi-sensory materiality, while the sonic is understood as an intrinsic property of architectural experience. Similarly, space is understood as an intrinsic property of music, while much recent musical practice is shown to have recognized the inextricable association of sound and space. Examining the work of sound artists alongside the spatially conceived music of composers, this chapter considers the spatial and acoustic turns of the later twentieth century as a means for thinking about the postmodern sonic as a field that challenges the old modernist aspiration of both music and architecture to aesthetic autonomy.
22
Solymar, L., D. Walsh y R. R. A. Syms. Semiconductors. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829942.003.0008.
Texto completoResumen
Both intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors are discussed in terms of their band structure. The acceptor and donor energy levels are introduced. Scattering is discussed, from which the conductivity of semiconductors is derived. Some mathematical relations between electron and hole densities are derived. The mobilities of III–V and II–VI compounds and their dependence on impurity concentrations are discussed. Band structures of real and idealized semiconductors are contrasted. Measurements of semiconductor properties are reviewed. Various possibilities for optical excitation of electrons are discussed. The technology of crystal growth and purification are reviewed, in particular, molecular beam epitaxy and metal-organic chemical vapour deposition.
23
DiFrisco, James. Biological Processes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779636.003.0004.
Texto completoResumen
This chapter investigates the identity and persistence conditions for processes as a task of biological process ontology. It argues that the problem of intrinsic variation in evolution, development, and metabolism motivates viewing biological individuals as processes rather than as substances. Different criteria of identity for processes are then evaluated, including causal and spatio-temporal relations. The chapter ultimately settles on the view that processes are individuated by causal cohesion and are identical if they share the same cohesive properties and spatio-temporal region. The persistence of processes is interpreted on the model of perdurance, as a form of causal continuity or genidentity.
24
Kriegel, Uriah. Intentionality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791485.003.0003.
Texto completoResumen
This chapter argues for two main claims. First, it is argued that, unlike the notion of intentionality central to modern philosophy of mind, Brentano’s notion of intentionality has nothing to do with mental states’ capacity to track elements in the environment; rather, it has to do with a phenomenal feature in virtue of which conscious experiences present something to the subject. Secondly, it is argued that, contrary to common wisdom in Brentano scholarship, there is no real evidence that Brentano took intentionality to be a relation to immanent objects; rather, his mature theory clearly casts intentionality as an intrinsic, non-relational property, and a property in the first instance of subjects (rather than of subjects’ internal states).
25
McKitrick, Jennifer. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717805.003.0012.
Texto completoResumen
Dispositional Pluralism is more consistent with our dispositions talk than more monolithic views. Our evidence for extrinsic, ungrounded, and non-natural dispositions is comparable to that of intrinsic, grounded, and natural ones. Dispositional Pluralism has wide applicability to various philosophical issues. Secondary qualities, such as colors, can be given a dispositional account. Thinking of character traits as dispositions sheds light on the debate over Dispositionalism Situationism in moral psychology. One can give an account of gender identity as a cluster of behavioral dispositions. Finally, the potentiality of an embryo or a patient is best understood as an extrinsic dispositional property.
26
Schrijver, Karel. Exoplanet Systems and Their Stars. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799894.003.0004.
Texto completoResumen
This chapter highlights the amazing diversity of exoplanet worlds: planets can orbit neutron stars and giant stars, evaporate in the heat of their stars or have deep oceans, and may suffer from everlasting daysides and nightsides. A few enjoy two or more suns, and some bear a rough similarity to Earth with possible liquid water on their surface. The author describes how exoplanets reveal themselves through signatures in the light of their stars. The first exoplanets were found in unexpected places, but after determining where exoplanets could or could not be spotted with current detection methods, intrinsic statistical properties emerged. Some are in line with the Solar System, but many are not. What is clear is that exoplanets are more numerous than the stars in our Galaxy.
27
Kawashima, Robert S. Biblical Narrative and the Birth of Prose Literature. Editado por Danna Nolan Fewell. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199967728.013.3.
