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1
Ringer, Jeanne. "L’efficacité des mécanismes de protection internationale face aux réserves émises par les États signataires de traités internationaux". Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100200.
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Cette étude décrit le cadre juridique et pratique actuel de la formulation de réserves par les États parties aux traités internationaux et présente une modification possible de ce cadre. Elle montre comment les réserves peuvent être utilisées pour faire avancer de manière efficace la protection des droits humains, en tant que points de départ du dialogue entre les organes conventionnels et les États signataires.En effet, lors de la création d’un instrument international ayant pour objet la protection efficace des droits humains, la question qui se pose est celle de savoir si une telle protection est possible en présence de réserves.Il apparaît que les réserves émises servent de points de départ pour les Comités à un dialogue constructif avec les États réservataires. En conséquence, les réserves impliquent plusieurs éléments procéduraux importants, à commencer par le nécessaire pris de conscience tant par les États réservataires que les Comités des problématiques spécifiques, afin de permettre un dialogue constructif entre les deuxThis study describes the current legal and practical framework of the formulation of reservations by State parties to international treaties, and presents a possible modification of this framework.It shows how reservations can be used to effectively advance human rights protections as a starting point for dialogue between treaty bodies and signatory states.When creating an international instrument for the effective protection of human rights, the question that arises is whether such protection is possible in the presence of reservations.It appears that the reservations made serve as starting points for constructive dialogue for the committees with the reserving States. Consequently, reservations involve several important procedural elements, starting with the awareness of specific issues necessary by both the reserving States and the Committees. This would allow a constructive dialogue between the two.Finally, it is necessary to have a reliable framework in which reservations to international treaties do not transform an instrument of protection into a mitigated guarantee
2
Yahaya, Shamsu. "Multilateral investment treaties : is the energy charter treaty an effective instrument for protecting international investments?" Thesis, University of Dundee, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.510625.
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Vergnet, Nicolas. "La création et la répartition de la valeur en droit fiscal international". Thesis, Paris 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA020063/document.
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La crise financière de 2008 et l’accroissement considérable de l’endettement public qui en a résulté ont mis au centre des priorités politiques contemporaines la nécessité de veiller à un alignement entre la fiscalité internationale et la création de valeur. Cette contemporanéité de l’enjeu ne doit pas occulter la redondance de ses causes avec celles qui ont présidé à la mise en place des premiers modèles de conventions fiscales bilatérales durant l’entre-deux-guerres sous l’égide de la Société des Nations. L’étude des travaux de l’organisation durant les années 1920 ainsi que de leur reprise par l’OECE puis l’OCDE au cours de la seconde moitié du XXème siècle permet de constater que l’ordre fiscal international actuel repose sur une logique d’alignement de la répartition de la matière taxable avec la géographie de la création de valeur. L’étonnement que suscite cette constatation lorsqu’elle est mise en perspective avec les critiques faites au système fiscal international actuel invite plus que jamais à étudier les rapports qu’entretient ce dernier avec la création de valeur : leurs connexions, leurs déconnexions, et les tentatives de reconnexions dont ils font l’objetThe 2008 financial crisis and the resulting significant increase in public debt have put the focus of today's political priorities on the need to tax profits in accordance with value creation. The topicality of this issue must not overshadow the striking similarity of its causes with those that led to the drafting of the first model tax treaties in the 1920s under the aegis of the League of Nations. A study of the organisation's work, built on by the OEEC, and the OECD in the second half of the 20th century, shows that the current international tax system already tends to align jurisdiction to tax with value creation. This observation is surprising when put in perspective with the criticisms of the current international tax order. It invites us more than ever to study the relationship between the international tax system and value creation: their connections, their disconnections, and the attempts to reconnect them
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Pompongsuk, Prasert. "International aircraft leasing, impact on international air law treaties". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0004/MQ44072.pdf.
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Pompongsuk, Prasert. "International aircraft leasing : impact on international air law treaties". Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20544.
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Aircraft leasing is a method of fleet acquisition. It was known to none at the outset of the air traffic era; as a result, international air law treaties were not formulated upon the concept that realized the practices as such. The moment international aircraft leasing materialized, many regimes of international air law became unsuited to the situation.On the one hand, public international air law treaties have faced the problems ranging from safety oversight responsibilities and aircraft accident investigation to airport charges and criminal jurisdiction.
On the other hand, private international air law treaties have faced the problems ranging from applicability of the 1952 Rome Convention and preferential rights under the 1948 Geneva Convention to aircraft engine leasing and the idiosyncrasy of leasing transactions.
This study is not aimed at scrutinizing leasing transactions but at examining the aforementioned difficulties, especially the issues of public international air law.
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Baltag, Crina Mihaela. "Jurisdictional limits of the Energy Charter Treaty and its interplay with related treaties and arbitration rules : the notion of investor". Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2011. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/8415.
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The boom of bilateral investment treaties and trade agreements came with an increasing number of disputes between investors and states related to actions and omissions of states in respect of the protection of investors and their investments. These instruments made a significant contribution to the development and implementation of an economic and legal framework for the promotion and safeguard of investors and investments. They also played an important part in and improved the access of investors to dispute resolution mechanisms – and, in particular, to arbitration – for the protection of their investments. In this vast network of treaties and agreements aspiring to offer investors proper conditions for a stable and predictable investment environment, the Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) stands out as a unique multilateral treaty aimed at facilitating transactions and investments in the energy field. The ECT came to life soon after the fall of the communist regimes across Europe and the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and it was motivated by the desire of the Western European states to secure their access to the much needed natural resources of the Eastern countries. This Thesis undertakes the challenging task of clarifying the notion of ‘Investor’ within the ECT’s framework and its related treaties and arbitration rules. The notion of ‘Investor’ is essential for the substantive and procedural protection of Investors and their Investments. Although the ECT provides for a definition of Investor, the notion of ‘Investor’ goes beyond this definition: it is shaped not only by the provisions of the ECT, but also by the related treaties and rules under the Investor–Contracting Party dispute resolution mechanism. It is also fundamental for the understanding of the notion of ‘Investor’ to consider it as it naturally interacts with the concepts of ‘Contracting Party’ and ‘Investment’. The notion of ‘Investor’ has two essential characteristics: it is challenging to assign it with a precise definition – any attempt to define this notion will not comprehensively encompass all its features; and it is a flexible notion, tailored to suit the treaties and rules interacting with the ECT. The intrinsic complexity of the notion of ‘Investor’ is amplified by web of provisions of the ECT, not always comprehensible and straightforward. The speed of the ECT’s negotiation was the determinant factor that contributed to the entry into force of the ECT, but also led to a compromise treaty. In this context, it is mandatory that the proper interpretation and analysis of the notion of ‘Investor’ be made in the light of the rules of treaty interpretation of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties.
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Berthet, Karim. "Les difficultés de mise en oeuvre des dispositifs nationaux et internationaux de lutte contre les juridictions fiscales non coopératives". Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE0012.
