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Kakkar, Manisha y Amit Kumar. "MSMEs – a mainstay for the developing economy". Economics of Development 19, n.º 3 (16 de noviembre de 2020): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ed.19(3).2020.02.
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This research paper aims to understand all the factors preventing micro, small and medium enterprises from growing despite their great potential, the possible existence of any internal or domestic differences in the way the entrepreneurs from various Indian communities approach business. The question remains whether there are any external or domestic differences in their entrepreneurial orientations. The work also presents some policy-based suggestions to solve such issues that hinder the magnification potential of MSME units. The MSME units offer jobs to more than seven people. However, they do not grow because of many difficulties discussed in this paper. Due to the lack of opportunities, MSMEs are unable to attract foreign investments. MSMEs can stop the migration of young people coming from rural areas to urban cities if MSMEs get developed. MSMEs represent a high-priority sector of the growing and developing economy. Therefore, we need to focus on this sector to transform developing India into a developed country. This paper is an attempt to analyze the reasons for the difficulties of MSMEs.
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Pinello, Vincenzo. "UNA DIDATTICA IMMERSIVA PER MIGRANTI E PER TUTTI". Italiano LinguaDue 14, n.º 1 (21 de julio de 2022): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54103/2037-3597/18149.
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L’articolo descrive il modello didattico di ItaStra ponendone in rilievo i caratteri fondamentali, incentrati sul ruolo attivo dell’apprendente in quanto soggetto artefice di cittadinanza democratica e sulla considerazione specifica delle dinamiche di repertorio. I contenuti del modello si sviluppano su quattro direttrici teorico-settoriali analiticamente descritte. Esse chiamano in causa la variazione linguistica interna ed esterna al soggetto apprendente, le (neo)compentenze, la multidisciplinarità, i contesti di apprendimento. I contenuti del modello sono il frutto delle esperienze sul campo e delle rielaborazioni teoriche maturate in quindici anni di attività sul fronte della didattica inclusiva. L'articolo da conto anche di queste interconnessioni. Immersive teaching for migrants and for all The article describes the teaching model of ItaStra and its fundamental characteristics: the active role of the learner as the creator of democratic citizenship and attention to repertoire dynamics. The contents of the model are developed through four analytically-described theoretical and sectoral guidelines which call into question the linguistic variation that is internal and external to the learner, the (neo) skills, the multidisciplinarity, the learning contexts. The contents of the model are the result of the experiences and of the theoretical re-elaborations that have been developed in fifteen years of activity in the field of inclusive teaching. The article also takes into account these interconnections.
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Nguyen, Quoc Tan Trung. "Rethinking the Legality of Intervention by Invitation: Toward Neutrality". Journal of Conflict and Security Law 24, n.º 2 (2019): 201–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcsl/krz004.
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Abstract The article re-examines one of the most established and classical doctrines in international law, with a massive body of literature—intervention by invitation. The doctrine is straightforward and intuitive, and therefore compelling. Since the use of force or intervention in the domestic affairs of a state is prohibited, the consent of the ‘state’ itself could, naturally, eliminate the wrongfulness of the act. There is contention that the ‘government-preference’ principle of intervention by invitation affords a ‘clear alternative’ to external intervention authorized by the Security Council (‘UNSC’)[ Wippman (1996, Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law, 7, 209)]. Others, however, stressing the momentous nature of current events, believe that ‘democratic legitimacy’ is fundamental. The present author finds both approaches inadequate. In many cases, the complexity of intervention by invitation in both cases is, inevitably, reduced to the issue of recognition: ‘Who can speak for a state?’[We can see such tendency in many works on the topic such as: 2016, Byrne, Journal on the Use of Force and International Law, 3, 97, 100; Wippman (1996, Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law, 7, 217–22; Oppenheim and Lauterpacht, International Law, 7th edition (Longmans Green 1952), 249; or Fox, ‘Intervention by Invitation’ in Weller M (ed), The Oxford Handbook of the Use of Force in International Law (Oxford University Press 2015), 831–35.]. The latter is a highly political question. The law, then, is left undetermined, and actions are explained by the government’s political preferences and its rhetorical appeal to so-called international community values [Falk (ed), The International Law of Civil War (The John Hopkins Press 1971), 28]. Inspired by general neutrality approach, the author will evoke available theoretical principles and state practices to form a theory of the Equality of internal actors, (hereinafter ‘Equality theory’), in the hope of proving the relevance, reliability, consistency and overall superiority of this theory in dealing with the legality of intervention by invitation.
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Miles, Jamie, Richard Jacques, Richard Campbell, Janette Turner y Suzanne Mason. "The Safety INdEx of Prehospital On Scene Triage (SINEPOST) study: The development and validation of a risk prediction model to support ambulance clinical transport decisions on-scene". PLOS ONE 17, n.º 11 (16 de noviembre de 2022): e0276515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0276515.