Texto completoResumen
This chapter discusses the significance of literary milieu for the analysis and interpretation of the narratives of the Hebrew Bible, in particular, the pre-exilic narratives found in Genesis-Kings (less Ruth). Appealing to literary milieu entails a type of literary-comparative method. There are, however, not one but two forms of literary comparison: historicist comparison, based on chronological and geographical contiguity, and formalist comparison, based on formal similarity. Whereas the concrete literary connections established by the former (so-called ancient Near Eastern parallels) are indispensable to the interpretation of specific passages, the abstract properties established by the latter (poetry, prose, oral tradition, and literature) bring into focus, rather, the different representational possibilities intrinsic to these different forms of narrative art.
28
Stafström, Sven y Mikael Unge. Disorder-induced electron localization in molecular-based materials. Editado por A. V. Narlikar y Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533046.013.25.
Texto completoResumen
This article examines disorder-induced electron localization in molecular-based materials, using DNA and pentacene molecular crystals as examples. In DNA, the disorder is intrinsic and strong, resulting in very short localization lengths. The pentacene crystal, on the other hand, is intrinsically homogeneous and the disorder is extrinsic and weak, which makes a metal–insulator transition (MIT) possible. After providing an overview of carbon-based materials for electronic applications, the article explains the methodology for calculating the localization properties of a DNA double strand and a pentacene molecular crystal, namely Hamiltonian, transfer matrix, and finite-size scaling. It also discusses the results, which show a substantial increase in the localization length of the electronic state with correlated disorder as compared to the case of uncorrelated disorder.
29
Watkins, James. Developmental biodynamics. Editado por Neil Armstrong y Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0003.
Texto completoResumen
From a dynamical systems perspective, coordination of human movement emerges from the intrinsic self-organizing properties of the dynamical system consisting of the individual, the task, and the environment. The movement pattern that emerges depends upon the state of the system components which impose constraints on the types of movement that may emerge. These constraints arise from the anthropometry and functional ability of the individual (individual constraints), the requirements of the task (task constraints), and the prevailing environmental conditions (environmental constraints). Abnormal movement due to cerebral palsy, disease, or injury is likely to be due to abnormal individual constraints in the form of abnormal energy resources. Therapy directed at normalizing the abnormal energy resources is likely to be more effective than therapy directed at normalizing the abnormal kinematics.
30
May, Joshua. Freeing Reason from Desire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811572.003.0008.
Texto completoResumen
The previous chapter showed that our beliefs about which actions we ought to perform frequently have an effect on what we do. But Humean theories, holding that all motivation has its source in desire, insist on connecting such beliefs with an antecedent motive. However, reason needn’t be a slave to the passions. We can allow moral (or normative) beliefs a more independent role to generate intrinsic desires by developing an anti-Humeanism (distinct from internalism) that is empirically sound. Since an anti-Humean theory provides perfectly ordinary and intelligible explanations of actions, Humeans have a burden to justify a more restrictive account. However, they cannot discharge this burden on empirical grounds, whether by appealing to research on neurological disorders (acquired sociopathy, Parkinson’s, and Tourette’s), the psychological properties of desire, or the scientific virtue of parsimony.
31
Babor, Thomas F., Jonathan Caulkins, Benedikt Fischer, David Foxcroft, Keith Humphreys, María Elena Medina-Mora, Isidore Obot et al. Harms associated with illicit drug use. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818014.003.0004.
Texto completoResumen
Five types of morbidity and mortality have been identified as the main health expressions of health harm associated with illicit drug use: 1) overdose; 2) other injury; 3) non-communicable physical disease; 4) mental disorders; and 5) infectious disease. Burden of disease estimates combining years of life lost due to premature mortality and disability indicate that illicit drugs ranked eighth among causes of disease, death, and disability in developed regions of the world. Opioids, cocaine, and amphetamines entail greater risks, especially when they are injected. Many harmful consequences are not completely intrinsic to the properties of the drug, but instead are associated with the physical and social environment in which drug use takes place. These epidemiological considerations need to be taken into account in the allocation of resources for prevention programmes, treatment, and social services.
