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1
Verhaegen, Benoît M. "Aspects légaux des communications aéronautiques mobiles par satellites". Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26226.
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The new ICAO CNS/ATM (Communication, Navigation, Surveillance/Air Traffic Management) concept, based on satellite use, entails globalisation of these new air navigation systems.Concerning the communications, the concept's architecture includes those for security as well as administrative communications of airlines and public correspondence of passengers.
From this point of view, the requested globalisation will lead to regulatory and institutional changes, especially for non-security communications as they are regulated by each State overflown, according to Article 30 of the Chicago Convention.
Every legal solution, of course, must take into account the chosen technology. In this domain, the experience of INMARSAT, with the mobile maritime communications by satellites, will be of tremendous importance.
A period of transition, with regional initiatives, will be necessary too before the general implementation of the CNS/ATM concept.
2
Von, Erlach Burkhart. "Public law aspects of lease, charter and interchange of aircraft in international operations". Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59586.
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Lease, charter and interchange have become more and more important throughout the last decades. The International Civil Aviation Organization could not ignore that reality. In 1980 after a long preparatory work Article 83bis, an amendment to the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation was adopted by the 23rd Assembly without any negative votes. Yet, in 1990, this amendment, which enables the State of Registry, which is responsible for the operation of the aircraft even if flying with an operator of another state, to transfer its functions and duties to the State of the Operator.This thesis takes a closer look on the history of that amendment. The reasons why Article 83bis is still not in force shall also be discussed. An attempt shall further be made to analyze the provisions of Article 83bis more thoroughly and to explain why states should no longer hesitate to ratify that amendment. Article 83bis has no controversial content and is very important for the safety of international air transportation, in establishing clearly who is responsible for a leased, chartered or interchanged aircraft.
3
Kayser, Valérie. "Legal aspects of private launch services in the United States". Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60462.
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The last decade has witnessed the development of a private launch industry. Under international space law, in particular the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, States shall supervise and authorize the activities of their nationals, including private launch companies, in Outer Space. In the United States, a substantial set of regulations has been elaborated to exercise this control over the activities of the private launch industry. This thesis analyzes, in a first chapter, the evolution which led to these regulations. The Commercial Space Launch Act of 1984 and the subsequent regulations issued by the Office of Commercial Space Transportation, regarding the licensing process are dealt with in the second chapter. The third chapter examines the most important practical legal issue relating to private launch services, namely liability and insurance.
4
Correia, e. Silva Benilde. "Some legal aspects of flight information regions". Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59573.
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This thesis broadly seeks to present some relevant legal aspects concerning Flight Information Regions (FIRs) and to analyze State responsibility vis-a-vis FIRs, as well as liability incurred by States on account of acts and omissions while discharging their responsibilities.The first part of this thesis is a presentation of the international rules and regulations applicable to FIRs, their legal implications and the extent to which they create obligations for States.
Some relevant problems (accidents, airspace congestion, unlawful interference) likely to present an additional challenge for the discharge of responsibilities with regard to FIRs are also considered.
Settlement of differences between States deserves special attention and is discussed in the light of the judicial machinery provided under the Chicago Convention 1944.
Finally, the liability of States is analyzed and the need for a strict liability regime and a policy of risk management is considered.
5
Swiecicki, Ewa. "Legal aspects of licensing of airline transport pilots : international standards versus Canadian aviation safety regulations". Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61155.
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The laws and regulations governing certification of aviation personnel constitute one of the essential elements of aviation legislation. They have a significant effect upon the global safety of the civil air transportation system.This dissertation aims at describing the existing regulations in the field of pilot licensing. Its scope is narrowed down to the highest category of licence applicable to professional pilots and known as the airline transport pilot licence. The thesis depicts and analyses the process of creation and the contents of licensing standards and recommended practices as developed by various ICAO bodies and incorporated in Annex 1 to the Chicago Convention.
The survey of pilot licensing system currently in force in Canada provides the example of domestic legislation applicable in this respect. It is performed with the aim of exploring the compatibility of Canadian law with the global legal requirements as prescribed in Annex 1 and other supporting ICAO documentation.
6
Ghonaim, Mahmoud. "The legal aspects of aviation finance in developing countries /". Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59937.
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The assessment of benefits and costs in determining national and international aviation policy by the developing countries differs markedly from that used for advanced countries.The treatment of the subject matter begins in Chapter I with an overview of the aviation industry and its financing Historical Review. Chapter II deals with the problem of recognition of title and security rights in aircraft under international law. Chapter III contains a detailed consideration of the types of commonly used security instruments in aircraft financing. Chapter IV sets out an overview of financing in developing countries, Chapter V contains a study of the various problems facing the asset financing of aircraft in the Third World and possible solutions.
In the last three chapters, emphasis will be placed on regional aviation issues.
7
Ancel, Marie-Eve Zoe. "Les aspects juridiques du transport des œuvres d'art /". Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=34007.
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Not only usual goods are carried: some of a particular nature need particular regulations. The transportation of dangerous goods regulated by specific international rules is a good illustration while the example of artworks carried to be exposed in temporary exhibitions is less famous. Their material protection is insured by museum professionals and specialized carriers. Their legal protection is insured on two levels: on one side, detailed customs procedures are set up to regulate their movement; moreover, specific contractual rules have been created by professionals, but they do apply international conventions relative to international carriers liability. On the other side, one usually chooses specific insurance policy called "a nail to nail" contract. Confidentiality and mutual trust are the keystone to gain success in matter of transportation of artworks.
8
Thuilleaux, Sabine 1961. "Aspects compares des regimes juridiques de l'arbitrage au Quebec et en France : droit interne - droit international prive". Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59843.
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In 1986, Quebec adopted the Act to amend the Civil Code and the Code of Civil Procedure in respect of Arbitration and thereby established a new and modern regime for contractual arbitration. The new regime includes provisions to facilitate execution in Quebec of arbitral awards rendered outside the province.This thesis deals with certain aspects of the new regime, comparing it with the well-established French law of arbitration, which has abundant caselaw covering both domestic and international arbitration. Emphasis is placed on the manner in which Quebec courts have applied the new arbitration law in comparison with French judicial practice.
The first part of the thesis deals with domestic arbitration, focussing on contractual and jurisdictional issues. This is done through an examination of the arbitration agreement, the arbitration procedure, the award, as well as the execution of the award and remedies to set it aside.
International arbitration is treated in the second part. The definition of international arbitration, the validity and autonomy of the arbitration agreement, the choice of law relating to the procedure and the dispute itself are reviewed, as is the execution of foreign awards--that is, those rendered outside Quebec or rendered in Quebec but in the context of an international dispute.
9
Lebesgue, Sonia. "Principes de protection du patrimoine architectural mondial = Legal and theoretical aspects of architectural conservation". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0017/MQ55103.pdf.
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10
Du, Plessis Marthinus Johannes. "The international political economy of the Cartagena Protocol on biosafety". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52543.