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Il n'existe pas à l'heure actuelle de définition « officielle » des juridictions fiscales non coopératives, l'appréhension de ces dernières étant particulièrement difficile à cerner. D'où la grande difficulté de les recenser avec exactitude et du même coup de leur donner une désignation géographique précise... Or, cette notion est d'autant plus importante qu'elle est le critère de détermination de territoires à régime fiscal dit « privilégié. » L'étude de la notion des juridictions fiscales non coopératives apparaît dès lors comme fondamentale pour aborder l'approche des législations fiscales internationales dans l'avenir. En effet, à partir de quand sommes-nous en présence d’une juridiction fiscale non coopérative ? Quels critères juridiques adopter pour les définir ? Bref, comment identifier de telles juridictions ? Quelles sont leurs caractéristiques premières ? Combien y'en a-t-il de par le monde et quel est leur poids exact dans l'économie mondiale ? Quelle a été l'évolution de l'approche internationale de ces juridictions dans le passé ? Comment cette approche peut-elle évoluer dans le futur pour tenir compte des contraintes économiques et financières avec la mondialisation ? En réalité, cette ambigüité accompagnant la notion de juridictions fiscales non coopératives, ne relève pas seulement de la simple négligence législative de la part des États qui a priori devraient être chargés de la définir. Bien plus, il s'agit là d'un véritable flou juridique plus ou moins organisé qui contribue grandement à entretenir l'opacité de ces territoires et à faciliter la tentation de l'évasion fiscaleThere is at the moment no "official" definition of the not cooperative fiscal jurisdictions, apprehension of these last ones being particularly difficult to identify. Hence the great difficulty of accurately identifying and thereby give them a specific geographic designation... Now, this notion is especially important as it is the criterion for determining territories Tax System "privileged." The study of the notion of the not cooperative fiscal jurisdictions therefore appears to be fundamental to discuss the approach of international tax laws in the future. Indeed, from when we are in the presence of a non cooperative fiscal jurisdiction? What legal criteria to adopt to define them? In brief, how identify such jurisdictions? What are their first characteristics? How much has it to it throughout the world and which is their exact weight in the world economy? What was the evolution of the international approach of these jurisdictions in past? How can this approach evolve in the future to take into account economic and financial constraints with the globalization? In reality, this ambiguity accompanying the notion of not cooperative fiscal jurisdictions, recover not only from the simple legislative negligence on behalf of the States which a priori should be in charge of defining it. Much more, it is about a real more or less organized vagueness of the law there which contributes largely to maintain the opacity of these territories and to facilitate the temptation of the tax evasion
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McCall-Smith, Kasey Lowe. "Reservations to human rights treaties". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6320.
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This thesis examines the default application of the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties reservation rules to reservations to human rights treaties. The contemporary practice of formulating reservations allows states to unilaterally modify their treaty obligations following the conclusion of negotiations. Though multilateral treaties address a broad spectrum of subjects and are negotiated using a variety of methods, all treaties are governed by the same residual reservation rules of the Vienna Convention when there is not a treaty-specific reservation regime in place. The Vienna Convention system is only engaged if a state seizes the opportunity to determine whether a reservation is valid pursuant to default rules or if a challenge regarding the validity of a reservation is brought before another competent mechanism of review, such as a dispute resolution mechanism. Even when applied, the Vienna Convention rules are ambiguous at best and have been criticised since their inception due to the high degree of flexibility in their application, especially in relation to human rights treaties. In light of the inherent flaws of the Vienna Convention reservation regime and the structural characteristics of human rights treaties, rarely will a reserving state be deprived of the benefit of the reservation even if it is determined to be invalid by another State Party. Though the consequences of an invalidity determination are more concrete when the decision is taken by a dispute resolution mechanism, such as a court, seldom are disputes over the validity of a reservation to a human rights treaty submitted to a competent mechanism. Using the core UN human rights treaties as a case study this research highlights that the past thirty years have revealed a practical impasse in treaty law when the default reservation rules are relied upon to regulate reservations to human rights treaties. Reservations of questionable validity gain the same status as valid reservations because the Vienna Convention rules do not address the consequence for a reservation determined to be invalid outwith the traditional inter se application of the reservation between the reserving and objecting states, which is not logical in the context of a human rights treaty. Against this background, this thesis examines whether the default reservation rules adequately govern reservations to human rights treaties. The conclusion affirms that the Vienna Convention reservation regime can regulate reservations to human rights treaties but only if there is a clearly defined final view on the validity of a reservation taken by an organ other than the state. Therefore, it is argued that treaty-specific supervisory mechanisms attached to each of the core UN human rights treaties should be invested with the competency to serve a determinative function with respect to evaluating reservations to human rights treaties in order to facilitate a stronger basis for the international human rights system.
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Montoya, Chávez Victorhugo y Cambiaso Raúl Feijóo. "The Hierarchy of Human Rights International Treaties". IUS ET VERITAS, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123420.
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An issue that has sparked heated debate over the years is undoubtedly the hierarchy of international treaties in the Peruvian legal system. the critical point is whether these treaties have Constitutional status. thus, the authors seek the answer based on the hierarchy of laws and how Human Rights Treaties are defined nowadays. Furthermore, they analyze the arguments defending their constitutional status in order to arrive to a firm conclusion that considers the globalization process that Law is going through.Un tema que ha despertado un gran debate a lo largo de los años, es sin duda el rango de los tratados internacionales en el ordenamiento jurídico peruano. el punto álgido sobre la discusión es si dichos tratados tienen el mismo peso que la Constitución. De esta manera, los autores buscan responder a la interrogante basándose en la jerarquía normativa y cómo se entienden hoy en día los tratados sobre Derechos Humanos. Además, analizan los argumentos que defienden su rango constitucional, para finalmente emitir una sólida conclusión considerando el proceso de globalización por el que transcurre el Derecho en la actualidad.
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Zeman, Ondřej. "International Treaties In the Czech Legal Order". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-4362.
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In the second, common part describes public international law and it's relation to the national law. Subsequently the system of sources of public international law and application of the international treaties to the system of the national law. In the third, analytical part describes relationship between international and the Czech law, it's historical development and present situation and the relation of the Czech national law to the acquis communautaire as well.
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Dhoukar, Malek. "Treaty shopping : la fin d'un problème fiscal international?" Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31568.
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Treaty Shopping can be defined as the "abuse" of tax conventions; it is a major international taxation topic. Its importance is increasing since the beginning of the 80's and the enactment of specific anti treaty shopping measures.Those specific measures are the purpose of this thesis. Is treaty shopping a solved problem? Are those measures, taken principally by the undisputed leader of this policy, the United States, entirely efficient?
In order to answer those questions, a brief study of the phenomenon of treaty shopping is needed. The first part of this thesis deals with this issue.
The measures themselves are analyzed in the second part. Basically, we can classify them in two categories, the national and the limitation on benefits incorporated in tax conventions. Both of them present weaknesses and approximations. In those circumstances, it would be difficult to admit the end of treaty shopping. Moreover, those measures have raised new problems that must be addressed firstly in order to envisage an end to the practice of treaty shopping.
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Decloedt, Andre. "Seeking common deviations from South Africa’s tax treaty policy: a comparative analysis identifying trends (regional or otherwise) in treaty practice in bi-lateral tax treaties with countries in Asia, Australasia, North America and South America". Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31554.