32
Trevor C, Hartley. Part II Jurisdiction, 12 Exclusive Jurisdiction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198729006.003.0012.
Texto completoResumen
The special feature of exclusive jurisdiction is that it has two aspects: not only does it confer jurisdiction on the specified court, but it also deprives all other courts of the jurisdiction they might otherwise have had. It may arise because of the intrinsic importance of the subject-matter for the country concerned, or it may be the result of the choice of the parties. The latter is the case with regard to choice-of-court agreements. This chapter considers the situations in which Brussels 2012 and Lugano 2007 lay down rules of exclusive jurisdiction that apply irrespective of the will of the parties. The relevant provisions are contained in Brussels 2012, Article 24 and Lugano 2007, Article 22. They apply even if neither party is domiciled in the European Union (or Lugano area). This chapter covers immovable property, companies and other legal persons, public registers, intellectual property, and enforcement of judgments.
33
Rössler, U. y W. von der Osten. Intrinsic Properties of Group IV Elements and III-V, II-VI and I-VII Compounds / Intrinsische Eigenschaften von Elementen der IV. Gruppe und von III-V-, ... Relationships in Science & Technology). Springer, 1986.
Buscar texto completo
34
Haspelmath, Martin. Theoretical Approaches to the Functions of Indefinite Pronouns. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198235606.003.0005.
Texto completoResumen
This chapter focuses on various theoretical approaches to the semantic and syntactic functions of indefinite pronouns. It begins with a discussion of structuralist semantics, which suggests that language is a system whose parts must be defined and described on the basis of their place in the system and their relation to each other, rather than on the basis of their own intrinsic properties. It then considers some of the problems associated with structuralist semantics, including the unclear status of the semantic features; significant overlap of the functions of grammatical items in many areas, including indefinite pronouns; and structuralist semantics makes wrong predictions about semantic change. The chapter proceeds by analysing logical semantics and the issues raised by this approach, along with syntactic approaches, the theory of mental spaces, pragmatic scales and scale reversal. Finally, it explains the relationship between focusing and sentence accent.
35
Hems, T. E. J. Reconstruction after nerve injury. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.006009.
Texto completoResumen
♦ Late reconstructive procedures may improve function if there is persisting paralysis after nerve injury♦ Transfer of a functioning musculotendinous unit to the tendon of the paralysed muscle is the most common type of procedure♦ Passive mobility must be maintained in affected joints before tendon transfer can be performed♦ The transferred muscle should be expendable, have normal power, and have properties appropriate to the function it is required to restore♦ Tendon transfers can provide reliable improvement in function after isolated radial nerve palsy♦ A number of procedures have been described for reconstruction of thumb opposition but impaired sensation after median nerve injury may limit gain in function♦ Tendon transfers are possible to improve clawing of fingers and lateral pinch of the thumb after ulnar nerve palsy or other cases of intrinsic paralysis.
36
Mashhoon, Bahram. Acceleration-Induced Nonlocality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803805.003.0002.
Texto completoResumen
The locality postulate of the standard relativity theory is exact when dealing with phenomena involving classical point particles and rays of radiation, but breaks down for electromagnetic fields, as field properties cannot be measured instantaneously. Furthermore, Bohr and Rosenfeld pointed out in 1933 that only spacetime averages of the classical electric and magnetic fields have immediate physical significance. This assertion acquires the status of a physical principle when the intrinsic acceleration scales of observers are taken into account. To incorporate acceleration-induced nonlocality into relativity theory, a general integral relation is postulated between the field as measured by an accelerated observer and the instantaneous field measurements of the momentarily comoving inertial observers along the past world line of the observer. This nonlocal ansatz involves an acceleration kernel and leads to nonlocal special relativity once the kernel is determined.