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Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The development of the global biotechnology industry largely coincided with the development of the US biotechnology industry. This resulted in this industry's oligopolistic and centralised nature where only a few multinational chemical and pharmaceutical companies control most biotechnology processes and production of commodities emanating from these processes. The governance of biotechnology has, until recently, been dominated by state actors who have endeavoured to secure national interests, including those of large multinational corporations (MNCs) based within their boundaries. The technological ability of developed states to exploit and use unevenly distributed resources to their advantage means that an uneven relationship exists between these and poor developing countries. This has been highlighted by differences in public opinion about the role and application of biotechnology in society. While some opinions favour the use and application of biotechnology to enhance food supplies and boost production levels and trade, other opinions caution against the possible hazards that genetically manipulated organisms (GMOs) hold for the environment and human existence. The commercialisation of biotechnology has resulted in the exponential growth of genetically manipulated crops in especially the United States and countries like Argentina and Canada. These countries produce large surpluses of staple grains such as corn and soya and try to sell these to countries with food supply problems. The clash in commercial interests stemming from developed countries' insistence on the protection of intellectual property rights (IPR) on genetically manipulated (GM) seeds has caused considerable conflict with poor farmers who will not be able to sustain their livelihoods if they cannot save seeds for future harvests. This is one aspect of the problems surrounding the protection of knowledge products that is exacerbated by the scientific uncertainty pertaining to the risk involved with biotechnology. While some observers agitate for precaution with the use of GMOs, others feel that a lack of scientific proof of harm is sufficient grounds for proceeding with developments in biotechnology. Conversely, there are some that feel that biotechnology is market driven instead of human needs driven, ultimately resulting in developing countries receiving very little benefit from it. The Cartagena Protocol on biosafety was drafted to address some of the difficulties involved with the transboundary movement of GMOs. Although it holds very specific advantages for developing countries, as a regulatory framework it is limited in its scope and application. Developing countries are limited in their policy options to address their need to protect biodiversity and secure their food supply. This means that considerable challenges and constraints await these countries in utilising global governance of public goods and building their human and technological capacities.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die ontwikkeling van die globale biotegnologie-industrie het grootliks saamgeval met die ontwikkeling van die Verenigde State se biotegnologie-industrie. Dit het aanleiding gegee tot hierdie industrie se oligopolistiese en gesentraliseerde aard waar slegs enkele multinasionale chemiese en farmaseutiese maatskappye die meeste biotegnologie prosesse en die vervaardiging van kommoditeite uit daardie prosesse beheer. Die regering van biotegnologie was tot onlangs oorheers deur staatsakteurs wie gepoog het om nasionale belange te beskerm, insluitend die belange van multinasionale korporasies (MNK) wat vanuit hulle grondgebied funksioneer. Die tegnologiese vermoë van ontwikkelde state om oneweredig verspreide hulpbronne tot eie gewin te benut beteken dat 'n ongelyke verhouding bestaan tussen hierdie en arm ontwikkelende state. Dit word beklemtoon deur verskille in openbare mening oor die rol en aanwending van biotegnologie in die samelewing. Terwyl sekere opinies ten gunste van die aanwending van biotegnologie vir die verbetering van voedselbronne en produksievlakke en handel is, dui ander opinies op die moontlike gevare wat geneties gemanipuleerde organismes (GMOs) vir die omgewing en menslike voortbestaan inhou. Die kommersialisering van biotegnologie het gelei tot die eksponensiële groei van geneties gemanipuleerde gewasse in veral die Verenigde State en state soos Argentinië en Kanada. Hierdie state produseer groot hoeveelhede stapelgrane soos mielies en soja en poog om dit te verkoop aan state met voedselvoorsieningsprobleme. Die botsing in kommersiële belange wat spruit uit ontwikkelde state se aandrang op die beskerming van intellektuele eiendomsreg op geneties gemanipuleerde saad veroorsaak beduidende konflik met arm landbouers wie nie hulle lewensonderhoud kan verseker as hulle nie saad kan berg vir toekomstige saaiseisoene nie. Dit is een aspek van die problematiek rondom die beskerming van kennisprodukte wat vererger word deur die wetenskaplike onsekerheid wat gepaard gaan met die risiko's van biotegnologie. Terwyl sekere waarnemers vir waaksaamheid pleit in die gebruik van GMOs, is daar ander wat voel dat 'n gebrek aan wetenskaplike bewyse van skade genoegsame gronde is vir die voortsetting van ontwikkelings in biotegnologie. Insgelyks is daar diegene wat meen dat biotegnologie markgedrewe in plaas van menslike behoefte gedrewe is, wat uiteindelik daartoe lei dat ontwikkelende state baie min voordeel daaruit trek. Die Kartagena Protokoloor bioveiligheid is opgestel om van die probleme betrokke by die oorgrens verskuiwing van GMOs aan te spreek. Hoewel dit spesifieke voordele vir ontikkelende state inhou is dit as reguleringsraamwerk beperk in omvang en aanwending. Ontwikkelende state het beperkte beleidsopsies om hulle behoefte om biodiversiteit te beskerm en voedselvoorsiening te verseker, aan te spreek. Dit beteken dat beduidende uitdagings en beperkings hierdie state in die benutting van globale regering van openbare goedere vir die bou van menslike en tegnologiese kapasiteite in die gesig staar.
11
Ko, Jessika Li-Juan. "Liability aspects of air transport between Taiwan, Hong Kong and Mainland China". Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23959.
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Despite the hitherto unsettled political and legal status of Taiwan, air transportation between Taiwan and Mainland China has experienced tremendous growth since 1987. To date, this air transport has been effected through the use of an intermediate stop station in Hong Kong, in order that both States may avoid the recognition of the other as the legitimate "Chinese Government". However, Hong Kong will revert to the PRC in 1997. As a result, the issue of nonstop flights between Taiwan and the Mainland takes on an added urgency.This issue is not merely political. In terms of air carrier liability, Taiwan is party to the Warsaw Convention and the Warsaw Convention as Amended by the Hague Protocol, only through its tenuous link with Mainland China. Is the Convention applicable to Taiwan in this case? A number of arguments favoring applicability of the Convention are discussed and found to be wanting. In the alternative, the principle of conflict of laws is proposed as an applicable solution. Since Taiwan and the PRC have a civil law system while Hong Kong has a common law system, the respective legal regulations governing damage compensation in aviation cases differ. The case of liability following a hijacking is used to demonstrate how regulations of the three jurisdictions differ significantly. This leads to a serious problem, namely, "forum shopping". The fact that judicial assistance is not yet practiced between the three jurisdictions creates a further problem in that decisions coming from the different courts cannot be recognized and enforced in the other jurisdictions. In light of all of the foregoing, the existing legal systems cannot adequately address the legal problems of air carrier liability in this region.
As a result of these inadequacies, an alternative mechanism for resolving the issue of air carriers' liability is suggested. This suggested pragmatic approach may also be found applicable for updating existing air transport legal systems elsewhere in the world.
12
Saillard, Sébastien. "Les institutions et aspects juridiques relatifs au contrôle aérien en Europe : Eurocontrol". Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60706.
