Artículos de revistas: "Intra-household income"

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Piao, Xiangdan. "Intra-Household Income Management and Couple’s Relative Sharing of Income and Environment Sustainability in Japan". Sustainability 15, n.º 7 (4 de abril de 2023): 6204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15076204.

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This study aims to identify household members’ income sharing, when the amount of said income is governed by a particular household member. The results are expected to provide insightful evidence that identifies who is under the poverty line within families. This will illustrate the intra-household allocation inequality by observing the members’ household income dominance. Using the information on household income management obtained from the Japanese Household Panel Survey data (1993–2013) and the original Internet survey, this paper develops an alternative methodology to estimate the household income distribution of couples. A two-step estimation process was employed to estimate the wife’s manageable income equation. Then, the parameters were substituted into the husband’s manageable income equation to estimate the parameters for calculating the wife’s sharing rule. The results are as follows. First, a wife’s share of intra-household resources positively correlates to her manageable income resources. However, wives have weak power in expending the transferred income from their husbands. Second, the remarkable feature is that, on average, wives share 37% of the resources, meaning that the wives’ relative bargaining is weaker than the husbands’. Narrowing the gap in terms of hourly wage between husbands and wives is a crucial tool to reduce the intra-household allocation gap. Third, the wives’ relative intrahousehold income allocation improvement is associated with household environment sustainability activities. To improve the intra-household income allocation inequality, we provide an original approach to explore the intra-household head of household members’ relative income sharing. The results highlight the inequality of intra-household income distribution and confirm that reducing the income gap would be a crucial improvement factor.

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HALLERÖD, BJÖRN. "Gender inequality from beyond the grave: intra-household distribution and wellbeing after spousal loss". Ageing and Society 33, n.º 5 (12 de abril de 2012): 783–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x12000268.

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ABSTRACTThe present article integrates research on spousal loss among older people and research on intra-household income distribution and relates pre-loss intra-household distribution of incomes to post-loss wellbeing. Data are drawn from the Swedish Panel Survey of Ageing and the Elderly (PSAE) and consist of couples that were married in the mid-1990s (N=1,503) and that were either still married (N=1,262) or who had experienced spousal loss (N=241) in 2002–03. The results showed that large intra-household pre-loss income differences increased the occurrence of psycho-social problems among both widows and widowers. Hence, unequal intra-household distribution of resources makes the coping process harder for both men and women. It was also shown that unequal pre-loss distribution of incomes affected a measure of global wellbeing among widowers. Widows suffered to a greater degree from economic difficulties, but these difficulties were not related to pre-loss distribution of incomes. Thus, the overall results showed that a gendered labour market that generates an unequal intra-household distribution of incomes has repercussions not only for gender equality among intact households, but also for the coping process of both widows and widowers.

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Haussen, Tina. "Intra-household income inequality and preferences for redistribution". Review of Economics of the Household 17, n.º 2 (6 de marzo de 2018): 499–530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11150-018-9410-8.

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Buettner, Thiess, Katharina Erbe y Veronika Grimm. "Tax planning of married couples and intra-household income inequality". Journal of Public Economics 179 (noviembre de 2019): 104048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.104048.

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Haussen, Tina. "Correction to: Intra-household income inequality and preferences for redistribution". Review of Economics of the Household 17, n.º 2 (7 de mayo de 2018): 531–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11150-018-9415-3.

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Ndlovu, Patrick, Sandeep Mohapatra y Marty Luckert. "Income Effects on Intra-Household Time Allocation: Regression Discontinuity Evidence". Journal of International Development 30, n.º 4 (7 de noviembre de 2017): 713–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jid.3333.

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Kata, Ryszard y Małgorzata Leszczyńska. "Stability and Social Sustainability of Farm Household Income in Poland in 2003–2020". Agriculture 11, n.º 12 (20 de diciembre de 2021): 1296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11121296.

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This article analyses the available income of farmer households in Poland in 2003–2020 in the context of their level, variability, and differentiation. The income situation of farmers was analysed from the intra-sectoral perspective and the inter-sectoral perspective by comparing the average monthly available income per capita of farmer households to the income of employees and total households. The research aimed to assess the stability of farmers’ incomes against the background of comparative groups and to assess their social sustainability. We understand farmers’ income parity relative to other socio-professional groups and a similar level of intra-sectoral differentiation. The source of empirical materials was the cyclical statistics of the Central Statistical Office prepared as part of the Household Budget Surveys, published in the years 2004–2021. It was found that despite a significant increase in the real income of farmers’ households in Poland over the studied years, the income disparity of farmers relative to other socio-occupational groups persisted. However, the income gap of farmers in relation to workers from the non-agricultural sector decreased from 35.1% in 2003 to an average of 15.7% in 2004–2020, which is largely due to the support for agriculture from the CAP funds. Compared to the analysed groups, the income of farmers’ households is characterised by the most significant instability and greater diversification. These results indicate a persistent deficit in the social sustainability of farmers’ household income in Poland.

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Cooper, William. "INCOME DIVIDING AMONG FAMILY: INFORMATION FROM INPUT ON ICONOMIC PLEASURE". CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PEDAGOGICS 02, n.º 05 (20 de mayo de 2021): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/pedagogics-crjp-02-05-01.

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This paper adds to the comprehension of sex viewpoints in the intra-household dividing of income. I gauge models of contrasts in monetary fulfilment between household partners utilizing board information from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study, which permits one to account for family level fixed impacts. The paper adds to the writing a further convincing rejection of the equivalent dividing speculation. Also and novel, the outcomes suggest that unequal income dividing is topsy-turvy and set off by the relative business situations with the partners in male provider families, the ladies' prosperity is influenced by the dissemination factor; in double full-time couples, it is the man's prosperity.

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Khalid, Samra y Nabila Asghar. "An Analysis of Socioeconomic Stratification, Intra-Temporal and Intra Generational Household Mobility in Central Punjab, Pakistan". Global Social Sciences Review IV, n.º II (30 de junio de 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2019(iv-ii).01.