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One of the main problems currently facing the delivery of safe and effective emergency care is excess demand, which causes congestion at different time points in a patient’s journey. The modern case-mix of prehospital patients is broad and complex, diverging from the traditional ‘time critical accident and emergency’ patients. It now includes many low-acuity patients and those with social care and mental health needs. In the ambulance service, transport decisions are the hardest to make and paramedics decide to take more patients to the ED than would have a clinical benefit. As such, this study asked the following research questions: In adult patients attending the ED by ambulance, can prehospital information predict an avoidable attendance? What is the simulated transportability of the model derived from the primary outcome? A linked dataset of 101,522 ambulance service and ED ambulance incidents linked to their respective ED care record from the whole of Yorkshire between 1st July 2019 and 29th February 2020 was used as the sample for this study. A machine learning method known as XGBoost was applied to the data in a novel way called Internal-External Cross Validation (IECV) to build the model. The results showed great discrimination with a C-statistic of 0.81 (95%CI 0.79–0.83) and excellent calibration with an O:E ratio was 0.995 (95% CI 0.97–1.03), with the most important variables being a patient’s mobility, their physiological observations and clinical impression with psychiatric problems, allergic reactions, cardiac chest pain, head injury, non-traumatic back pain, and minor cuts and bruising being the most important. This study has successfully developed a decision-support model that can be transformed into a tool that could help paramedics make better transport decisions on scene, known as the SINEPOST model. It is accurate, and spatially validated across multiple geographies including rural, urban, and coastal. It is a fair algorithm that does not discriminate new patients based on their age, gender, ethnicity, or decile of deprivation. It can be embedded into an electronic Patient Care Record system and automatically calculate the probability that a patient will have an avoidable attendance at the ED, if they were transported. This manuscript complies with the Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis Or Diagnosis (TRIPOD) statement (Moons KGM, 2015).
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A, Vorobiov, Zakusylo P y Kozachuk V. "Hybrid method of intellectual diagnosis and forecasting of complex technical systems". Artificial Intelligence 26, jai2021.26(2) (1 de diciembre de 2021): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/jai2021.02.078.
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Modern control and diagnostic systems (CDS) usually determine only the technical condition (TC) at the current time, ie the CDS answers the question: a complex technical system (CTS) should be considered operational or not, and may provide little information on performance CTS even in the near future. Therefore, the existing scenarios of CDS operation do not provide for the assessment of the possibility of gradual failures, ie there is no forecasting of the technical condition. The processes of parameter degradation and degradation prediction are stochastic processes, the “behavior” of which is influenced by a combination of external and internal factors, so the deg-radation process can be described as a function that depends on changes in the internal parameters of CTS. The hybrid method involves the following steps. The first is to determine the set of initial characteristics that characterize the CTS vehicle. The second is the establishment of precautionary tolerances of degradation values of the characteristics that characterize the pre-failure technical con-dition of the CTS. The third is to determine the rational composition of informative indicators, which maximally determine the "behavior" of the initial characteristics. The fourth — implementa-tion of multiparameter monitoring, fixation of values of the controlled characteristics, formation of an information array of values of characteristics. Fifth — the adoption of a general model of the process of changing the characteristics of the CTS. Sixth — the formation of a real model of the process of changing the characteristics of Y(t) on the basis of an information array of values of char-acteristics obtained by multi-parameter monitoring. Seventh — forecasting the time of possible oc-currence of the pre-failure state of the CTS, which is carried out by extrapolating the obtained real model of the process of changing the characteristics of Y(t). It is proposed to use two types of mod-els: for medium- and long-term forecasting - polynomial models, for short-term forecasting — a lin-ear extrapolation model. At the final stage, forecast errors are determined for all types of models of degradation of pa-rameters and characteristics. Based on the results of the forecast verification, the models are adjust-ed
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Wichert, Sabine. "The Northern Ireland Conflict: New Wine in Old Bottles?" Contemporary European History 9, n.º 2 (julio de 2000): 307–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777300002095.