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The European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation (Eurocontrol) was created in 1960 for the centralization and harmonization of air traffic control, to meet the new requirements of increasing air traffic. The primary functions of Eurocontrol were modified because of the reluctance of several European member States to transfer their control on ATC. But air traffic was still increasing and is deemed to increase until the next century. The problem remains unsolved. Today, a new political trend in favor of Eurocontrol is emerging. This trend is shared by most of the European States as well as other organizations as the European Community and the European Civil Aviation Conference.The main legal aspects of Eurocontrol are analysed in this thesis, as well as its cooperation with other organizations involved. Eventually, the future of Eurocontrol is analyzed with respect to future air navigation systems (FANS) based on satellite technology.
13
Filippidis, Mariel Solange. "Developing a dispute settlement system for the free trade area of the Americas : a comparison of some aspects of the dispute settlement mechanisms of the GATTWTO and certain regional and bilateral dispute settlement systems of the western hemisphere". Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21680.
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Within the context of the current negotiations over the Free Trade Area of the Americas, there is an unquestionable need to create a system to resolve disputes that may arise between the state parties. Since new dispute settlement systems are often developed by borrowing and learning from past experiences, this thesis examines and compares certain aspects of the dispute settlement mechanisms of the World Trade Organization and certain regional and bilateral agreements signed in the western hemisphere. The result of the analysis is a set of proposals about which of these aspects could be effectively integrated into the design of the dispute settlement system of the Free Trade Area of the Americas.
14
Hatcher, Robert. "Schoolyard Politics: Ethics and Language at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc33161/.
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The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) has been both contentious and successful. By examining the ICTY from a Levinasian ethical standpoint, we might be able to understand how the court uses language to enforce ethical and moral standards upon post-war societies. Using linguistic methods of analysis combined with traditional data about the ICTY, I empirically examine the court using ordinary least squares (OLS) in order to show the impact that language has upon the court's decision making process. I hypothesize that the court is an ethical entity, and therefore we should not see any evidence of bias against Serbs and that language will provide a robust view of the court as an ethical mechanism.
15
Bester, Juan. "The political economy of the intellectual property rights regime : Aids and the generic medicine debate in South Africa". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53144.
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Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis is a descriptive and interpretive study into the political economy of intellectual property rights, the conceptual and practical implications for the phenomenon of global governance, and how developing countries experience problems with the implementation of national policies that infringe on international intellectual property rights. The specific area of interest is the generic medicine debate that ensued in South Africa after the alleged violation of patent rights of anti-HIV/Aids drugs by the Department of Health. The research question that is addressed is to what extent has the existing international intellectual property rights regime been influenced and/or undermined by South Africa's intended application of WTO regulations in terms of compulsory licensing and parallel imports of "essential" medicines. In doing so, the paper examines the roles of the important states, international organisations, institutions, and private sector firms within the sphere ofthe political economy of intellectual property and how they impede upon or improve the functioning of the intellectual property rights regime. The methodology entails analytical inquiries into documentary evidence on the nature of the international intellectual property rights regime. Areas that are examined are the agendas of the important actors, namely states and their respective departments; individuals and firms; and international organisations. The concept of intellectual property is examined to determine its dynamic role within the generic medicine debate. The thesis concludes that the agendas of pharmaceutical firms and states are exploiting current political stalemates in the negotiations for a fair intellectual property rights regime. National health agencies, and specifically the South African Department of Health, are under enormous pressure to provide affordable health services. Specifically, the US Government and US pharmaceutical firms are dominating discussions on the architecture of the international intellectual property law regime. By using an analysis incorporating systemic, domestic interest, institutional, and ideational perspectives, it is argued that South Africa's drive for a more distributive intellectual property rights regime has placed the issue of health, Aids and generic medicine firmly within the sphere of the political economy of trade agreements.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis is 'n deskriptiewe en 'n interpretiewe studie oor die politieke ekonomie van intellektuele eiendomsregte, die konseptuele en praktiese implikasies vir die verskynsel van globale regering, en hoe ontwikkelende lande probleme ervaar met die implimentering van nasionale beleid wat internasionale intellektuele eiendomsregte aantas. Die spesifieke area van belang is die generiese medisyne debat wat onstaan het na die beweerde skending van patentregte van anti-HIVNigs medisyne deur die Departement van Gesondheid. Die navorsingsvraag wat beantwoord word behels die omvang van die impak van Suid- Afrika se voorgenome toepassing van WTO bepalinge, met betrekking tot die verpligte lisensiering en parallelle invoer van "essensiele" medisyne, op die bestaande internasionale intellektuele eiedomsreg regime. Hierdie tesis ondersoek vervolgens die rol van state, internasionale organisasies, instellings, en privaat sector firmas binne die sfeer van die politieke ekonomie van intellektuele eiendom en hoe hulle afsonderlik die funksionaliteit van die intellektuele eiendomsregte regime beïnvloed. Die metodologie behels 'n analitiese ondersoek van die literatuur oor die aard van internasionale intellektuele eiendomsreg regimes. Areas wat ondersoek word, is die agendas van belangrike akteurs, naamlik die staat en sy onderskeie departemente; individue en firmas; asook internasionale organisasies en instellings. Die konsep van intellektuele eiendom word ondersoek om die dinamiese uitwerking daarvan op die generiese medisyne debat te verstaan. Hierdie tesis voer aan dat die agendas van firmas, spesifiek farmaseutiese firmas en state die huidige politieke dooiepunt in die onderhandeling rondom 'n regverdige intellektuele iendomsregte-regime, uitbuit. Nasionale instellings, soos die Suid-Afrikaanse Departement van Gesondheid, is onder groot druk om bekostigbare gesondheidsdienste te lewer. Die VSA en farmaseutiese firmas domineer onderhandelinge vir 'n nuwe struktuur vir die internasionale eiendomsregte-regime. Deur gebruik te maak van 'n analitiese raamwerk wat sistemiese, interne belange, institusionele, en ideologies perspektiewe inkorporeer, word daar geargumenteer dat Suid-Afrika se pogings om 'n meer distributiewe intellektuele eiendomsregte regime te verseker, die probleem van gesondheid, Vigs, en generiese medisyne binnne die sfeer van die politieke ekonomie van handelsooreenkomste, plaas.
16
Jeangène, Vilmer Jean-Baptiste. "Au nom de l'humanité? : histoire, droit, éthique et politique de l'intervention militaire justifiée par des raisons humanitaires". Thèse, Paris, EHESS, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/4242.
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L’intervention militaire justifiée par des raisons humanitaires est une constante de
l’ordre international, désignée par différentes appellations : intervention d’humanité au XIXe
siècle, intervention humanitaire (humanitarian intervention) dans la tradition anglophone,
droit ou devoir d’ingérence en France, responsabilité de protéger depuis quelques années.
L’objectif de cette thèse interdisciplinaire est de comprendre ce phénomène complexe dans
toutes ses dimensions – historique, juridique, éthique et politique – et d’élaborer une théorie
réaliste de l’intervention par l’analyse de cinq critères : cause juste, autorité légitime, bonne
intention, dernier recours et proportionnalité.