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South Africa experienced an unprecedented growth in its tax treaty network since 1994 as a result of an increase in global trade. In concluding these bi-lateral tax treaties with other countries, South Africa depends primarily on its national model policy during its negotiations with other contracting states. The country’s national tax treaty policy was previously defined in one document, the publication of which has since been discontinued. Apart from Professor C West’s contribution to the global tax community, there is little research information available on the current tax treaty policy of South Africa. It is submitted that the OECD Model and its positions recorded in the commentaries are now widely accepted as the national tax treaty policy of South Africa. The findings of the comparative analysis between the previously documented tax treaty policy and this new widely accepted position of South Africa, suggested that the OECD Model and its recorded positions in the commentaries, subject to a few exceptions, is a fair reflection of South Africa’s national tax treaty policy. It is submitted that South Africa accepted common deviations from its national tax treaty policy when negotiating bi-lateral treaties with countries in the Americas, Asia and Australasia. Previous research failed to provide guidance in this aspect and in an attempt to seek common deviations from South Africa’s national tax treaty policy, a comparative analysis was conducted to identify trends (whether regional or otherwise) in tax treaties with a sample of countries in Asia, Australasia, North America and South America. The findings of this comparative analysis indicated that South Africa successfully applied its national tax treaty policy to a large extend, but does accept common deviations from the policy.
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Hooper, L. "International cooperation : A role for institutional mechanisms". Thesis, University of Essex, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.381237.
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Ranganathan, Surabhi. "International law and strategically-created treaty conflicts". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608031.
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Beham, Markus. "Doctrinal Illusion and State Interest : an Analysis of 'Non-Treaty' Law for 'Moral Concepts'". Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100078.
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La question principale de la présente thèse est celle de l’existence de « concepts moraux » – concepts poursuivant des fins altruistes plutôt qu’intéressées – en tant que droit non conventionnel, c’est à dire en tant que droit international coutumier ou principes généraux du droit. La question sera examinée en particulier dans le contexte du discours doctrinal afin de questionner le phénomène du constat trop rapide de leur existence.Le raisonnement se décline en trois étapes. Une série de questions préliminaires relatives à la Charte de l’ONU seront tout d’abord énoncées, elles serviront de cadre à la discussion. Ensuite suivront les sources du droit international non conventionnelles. Et enfin sera discuté l’élément essentiel des relations internationales qui sous-tend la question principale de cette thèse : l’intérêt de l’État. Cette dernière discussion sera illustrée par les exemples des droits de l’homme et de l’usage de la force pour raisons humanitairesThe main question of the thesis is whether ‘non-treaty’ law – that is customary international law and general principles of law – may exist for ‘moral concepts’ – ideas that follow an altruistic as opposed to a self-interested motivation. In particular, this possibility is discussed against the background of doctrinal discourse on the issue, in order to confront the casual assessment that this is the case. The argument is advanced in three steps. First, a row of preliminary questions under the UN-CHARTER is set out for further discussion. Second follow the ‘non-treaty’ sources of international law. Third stands the essential element of international relations underlying the main question of this thesis: state interest. The latter discussion is complemented by two case studies, one on human rights and one on humanitarian use of force
Die Forschungsfrage bezieht sich auf die Existenz von „moralischen Konzepten“ – also solchen, die einer altruistischen anstelle einer eigennützigen Motivation folgen – als Völkergewohnheitsrecht oder allgemeine Rechtsgrundsätze. Dabei wird die Frage insbesondere vor dem Hintergrund des Diskurses betrachtet, um der beiläufigen Feststellung deren Existenz entgegenzutreten.Die Argumentation folgt drei Schritten. Zu Beginn steht eine Reihe von Vorfragen in Bezug auf die Satzung der Vereinten Nationen als Rahmen für die weitere Diskussion. Zweitens werden das Völkergewohnheitsrecht und die allgemeinen Rechtsgrundsätze erläutert. Drittens wird das Staatsinteresse als essentielles Element der internationalen Beziehungen, das der Forschungsfrage zugrunde liegt, diskutiert. Abgerundet wird die Analyse durch zwei Fallstudien, eine zu Menschenrechten und eine zu humanitären Ausnahmen zum Gewaltverbot
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Miltner, Barbara Lynn. "The territorial application of treaties in international law". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610414.
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LESSA, LUIZ FERNANDO VOSS CHAGAS. "INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS TREATIES AND THE 1988 CONSTITUTION". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2004. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=5836@1.
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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIORA Internalização dos Tratados Internacionais de Direitos Humanos e a Constituição de 1988. A partir da promulgação da Constituição da República de 1988 a doutrina brasileira vem tentado defender a tese de que os pactos internacionais de direitos humanos são incorporados de forma automática ao direito interno, bastando para tanto sua ratificação no plano internacional. Os mesmo autores defendem, ainda, o status de norma de direito fundamental destes pactos uma vez incorporados. Partindo dessas duas assertivas, a presente dissertação, rejeita o primeiro postulado para afirmar que o caráter de norma constitucional das normas internacionais internalizadas decorre antes de tudo de seu conteúdo e não da forma de sua internalização. Do mesmo modo, pugna o presente trabalho que a adoção do rito tradicional para a internalização de tratados internacionais que versem sobre os direitos humanos não significa outorgar ao Executivo uma carta branca para postergar a prática dos atos necessários para a sua incorporação. Ao final, defende a possibilidade da intervenção do Poder Judiciário para assegurar a proteção dos direitos individuais ameaçados ou lesados por tal omissão.
The relationship between International Human Rights Law and municipal law in Brazil has taken a new turn with the adoption of a new Constitution in 1988. Human Rights lawyers and law teachers support the idea that the new Constitutional Charter allow for a monistic approach to the relationship between International Human Rights Law and municipal law. The present dissertation contends that even in the case of a Human Rights treaty the Brazilian Constitution demands an act destined to transform International Law in domestic law. Contrary to what these Human Rights advocates and theorists believe, the dualist theory allows, not only for the International Human Rights Law to be adopted in Brazil as material Constitutional Law, but for its prompt adoption after the entry in force of any human rights treaty ratified by Brazil. Also, this dissertation contends that in those cases that the delay in transforming International Law in municipal law harms individual rights, the Judiciary branch can offer a quick and effective response.
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Leite, Araujo Andre <1993>. "Speed, legislatures and international treaties: Evidence from Mercosur". Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/10239/1/Araujo_Andre_tesi.pdf.
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What causes faster or slower procedures in the parliaments when considering international treaties? This question motivates the current research, which aims to understand how the nature of coalitions influence the duration of the legislative processes. For this, the analysis covers all the treaties signed by Mercosur between 1991 and 2021 and the internalisation processes in four member states (Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay). It observes how long each parliament took to approve the treaties and which was the effect of political and economic variables. A mixed-methods approach was adopted for the empirical research, combining Survival Analysis, Qualitative Comparative Analysis and Process Tracing. While the quantitative work investigates all the cases, the qualitative study illuminates the enlargement of Mercosur, with in-depth analysis of the Paraguayan approval of the Venezuelan and Bolivian accessions. This study provides important insights into the role of national legislatures in the Latin American regionalism, concluding that the government-opposition cleavage drives the parliamentarians’ behaviour on the topic of regional integration. The study also contributes to the field Mercosur studies with the characterisation of the treaties ratified domestically, by undertaking a longitudinal analysis at the 30th anniversary of the bloc.
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Bsoul, Labeeb Ahmed. "International treaties (muahadat) in Islam : theory and practice in the light of siyar (Islamic international law)". Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19495.