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The study identifies the factors of intra temporal and intra generational household mobility in three districts of Central Punjab. The intra- temporal household mobility estimates the direction of transformation as disequalizing long term income. For the current analysis, three districts of Central Punjab are selected for data collection using literacy rate as prevalence rate. The results of the study show an improvement in education of head of household and other household members which may lead to upward transformation. Furthermore, geography and occupation progression contribute to inter temporal and intra generational mobility in Central Punjab. The results show big cities of central Punjab have considerable benefits of occupational movers from one sector to another as there are sufficient job opportunities available to the households and in rural areas of all the districts households are reluctant to get the benefits of occupational movement. The study concludes that most of the heads of household are educated but occupationally deprived which lead to low extent of intra generational mobility as compared to intra temporal mobility.

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Mottaleb, Khondoker A., Samarendu Mohanty y Ashok K. Mishra. "Intra-Household Resource Allocation under Negative Income Shock: A Natural Experiment". World Development 66 (febrero de 2015): 557–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.09.012.

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Kumar, Sunil y Renuka Mahadevan. "Intra-household income inequality and poverty in a small developing economy". Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy 16, n.º 2 (3 de mayo de 2011): 143–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13547860.2011.564747.

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Browning, Martin. "Saving and the intra-household distribution of income: an empirical investigation". Ricerche Economiche 49, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1995): 277–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-5054(95)90005-5.

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Fialová, Kamila y Martina Mysíková. "Intra-household distribution of resources and income poverty and inequality in Visegrád countries". International Journal of Social Economics 48, n.º 6 (17 de marzo de 2021): 914–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-10-2020-0671.

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PurposeThe authors aim to demonstrate the impact of allowing for unequal intra-household distribution of resources on income poverty and income inequality.Design/methodology/approachThe paper applies a collective consumption model to study the intra-household distribution of resources in Visegrád countries (V4). It utilises subjective financial satisfaction as a proxy for indirect utility from individual consumption to estimate the indifference scales within couples instead of the traditional equivalence scale. The European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) 2013 and 2018 data are applied.FindingsThis study’s results indicate substantial economies of scale from living in a couple that are generally higher than implied by the commonly applied equivalence scale. The sharing rule estimates suggest that at the mean of distribution factors, women receive a consumption share between 0.4 and 0.6; however, some of the results are close to an equal sharing of 0.5. The female consumption share rises with her contribution to household income. Regarding income poverty and inequality, the authors show that both these measures might be underestimated in the traditional approach to equal sharing of resources.Originality/valueThe authors add to the empirics by estimating indifference scales for Czechia (CZ), Hungary (HU), Poland (PL) and Slovakia (SK), countries that have not been involved in previous research.

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Booysen, Frederik y Sevias Guvuriro. "Gender Differences in Intra-Household Financial Decision-Making: An Application of Coarsened Exact Matching". Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, n.º 10 (6 de octubre de 2021): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14100469.

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Most studies that explore collective models of intra-household decision-making use economic outcomes such as human capital, earnings, assets, and relative income shares as proxies of the relative distribution of bargaining power. These studies, however, fail to incorporate important measures of control over and management of the economic resources within households. In the current study, a direct measure of financial decision-making power within the household is used to directly assess the distribution of bargaining power. Coarsened exact matching, an identification strategy not yet applied in studies of this nature, is applied to couple-level observational data from South Africa’s longitudinal National Income Dynamics Study. The influence of gender differences in intra-household decision-making on resource allocations to per capita household expenditure is assessed. In the case of greater financial decision-making power in couples being assigned to wives rather than husbands, per capita household expenditure on education increases significantly. The empowerment of women with financial decision-making power therefore holds the promise of realizing the benefits of investments in human capital.

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Muli Mwololo, Henry, Jonathan Makau Nzuma y Cecilia Nyawira Ritho. "Farmer empowerment in agriculture and its association with smallholder farm incomes in Kenya". African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 16, n.º 4 (31 de diciembre de 2021): 355–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.53936/afjare.2021.16(4).23.

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Poverty in its various forms is widespread among smallholder farmers, including income poverty, rendering interventions that improve household income relevant. We employ a linear model on crosssectional data collected from October to December 2015, with the preceding 12 months as the reference period. The data was from 835 smallholder farmers in Kenya to assess the effect of farmer empowerment in agriculture on farm income. This is a departure from numerous previous studies, which considered the intra-household empowerment of women relative to men on the assumption that men are empowered, which may not always be the case – as we show in this study. The results show that farmer empowerment in agriculture increases per capita farm incomes. Unlike male farmers, who benefit from the overall empowerment in agriculture, female farmers do not, possibly due to constraints in complementary drivers of farm income such as access to productive resources. Interestingly, improving the income domain for female farmers increases their farm incomes more than for their male counterparts. We conclude that farmer empowerment in agriculture is a necessary driver of farm incomes, with the production, leadership and income domains being the viable impact pathways. Thus, development interventions should target specific empowerment domains while controlling for sex differences among the target farmers.

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Zhao, Zixin, Ai Han y Shouyang Wang. "Intra-Household Gender Wage Gap in China: Evidence from the China Health & Nutrition Survey". Asian Economic and Financial Review 12, n.º 4 (19 de abril de 2022): 258–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.55493/5002.v12i4.4469.

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This paper analyzes the intra-household wage gap and wage determination of husbands and wives under the urban-rural dual economic structure in China. A two-step estimation procedure was used to determine the factors that are related to living in urban or rural areas by employing the probit model. Additionally, the effects of different factors affecting gender wage across regimes and between husbands and wives was examined using the seemingly unrelated regression estimation (SURE) model. It was found that the intra-household gender wage gap is larger in rural areas than in urban areas. At different percentiles, the gender wage gap is also different. There is a larger gender wage gap between low income earners than higher income earners. The largest gender wage gap is in the 10th percentile in rural areas with a wife–husband wage ratio of 67%. The wage determination pattern between spouses is different in urban and rural areas. Except for human capital impact, urban-rural dual economic structure and family factors, spousal factors also effect the intra-household wage gap.

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Katz, Elizabeth. "The Impact of Non-Traditional Export Agriculture on Income and Food Availability in Guatemala: An Intra-Household Perspective". Food and Nutrition Bulletin 15, n.º 4 (diciembre de 1994): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482659401500416.