Nous montrons que le réalisme n’est pas une conception amorale de la politique
étrangère mais une exigence épistémologique d’analyser les relations internationales comme
elles sont plutôt que comme l’on voudrait qu’elles soient. Que l’intervention dite humanitaire
n’est pas, contrairement à un préjugé répandu, un phénomène récent, ni même hérité du XIXe
siècle, mais qu’on peut en retracer la généalogie sur plusieurs millénaires dans plusieurs
civilisations. Qu’aucune des terminologies employées n’est satisfaisante. Qu’il faut
abandonner le critère de bonne intention car l’Etat intervenant n’est pas, ne peut pas et ne doit
pas être désintéressé. Qu’il est possible de défendre un interventionnisme minimal, dans
certains cas et à certaines conditions, tout en assumant cette absence de désintéressement, la
sélectivité des interventions, le risque d’abus et l’incertitude du résultat.Military intervention justified on humanitarian grounds is a constant of the international order, designated by different names: “intervention d’humanité” in the nineteenth century, humanitarian intervention in the English-speaking tradition, “droit” or “devoir d’ingérence” in France, responsibility to protect the last few years. The aim of this interdisciplinary dissertation is to understand this complex phenomenon in all its dimensions - historical, legal, ethical and political - and develop a realistic theory of intervention by the analysis of five criteria: just cause, legitimate authority, right intention, last resort and proportionality. We show that realism is not an amoral conception of foreign policy but an epistemological commitment to analyze international relations as they are rather than as we would like them to be. That so-called humanitarian intervention is not, contrary to a widespread prejudice, a recent phenomenon, or even inherited from the nineteenth century. We can trace its genealogy in several millennia in many cultures. That none of the terminology used is satisfactory. That one must abandon the criterion of good intention because the intervening state is not, cannot and should not be disinterested. That it is possible to defend a minimal interventionism, in some cases and under certain conditions, while assuming the lack of disinterestedness, the selectivity of interventions, the risk of abuse and the uncertainty of the result.
Réalisé en cotutelle avec le Centre de recherches politiques Raymond Aron de l'Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) de Paris, pour un doctorat en études politiques.
17
Hoeylandt, Pierre van. "Is there a duty of humanitarian intervention? : an empirical study with moral implications". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3289e232-2d4e-4878-8e2f-ba7e667f5b77.
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Large-scale humanitarian crises in foreign countries raise the question of whether or not other countries have a duty to alleviate that suffering. In extreme cases, humanitarian intervention, that is: military intervention for the purpose of alleviating human suffering, is sometimes advocated as the morally required course of action. This thesis suggests that while the international community has a general moral responsibility to prevent and ameliorate humanitarian crises there is no simple duty of military humanitarian intervention. Hitherto, the question has typically been treated as a matter of either moral or legal principle. This thesis argues that empirical factors, which affect the international community's ability to carry out interventions effectively, have not been given their due weight in the debate. On the basis of evaluations of international responses to crises in Somalia and Rwanda, 1992 - 1994, it is suggested that a range of factors undermine the efficacy of humanitarian interventions. These factors include the impact of state interests, the effects of domestic politics in intervening states and, contrary to expectations, the role of humanitarian considerations in decision making on intervention. By showing the limitations of a simplistic view of a duty of humanitarian intervention the thesis seeks to contribute to reconciling idealism with realism in international crisis-responses. Based on sound moral and political judgment military interventions in humanitarian crises would hopefully be less ambitious and ultimately more effective.
18
Hough, Gys. "The systemic analysis of the establishment of torture as foreign policy measure in modern democratic institutions with special reference to the use of torture during the “War on Terror”". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4284.
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Thesis (MPhil (Political Science))--University 2010.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation’s primary focus is why torture is used when torture is not an effective means of gathering intelligence. To answer this question the argument for the use of torture, commonly known as the ticking time bomb argument, is discussed. Due to psychological and physiological processes during torture interrogation it was found that torture cannot be relied upon to deliver truthful information. Torture was also found to adversely affect the institutions that are needed for its establishment. After torture has been found to be of no utility in terms of the appropriation of information the question of why torture is still used is answered by means of discussing societal dynamics as well as the political process surrounding torture. On the societal front it was found that American public opinion towards torture is ambivalent. The reason for this includes a host of socio-psychological factors such as the in-group out-group bias as well the War on Terror as a political ideology in its own right. The notion that anybody is likely to torture is also explored by means of discussing the Milgram’s Obedience Experiment as well as the Stanford Prison Experiment. On the political front the notion that the abuses at Abu Ghraib and Guantanamo Bay were the work of a few bad apples is dispelled since it formed part of a deliberative political process that tried to make torture a legitimate foreign policy measure. The reason for the existence of this process is the failure of international and domestic checks and balances. On the international front U.S. unilateralism as foreign policy principle is cited as the reason for the ineffectiveness of international measures to stop torture. On the domestic front the permanent rally around the flag effect due to the permanent state of mobilization in the War on Terror is cited as the reason for the failure of domestic checks and balances. The lessons learnt from the research enables the creation of measures on how to stop torture even when it is found that the necessary political will is not present within the Obama administration. In the absence of political will it must be manufactured by means of the actions of civil society, the free press and the international community. It was found that the most effective means would be the creation of a committee of inquiry to create the political memory of the use of torture and how it was established. Additionally a memorial must be erected as well seeing that inquiries create political memories but they do not sustain it.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis se fokus is om na te vors waarom marteling gebruik word as dit nie ‘n effektiewe wyse is om inligting in te win nie. Om hierdie vraagstuk te beantwoord word die argument vir die gebruik van marteling naamlik die tikkende-tydbom-argument bespreek. Asgevolg van sielkundige en fisiologiese prosesse tydens ondervragings wat gebruik maak van marteling kan daar nie op marteling staatgemaak word om die waarheid op te lewer nie. Dit was ook bevind dat marteling die instansies, wat nodig is vir die gebruik daarvan, op ‘n negatiewe wyse beïnvloed. Nadat daar vasgestel is dat marteling geen nutswaarde aangaande die inwinning van informasie bied nie word die vraagstuk waarom marteling steeds gebruik word beantwoord. Op die samelewingsvlak kan daar gestel word dat die Amerikaanse samelewing onseker is oor of marteling gebruik moet word al dan nie. Verskeie redes vir hierdie opinie word aangevoer waarvan die in-group out-group bias en die Oorlog teen Terreur as politieke ideologie slegs twee daarvan uitmaak. Dat enige persoon in staat is tot marteling onder die regte stel omstandighede word ook bespreek na aanleiding van die Milgram’s Obedience Experiement en die Stanford Prison Experiment. Op die politiese vlak is daar vasgestel dat die menseregteskendings in Abu Ghraib en Guantanamo Bay nie die werk was van slegs `n paar indiwidue was nie, maar deel uitmaak van ‘n doelbewuste politiese proses wat marteling as ‘n legitieme buitelandse beleidskwessie wil afmaak. Die rede waarom die beleidsproses bestaan kan toegeskryf word aan die mislukking van inter- en intranasionale wigte en teenwigte. Op die internasionale vlak kan daar gestel word dat die Verenigde State se unilateralistiese modus operandi die rede is vir die mislukking van internasionale maatreëls teen marteling. Op die intranasionale front kan daar gestel word dat die Amerikaanse publiek verkeer in ‘n permanent rally around the flagtoestand asgevolg van die permanent mobilisasie in die Oorlog teen Terreur. Uit die lesse wat geleer is uit die navorsing kan daadwerklike stappe gedoen word om die gebruik van marteling stop te sit alhoewel die Obama-administrasie se politiese wil ontbreek. Met die tekort aan politiese wil moet die politiese wil geskep word deur die burgerlik samelewing, the vrye pers asook die internasionale gemeenskap. Daar was gevind dat die mees effektiewe wyse om marteling stop te sit sal deurmiddel van ‘n kommissie van ondersoek wees. Die kommissie se doel sal wees om te bepaal hoe marteling tot stand gekom het en ‘n politiese herinnering te skep. Daar moet ook ‘n bykomende maatreël wees, naamlik die oprigting van ‘n monument aangesien kommissies van ondersoek politiese herinneringe skep maar nie in stand hou nie.