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This dissertation seeks to explain the viewpoint of Islamic international law {siyar) with respect to the various aspects of treaties {mu'abadat) with non-Muslims. The siyar deals with (the notion) of mutual relations between Muslims and non-Muslims during times of war and peace, and thus has become an intrinsic branch of the Shari'a. The varying nature of siyar and its changing interpretation throughout Islamic history captured the attention of a number of jurists and historians from both the classical and modem times, whose works have been frequently consulted throughout this study. In the course of classical and pre-modem Islamic history, treaty-making continued to evolve and contributed to shaping both political and social relations between Muslims and non-Muslims. Non-Muslim residents in Islamic territories {dar al-Islam), such as the abl al-dhimma and ahl al-aman, were dealt with as existing identities within Islam and were also dealt with by the means of contracts ('aqd), which determined their status under siyar. Relations between Muslims and non-Islamic territories {dar al-harb) were detennined by the conditions of peace and war, and treaties between the two were regulated according to the precedent set by siyar. The treaties selected for this dissertation cover the full spectrum of what Muslims and non-Muslims could do to develop and protect the interest of their communities. Thus, this study aims to shed some bight on a relatively untouched branch of Islamic law, while also elucidating the social ramifications of legal theory and practice.
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Chilton, Adam Stuart. "Essays on the Influence of International Agreements". Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10978.
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Since World War II, states have negotiated a staggering number of bilateral and multilateral international agreements. Despite that fact, scholars of international relations and international law have only recently begun to take the idea that these agreements can have important influences on domestic policies and international affairs seriously. This dissertation is comprised of five essays that all try to do exactly that, and hopefully in the process, help improve our understanding of the influence of bilateral and multilateral international agreements on state behavior. The first three essays examine compliance with the laws of war and international human rights treaties. Chapter 2 shows that prior ratification of treaties on the laws of war is a strong predictor that a country will be less likely to kill civilians during intrastate wars, and suggest that there may be a causal relationship between ratification and lower levels of mass violence against civilians for transitioning democracies. Chapter 3 conducts a randomized survey experiment to test whether information on the status of international law changes public opinion on violations of the laws of war, and produces results showing that international law does change public opinion—especially when the other side has committed to following the laws of war. Chapter 4 uses a randomized experiment to test the theory that domestic politics drives compliance with human rights treaties, and demonstrates that whether the United States has previously ratified international human rights treaties has the potential to change public opinion on purely domestic policies. The final two essays examine the United States’ policies in two areas of international economic law. Chapter 5 (with Rachel Brewster) explores the United States’ compliance with adverse WTO decisions, and argues that the largest determinant of if, and when, America complies is whether Congress is required to act to provide the remedy. Finally, Chapter 6 uses a range of evidence to argue that the United States’ Bilateral Investment Treaty program has not been primarily motivated by a desire to provide protections for American investors abroad, but instead it has been a tool to improve relationships with developing states.Government
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Engelen, Franciscus Antonius. "Interpretation of tax treaties under international law : a study of articles 31, 32 and 33 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and their application to tax treaties /". Amsterdam : IBFD, International Bureau of Fiscal Documentation, 2004. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/479589860.pdf.
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Lewis, Corinne. "UNHCR and international refugee law : from treaties to innovation". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2010. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2200/.
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Since its establishment in January 1951, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has played a unique and pivotal role related to international refugee law. The thesis explores the bases for this role and the approaches adopted by UNHCR to strengthen its role since the onset of the crisis in refugee protection in the 1980's. UNHCR's creation of doctrinal positions, that is, the organisation's written views of what refugee law should be, are featured as a crucial means employed by UNHCR to further the elaboration of the refugee law framework. UNHCR's innovative approaches related to States' accession, implementation, and application of international standards for the protection of refugees, such as capacity-building, are highlighted as means to enhance the effectiveness of international refugee law. The thesis commences with an overview of the historical and statutory foundations for UNHCR's role related to international refugee law, in chapter 1. The content of UNHCR's responsibilities, which concern the development and effectiveness of international refugee law, and the work the organisation carries out in order to fulfil these responsibilities, are explored in chapter 2. The flexibility in UNHCR's international law role, attributable to formal means to modify UNHCR's responsibilities and techniques adopted by the organisation, is elaborated in chapter 3. The increasing divergence between UNHCR's and States' approaches to refugee law, with the significant consequence that the weaknesses in the treaty law framework and in the means for ensuring its effectiveness, particularly its application, have become increasingly prominent, are the subject of chapter 4. The approaches adopted by UNHCR to address the weaknesses in the treaty law framework are evaluated in chapter 5 while the new activities carried out by UNHCR to strengthen the effectiveness of international refugee law are reviewed in the final chapter, chapter 6.
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Greenberg, Nicole. "Ending Sexualized Violence: International Jurisprudence". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1381.
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Sexualized violence continues to threaten the autonomy of individuals and violate human rights. Scholars debate the effectiveness of international treaties in addressing this problem. The Convention on Elimination and Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) of 1979 requires ratifying countries to uplift equality and denounce discrimination of women nationally, in public and private spheres. Examining Bosnia and Herzegovina as a case study shows the effectiveness CEDAW has in creating political and social change. In addition, the Bosnian War illustrates the threat sexualized violence has on individual autonomy. Findings show that CEDAW and grassroots feminist activism are successful together in advocating for social and political change. These results support the power of international treaties when combined with grassroots support for the cause. Over time, social change is possible as a consequence of international jurisprudence, which will help end sexualized violence globally, one individual at a time.
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Brölmann, Catharina Maria. "The institutional veil in public international law international organizations and the law of treaties /". [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2005. http://dare.uva.nl/document/79790.
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Miyoshi, Masahiro. "Considerations of equity in international arbitrations with special reference to territorial and boundary disputes". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1989. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/considerations-of-equity-in-international-arbitrations-with-special-reference-to-territorial-and-boundary-disputes(b744eaf1-68ff-454b-a388-da0b6b95ab38).html.
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Hoffman, Steven Justin. "Reimagining international law to address global health challenges". Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016IEPP0024/document.
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Cette thèse présente trois études qui imaginent à nouveaux frais la définition et le rôle du droit international dans la réponse que l’on peut apporter aux menaces transnationales contre la santé et aux inégalités sociales. Le premier chapitre évalue les capacités qu’ont les lois internationales traditionnelles de promouvoir la santé mondiale, en étudiant en particulier quand et pourquoi des traités internationaux sur la santé peuvent être utiles. Une synthèse de 90 évaluations d’impact quantitatif de traités passés a été réalisée et un cadre analytique a été développé. Le deuxième chapitre s’appuie sur ce travail pour évaluer une large gamme de possibilités de travailler en vue d’une action mondiale collective portant sur la résistance aux antimicrobiens, dont celles qui impliquent la construction d’institutions, la conception d’incitations et la mobilisation d’intérêts. Ce chapitre soutient que leur impact sur le monde réel dépend de relations d’imputabilité fortes. Le troisième chapitre porte cette thèse au-delà des notions westphaliennes traditionnelles d’action collective en s’intéressant à la question de savoir si de nouvelles technologies perturbatrices peuvent théoriquement produire les mêmes effets de régulation sur les questions de santé au niveau mondial que des lois internationales négociées par les États. Dans un premier temps, ce chapitre présente un modèle relativement simple d’apprentissage automatique qui quantifie automatiquement la pertinence, la qualité scientifique et le sensationnalisme des articles et valide ce modèle à partir d’un corpus de 163 433 articles de presse mentionnant les pandémies récentes de SARS et de H1N1This dissertation presents three studies that reimagine the definition and role of international law to address transnational health threats and social inequalities. The first chapter assesses opportunities for traditional international laws to promote global health, specifically examining when and why global health treaties may be helpful. Evidence from 90 quantitative impact evaluations of past treaties was synthesized and an analytic framework was developed. The second chapter builds on this work by evaluating a broad range of opportunities for working towards global collective action on antimicrobial resistance, including those that involve building institutions, crafting incentives and mobilizing interests. This chapter argues that their real-world impact will depend on strong accountability relationships. The third chapter takes this dissertation beyond traditional Westphalian notions of collective action by exploring whether new disruptive technologies can theoretically provide the same global regulatory effects on health matters as state-negotiated international laws. As a first move, this chapter presents a relatively simple machine-learning model that automatically quantifies the relevance, scientific quality and sensationalism of news media records, and validates the model on a corpus of 163,433 news records mentioning the recent SARS and H1N1 pandemics
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Collin, Charlotte. "Les conférences des parties : recherche sur le droit d'une institution internationale". Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01D041.