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This paper assesses the impact of non-traditional agriculture exports (NTAE) in highland Guatemala on the level and distribution of household income, and the financing and purchase of food items. Heckman's two-step procedure was used to control for self-selection of NTAE producers and potential correlation of preferences. Farmers with greater extension of land, as well as younger Catholic farmers with higher-quality land, are most likely to adopt the new crops (broccoli, snow peas (mange-tout!), and NTAE crops are highly profitable for those who adopt them. Despite the widespread use of female labour in the production of NTAE crops, the extent of adoption is not negatively associated with women's ability to generate independent income. Land devoted to the new crops also exhibits a strong positive relationship with subsistence production of corn and beans. Weak evidence supports the hypothesis that distinct intra-household income transfer patterns obtained in NTAE crop-adopting households compared with non-adopting households: in the former, the level of the weekly food allowance provided to women by their husbands is less responsive to changes in both household and female income, making women's earnings a more important overall determinant of food expenditure. A simulation exercise showed that households that have not adopted new crops would use increases in income to augment food expenditures to a much greater extent than adopting households. Within adopting households, the impact of increases in women's income on food expenditures is nearly double that of increases in men's income. Women's flexibility with regard to the allocation of their labour time and income plays an important role in the relative success of non-traditional agriculture as a means of improving household food availability. Improving the food consumption of poor households is often an important implicit or explicit goal of income-generating strategies such as the promotion of non-traditional agricultural export (NTAE) crops. However, a fair amount of controversy surrounds the strength of the relationship between increases in household income and greater access to and intake of nutritious foods. This is particularly the case when those increases in income are based on the displacement of subsistence crops and/or are biased in flavour of men, who may have less propensity than women to spend marginal income gains on food for the family. The nutritional impact of NTAE in highland Guatemala was assessed in a conceptual framework that accounts for the mediating influences of changes in household income, subsistence food production, and alterations in intra-household resource transfers. The data were drawn from a survey of over 300 rural households in five central highland communities between October 1990 and August 1991.

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Min, Sunhyung. "Demographic Change and Inequality in the Korean Farm Income". Agriculture 13, n.º 9 (18 de septiembre de 2023): 1832. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13091832.

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This study examines the impact of demographic shifts on income inequality among farm households over an 18-year period, from 2003 to 2021. Our principal aim is to determine whether changes in income inequality are driven more by intra-group changes in age/household size groups or by changes between these groups. Furthermore, the study aims to understand which age/household size groups are associated with changes in income inequality. The methodology of this study involves using the generalized entropy (GE) index, which allows for the decomposition of inequality within and between population subgroups. The study divides the total population into subgroups based on age and household size and analyzes both static and dynamic inequality. Results show that (i) the within-group effect for static farm income inequality is more significant than the between-group effect. (ii) On the other hand, for changes in inequality (dynamic inequality), the between-group effect in the case of age and the within-group effect in the case of household size are important. (iii) Changes in income inequality are more related to structural changes in the age group of farmers than to the size of household.

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Banerjee, Tanmoyee y Malabika Roy. "Financial Literacy: An Intra-Household Case Study from West Bengal, India". Studies in Microeconomics 8, n.º 2 (13 de mayo de 2020): 170–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2321022220916081.

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The study is an exercise to identify the presence of intra-household gender disparities in financial literacy levels between male and female decision-makers of the family (identified as male and female household heads) using data from a primary survey conducted in 24 Parganas (North), West Bengal, India. The survey shows the existence of significant intra-household gender gap in financial literacy. We also found that the female household heads with low financial literacy use mass media less intensively. Further, the study identifies that financial literacy is low for respondents in families with low levels of income and asset. Financial literacy improves with the use of mass media and education level. Interestingly, the higher the age of respondents the less are they financially literate. JEL Classifications: D19, J16, G190

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Peace, Gill y David Hulme. "Microenterprise and children – what are the intra-household impacts of income-generating programmes?" Small Enterprise Development 5, n.º 1 (marzo de 1994): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/0957-1329.1994.004.

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Fisher, Paul. "British tax credit simplification, the intra-household distribution of income and family consumption". Oxford Economic Papers 68, n.º 2 (18 de diciembre de 2015): 444–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpv068.

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Horowitz, Andrew W. y André Portela Souza. "The impact of parental income on the intra-household distribution of school attainment". Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 51, n.º 1 (febrero de 2011): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2010.09.002.

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Lungu, I., J. DiGiacomo, M. Vicini, T. Ahner-McHaffie, L. Baensch, M. Muttai, B. Degie, M. Liyhe, M. Thamari y G. Minas. "Intra-household gender dynamics and the adoption of best practices among teff farmers in Ethiopia". African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 24, n.º 3 (6 de abril de 2024): 25749–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.128.24295.

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Teff farming in Ethiopia is commonly seen as being dominated by men, with women playing supporting roles on some aspects of the growing process. This study is rooted in existing literature on drivers of Best Practices (BP) adoption and decision-making theory and is unique in that it focuses primarily on understanding how gender-specific factors influence decision-making on the adoption of BPs. To this end, the study assessed the intra-household gender dynamics at play within farming households in Amhara, Ethiopia, and their influence on deciding whether or not to adopt agricultural best practices for teff farming. These gender dynamics include the division of labor between women and men, intra-household decision-making processes, social and cultural norms and access factors (such as access to information, training, credit and control over income). Using data from a three-round quantitative survey with one woman and one man in 555 households, as well as focus group discussions and in-depth interviews, this study is uniquely placed to assess the impact of these gender-specific and intra-household factors on the adoption of best practices. The findings show that households where women are more involved in teff farming, have less input into decision-making, less control over income, and more access to information and adopt on average more best practices. However, there is significant heterogeneity when looking at individual best practices, with women’s decision-making power or access to resources particularly important for specific practices such as sowing in rows. This study implies that designing more gender-sensitive agricultural programs and extension services in Ethiopia – specifically on practices relevant to women and men – can increase best practice adoption, with the ultimate aim of increasing productivity and income for teff farming households, and empowering women. Since male and female farmers are involved in different practices, access to resources and decision-making power have different impacts depending on the gender of the respondent and the practice analyzed, and there is no “one size fits all” solution to improve teff farming productivity. Key words: intra-household dynamics, decision-making, gender roles, best practice adoption, teff

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Wołoszyn, Andrzej y Feliks Wysocki. "INCOME INEQUALITY OF POLISH RURAL AND URBAN HOUSEHOLDS IN 2010-2017". Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXII, n.º 1 (27 de enero de 2020): 360–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7776.