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Saranovic, Filip. "Private international law aspects of freezing injunctions". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/270457.
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The Commercial Court in London is frequently dealing with applications for a freezing injunction. The vast majority of academic literature and court decisions directly or indirectly adopt the view that freezing injunctions have stood the test of time and are so frequently granted in commercial litigation that there is no need for any serious concern about their scope, let alone the need to identify and question the legitimacy of the justifications for their existence. Contrary to the traditional view, this thesis has identified equipage equality as the primary function of freezing injunctions. This recognition that freezing injunctions seek to establish a level-playing field in litigation has led the author to conclude that the current scope of the relief is excessively claimant-friendly and involves illegitimate interference with the sovereignty of foreign states. Taking into account the tactical reasons for seeking a freezing injunction, the author challenges the current interpretation of the substantive preconditions for granting the relief. Their current interpretation does not strike a fair balance between the interests of the parties. The author argues that these concerns are exacerbated by the current international scope of freezing injunctions due to the insufficient regard for the principles of public international law. The encroachment on the jurisdiction of foreign states undermines equipage equality by enabling claimants to make multiple applications for interim relief in respect of the same assets. In the light of the above, the author has sought to make a range of proposals to restrict the scope of freezing injunctions with the aim of bringing the relief in line with equipage equality.
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Msukwa, Chimwemwe Kanyamana. "Strategic interests in transboundary river cooperation in Southern Africa – the case of the Okavango". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5239.
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Thesis (MA (Political Science. International Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.Bibliography
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Water is life. Its availability and quality directly relates to what is possible in agriculture as well as human health. In Southern Africa, water issues have become an important political agenda as a result of the droughts that the region has been experiencing. The Southern Africa Development Community (SADC), in its water protocol advises its member states to set up river basin organisations to manage transboundary rivers in Southern Africa. The aim is to encourage the sustainable use of international rivers. Sharing international rivers has proven to be a very difficult issue as shown by the voting patterns on the UN Convention on the Law of Non Navigational Uses of Transboundary Rivers and the subsequent failure of entry into force of this convention. While strategic interests on the global levels manifest themselves in voting patterns in forums like the UN Assembly, the situation is trickier at the regional level. These strategic interests are ever present as a result of states’ need for recognition of their sovereignty and the inability of states to accept any hierarchical enforcement. This study investigates the impact of these interests at the basin level on the structure of cooperation. With the use of a case study, namely the Okavango River Basin Commission, and guided by regime theory, the study looks at the process of regime formation and maintenance in the basin. It concludes that states use cooperative arrangements (international water cooperation regimes) as tools for the strategic protection of their sovereignty.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Water is lewe. Die beskikbaarheid en kwaliteit het direk te betrekking op wat moontlik toeneemed is in landbou so wel as menslike gesondheid. Water as ʼn noodsaaklike bron in suider-Afrika word meer en meer beskou as ʼn belangrike kwessie op die politieke agenda as gevolg van droogte wat in die streek ondervind word. ʼn Hoë vlak van belangrikheid word aan die bestuur van water binne die streek geheg. Die SAOG (Die Suider – Afrikaanse Ontwikkelings gemeenskap), het in sy water protokol aan sy lid state beveel om rivier kom organisasies te stig om beheer uit te oefen oor riviere in Suider- Afrika wat oor grense heen vloei. Die doel is om lidstate aan te moedig om die volhoubare gebruik van internasionale riviere te bevorder . Die vedeling van internasionale riviere is ‘n komplekse kwessie soos wat VN stempatrone aandui ten opsigte van die Wet op die Verbod teen Navigasie op Oorgrensende Riviere en die daaropvolgende versuim van die inwerkingtreding van die Konvensie aandui. As gevolg van state se behoefte vir erkenning van hul soewereiniteit en hul strategiese belange bly die deel van rivierkomme ‘n moeilike internasionale probleem. Hierdie studie ondersoek die impak van die bogenoemde belange op die kom vlak op die struktuur van samewerking. Met die gebruik van ʼn gevallestudie, naamlik die Okovango Rivier Kom Kommissie, en aan die hand van regime teorie, ondersoek die studie die proses van regime formasie asook die problematiek rondom die instandhouding van die Komissie. Die gevolgtrekking is dat state koöperatiewe reëlings (internasionale water samewerking regimes) as instrumente vir die beskerming van hul strategiese soewereiniteit en eie belange gebruik.
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Ochse, Aaron Richard. "Targeted Killing, Drones and International Law| How U.S. Practice is Shaping International Law". Thesis, The George Washington University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1556566.
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Since 2002, the United States has been conducting drone strikes as an integral part of its war on terror against al Qaeda. This paper discusses the evolution of that practice and considers the legal implications of the targeted killing of alleged members of al Qaeda and its affiliate organizations in non-battlefield situations. It argues that the U.S. is negatively influencing international law at a time when the law is unsettled with regard to non-battlefield targeting of members of armed opposition groups. Further, some of the strikes conducted by the U.S. violate the principles of distinction, proportionality and military necessity. The paper suggests that the U.S. should alter its course of actions, support a more restrained view of the boundaries of targeted killing, and limit any targeted killings to high-level members of terrorist organizations.
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Pompongsuk, Prasert. "International aircraft leasing : impact on international air law treaties". Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20544.
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Aircraft leasing is a method of fleet acquisition. It was known to none at the outset of the air traffic era; as a result, international air law treaties were not formulated upon the concept that realized the practices as such. The moment international aircraft leasing materialized, many regimes of international air law became unsuited to the situation.On the one hand, public international air law treaties have faced the problems ranging from safety oversight responsibilities and aircraft accident investigation to airport charges and criminal jurisdiction.