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Si beaucoup découvraient à l’occasion de la « COP 21 », organisée à Paris en décembre 2015, l’existence des Conférences des parties (CdP), ces institutions exercent pourtant depuis près d’un demi-siècle des fonctions primordiales pour le développement du droit international et l’effectivité des accords internationaux tant dans le domaine climatique que d’autres champs du droit international de l’environnement, de la culture, de la santé, ou encore du désarmement. À l’époque de leur création et de leurs premiers développements, ces institutions ont été perçues comme un mode innovant de gouvernance internationale, destiné à assurer une coopération interétatique plus flexible ainsi que le suivi et l’adaptation des conventions internationales. Près d’un demi-siècle plus tard, l’institution des CdP a fait l’objet de développements importants, tant d’un point de vue quantitatif que qualitatif. Ces développements invitent à examiner le statut juridique et les fonctions de ces nouveaux acteurs institutionnels dans la sphère internationale. L’analyse menée permet à la fois de caractériser l’existence d’un modèle institutionnel commun à ces structures et d’observer que les Conférences des parties constituent une forme intermédiaire d’institutionnalisation largement acceptée par les États en un temps marqué par un rejet croissant du multilatéralisme. Ces institutions permettent ainsi, en réduisant les coûts de leur institutionnalisation et en ménageant la souveraineté de leurs États parties, de réaliser un certain équilibre entre les aspects relationnels et institutionnels des rapports de coopération interétatiqueWhile many discovered the existence of Conferences of the Parties (COPs) in December 2015, during the COP 21 held in Paris, these institutions have nevertheless exercised, for almost half a century, essential functions for the development of international law and the effectiveness of international agreements in a wide variety of fields (protection of the environment, culture, health, disarmament,...). At the time of their creation and early development, these institutions were seen as an innovative mode of international governance, designed to arrange a flexible inter-state cooperation while ensuring the monitoring and adaptation of international treaties. Nearly half a century later, COPs have undergone a significant development, both quantitatively and qualitatively. This evolution calls for an analysis of their legal status and functions. The thesis characterizes the existence of an institutional common model and concludes that Conferences of the parties constitute an intermediate form of institutionalization, which is widely accepted by States despite a growing movement of rejection of multilateralism. By reducing the cost of their institutionalization and by preserving the sovereignty of their States parties, COPs appear to successfully balance the relational and institutional aspects of interstate cooperation
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Huang, Yingliang. "Reservations to multilateral human rights treaties". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27374.
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Reservations to multilateral human rights treaties have become an important issue since the case of the Genocide Convention in 1951. Although the compatibility principle upheld by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) was codified in the 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (Vienna Convention), the current reservations mechanism is problematic and detrimental to human rights treaty-making.
I will argue that the logical relation between the two standards comprising the compatibility principle has been lost under the Vienna Convention and it should be reintroduced by a competent body.
For this purpose, I will analyze the characteristics of human rights treaties, clarify the permissibility of making reservations, go through the origin and development of the compatibility principle, and identify the problem of the current reservations mechanism, namely that the determination of the compatibility of reservations is left to individual States. The solution I will propose is that the ICJ should be conferred the competence to objectively determine the compatibility of reservations.
Key words. the compatibility principle; the objective determination of compatibility
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Albino, pimentel Joao eduardo. "Three Essays on the Influence of Political Connections on Firms International Expansion Strategy". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLH003/document.
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Cette thèse est composée de trois essais, chacun contribuant à mieux comprendre la façon dont différents types de relations politiques affectent les stratégies d'expansion internationale et la performance des entreprises. Le premier essai examine le rôle des relations politiques comme modérateur de la relation entre les attributs du pays hôte et le choix d’investir dans ce pays par des entreprises. Nous examinons le cas des premiers investissements dans les pays concernés par des entreprises du secteur manufacturier au cours de la période 2003-2010. Les autres essais examinent le rôle des relations politiques comme antécédents directs des décisions et des performances des stratégies d'expansion internationale des entreprises. Le deuxième essai étudie l’influence des différents types de relations politiques dans l’ampleur et le profil de risque des investissements internationaux des entreprises. Enfin, le troisième essai analyse le rôle des connexions politiques en tant que facteur explicatif de la capacité des entreprises à accélérer le financement et le développement de leurs projets. Les deux derniers essais sont testés sur une base de données originale recensant les relations politiques dont bénéficient les plus grandes entreprises françaises au cours de la période 2003-2012This dissertation is composed of the three essays, each contributing to address part of the puzzle regarding how different types of political connections affect firms’ international expansion strategies and performance. The first essay examines how political connections moderate the relationship between host country attributes and international strategy in a sample of greenfield investments in manufacturing during the 2003-2010 period. The second and third essays examine how political connections directly impact a firm’s international expansion strategies and performance. The second essay investigates the role of different types of political connections on a firm’s international investments amount and risk profile. Finally, the third essay analyzes the role of political connections as an explanatory factor of firms’ ability to accelerate the provision of funding and development of their project finance-based investments. Both the latter two essays rely on an original dataset on various political connections enjoyed by the largest French firms during the 2003-2012 period
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Masa'deh, Orieb Khalaf. "The application of the theory of norms to the translations of international treaties : a case study of the Jordan-Israel peace treaty". Thesis, Durham University, 2003. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1083/.
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This Thesis explains that the development of a method by which researchers can identify normative behaviour of translators will enable the standardisation of equivalences between English and Arabic. The thesis suggests that achieving such a method will minimise political disputes. In showing that norms have an effect on the behaviour of translators, the thesis examines and evaluates the resulting products of translators, i.e. translations, and presents explanations of why these effects occur. By eliminating the choices of equivalences, which were prejudiced by translators' normative behaviour, the standardisation could be achievable. The thesis underscores the inadequacy of the suggestion that translators should learn a certain set of translational norms and should follow them. It argues, however, that being exposed to various norms whether, translational, cultural or otherwise plays an important role in the quality of translation. In illustrating the latter, the thesis provides an empirical study by which one hundred different translations are analysed by the use of a manual corpora method. The experiment records significant factors, which prove the effects of norms on translators, and offers different measures by which these factors are evaluated. Accordingly, the thesis examines the normative behaviour of translators in their decision-making process in relation to the translation of legal texts as part of international documents only. The thesis uses the 10rdanIsraeli Peace Treaty signed in 1994 as a case study. The key point is that, if legal and political translation between English and Arabic is prejudiced by negative normative behaviour, this will without doubt result in political disputes. The aim of this thesis is to suggest a method by which Arabic equivalences of English legal terms are relatively' standardised and compiled in an index to be referred to by legal translators in iUture cases. The thesis suggests the establishment of a translation planning committee (TPC) to act as the authority responsible for conducting the suggested method.