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The aim of the study was to assess the level of income inequality of rural households against other classes of household residence: small, medium and large cities. The assessment of intra-group or internal inequality was based on Theil-L and Theil-T indices. Inter-group inequality was measured summarily by the inter-group (or ‘between’) component in the Theil decomposition, and more verbosely by income disparity analysis. Research drew on individual, non-identifiable data from the “Household Budget Survey”, carried out by the Central Statistical Office in 2010, 2015 and 2017. It was found that despite rising income, rural households were still the poorest of all residence classes and lagged far behind average Polish households. Their internal income inequality was, throughout the study period, higher than in classes of households living in small-sized and medium-sized towns. This class was also most responsible for total income inequalities in Polish households.

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Goswami, Anandajit y Saswata Chaudhury. "Green Growth Intervention on Employment Generation in India: Dynamic CGE Model Approach". International Journal of Sustainable Entrepreneurship and Corporate Social Responsibility 2, n.º 2 (julio de 2017): 39–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsecsr.2017070103.

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This article highlights the possible impacts of green growth strategies and interventions on skilled and unskilled employment generation in India. Additionally, it indicates how income generation from selected green growth-related potential interventions can have a ripple effect on selected development indicators, like literacy rates, infant mortality rates, poverty. Job creation might translate to an economic gain for households of different income class across rural and urban India both in the short and long-term. This economic gain can thereafter reduce the level of inter-household and intra-household inter-temporal inequality levels with complementary and effective wealth distribution policies. In the long run, this reduction in the inequality level can create a positive impact on the social sustainability.

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Behrman, Jere R. "Intra-family Distribution in Developing Countries". Pakistan Development Review 33, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 1994): 253–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v33i3pp.253-296.

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Intra-household allocations appear to be quite important in the determination of time use, human resource investments, and intra- and inter-generational transfers in developing countries. The nature of such allocations has important implications for the efficiency, equity, and efficacy of the micro and macro-economic policies. In the past decade and a half, there has been substantial progress in modelling intrahousehold allocations in ways that lead to testable propositions despite enormous data limitations regarding the nature of the allocation of unobserved variables and the impact of unobserved heterogeneous endowments. The parent -child exchange literature is a subset of these studies that advances in two dimensions by allowing children to have different preferences from their parents' and by incorporating a broader notion of interactions, including the attention provided by the children to their parents. Yet this literature has most of the problems that are indicated with regard to the unified household preference models. The exchange literature to date has assumed away het" erogeneity in endowments which plays such a critical role in the studies that assume the unified household preferences. It is also silent on how human resource investments enter into the relations between parents and children. The collective models of household behaviour emphasise that different household members. usually husband and wife. may have different preferences and a different command over resources. Interesting theoretical results have been derived concerning the conditions under which the income-sharing rules and the allocation of non-assignable goods can be derived. But there are many limitations in this literature. The literature on the collective models of household behaviours is static and gives little consideration to the dynamic processes and learning.

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Lu, Qiling y Jing Hua. "Micro-Household Human Capital Investment Decisions and a Simulation Study from the Intergenerational Conflict Perspective". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, n.º 3 (17 de enero de 2023): 1696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031696.

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Education is highly valued in Asian families. However, as family members age, competition for intra-family resources affects children’s actualization in the family, which impacts the family’s future capital. However, most existing studies have interpreted the family’s intergenerational conflicts in terms of care services for older adults, and few have analyzed and simulated intra-family competition based on the intergenerational conflict. This study introduces a multi-agent simulation approach to observe micro-households’ educational investment choices under the dual pressures of retirement and childcare. This measure captures households’ investment choices and provides a decision basis for given households. Using data from the China Family Panel Study for 2014, 2016, and 2018, we explore the impact of these dual pressures on household educational expenditures and their differences across urban and rural areas, household aging, and income samples. We also simulated the micro-households’ investment choices under these dual pressures to observe that these pressures reduce investments in educational human capital in these “sandwich-like” households. The simulation results suggest that households with high childcare stress invest more in education than those with a high retirement burden. Moreover, income growth can mitigate the dual stress “crowding-out” effect on education, which is most pronounced in low-income, high childcare-stress households.

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TUYIKEZE, Evode y Donald WANDERE. "Wage Utilization, Household Decision-making and Role Variations: Implications on Gender Relations among Workers of Teza Tea Company, Burundi". Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, n.º 8 (17 de agosto de 2020): 278–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.78.8582.

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This paper is abstracted from a larger study that was carried out among workers of Teza Tea Company in the Muramvya Province of Burundi. The main objective of the study was to assess the socio-economic push-factors that drove tea workers to seek employment at Teza, how they utilized their wages, and the way wages accrued impacted on intra-household gender relations. In this regard, the study assumed that income earned by workers was not utilized appropriately thereby impinging negatively on intra-household gender relations – the outcome of the study proving this assumption otherwise. Methods used for data collection included; structured and unstructured interviews in the Survey Method, Focus Group Discussions, Key Informant interviews, Informal Discussions, and Observations. A sample of 150 workers was drawn from the study population by means of disproportional stratified and simple random sampling. Data were analysed quantitatively and qualitatively. The study was guided by among others, the Bargaining Theory of Krishnaraj [1], the Division of Labour Theory of Arora et. al [2], and Agassi’s [3] Marxist orientation. The study found out that prudent use of wages by the workers had positive effects on intra-household gender relations. Specifically, this enhanced inter-spousal bonding and paved way for more or less symmetrical decision-making powers for both men and women within a marriage situation. Finally, the study also found out that as a result of depressed income for the workers, gender roles within families were not rigid and instead, they took an infinite variety form with no specific responsibilities set aside for either gender.