On the other hand, private international air law treaties have faced the problems ranging from applicability of the 1952 Rome Convention and preferential rights under the 1948 Geneva Convention to aircraft engine leasing and the idiosyncrasy of leasing transactions.
This study is not aimed at scrutinizing leasing transactions but at examining the aforementioned difficulties, especially the issues of public international air law.
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Addo, M. K. "The implications for some aspects of contemporary international economic law of international human rights law". Thesis, University of Essex, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378354.
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Al-Hajri, Ali Bin Ghanim Ali Al-Shahwani. "The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait and the legality of its claims in international law and Islamic international law". Thesis, University of Kent, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360983.
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Gillespie, Al. "International environmental ethics : value and method in international environmental law and policy". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361026.
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Mouzakis-Neolis, Fotis. "Empirical and theoretical aspects of the international arms trade". Thesis, University of Surrey, 1999. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/2148/.
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Saul, Matthew William. "State reconstruction in international law : conjuring with political independence". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2008. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10324/.
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This is a study about large-scale international involvement in the reconstruction of a state without an independently effective domestic government. Specifically how the practice in Cambodia, Haiti, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sierra Leone, Kosoyo, East Timor, Afghanistan, and Iraq, relates to the right of the target state and its people to political independence. The international involvement, particularly its legal justification, is analysed from the perspective of the right to political independence and the core UN system values of self-determination of peoples and international peace. From this analysis, an opinion is formed on what explains intenlational acceptance of a practice that struggles to remain consistent with the legal structures and political values of the inter-sovereign relations paradigm of the international system. This is argued to rest on the pursuit of democratic reconstruction. The absence of a legal concept of democracy, in the practice analysed, is the basis for the thesis that: when there is not an independently effective domestic government, there is a need for greater international legal regulation and accountability of those - both the domestic and international actors - that exercise the right to political independence for the purpose of state reconstruction. This is to compensate for the lack of assurance that the process reflects the wishes of the state and its people, which is a threat to the core UN system values of self-determination of peoples and international peace.
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Trottier, James. "Political offender or extraditable criminal: The political offence, international order and protection of the individual". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/10009.
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This thesis studies the evolution and current purpose of the political offence exception for the purpose of determining whether there is a continuing role for the exception. It concludes that there is a continuing need for the exception. The thesis examines the coexistence in international law and policy between the demand for international public order, as characterized by the system of extradition laws and treaties, and the need to safeguard the rights of the individual, as reflected in the political offence exception to extradition, international refugee protection and the practice of asylum. There are a number of concerns with the political offence exception as currently applied, namely: (1) Designation of inappropriate acts as political offences; (2) Excessive rigidity and formality by some courts; (3) Excessive judicial discretion; (4) Over-emphasis on efficacy of the act in question; (5) Excessive political influence on decision-making. The thesis proposes an alternative political offence exception test with the following five criteria: (1) the individual should be involved in a dispute concerning political control over the state; (2) the individual should be part of a group which is involved in such a struggle and the act in question must be done in furtherance of that struggle; (3) the exception should not apply to heinous crimes such as crimes against humanity; (4) certain acts such as hijacking should be automatically excluded; (5) there should be proportionality between means and ends. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Fortin, Pierre 1960. "Artificial space debris and international law". Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59927.
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In just three decades of human exploration and utilization of outer space, an unwanted legacy of thousands of artificial space debris has been left behind.The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the appropriate technical aspects of the artificial space debris issue and to explore the legal ramifications of the question.
The first chapter is devoted to the technical aspects and covers topics such as the origins and location of artificial space debris, the hazards they constitute, the anticipated damage that might be caused by such debris and the likelihood of its occurrence.
In the second chapter, the legal aspects are explored by first looking at space law generally. A brief historical perspective of space law as well as the role of the United Nations in the making of space law is offered. Space law as it relates to the space debris issue is then analysed by first trying to define terms such as "space object", "component parts" and "space debris". Particular emphasis is then placed on issues like jurisdiction and control over space debris, international responsibility for space debris, their identification and, finally, liability for damage caused by space debris.
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Compaore, Delphine. "Le sport, analyseur de la place de l'Afrique dans la coopération internationale : l'exemple de la politique sportive de la France en Afrique-Burkina faso (1960- 2010)". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00787630.
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La coopération internationale est inscrite sur l'acte constitutif de l'Organisation des Nations Unies du 26 juin 1945. Moyen d'échange et de dialogue entre acteurs internationaux, son objectif a été de trouver des solutions aux difficultés économiques, sociales, culturelles et sécuritaires de l'après-guerre pour sauvegarder la paix du monde. Elle s'est considérablement développée, allant de la forme bilatérale à celle multilatérale, dans tous les domaines et sur tous les continents. Parmi ses nombreux cadres d'échanges, le dispositif français de coopération, avec son assistance technique spécialisée dans tous les domaines, demeure une référence certaine. Il s'est déployé à travers une stratégie de géopolitique internationale où domaines militaire en plus grand et sportif en plus petit en constituent un des traits caractéristiques. La coopération française et internationale ont été un accompagnement décisif pour le continent africain après les indépendances, mais aussi un important moyen stratégique d'influence pendant la Guerre Froide. Le sport et la coopération sportive y joueront leur partition. Pour les Américains, Français, Anglais, Soviétiques et leurs partenaires respectifs, la coopération a été très efficace et a permis de sauvegarder leurs intérêts sur le continent africain. Elle demeure encore aujourd'hui un important moyen de pression sur la scène africaine, influant souvent sur les résultats des échanges et l'efficacité des actions de coopération. Finalement, c'est une coopération internationale de 1960 à 2010, avec ses réussites et ses échecs, d'une taille parfois limitée mais qui reste un moyen de dialogue pour le monde et surtout pour le continent africain engagé sur le difficile chemin de la démocratie. C'est par une approche théorique libérale et une méthode qualitative que cette recherche a été réalisée, sur le principal terrain du Burkina Faso avec ses particularités sociales et son histoire, qui constituent une grille de lecture idéale.
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Gammed, Salem Abd-Arrahman. "The legal aspects of Libyan public international joint ventures". Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301437.
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Dusepulchre, Gaëlle. "Politique européenne de coopération au développement et relations extérieures: des droits de l'homme à la bonne gouvernance, impact de l'interdépendance du droit et du politique sur le choix des instruments de régulation". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210587.