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Sachleben, Mark. "International Human Rights Treaties: Understanding Patterns of Participation and Non-Participation, 1948-2000". Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1070910200.
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Holzer, Felicitas Sofia. "Treating host communities fairly in international health research". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUL015.
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Le fait que de puissants laboratoires pharmaceutiques multinationaux et des institutions de financement de la recherche issues de pays riches mènent des études cliniques dans des pays à revenus faibles ou intermédiaires, ayant des systèmes de santé insuffisamment développés, soulève inévitablement et légitimement la crainte que les communautés, dont sont issues les populations sur lesquelles sont menées les études cliniques, ne soient pas traitées de façon équitable. Et le plus souvent, on entend par « traitement inéquitable des communautés d’accueil » une répartition inéquitable des bénéfices et des charges découlant du projet de recherche, entre les chercheurs et leurs sponsors étrangers d’une part, et les communautés d'accueil d’autre part. Deux modèles normatifs importants dominent à ce sujet le discours en éthique de la recherche : l'un affirme que les tests des médicaments ou plus généralement des interventions biomédicales dans les pays à revenus faibles ou intermédiaires doivent fournir une réponse appropriée et raisonnablement disponible aux besoins de santé des communautés-hôtes ; l'autre modèle met en avance l’exigence de négociations équitables entre les parties prenantes pour la répartition des bénéfices de la recherche. Notre thèse remet en question les principales revendications de ces deux modèles prédominants, en s'appuyant sur des arguments issus de l'éthique de la recherche en santé humaine et des débats en philosophie politique, en particulier dans les théories de la justice globale et de la justice distributive, ainsi que dans les théories du « fair-play ». Notre thèse vise à trouver un fondement conceptuel à l'affirmation selon lequel les communautés d'accueil, et pas seulement les personnes sur lesquels les tests sont conduits, devraient retirer un bénéfice équitable de la recherche internationale ; un point qui est encore peu mis en lumière dans la production académique. Notre thèse cherche en outre à tenir compte des problèmes liés aux injustices structurelles ainsi que des procédures et mécanismes alternatifs dans le but de sauvegarder des bénéfices équitables. En refusant une perspective cosmopolite, nous soutenons que les obligations de répartition équitable des bénéfices doivent être interprétées comme des exigences morales qui naissent d’une coopération équitable entre différentes parties. Sur cette base, nous nous employons à montrer pourquoi les communautés d'accueil doivent être considérées comme des parties prenantes ayant droit à des bénéfices équitablesThe fact that powerful multinational pharmaceutical companies and research funding institutions in high-income countries sponsor drug testing in low and middle-income countries against a backdrop of insufficiently developed health and welfare systems easily raises concerns that communities that host clinical trials are treated unfairly. “Treating host communities unfairly” is usually associated with an unfair distribution of benefits and burdens that arise from research between the presumably more powerful researchers and sponsors from abroad and host communities that are in the possession of less negotiation power. Two central normative models characterize the dominant discourse in research ethics; one states that drug or medical intervention testing in low and middle-income countries must result in medicines that address local health needs and furthermore, must be reasonably made available; the other model makes fair negotiations the central concern of benefit-sharing. This thesis challenges the major claims of both predominant models relying on arguments from the discipline of health research ethics and established debates in political philosophy, and especially global and distributive justice, as well as the fair play literature. My thesis is concerned with finding a conceptual foundation for the claim that host communities should be accrued fair benefits; a conceptual point that is still underdeveloped in the literature. My thesis furthermore seeks to account for concerns related to structural (in-)justice and also for alternative procedures and mechanisms with the goal of safeguarding fair benefits. Refusing to adopt a cosmopolitan perspective, I construe obligations of fair benefit-sharing as moral requirements that arise from fair cooperation among distinct stakeholders. Based on this, I present a justification for why host communities should be established as stakeholders that have a claim to fair benefits, and further spell out the content of such claim
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Dutra, Paula H. "Institution interaction and regime purpose considerations based on TRIPS/CBD /". Ohio : Ohio University, 2007. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1180729582.
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Du, Ya Xiong. "Research on issues of the implementation of international treaties in China". Thesis, University of Macau, 2010. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2157183.
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Daniel, Anne. "Preserving the global environment, compliance with international environment treaties is key". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq20970.pdf.
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Hussein, Amr Abbas Mohamed Adel Abbas Aly. "Bilateral investment treaties treatment of international capital movement : time for reform?" Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2012. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/2514.
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While the freedom to move capital is necessary for foreign investors, the power of the state to regulate capital transfers is necessary to prevent volatile capital from causing financial crises as well as to mitigate such crises when they occur. Thus, in regulating international capital movement, a balance should be made between the right to transfer funds and the state’s right to protect the stability of its economy. It is in relation to achieving this balance that this thesis argues that bilateral investment treaties’ (BITs) regulation of capital transfers is deficient, both substantively and procedurally. On substance, this thesis identifies three substantive defects that affect obligations under BITs: absoluteness, immediacy, and breadth. First, many BITs adopt an absolute approach in liberalizing capital that does not permit any restrictions or exceptions, nor does it distinguish between different kinds of capital, or between the right to import capital and the right to repatriate capital. Second, the obligation to permit transfers is immediate and does not allow for a gradual liberalization of capital. Third, many BITs’ terms and obligations are broad and therefore vague, such as the broad definition of investment, or the obligation to grant fair and equitable treatment, which is also broad and interpreted in a manner that restricts the regulatory powers of the host state. Such results could have been partly mitigated if there were a dispute settlement mechanism with the power to create precedent and with it a clearer and more coherent body of rules. But BITs’ investor-state arbitration is also deficient since it consists of ad hoc tribunals, which are not bound by precedent; and their decisions are not generally subject to substantive review. This leads to an inconsistent and incoherent body of law that protects neither the state’s regulatory powers nor the legitimate expectation of investors
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Al-Louzi, Rawan. "A coherence perspective of bilateral investment treaties". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-coherence-perspective-of-bilateral-investment-treaties(289a0e95-5cd3-404b-90c3-c6870cc8d487).html.
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Foreign investment is mainly protected through national laws. However the wide-spreading network of bilateral investment treaties aims to ensure a certain standard of protection. These treaties demonstrate far-reaching implications at both treaty level and international level. The implications raise an important question as to whether bilateral investment treaties are coherent or not. Coherence can be viewed as an attempt to prettify the law and minimise the effect of politics which may leave the law incoherent. It is obvious that bilateral investment treaties need to be coherent for a number of reasons. Firstly, incoherent treaties may create problems in relation to the development policy of member countries. Secondly, coherence reassures that negotiators of such treaties would not encounter possible contradictions and inconsistencies amongst the countries’ agreement network as well as between the treaties and domestic laws. Thirdly, coherence is critical to treaty interpretation as it is necessary to avoid further complications which may arise from contradictory awards. The aim of this thesis is mainly to elucidate the meaning of coherence and use it to provide an understanding as to how coherent these treaties are. The coherence of bilateral investment treaties will be evaluated in a number of aspects: coherence between bilateral investment treaties and the fundamental principles of international investment law; coherence between bilateral investment treaties and their objectives of investment promotion and investment liberalisation; coherence within the bilateral investment treaties network; coherence between bilateral investment treaties and customary international law on foreign investment; coherence between bilateral investment treaties and free trade agreements; coherence between bilateral investment treaties’ obligations and non-investment obligations of states.