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Chen, Yang, Hongsheng Chen y Jinhua Liu. "Household Split, Income, and Migrants’ Life Satisfaction: Social Problems Caused by Rapid Urbanization in China". Sustainability 11, n.º 12 (21 de junio de 2019): 3415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11123415.

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Household split between rural and urban areas has become an important social issue in China’s urbanization process. This study analysed the influence of household split on migrants’ life satisfaction and the differences between inter- and intra-provincial migrants. Using the data of the 2014 China Migrants Dynamic Survey, we found that the life satisfaction of inter-provincial migrants was significantly lower than that of intra-provincial migrants. For inter-provincial migrants, the life satisfaction of those who moved to the city with underaged children was significantly lower than that of those who left their children in their hometown. Moreover, the life satisfaction of migrants who were concerned about childcare in the hometown was significantly lower than that of those who did not worry about it. Chinese migrants face a dilemma: bringing their family members to the city despite the lack of social welfare support or leaving them in the hometown worrying about family care. We also found that family income does not have a significant moderating effect on the decline in life satisfaction owing to concerns about childcare in the hometown. Future policy concerning China’s population should create external conditions for migrants to accomplish family reunion.

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Singh, Sukhwinder, Andrew D. Jones, Ruth S. DeFries y Meha Jain. "The association between crop and income diversity and farmer intra-household dietary diversity in India". Food Security 12, n.º 2 (abril de 2020): 369–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01012-3.

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Leveille, Lise A., Tessa V. Ladner, Pardeep Sidhu y Christopher W. Reilly. "DELAY IN DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF ADOLESCENT ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT INJURIES IN A PUBLICLY FUNDED HEALTHCARE SYSTEM". Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 8, n.º 4_suppl3 (1 de abril de 2020): 2325967120S0022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967120s00229.

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Background: Delay to surgical anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction after injury has been associated with increased frequency and severity of meniscal and articular cartilage pathology. Patient factors that contribute to delayed ACL reconstruction are not well understood. Hypothesis/Purpose: Identify patient factors contributing to delayed ACL reconstruction in a publicly funded healthcare system. Methods: A retrospective review of all patients who had a primary ACL reconstruction at a single institution between 2014 and 2018 was completed. Patient demographic data, side, history of physical therapy, and intraoperative status of the meniscus and articular cartilage were collected. Household income was determined based on federal census data of mean household income by postal code. Time from injury to orthopedic referral (W0), consult (W1), and ACL reconstruction (W2) was calculated. A logistic regression model was constructed to determine the impact of household income, age, and sex on W0, W1, and W2. Results: Eighty-three patients were identified with a mean age of 14 years (range, 9-17). Twenty-eight patients were male (33.7%). Mean time from injury to orthopedic consult was 124 days (range, 0-1096). Mean time from injury to reconstruction was 286 days (range, 51-1623). Eleven patients (13%) had ligament reconstruction within 90 days of injury. Fifty-three patients (63.8%) had meniscal or articular cartilage damage at the time of ACL reconstruction. There was no significant effect of patient sex, age, or history of physical therapy on time to ACL reconstruction. Household income was found to have a significant effect on time to ACL reconstruction. For every $10,000.00 increase in household income, time to reconstruction was reduced by 19%. Using median time to reconstruction (223 days), this represents a decrease of 42 days. Household income only had an effect on W0 with a decrease of 38.4% for every $10,000.00 incremental increase in household income. No association was found between time to ACL reconstruction and odds of meniscal or articular cartilage damage. Conclusion: At a pediatric tertiary care hospital in a public health care system, most adolescent patients are having their ACL reconstructed in a delayed fashion contributing to an increased frequency of intra-articular pathology. Increase in household income was associated with a significant decrease in time to orthopaedic referral. There was no difference in wait time for consultation (W1) or wait time for surgery (W2). Further research is needed to determine specific factors causing this discrepancy in access to healthcare within a publicly funded system.

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Cwynar, Andrzej. "Are Two Heads Really Better than one in Intra-Household Financial Management? Evidence on the Financial Behaviour of Couples in Poland". South East European Journal of Economics and Business 17, n.º 1 (1 de junio de 2022): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jeb-2022-0007.

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Abstract Research shows that involvement in intra-household financial management fosters the development of financial literacy and sound financial behaviour. However, little is known about how different intra-couple financial management styles (sole versus joint management) affect the way consumers act when confronted with typical financial matters. Using a simple classifier allowing to distinguish households in which both partners undertake financial activity from those in which only one partner is involved in managing household finances, we applied statistical tests of significant differences and multiple linear regression models to determine whether the financial behaviour of joint participants is distinct from that of sole participants in Poland. Mann-Whitney U test showed that significant differences exist in credit management behaviour, with individuals who share participation performing better behaviour in this domain compared to sole managers. Credit management also appears to be the most problematic domain of household financial management where undesirable behaviour is the most likely. However, closer inspection with linear regression revealed that these differences can be attributed to socio-demographic variables such as age, place of residence, income, and number of dependent children.

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Vogler, Carolyn y Jan Pahl. "Money, Power and Inequality within Marriage". Sociological Review 42, n.º 2 (mayo de 1994): 263–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.1994.tb00090.x.

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The growing body of research on the intra-household economy suggests that in couple households there are significant associations between control over household finances and more general power within the household. However, most earlier research has been based on relatively small samples. Here a major new British data set, produced by the Social Change and Economic Life Initiative, is used to examine the relations between money, power and inequality within marriage. Six different systems of financial allocation are identified. The results suggest that even when couples nominally pool their money, in practice either husband or wife is likely to control the pool. In only one fifth of couples was the pool jointly controlled, but these households were characterised by the highest levels of equality between husband and wife in terms of decision making, experience of deprivation and access to personal spending money. Findings from the study indicate a complex pattern of relationships between household income level, household allocative system and gender. Female control of finances, though it was associated with greater decision-making power for women, did not protect them against financial deprivation; however, male control of finances, especially when it took the form of the housekeeping allowance, did serve to protect the financial interests of men in comparison with women. Gender inequality was least in households with joint control of pooled money and greatest either in low income households or in higher income households with male control of finances.