37
Postma, Alex V., David Sedmera, Frantisek Vostarek, Vincent M. Christoffels y Connie R. Bezzina. Developmental aspects of cardiac arrhythmias. Editado por José Maria Pérez-Pomares, Robert G. Kelly, Maurice van den Hoff, José Luis de la Pompa, David Sedmera, Cristina Basso y Deborah Henderson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757269.003.0027.
Texto completoResumen
The rhythmic and synchronized contraction of atria and ventricles is essential for efficient pumping of blood throughout the body. This process relies on the proper generation and conduction of the cardiac electrical impulse. Electrophysiological properties differ in various regions of the heart, revealing intrinsic heterogeneities rooted, at least in part, in regional differences in expression of ion channel and gap junction subunit genes. A causal relation between transcription factors and such regionalized gene expression has been established. Abnormal cardiac electrical function and arrhythmias in the postnatal heart may stem from a developmental changes in gene regulation. Genome-wide association studies have provided strong evidence that common genetic variation at developmental gene loci modulates electrocardiographic indices of conduction and repolarization and susceptibility to arrhythmia. Functional aspects are illustrated by description of selected prenatally occurring arrhythmias and their possible mechanisms. We also discuss recent findings and provide background insight into these complex mechanisms.
38
Cafaro, Philip. Valuing Wild Nature. Editado por Stephen M. Gardiner y Allen Thompson. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199941339.013.12.
Texto completoResumen
Preserving wild nature has been an important goal of the conservation and environmental movements throughout their existence. The reasons given for preserving wild species and wild places sometimes focus on the benefits to human beings and sometimes on the intrinsic value of wild things themselves. In either case, more or less emphasis may be given to wildness per se as a direct value-conferring property. Though nature lovers have won many battles, overall we are losing the war to preserve the wild. Little wild nature will remain a century from now unless humanity consciously and forcefully commits to limiting our numbers and our economic demands on the biosphere. For those who place a high value on wild nature, creating societies that preserve wildness on the landscape remains a key, ineliminable component of a proper environmentalism.
39
Okasha, Samir. Wright’s Adaptive Landscape, Fisher’s Fundamental Theorem. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815082.003.0004.
Texto completoResumen
Fitness maximization, or optimization, is a controversial idea in evolutionary biology. One classical formulation of this idea is that natural selection will tend to push a population up a peak in an adaptive landscape, as Sewall Wright first proposed. However, the hill-climbing property only obtains under particular conditions, and even then the ascent is not usually by the steepest route; this shows why it is misleading to assimilate the process of natural selection to a process of goal-directed choice. A different formulation of the idea of fitness-maximization is R. A. Fisher’s ‘fundamental theorem of natural selection’. However, the theorem points only to a weak sense in which selection is an optimizing process, for it requires that ‘environmental constancy’ be understood in a highly specific way. It does not vindicate the claim that natural selection has an intrinsic tendency to produce adaptation.
40
Hube, Bernhard y Oliver Kurzai. Candida species. Editado por Christopher C. Kibbler, Richard Barton, Neil A. R. Gow, Susan Howell, Donna M. MacCallum y Rohini J. Manuel. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198755388.003.0011.
Texto completoResumen
Most pathogenic Candida species are members of the microbiota, but also cause superficial or invasive infections. C. albicans is predominant, followed by C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, and C. tropicalis. C. albicans is polymorphic and grows as yeast, pseudohyphae, or hyphae. The cell wall has multiple functions in pathogenesis. Metabolism and nutrient up-take strategies facilitate growth in multiple niches within the host. Drug resistance is an intrinsic property of C. glabrata and C. krusei, but can be developed by C. albicans and other Candida species during antifungal therapy. Pathogenicity mechanisms include host cell attachment, invasion, and destructive activities; immune evasion; and biofilm production. A disbalanced microbiota and impaired immunity favour superficial infections, and disturbance of the mucosal barriers, together with compromised immunity, enables Candida to invade the human bloodstream and cause invasive infection. Even with antifungal therapy (e.g. azoles or echinocandins), disseminated candidiasis has a high mortality (40–50%).