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L'étude a porté sur deux outils élaborés par l’Union européenne à l'appui de ses politiques d'allocation d'aide extérieure au bénéfice principalement d'Etats en développement et participant à sa stratégie de promotion du respect de droits de l’homme dans les Etats tiers. Il s'agit du mécanisme de conditionnalité démocratique d’une part, et de la doctrine fondée sur le concept de gouvernance d’autre part. L'une des principales critiques que la doctrine adresse à l’Union au sujet de sa politique de conditionalité est son incapacité à répondre à l’une des attentes fondamentales qui la sous-tend, à savoir :la naissance d’une politique d’aide extérieure détachée des considérations géopolitiques et visant à protéger et promouvoir efficacement les droits de l’homme. Dans la mesure où la doctrine en attribue en général la responsabilité à l’absence de clarté et de prévisibilité du mécanisme de la conditionnalité démocratique, cette critique eut dû conduire à l’élaboration d’un régime davantage juridicisé. Or, l'émergence de la doctrine fondée sur le concept de gouvernance révèle que l’Union n’a pas opté pour une telle solution. C’est alors que, divisant mon étude en deux parties, la première affectée à l’étude du mécanisme conditionnel et la seconde affectée à l’étude de la doctrine de gouvernance, je me suis interrogée sur les raisons pour lesquelles l’Union avait pu choisir de recourir d’abord à un appel au droit, et ensuite à une repolitisation partielle de son mécanisme. Prenant appui sur une étude des documents officiels des institutions européennes, de la pratique de l'Union et des théories des relations internationales, l'étude tend à révéler les atouts et les limites théoriques de chacune de ces stratégies déstinées à suciter des réformes particulières dans les Etats partenaires de l’Union.Il apparaîtra que l’appel au droit opéré dans le cadre du mécanisme de conditionnalité répondait à des besoins et à une logique spécifiques lors de son institution, mais que la forme juridicisée du mécanisme conditionnel tel qu’institué se heurtait à diverses limites. La doctrine fondée sur le concept de gouvernance, dans le même temps qu’elle acte ces limites et tend à les dépasser, amène à de nouveaux questionnements.The study related to both EU tools, affecting its external aid policies and contributing to its human rights strategy :conditionality and governance. One of the main critic that the doctrine addresses to EU conditionality, is its incapacity to lead to an external aid free of geopolitical considerations and acting to protect and promote effectively the human rights. The doctrine explains this weakness by pointing out the mechanism of conditionality’s lack of clearness and previsibility. Despite this critic is pleading for a more legalized mechanism, the governance strategy reveals that the Union did not choose such a solution.Then, dividing the study into two parts, the first assigned to conditional mechanism and the second assigned to governance, I’m asking the reason why a less legalized mecanism succeeded to conditionality. Based on cooperation agreements, strategic orientations, EU practice and the international relations theories, the study tends to reveal the assets and limits of the two strategies. It appears that the legalization process of conditionality can be explained by specific needs but it encountered various limits. At the same times, while strategy based on Governance adresses some of them, this new tool reveals new questions.
Doctorat en droit
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Almansoor, Mohamed Ali Saleh. "Political rights of women in Islamic law, international law and the United Arab Emirates law". Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.395790.
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Yu, Zhihao. "Three essays on international trade, political economy and environmental policy". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0005/NQ39009.pdf.
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Provost, Rene. "International human rights and humanitarian law : fusion or confusion?" Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285439.
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Ashfaq, Muhammad. "The crime of aggression : a critical historical inquiry of the just war tradition". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/13671.
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Why has international society been unable to develop political and judicial collective-security arrangements to limit external aggression? The thesis argues that efforts to limit aggression in moral and legal theory have created an unjust order in which great powers have used these theoretical traditions to reinforce their power in the global order. The thesis argues that is not a new development but can be found in one of the oldest traditions of moral reflection on war, the just war tradition. To substantiate this point, the thesis critically surveys the philosophers of the ancient Greek, Roman, Medieval Christian Renaissance, and early modern theorists of just war and demonstrates that their just war ideas contain assumptions about exclusion, identity and power reflecting their cultural superiority which underlie the practices and theories of the leading states and justifications of their aggressive wars. The thesis connects these moral reflections to the emergence of modern international law and the European pluralist international society of states based on mutual respect for sovereignty and the norm of non-intervention, highlighting how justifications of its colonial aggression against non-Europeans established an unjust solidarist order against them which persists in the post-Cold War era. To conclude it presents suggestions for improvement in the current pluralist international arrangements to address the issue of aggression.
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Bayram, Ayten Burcu. "How International Law Obligates: International Identity, Legal Obligation, and Compliance in World Politics". The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1313423254.
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Ronen, Yaël. "Legal aspects of transition from unlawful regimes in international law". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.444063.
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Openshaw, Karen. "Reorienting the odious debt doctrine: international law or political legitimation?" Thesis, University of Kent, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.594202.
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This thesis is concerned to interrogate the Standing of the so~called 'odious debt doctrine' in international law and its relevance for states of the South wishing to disclaim odious-type debt. To this end, the history of the doctrine and its definition is e."{amined, as is its relevance to wee cases of sovereign-debe contention (South Africa/Zimbabwe, Iraq and Ecuador) where the doctrine's applicability has been considered. The conclusion reached, and the argument made in this thesis, is that the doctrine has yet to crystallize into a legal norm and that its starus in interoationallaw remains (and is likely to remain) contentious. However, in spite of the doctrine's W1certain standing, and the reluctance of states to fonnally invoke it in legal proceedings, the thesis argues that the concept may nevertheless have its uses as a political tool to justify debt-cancellation or debt-reduction. Paradoxically, in fact, the doctrine's apparent status as a norm of internacional law has helped strengthened its use in this context.
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Ferrier, Jill. "The development of international space law : international cooperation in Outer Space - meeting the needs of the developing countries". Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23438.
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This Thesis aims to examine recent efforts of the developing countries, within the Legal Subcommittee of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS), to increase their participation in space activities and in particular, to develop their own indigenous space capabilities. The Thesis will demonstrate that the United Nations is not, given the present economic and political climate, the best forum within which the developing countries should try to develop space law.Chapter 1 examines the main problems facing the developing countries in the transfer of space technology from the technologically advanced states. Chapter 2 examines the legal basis of their claims for greater cooperation. Chapter 3 examines the present debate within COPUOS where the developing countries are attempting to further develop international space law to their advantage. Chapter 4 suggests alternative routes which should be considered by the developing countries in order to work towards greater cooperation which will meet their needs.
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Chesterman, Simon. "Just war or just peace? : humanitarian intervention and international law". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a2f9085b-4ca9-4244-bff0-837ea5d4d74b.
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The question of the legality of humanitarian intervention is, at first blush, a simple one. The Charter of the United Nations clearly prohibits the use of force, with the only exceptions being self-defence and enforcement actions authorized by the Security Council. There are, however, long-standing arguments that a right of unilateral intervention pre-existed the Charter. The thesis begins with an examination of the genealogy of this right, and arguments that it may have survived the passage of the Charter, either through a loophole in Article 2(4) or as part of customary international law. It has also been argued that certain 'illegitimate' regimes lose the attributes of sovereignty and thereby the protection given by the prohibition of the use of force. None of these arguments is found to have merit, either in principle or in the practice of states. A common justification for a right of unilateral humanitarian intervention concerns the failure of the collective security mechanism created after the Second World War. The thesis therefore examines Security Council activism in the 1990s, notable for the plasticity of the circumstances in which the Council was prepared to assert its primary responsibility for international peace and security, and the contingency of its actions on the willingness of states to carry them out. This reduction of the Council's role from substantive to formal partly explains the recourse to unilateralism in that decade, most spectacularly in relation to the situation in Kosovo. Crucially, the thesis argues that such unilateral enforcement is not a substitute for but the opposite of collective action. Though often presented as the only alternative to inaction, incorporating a 'right' of intervention would lead to more such interventions being undertaken in bad faith, it would be incoherent as a principle, and it would be inimical to the emergence of an international rule of law.