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Wang, Zicheng, Yun Lou y Yi Zhou. "Bargaining Power or Specialization? Determinants of Household Decision Making in Chinese Rural Migrant Families". SAGE Open 10, n.º 4 (octubre de 2020): 215824402098044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020980446.

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Family migration is a common integration process for rural migrants in contemporary China. However, discussions on intra-household decision making in dual-earner migrant families are limited. This study aims to address this gap. The data set from the Rural Urban Migration in China (RUMiC2008–2010) is employed to explore the determinants of household decision making. In addition, logit regression is performed to estimate the probability of wives acting as head of the household under different specifications, and the Blinder–Oaxaca–Fairlie decomposition is utilized to discuss gender differentials in decision-making responsibilities. Income and migration duration differentials between a wife and husband have important influences on the probability of being responsible for household decision making. The squared terms of wives’ and husbands’ income have inverted effects. The gender gap between household decision makers can be largely attributed to structural factors rather than observable characteristics, though bargaining power acts as the main contributor in explained parts. Bargaining theory can account for the probability of wives becoming the household decision maker, and the claim of the specialization approach is also confirmed. Gender inequality among household decision makers is largely attributed to structural factors, such as cultural/social norms, obstacles, or gender discrimination. The establishment of long-term effective mechanisms to improve employment quality for female migrants, the supply of basic public services, and protection of women’s legal rights in the household should be strengthened in the future to elevate the status of female migrants.

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Carriazo, Fernando y John Alexander Gomez-Mahecha. "The demand for air quality: evidence from the housing market in Bogotá, Colombia". Environment and Development Economics 23, n.º 2 (13 de febrero de 2018): 121–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x18000050.

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AbstractIdentifying a demand function for air quality is a key input to calculate welfare measurements of pollution abatement policies. We defined intra-urban housing submarkets to apply a Second Stage hedonic pricing model that allowed us to identify an inverse demand function for PM10 reductions in Bogotá. The monthly benefits of compliance with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency standard (50 μg/m3 – annual average), and the far more stringent World Health Organization standard (20 μg/m3 – annual average) are valued at US$12.16 and US$189.64 per household, respectively. These values, in turn, represent about 1.35 per cent and 21.04 per cent of the average household income. The hedonic model applied hereby shows that intra-urban housing submarkets are suitable for the identification of a demand function to be used by policy makers interested in evaluating non-marginal benefits (costs) from air quality improvements (deterioration).

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36

Yoshioka, Hirotoshi. "A Q-Analysis of Census Data: Intra-Household Income Allocation and School Attendance in Chiapas, Mexico". Quality & Quantity 40, n.º 6 (diciembre de 2006): 1061–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11135-005-5080-8.

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Sonnenberg, Stefanie J., Carole B. Burgoyne y David A. Routh. "Income disparity and norms relating to intra-household financial organisation in the UK: A dimensional analysis". Journal of Socio-Economics 40, n.º 5 (octubre de 2011): 573–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2011.04.014.

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van Gent, Wouter, Marjolijn Das y Sako Musterd. "Sociocultural, economic and ethnic homogeneity in residential mobility and spatial sorting among couples". Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 51, n.º 4 (31 de enero de 2019): 891–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x18823754.

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This study aims to advance the spatial conceptualization of ‘social homophily’ by relating the match, or mismatch, between a household’s social and sociocultural characteristics and the characteristics of the neighbourhood of residence to the probability of moving away from that neighbourhood. Three matching dimensions were investigated: economic status, ethnic background and sociocultural disposition. This paper’s focus is on the sociocultural dimension because this has not been included extensively in large-scale research so far. Initially we investigate how level of education at the household level interacts with education composition at the neighbourhood level. To further investigate the sociocultural dimension, we then include the share of each partner’s income in the total household income in our analyses. Based on the spatial literature at the intersections of class, gender and family, we assume that, together with higher education, the intra-household distribution of income reflects a broader set of sociocultural values. We make use of large- N register data to analyse the residential and mobility behaviour of all registered stable couples in the four largest Dutch urban regions between 2008 and 2009. Our analyses indicate that the degree to which a household ‘matches’ its social surroundings negatively affects its probability of leaving. This is the case for all three dimensions, with sociocultural disposition having the largest effect. The conclusion reflects on the importance of these findings for social homophily, sorting and residential segregation, and proposes directions for further research.

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Czyżewski, Andrzej, Ryszard Kata y Anna Matuszczak. "Stabilizacyjny wpływ krajowych i unijnych wydatków budżetowych na polskie rolnictwo – próba kwantyﬁ kacji". Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW - Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, n.º 125 (29 de marzo de 2019): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/eiogz.2019.125.2.

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The aim of the article is to identify stabilizing effects of budget expenditure on agriculture and rural areas in Poland. In this context, the inﬂuence of a signiﬁcant increase in Poland’s post-accession agricultural budget expenditures on the stability of farmers’ household income and agricultural investment was assessed. Fluctuations of these variables in the period of low agricultural budgets in 1995–2003 served as the point of reference. Stabilization effects were analyzed from the intra-sector and cross-sector perspective. It was found that the increase in budget expenditure on agriculture was accompanied by greater stability of agricultural income and greater stability of investment outlays in agriculture.

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BENNETT, FRAN y SIRIN SUNG. "Dimensions of Financial Autonomy in Low-/Moderate-Income Couples from a Gender Perspective and Implications for Welfare Reform". Journal of Social Policy 42, n.º 4 (11 de julio de 2013): 701–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279413000330.

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AbstractThe ‘unitary household’ lives on in policymakers’ assumptions about couples sharing their finances. Yet financial autonomy is seen as a key issue in gender relations, particularly for women. This article draws on evidence from semi-structured individual interviews with men and women in thirty low-/moderate-income couples in Britain. The interviews explored whether financial autonomy had any meaning to these individuals; and, if so, to what extent this was gendered in the sense of there being differences in men's and women's understanding of it. We develop a framework for the investigation of financial autonomy, involving several dimensions: achieving economic independence, having privacy in one's financial affairs and exercising agency in relation to household and/or personal spending. We argue that financial autonomy is a relevant issue for low-/moderate-income couples, and that women are more conscious of tensions between financial togetherness and autonomy due to their greater responsibility for managing togetherness and lower likelihood of achieving financial independence. Policymakers should therefore not discount the aspirations of women in particular for financial autonomy, even in low-/moderate-income couples where there remain significant obstacles to achieving this. Yet plans for welfare reform that rely on means testing and ignore intra-household dynamics in relation to family finances threaten to exacerbate these obstacles and reinforce a unitary family model.