41
Harris, Andrea. Edwin Denby’s Objectivist Modernism and the New York School. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199342235.003.0006.
Texto completoResumen
Whereas chapter 2 examines the emergence of a social modernist theory of ballet in the 1930s, chapter 3 illustrates a new ballet modernism arising in the 1940s through the contributions of Edwin Denby. Denby’s primary innovation to American ballet theory was to reassign dance meaning from social or political themes to the intrinsic properties of the movement itself. This chapter takes a biographical approach to Denby’s criticism to situate this theoretical shift in ballet within the interdisciplinary New York School, in which he was extensively involved, and in which similar challenges to the relation of art and politics were being made by painters, photographers, and composers. This chapter demonstrates that Denby was the architect of a new objectivist theory of dance, which relocates the emergence of objectivism to a much earlier point in dance history, and in a different genre, than previously acknowledged. More than any other critic, Denby was responsible for connecting this objectivist theory of dance to Balanchine’s American neoclassicism, formulating the set of aesthetic principles that still shapes our idea of American ballet to date.
42
Papineau, David. The Metaphysics of Sensory Experience. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862390.001.0001.
Texto completoResumen
What are the materials of conscious perceptual experience? What is going on when we are consciously aware of a visual scene, or hear sounds, or otherwise enjoy sensory experience? In The Metaphysics of Sensory Experience David Papineau exposes the flaws in contemporary answers to this central philosophical question and defends a new alternative. Contemporary theories of perceptual experience all hold that conscious experiences reach out into the world beyond the mind. According to naïve realism, experiences literally incorporate perceived facts, while representationalism holds that experiences contain ordinary properties of the kind possessed by physical objects. These ideas might seem attractive at first sight, but Papineau shows that they do not stand up to examination. Instead Papineau argues for a purely qualitative account of sensory experience. Conscious sensory experiences are intrinsic states of people with no essential connection to external circumstances or represented properties. This might run counter to initial intuition, but Papineau shows that it is the only view that fits the facts. He develops this qualitative theory in detail, showing how it can accommodate the rich structure of sensory experience. Papineau’s qualitative account has respectable antecedents in the history of philosophy, and is also probably the view adopted by most non-specialists, be they reflective high school students, practising neuroscientists, or philosophers working outside the philosophy of perception. By placing the qualitative theory on a firm footing, Papineau shows all those curious about experience that they need not be restricted to the options on the contemporary philosophical menu.
43
Hill, Christopher S. Perceptual Experience. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192867766.001.0001.
Texto completoResumen
Abstract This book offers an account of perceptual experience—its intrinsic nature, its engagement with the world, its relations to mental states of other kinds, and its role in epistemic norms. One of the book’s main claims is that perceptual experience constitutively involves representations of worldly items. A second claim is that the relevant form of representation can be explained in broadly biological terms. After defending these foundational doctrines, the book proceeds to give an account of perceptual appearances and how they are related to the objective world. Appearances turn out to be relational, viewpoint dependent properties of external objects. There is also a complementary account of how the objects that possess these properties are represented. Another major concern is the phenomenological dimension of perception. The book maintains that perceptual phenomenology can be explained reductively in terms of the representational contents of experiences, and it uses this doctrine to undercut the traditional arguments for dualism. This treatment of perceptual phenomenology is then expanded to encompass cognitive phenomenology, the phenomenology of moods and emotions, and the phenomenology of pain. The next topic is the various forms of consciousness that perceptual experience can possess. A principal aim is to show that phenomenology is metaphysically independent of these forms of consciousness, and another is to de-mystify the form known as phenomenal consciousness. The book concludes by discussing the relations of various kinds that perceptual experiences bear to higher level cognitive states, including relations of format, content, and justification or support.