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Yanagidani, Michiko. "La notion d'indépendance en Grèce à l'époque classique". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV005/document.
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Ce travail a pour but de faire la synthèse de la notion d'indépendance en Grèce à l'époque classique. Cette notion est étroitement liée à celle des relations internationales dans le monde grec aux Ve et IVe siècles av. J.-C., parce qu'il y existait presque un millier de poleis (cités), dont la plupart de petite taille. Dans ce travail, on se propose d'étudier le terme autonomia, qui désigne une telle indépendance, et selon le cas, le terme eleutheria (liberté), mais l'emploi du mot autonomia est plus juste. Les sources littéraires et historiques, et les documents épigraphiques contemporains apportent des témoignages précieux pour éclairer la notion d'indépendance à cette époque-là.La première partie de la thèse étudie la naissance de la notion d'autonomia au Ve siècle av J.-C. par l'analyse détaillée des sources littéraires (Hérodote, Thucydide, Hippocrate, Sophocle et Cratinos) et des documents épigraphiques. La seconde partie est consacrée à sa progressive définition juridique au cours du IVe siècle av J.-C. Andocide est le premier à associer, du point de vue juridique, l'autonomia aux synthekai, qui désignent souvent les traités internationaux, bilatéraux ou multilatéraux dans les relations internationales. Mais c'est Isocrate qui bâtit la théorie autonomia-synthekai : " L'autonomia des cités est garantie par des synthekai sur le plan intenational". Isocrate développe ses idées sur l'autonomia à chaque fois que la nouvelle paix commune est conclue. Avec le mot horkoi (serments), les synthekai pourraient entrer plus en vigueur en droit international en Grèce ancienneThis study aims at the synthesis on the notion of independence in classical Greece, considering that there was a close relation between the notion of state-independence and the international relations among the nearly thousand poleis (cities) whose majority were quite small. In this thesis, I use the word autonomia which could mean independence, and we can also use the word eleutheria (freedom) as the case may be, but the word autonomia is more appropriate. So I study the notion of autonomia of the Greek cities during the fifth century BC by the detailed analysis of the literary sources (Herodotus, Thucydides, Hippocrates, Sophocles et Cratinus) and of the historical inscriptions . Secondly, my thesis intends to demonstrate the progressive legal definition of the Greek concept of autonomia during the fourth century BC. Andocides is the first to connect, from the juridical point of view, autonomia with the synthekai, which often signify the bilateral or multilateral treaties in the international relations. But it is Isocrates who constructs the autonomia-synthekai theory : “Autonomia of the cities is guaranteed internationally by the synthekai”. Isocrates develops his ideas on autonomia whenever the common peace is newly concluded. Oaths played an important role in the international treaties, namely in terms of international law in classical Greece
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Scapple, Karrin. "Do international environmental policies really protect the environment? : a framework for analyzing treaties /". The Ohio State University, 1994. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/33026527.html.
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Sognigbé, Sangbana Muriel. "La sanction internationale de la violation des droits de l'homme". Thesis, Poitiers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POIT3009.
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La sanction internationale de la violation des droits de l'homme peine à atteindre les objectifs qui lui sont assignés. Les sanctions non juridictionnelles mises en place au sein du système de la Charte des Nations unies sont le régime de droit commun, mais leur efficacité reste limitée pour la victime. Les Comités créés pour veiller à l'application des conventions relatives aux droits de l'homme prennent de simples recommandations à l'issue de l'examen des communications individuelles et sont incompétents pour connaître des violations graves. À défaut de mécanisme de sanction des violations graves, le Conseil de sécurité a étendu l'application des mesures collectives aux droits de l'homme. Le recours ainsi fait au Chapitre VII est confronté aux difficultés opérationnelles qui en limitent la portée. Face à ces difficultés, le Conseil de sécurité a diversifié ses sanctions. Toutefois, qu'elles soient des sanctions ciblées ou des mesures juridictionnelles comme la création de juridictions pénales ou la saisine de la Cour pénale internationale, les mesures collectives sont axées sur l'individu et non l'État. Bien que ce dernier soit le titulaire des obligations internationales en la matière, il est à l'abri de toute sanction contraignante, qu'elle soit collective ou pénale. L'absence de sanction efficace à l'encontre de l'État et la garantie insuffisante des droits de la victime impose une réforme du contentieux international des droits de l'homme. Au-delà du renforcement des mécanismes des organes de traités, la création d'une juridiction universelle chargée de sanctionner la violation des droits de l'homme au sein du système des Nations unies doit être envisagéeThe goal of effectively addressing human rights violations by imposing international sanctions has been hardly achieved. Under the UN Charter, even though non-judicial sanctions are applied as the common system, they are not effective enough in addressing the victim's needs. Committees established to monitor the application of human rights Conventions, while considering individual communications, can only make recommendations, as they are not even competent to handle serious human rights violations. In the absence of an effective mechanism to deal with serious human rights violations, the Security Council has extended the application of collective measures under Chapter VII of the Charter to human rights, resulting into operational difficulties limiting its scope. Therefore, the Security Council has diversified its sanctions in order to address these challenges. However, the collective measures, either targeted sanctions or judicial measures e.g. the establishment of criminal courts or referral to the International Criminal Court, only focus on the individual rather than the State. Although the State is the duty bearer under the international human rights obligations, it is not subject to binding sanctions, whether collective or criminal. The lack of effective sanctions against State and the insufficient guarantee for protection of the victim's rights call for a reform of the international human rights litigation. In addition to strengthening the treaty body system, it is worth considering the establishment of a World Court within the UN system to impose enforceable sanctions on States in case of human rights violation
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Hagiwara, Kazuki. "The Principle of Integration in Sustainable Development Through the Process of Treaty Interpretation: Addressing the Balance Between Consensual Constraints and Incorporation of Normative Environment". Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/25491.
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Considering that the concept of sustainable development has a function of normative integration in international law, Article 31(3)(c) provides a legitimate basis of such systemic integration. At the same time, it displays the limitations of the harmonious solution drawn from its application because it works only within the rigid consent-based framework in which the referenced rules should be legal “rules” and should be “applicable in the relations between the parties.” International jurisprudence suggests supplemental elements to overleap the consensual limitations in the application of Article 31(3)(c): a generic term and the object and purpose of the treaty. These text-based and the object-and-purpose-based developmental interpretative techniques enable interpreters to consider legal rules that are not “any relevant rules of international law applicable in the relations between the parties” under Article 31(3)(c).
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Edouard, Régis. "Les obligations internationales de l’Etat d’accueil d’un investissement étranger et leur sanction dans l’ordre juridique international". Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100153.