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O'Hern, Steve y Hanne Tiikkaja. "Understanding the trip making characteristics of car deficient households in Finland". Liikenne-vuosikirja 5 (1 de diciembre de 2022): 11–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.58956/liikenne.144789.

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In many households, there are more adults with a driving license than there are cars. These households can be considered car deficient. This research explores car deficient households in a Finnish context using data from the Finnish National Travel Survey. Using logistic regressions, the research sought to understand what variables predict if a respondent lives in a car deficient household and for respondents living in car deficient households, we sought to understand the variables the predict access to use a car as a driver. Gender, work status, age, family size, household income, and number of trips by mode and purpose were all found to predict who lives in a car deficient household. In car deficient households, gender was found to be the strongest predictor of having access to use the car. The findings support previous research and raise new topics for future study, including studying intra-household contracts and analysing the activities engaged in by car deficient households.

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Khalid, Samra y Nabila Asghar. "Measuring Socioeconomic Stratification and Mobility Pattern: A Case Study of Intra-Generational and Intra-Temporal Household Mobility of Southern Punjab, Pakistan". Review of Economics and Development Studies 4, n.º 2 (30 de diciembre de 2018): 321–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.26710/reads.v4i2.417.

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The stratification process and mobility pattern describe the socio-economic changes in society over the time period rather than at one point in time. The main objective of this study is to analyze the socioeconomic stratification of society and mobility across the time on the basis of base and final year socioeconomic stratification indicators of Pakistan. For this purpose primary data has been collected from three districts of Southern Punjab on the basis of education as prevalence rate. The transformation results depict the sign of divergence of society with increasing size of ruler strata which is not due to reduction in the size of bottom strata. Furthermore, an increase in income has not much impact on consumption behavior of households rather it exerts emphasis on material achievements in Southern Punjab. The study concludes that the degree of socio-economic mobility has been positively related to the life chances of society and shows the symptoms of pro-poor growth.

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Singh, Sukhwinder, Andrew D. Jones, Ruth S. DeFries y Meha Jain. "Correction to: The association between crop and income diversity and farmer intra-household dietary diversity in India". Food Security 13, n.º 3 (19 de mayo de 2021): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12571-021-01168-6.

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Lemke, S., HH Vorster, NS Jansen van Rensburg y J. Ziche. "Empowered women, social networks and the contribution of qualitative research: broadening our understanding of underlying causes for food and nutrition insecurity". Public Health Nutrition 6, n.º 8 (diciembre de 2003): 759–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2003491.

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AbstractObjective:To investigate underlying causes for food and nutrition insecurity in black South African households and to gain understanding of the factors contributing to better nutrition security, with emphasis on household organisation, gender and intra-household dynamics and social networks.Design, setting and subjects:Within a larger cross-sectional survey that investigated the impact of urbanisation on the health of black South Africans, 166 people, mostly women, were interviewed on household food security. Methods used were structured face-to-face interviews, in-depth interviews, observation, interviews with key informants and a sociodemographic questionnaire. Information was collected from 1998 to 2000 in 15 rural and urban areas of the North West Province, South Africa.Results:Three-quarters of households in this sample are chronically food-insecure. Families are disrupted, due to migrant work, poverty and increasing societal violence, and half of households are female-headed. Certain categories of female-headed households and households based on partnership relationships, despite more limited resources, achieve a better or an equal economic status and better nutrition security than those households led by men, with the latter often being considered an economic liability. The reliance on and fostering of social ties and networks appear to be of central significance.Conclusion:Gender and intra-household relations, as well as social networks and income from informal sector activities, are often not uncovered by conventional statistical methods. Qualitative research can reveal the unexpected and furthermore empowers people, as their voices are heard.

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Mushi, Hawa, Pius Z. Yanda y Michael Kleyer. "Socioeconomic Factors Determining Extraction of Non-timber Forest Products on the Slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania". Human Ecology 48, n.º 6 (10 de noviembre de 2020): 695–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10745-020-00187-9.

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AbstractNon-timber forest products (NTFPs) from natural forests in sub-Saharan Africa provide significant benefits to rural communities. In this study conducted on the foothills of Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, we assumed that the extraction of NTFPs by local communities is related to sex, income, age, household size, and distance from the forest. We interviewed 313 household heads from six villages. We employed a logistic regression with a logit link to test the significance among the variables. Younger females of larger households with lower income and less cultivated land cut fodder and collected firewood more frequently than other villagers. Firewood collection frequency decreased with increasing distance from village to forest whereas fodder collection frequency increased. Men collected medicinal plants more frequently than younger women and if the distance from the village was greater. For firewood and fodder extraction, inter-village variation was greater than intra-village variation, suggesting that differences in access to infrastructure and alternative fodder sites also strongly determined NTFP extraction. Our results contribute to a better targeted participatory forest management.

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Bennett, Lynn. "The Role of Women in Income Production and Intra-household Allocation of Resources as a Determinant of Child Nutrition and Health". Food and Nutrition Bulletin 10, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1988): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482658801000308.

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This article presents a theoretical framework for answering the question, Does women's income-producing work result in an improvement or a deterioration in the health and nutritional status of their children? The author maintains that the literature has not provided clear evidence that the children of working mothers have lower nutritional status than those of mothers who do not work outside the home. She notes that previous studies have not controlled either for the family's income level or for other important variables, such as the presence of an employed male and land tenure status. Bennett argues that one of the key steps in understanding women's role in the determination of child health and nutritional status “may be a careful investigation of the process of resource allocation within the household. “ She opposes the use of a single joint-utility function as an adequate representation of household decision-making dynamics. Her recommendations include conducting investigations from an interdisciplinary approach, including economics, health, nutrition, and anthropology, and she presents a framework for these investigations.