44
Carlucci, Annalisa y Paolo Navalesi. Weaning failure in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0103.
Texto completoResumen
Weaning failure has been defined as failure to discontinue mechanical ventilation, as assessed by the spontaneous breathing trial, or need for re-intubation after extubation, so-called extubation failure. Both events represent major clinical and economic burdens, and are associated with high morbidity and mortality. The most important mechanism leading to discontinuation failure is an unfavourable balance between respiratory muscle capacity and the load they must face. Beyond specific diseases leading to loss of muscle force-generating capacity, other factors may impair respiratory muscle function, including prolonged mechanical ventilation, sedation, and ICU-acquired neuromuscular dysfunction, potentially consequent to multiple factors. The load depends on the mechanical properties of the respiratory system. An increased load is consequent to any condition leading to increased resistance, reduced compliance, and/or occurrence of intrinsic positive-end-expiratory pressure. Noteworthy, the load can significantly increase throughout the spontaneous breathing trial. Cardiac, cerebral, and neuropsychiatric disorders are also causes of discontinuation failure. Extubation failure may depend, on the one hand, on a deteriorated force-load balance occurring after removal of the endotracheal tube and, on the other hand, on specific problems. Careful patient evaluation, avoidance and treatment of all the potential determinants of failure are crucial to achieve successful discontinuation and extubation.
45
Ó Maoilearca, John. Brutal Thoughts: Laruelle and Deleuze on Human Animal Stupidity. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474422734.003.0003.
Texto completoResumen
Using François Laruelle’s non-philosophy of definitional mutation, this chapter examines Deleuze’s theory of stupidity (in Difference and Repetition) in order to deconstruct the difference between the ‘wise’ philosopher and the ‘idiot’ as his transcendental stooge. The result is a non-philosophical ‘unlearning’ which involves something more radical, namely the idea that thought is not the intrinsic property of humans that serves to define their essence, an essence that would then indeed be ‘local’; rather it is a universal milieu. By emphasizing animality, bringing it within the sphere of culture, we can emphasise the most elevated humanity, so as to bring it into the universe; and, through a paradoxical example, re-examine its links with animality, of which it will then be a matter of knowing whether it, also, is universal. Ultimately, the chapter enquires as to whether Laruelle is entirely fair to Deleuze’s account of the idiot in respect to philosophy and non-philosophy. In particular, it asks whether Deleuze’s notion of becoming-animal can be used outside of its Deleuzian philosophical context – one that disrupts the differences (set out in What is Philosophy?) between philosophy, science, and art.
46
Berliner, Todd. Hollywood Aesthetic. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190658748.001.0001.
Texto completoResumen
Hollywood makes the most widely successful pleasure-giving artworks the world has ever known. The American film industry operates under the assumption that pleasurable aesthetic experiences, among large populations, translate into box office success. More than any other historical mode of art, Hollywood has systematized the delivery of aesthetic pleasure, packaging and selling it on a mass scale. If the Hollywood film industry succeeds in delivering aesthetic pleasure both routinely and, at times, in an outstanding way, then we should ultimately regard Hollywood cinema as an artistic achievement, not merely a commercial success. Hollywood Aesthetic accounts for the chief attraction of Hollywood cinema worldwide: its entertainment value. The book addresses four fundamental components of Hollywood’s aesthetic design: narrative, style, ideology, and genre. Grounded in film history and in the psychological and philosophical literature in aesthetics, the book explains: (1) the intrinsic properties characteristic of Hollywood cinema that induce aesthetic pleasure; (2) the cognitive and affective processes, sparked by Hollywood movies, that become engaged during aesthetic pleasure; and (3) the exhilarated aesthetic experiences afforded by an array of persistently entertaining Hollywood movies. Offering a comprehensive appraisal of the capacity of Hollywood cinema to provide aesthetic pleasure, the book sets out to explain how Hollywood creates, for masses of people, some of their most exhilarating experiences of art.