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McEleavy, Peter E. "The Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286848.
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The aim of this thesis is to analyse the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction and to determine how well the instrument has in fact responded to the problem of international child abductions and how it may, if necessary, be improved. The thesis has sought to include all relevant material published in England, Scotland, France and the United States of America up to 1 August 1997, although where possible reference has been made to more recent case law. The thesis commences with a review of the sociological aspects of the phenomenon. The pre-Convention situation is then assessed and attention drawn to the difficulties inherent in resolving international custody disputes. The evolution of the 1980 Convention is sketched with attention being drawn to how the Special Commission adopted the 'summary return mechanism' rather than traditional private international law remedies. Each of the key articles and concepts in the Convention is analysed in turn with detailed consideration given to the relevant case law. Particular attention is paid throughout to the change in profile of the average abductor from a father with access rights to a primary carer mother, and to the effect this has had on the Convention. The conclusion considers whether the summary return mechanism is still the most appropriate way in which to respond to wrongful removals and retentions.
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Hagelüken, Alexandra. "The impact of EC law and WTO law on domestic law : a critical analysis of the case law of the European Court of Justice". Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21683.
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The relationship between, on the one hand, European Community Law and World Trade Organization Law and, on the other hand, domestic law lies at the heart of this thesis The European Treaty and the World Trade Organization Agreements have far reaching impacts not only on their Member States, but also on individuals. It is of crucial importance for the protection of individual rights and for the effective enforcement of these treaties whether individuals can invoke them before their national courts. After giving an overview of the general theories, which exist in international law with respect to the impact of international treaties on domestic law, this thesis analyzes the case law of the European Court of Justice regarding the impact of EC Law on domestic law and the impact of GATT 1947/WTO Law on the European Community. A review of this case law will demonstrate that the European Court has effectively promoted European integration by the doctrines of direct applicability, direct effect and supremacy. In contrast, the European Court has so far denied that individuals or Member States can challenge the validity of EC Law by invoking provisions of the GATT 1947. It is not clear whether the Court will change its attitude with respect to the WTO Agreements. This thesis will demonstrate that the general denial of direct effect to GATT/WTO Law is not based on legal reasons. With respect to the European Community, individuals must be allowed to rely at least on some of the provisions.
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Todd, Angus. "The legal and political evolution and reform of the international executive". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391410.
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Al-Metairi, Metlaq. "Some legal aspects of the International Sea-Bed Authority". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/27034.
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Heindl, Brett Sheridan. "Transnational political activism in American Cuban, Jewish, and Irish communities". Related electronic resource:, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1428839481&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=3739&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Jaeger, Kurt. "Lawful measures of retaliation in international air law". Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59404.
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Unilateral remedies such as non-forcible reprisals, counter-measures and sanctions remain prevalent means of enforcement in international aviation relations. They are largely unregulated by international treaty law. The Tribunal in the Franco-American Air Services Arbitration of 1978, however, demonstrated that general international law has developed certain restrictions on the use of unilateral counter-measures. The emergence of new principles is also evident in the draft of the International Law Commission on State responsibility.In an effort to combat unlawful interference with international civil aviation, an increasing number of States have expressed their willingness to take concerted counter-measures against offending States. ICAO is the logical forum for discussion and resolution of aviation matters of world-wide concern and should, therefore, act as a fact-finding body and/or dispute settlor in cases of controversy. States should also be more willing to resort to arbitration as provided for in their aviation agreements and should address explicitly the problem of enforcement when negotiating future air law treaties.
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Keith, Linda Camp. "The Law and Human Rights: Is the Law a Mere Parchment Barrier to Human Rights Abuse?" Thesis, University of North Texas, 1999. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2247/.
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This study is the first systematic global analysis of the impact of law on human rights, analyzing the impact of twenty-three constitution provisions and an international covenant on three measures of human rights behavior, over the period of 1976-1996. Three sets of constitutional provisions are analyzed, including 1) ten provisions for individual freedoms and due process rights, 2) nine provisions for elements of judicial independence and 3) four provisions that outline procedures for states of emergency. Additionally, the impact of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights on actual human rights behavior is analyzed. Each of these areas of law are evaluated individually, in multiple models in which different elements vary. For example, some models control for democracy with different measures, others divide the data into the Cold War and post-Cold War eras, and some test constitutional indices. Finally, all provisions are simultaneously analyzed in integrated models. Provisions for fair and public trials are consistently shown to decrease the probability of abuse. An index of four freedoms (speech, religion, association, and assembly) decreases the probability of abuse somewhat consistently. Three of the provisions for judicial independence are most consistent in reducing the probability of abuse: the provisions for exclusive judicial authority, for the finality of judges' decisions, and banning exceptional courts. Two of four states of emergency provisions decrease abuse as international lawyers have argued: the provisions for legislative declaration of the emergency and the ban against dissolving the legislature during an emergency. However, two of the provisions are shown to hurt human rights practices: the duration and the derogation provisions. The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights does not demonstrate a statistically significant impact. While the performance of the constitutional provisions is less than legal scholars would hope, their combined impact over time are shown to be quite large, relative to the impacts of other factors shown to affect human rights abuse.
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Bouvet, Isabelle. "Certain aspects of intellectual property rights in outer space". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq64265.pdf.
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Thachet, John Thomas. "Limitation of liability in international air transport". Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22704.
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The Warsaw Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Carriage by Air was adopted when aviation was in its developing stage. In order to protect this infant industry, the Convention limited the liability of the air carrier in international air transportation to certain specified amounts. As time went by the Warsaw Convention was amended by several instruments. The end result is that there are several instruments to regulate the liability of air carriers engaged in international air transportation and most of these instruments provide only limited recovery to passengers. Often, passengers try to break the limits prescribed by the Convention alleging willful misconduct on the part of the carrier, his servants or agents or by bringing suits against potentially liable third parties like the aircraft manufacturer or by proving that the documents of carriage were faulty. In the mean time, Italy and Japan took matters into their own hands and raised the limits unilaterally. While Italy raised the limits to 100,000 SDR, Japan waived entirely the Warsaw systems limits of liability.In this thesis, the development of air law till the adoption of the Warsaw Convention and the various amendments carried out to the Convention over the years will be discussed in the first two chapters. The third chapter mainly concentrates on the rationales for ratifying the Guatemala City Protocol through Montreal Protocol No. 3. While arriving at a conclusion as to why the Montreal Protocols have to be ratified for the successful unification of air carriers liability in international air transport, the Italian and Japanese "solutions" will be evaluated and conclude why those solutions are to be rejected outright. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)