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Fiedler, John L., Keith Lividini y Odilia I. Bermudez. "Estimating the impact of vitamin A-fortified vegetable oil in Bangladesh in the absence of dietary assessment data". Public Health Nutrition 18, n.º 3 (24 de abril de 2014): 414–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980014000640.

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AbstractObjectiveVitamin A deficiency is a serious health problem in Bangladesh. The 2011–12 Bangladesh Micronutrient Survey found 76·8 % of children of pre-school age were vitamin A deficient. In the absence of nationally representative, individual dietary assessment data, we use an alternative – household income and expenditure survey data – to estimate the potential impact of the introduction of vitamin A-fortified vegetable oil in Bangladesh.DesignItems in the household income and expenditure survey were matched to food composition tables to estimate households’ usual vitamin A intakes. Then, assuming (i) the intra-household distribution of food is in direct proportion to household members’ share of the household’s total adult male consumption equivalents, (ii) all vegetable oil that is made from other-than mustard seed and that is purchased is fortifiable and (iii) oil fortification standards are implemented, we modelled the additional vitamin A intake due to the new fortification initiative.SettingNationwide in Bangladesh.SubjectsA weighted sample of 12240 households comprised of 55580 individuals.ResultsNinety-nine per cent of the Bangladesh population consumes vegetable oil. The quantities consumed are sufficiently large and, varying little by socio-economic status, are able to provide an important, large-scale impact. At full implementation, vegetable oil fortification will reduce the number of persons with inadequate vitamin A intake from 115 million to 86 million and decrease the prevalence of inadequate vitamin A intake from 80 % to 60 %.ConclusionsVegetable oil is an ideal fortification vehicle in Bangladesh. Its fortification with vitamin A is an important public health intervention.

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Alam, Mohammad Jahangir, Ismat Ara Begum, Tamanna Mastura, Avinash Kishore, Jim Woodhill, Kuhu Chatterjee y Tamara Jackson. "Agricultural diversification and intra-household dietary diversity: Panel data analysis of farm households in Bangladesh". PLOS ONE 18, n.º 6 (23 de junio de 2023): e0287321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287321.

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This paper investigates the associations between agricultural diversification and dietary diversity among men, women and children of farm households in Bangladesh. Using three waves of nationally representative Bangladesh Integrated Household Survey (BIHS- 2011–12, 2015 and 2018) data and a panel data model, the study found that agricultural production diversification can emphasize the dietary diversification across the life cycle of farm household members. The balanced panel data reveals that agricultural production diversification has a statistically significant and positive impact on dietary diversity of individual members (men, women and children) of farm households. Moreover, other important factors that impact on agricultural diversification and improve dietary diversity like women’s education and employment, commercialization of farm households, access to non-farm income sources, and access to information facilities also have a strong association in improving dietary status, food and nutritional security as well. Although there is currently limited diversity in the diets of adult men, women and children of rural farm households, the situation can be improved over time with proper and consistent support. The findings suggest policy interventions should target not only agricultural diversification but also improve women’s education and on and off farm employment opportunities and facilitate better access to information for rural households. These recommendations can support improved dietary diversity for all household members under different settings.

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Modika, M. P. y I. B. Oluwatayo. "Intra-household food security among smallholder macadamia nuts and avocado farmers in Makhado and Thulamela municipalities, Limpopo Province, South Africa". Food Research 6, n.º 4 (31 de agosto de 2022): 420–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.6(4).337.

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South Africa, a middle-income country is believed to be self-sufficient in food production but there is still very large inequality and a high level of poverty experienced. Nationally, many households are food secure and yet there are a lot of compromises in an individual’s food security within households. This study analysed intra-household food security amongst smallholder tree crop farmers (macadamia nuts and avocado farmers) in the Makhado and Thulamela Municipalities of Limpopo province, South Africa. A random sample of 150 smallholder tree crop farmers was purposively selected for the study. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Analytical methods employed include descriptive statistics, Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS), logistic regression model and Coping Strategy Use Index (CSUI). Descriptive analysis of respondents’ socioeconomic characteristics showed that most of the participants were males (54.7%) as compared to females (45.3%). About 73.3% of the farmers had formal education with an average age of 61 years. The result of HFIAS indicated that 54% were food secure, 24% were mildly food insecure, 15.3% were moderately food insecure and 6.7% were severely food insecure. The result of logistic regression on the determinants of food security revealed that educational level, off-farm work, and farming experience positively influenced intra-household food security. Coping strategies harnessed to minimize food insecurity include gathering wild fruits, relying on less expensive food, buying food on credit and a few indicating skipping meals. The study, therefore, recommends improvement in human capital development through education by relevant stakeholders and enhanced access to off-farm employment as this will economically improve respondents’ purchasing power thus resulting in reduced intra-food insecurity.

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Otieno, Gloria, Robert John O. Ogola, Tobias Recha, Jemal Nurhisen Mohammed y Carlo Fadda. "Climate Change and Seed System Interventions Impact on Food Security and Incomes in East Africa". Sustainability 14, n.º 11 (26 de mayo de 2022): 6519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116519.

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Climate change is challenging agricultural productivity, especially in Africa. Adoption of improved or diverse seed varieties is a promising strategy to achieve increased yields, support food security and reduce poverty under climate change in East Africa. However, rigorous impact evaluations linking the contributions of improved seeds to the welfare of households have been limited. This paper evaluates the impact of diversified seed systems on farm household production, sales, income, consumption and seed storage in Kenya and Uganda. It applies four-cell analysis to explore the intra-specific diversity of crops within farming systems, using primary data obtained from a random sampling of 207 treatment households and 87 control households. Propensity score matching was used to investigate the relationship between adoption of improved seeds and changes in production, sales, income, consumption, seed storage and food security. Econometric results indicate that treatment households using improved seeds saw a significant positive impact on income from bean seed sales, sorghum and millet consumption, bean livestock feed and maize and millet seed stored. We conclude that increasing seed diversity helps farmers cope with climate change and increases productivity, food availability, incomes and food security. Partnerships among seed improvement stakeholders need to be enhanced to ensure a continued supply of appropriate seeds to farmers.

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