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L’encadrement, par le droit international, du comportement de l’État hôte d’un investissement étranger n’est concevable que dans la mesure où sa souveraineté est limitée, l’enjeu étant la sanction de l’inobservation, par cet État, de ses obligations. Ces dernières sont issues de la pratique conventionnelle, surtout bilatérale, regroupant des traités qui disposent au fond. L’« internationalisation » du régime juridique de l’investissement n’est pas exclue comme mode de formation d’obligations mais ne se produit qu’à la faveur de dispositions dotées d’un tel effet. La pratique conventionnelle, assez uniforme, a comme principale caractéristique l’articulation de règles limitant le besoin d’interprétation autour de standards qui l’amplifient. Ceci, de même que les interprétations arbitrales, autorise à soupçonner une volonté de « remembrement » du standard minimum international. Si l’attribution d’un comportement à l’État d’accueil ne pose pas de difficulté inédite, l’établissement d’une violation, par cet État, de « ce qui est requis de lui » révèle des singularités de ce domaine. La qualification des circonstances excluant l’illicéité en situation d’urgence peut s’avérer problématique, le risque étant omniprésent d’une méconnaissance, de la part des arbitres, de la logique du droit de la responsabilité. En dehors de ces situations, on peut imaginer des hypothèses dans lesquelles l’illicéité est exclue suite au consentement de l’État d’origine ou de l’investisseur. Le préjudice subi par ce dernier, objet de la réparation intégrale due par l’État responsable, constitue le « préjudice causé par le fait internationalement illicite ». Il est immédiat et direct. L’investisseur, titulaire du droit d’invocation de la responsabilité de l’État hôte, a accès à une réclamation internationale qui éclipse celle de son État de nationalité. La perspective d’un endossement, par ce dernier, de la réclamation de son national accroît l’efficacité des traités d’investissementFor the conduct of a foreign investment’s host State to be governed by international law is only conceivable insofar as its sovereignty is limited, since the issue is the sanction of the failure of that State to fulfill its obligations. The latter results from a mostly bilateral treaty practice embodying treaties which contain material provisions. The “internationalization” of the legal regime of an investment is not excluded as a means to create obligations, but only occurs through provisions with such an effect. The main characteristic to this fairly uniform treaty practice is the development of rules limiting the need for interpretation around a core set of standards amplifying it. This, as well as the arbitral interpretations, may reflect a desire to “consolidate” the international minimum standard. If the attribution of conduct to the host State does not raise any unprecedented issue, the establishment of a violation by that State of “what is required of it” reveals singularities in this field. The characterization of circumstances precluding wrongfulness in an emergency situation may prove problematic, as the risk that arbitrators may ignore the logic of the law of responsibility is omnipresent. Apart from these situations, it is possible to imagine hypotheses in which wrongfulness is precluded due to the consent of the State of origin or the investor. The injury sustained by the latter, which is the subject of full reparation due by the responsible State, constitutes “injury caused by the internationally wrongful act.” It is immediate and direct. The investor, entitled to invoke the responsibility of the host State, has access to an international claim which eclipses that of his State of nationality. The prospect of an espousal by the latter of its national’s claim increases the effectiveness of the investment treaties
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Peić, Goran. "Effectiveness of joint interventionary response in international conflict resolution". Click here for download, 2006. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/villanova/fullcit?p1432524.
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Yackee, Jason D. Oatley Thomas H. "Sacrificing sovereignty bilateral investment treaties, international arbitration, and the quest for capital /". Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,737.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007.Title from electronic title page (viewed Dec. 18, 2007). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Political Science (International Relations)." Discipline: Political Science; Department/School: Political Science.
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Supapa, Rattapong. "The protection of upstream energy contracts under investment treaty arbitration : a study of the interaction between contract and treaty instruments". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2014. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=225686.
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This thesis analyses how and to what extent the contractual and treaty instruments interact in protecting upstream energy contracts against political interference by the host state. The study considers whether the interaction between the upstream contracts and international investment treaties provide effective protection for the upstream investors and whether the interaction between them prevents the host state from exercising its regulatory rights. By examining both jurisdictional and substantive aspects of the interaction between these two instruments, the study found that political risks in the upstream industry are not effectively mitigated and managed. The study therefore calls for a higher degree of interaction between these two instruments. This can be achieved by drafting the relevant upstream contracts and investment treaties in a more interactive manner so that they would together provide maximum protection for the upstream investors.
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Malmsten, Johan. "Informal Reliance on Previously Rendered Awards : An Efficient Means to Promote Consistency on the MFN Question?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-205317.
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Andrews, Pearl Deidre. "Links between international child abduction and relocation: moving towards likemindedness in relocation disputes internationally - Is it time for a protocol regulating international relocation disputes". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_3259_1364198101.
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This by implication would mean that the best way to prevent child abduction is to desist from international marriages and moving abroad.The modern reality is that
relationships are being formed internationally. In the same breath, relationships are easily un-formed and the family fractured. The emotional impact of any breakup is usually
tense, and it follows by implication that this will be exacerbated if a child is involved. For reasons that will be expounded on in the thesis, many caregivers, usually mothers have
opted to abduct their children. Some have opted to apply formally to relocate. Relocation disputes are widely regarded as one of the most controversial and difficult issues in
family law internationally. These disputes usually arise pursuant to a relational breakdown, when the resident parent (usually the mother) seeks to relocate with the children
either
domestically or internationally. This causes a significant impact
on contact arrangements with the other parent (usually the father). Depending on the country in which they find themselves and the laws applicable to relocation with the child, mothers are faced with the decision to remove the child either lawfully or wrongfully. International family law
jurisprudence has been developed over time to assist with custody and relocation disputes. &lsquo
Much has been written on the Hague Convention &ndash
its flaws and its successes, its
effectiveness and utilization. This thesis aims to look specifically at relocation disputes within the context of international parental child abduction
more specifically, it sets out to
explore whether there is a link between those phenomena, and whether the Hague Convention is sufficient for dealing with relocation disputes. I hope to make a convincing
argument that if there were an international instrument regulating relocation, there would be uniformity and consistency. People&rsquo
s confidence in the legal processes would be
restored, motivating them to apply formally to relocate and, in doing so, the incidence of child abductions would be reduced.
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Genest, Alexandre. "Performance Requirement Prohibitions in International Investment Law". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37013.
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Performance requirements act as policy instruments for achieving broadly-defined economic and developmental objectives of States, especially industrial and technological development objectives. Many States consider that performance requirements distort trade and investment flows, negatively impact global and national welfare and disrupt investment decisions compared to business-as-usual scenarios. As a result, a number of States have committed to prohibiting performance requirements in international investment agreements (“IIAs.”). Performance requirement prohibitions (“PRPs”) are meant to eliminate trade-distorting performance requirements and performance requirements which replace investor decision-making by State decision-making.
This thesis focuses on providing answers to two research questions: first, how do States prohibit performance requirements in IIAs? And second, how should PRPs in IIAs be interpreted and applied?
For the first time, this thesis: proposes a comprehensive understanding of PRPs in IIAs by drawing notably on the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (“GATT”) Uruguay Round of negotiations and on the United States Bilateral Investment Treaty (“BIT”) Programme; develops a detailed typology and analysis of PRPs in IIAs through the identification of systematically reproduced drafting patterns; conducts the first critical and in-depth analysis of all arbitral awards which have decided claims based on PRPs in IIAs; analyses interpretation and application issues related to provisions that exempt government procurement from PRPs and to reservations that shield sensitive non-conforming measures or strategically important sectors from PRPs; and anticipates the application of most-favoured nation (“MFN”) treatment clauses to PRPs in the future.
Finally, this thesis formulates proposals that can help interpret and apply existing PRPs and draft future PRPs in a more deliberate and informed way.
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Pauker, Saar. "Characterization problems in investment treaty arbitration". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609210.
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Ahl, Björn. "Die Anwendung völkerrechtlicher Verträge in China = The application of international treaties in China /". Dordrecht : Springer, 2009. http://d-nb.info/993987753/04.
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