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James Loughlin, The Ulster Question since 1945 (London: Macmillan, 1998), 151 pp., £10.99 (pb), ISBN 0–333–60616–7.David Harkness, Ireland in the Twentieth Century. Divided Island (London: Macmillan, 1996), 190 pp., £9.99 (pb), ISBN 0–333–56796–X.Thomas Hennessey, A History of Northern Ireland, 1920–1996 (London: Macmillan, 1997), 347 pp., £12.99 (pb), £40.00 (hb), ISBN 0–333–73162–X.Brian A. Follis, A State Under Siege. The Establishment of Northern Ireland, 1920–1925 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1995), 250 pp., £35.00 (hb), ISBN 0–198–20305–5.Dermot Keogh and Michael H. Haltzel, eds., Northern Ireland and the Politics of reconciliation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 256 pp., £35.00 (hb), ISBN 0–521–44430–6.William Crotty and David Schmitt, eds., Ireland and the Politics of Change (London/New York: Longman, 1999), 264 pp., £17.99 (pb), ISBN 0–582–32894–2.David Miller, ed., Rethinking Northern Ireland. Culture, Ideology and Colonialism. (London/New York: Longman, 1999), 344 pp., £17.99 (pb), ISBN 0–582–30287–0.Anthony D. Buckley and Mary Catherine Kenney, Negotiating Identity: Rhetoric, Metaphor, and Social Identity in Northern Ireland (Washington: Smithonian Institution Press, 1996), 270 pp., £34.75 (hb), ISBN 1–560–98520–8.John D. Brewer, with Gareth I. Higgins, Anti-Catholicism in Northern Ireland, 1600–1998: the mote and the beam (London: Macmillan, 1998), 248 pp., £16.99 (pb), ISBN 0–333–74635–X.During the last three decades, and accompanying the ‘troubles’, the literature on Northern Ireland has mushroomed. Within the last ten years two surveys have attempted to summarise and categorise the major interpretations. John Whyte's Interpreting Northern Ireland covered the 1970s and 1980s and came to the conclusion that traditional Unionist and nationalist interpretations, with their emphasis on external, that is British and Irish, forces as the cause for the problem, had begun to lose out to ‘internal conflict’ interpretations. He felt, however, that this approach, too, was coming to the end of its usefulness, and he expected the emergence of a new paradigm shortly.
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Hugly, Philip y Charles Sayward. "The Internal/External Question". Grazer Philosophische Studien 47 (1994): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/gps19944727.
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Hugly, Philip y Charles Sayward. "THE INTERNAL/EXTERNAL QUESTION". Grazer Philosophische studien 47, n.º 1 (12 de agosto de 1994): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756735-90000552.
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Lychagin, A. I. y I. D. Komarov. "THE TAIWAN QUESTION: EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL DETERMINANTS". Vestnik RUDN International Relations 17, n.º 3 (2017): 530–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2017-17-3-530-538.
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Bogdanovski, Masan. "Locke's "internal" questions". Theoria, Beograd 47, n.º 1-2 (2004): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo0402025b.
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As Moore does in his proof of the external world, Locke asks the question about the existence of things external to our minds as, in Carnap's sense, an "internal" question. The real reason to be dissatisfied with Locke's causal arguments against skepticism is not that they fail to remove the skeptical alternatives imperiling our knowledge, but in the fact that they sidestep the philosophical skepticism, the characteristically "external" way of posing the philosophical questions about the knowledge of external objects.
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Poidevin, Robin Le. "Internal and External Questions about God". Religious Studies 31, n.º 4 (diciembre de 1995): 485–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034412500023891.
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Characteristic of metaphysics are general questions of existence, such as ‘Are there numbers?’ This kind of question is the target of Carnap's argument for deflationism, to the effect that general existential questions, if taken at face value, are meaningless. This paper considers deflationism in a theological context, and argues that the question ‘Does God exist?’ can appropriately be grouped with the ‘metaphysical’ questions attacked by Carnap. Deflationism thus has the surprising consequence that the correct approach to theism is that of radical theology. The paper attempts to show why Carnap's argument fails, and why, nevertheless, enough remains of it for us to conclude that God cannot be outside time and space.
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WISNIVESKY, DANIEL. "A UNIFIED APPROACH TO EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL SYMMETRIES". International Journal of Modern Physics A 15, n.º 23 (20 de septiembre de 2000): 3733–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x00002184.
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We present a new approach to the question of a unified theory of external and internal symmetries based on the assumption that the physical world is a group manifold. We choose the parameters of the group as the basic elements from which to build the external and internal space coordinates. We define the wave function equation for a nonrelativistic charged particle and obtain, among other results, the quantization of electric charge.
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Strawson, Galen. "Internal and External Content: A New Alignment". Phenomenology & Mind 22 (2022): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17454/pam-2202.
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The debate about mental content is not well framed as internalists versus externalists, because there is both internal and external mental content. There is also a question about how best to draw the line between them, and this paper argues that this line is not usually drawn in the right place. It proposes a new alignment: the expression ‘internal content’ is to be taken to denote actually occurring, concrete, immediately phenomenologically given content. Absolutely everything else that can be said to be the content of experience is to be classified as external content. It turns out, under this new alignment, that internal content can be external content; this is the case when I think about your pain, or indeed my own pain. But this is as it should be.
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Allan, James. "Internal and Engaged or External and Detached?" Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 12, n.º 1 (enero de 1999): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0841820900002113.
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A legal theory, any legal theory, necessarily adopts one of two perspectives or vantages or points-of-view. The author of a legal theory may take up the internal, engaged vantage or the external, detached vantage. If he seeks to explore, say, how judges should decide hard cases then his theory, explicitly or implicitly, will adopt an internal participant’s perspective. Most likely, he will be putting himself in the shoes of the judge (or alternatively, asserting that we are all judges of a sort) in order to convince others of how best this role can be performed. Less likely, will be he who is a revolutionary and who thinks that the judge should decide cases in such a way as to contribute to the subversion of the legal system. In either event, both will be prescribing. Prescription, answering the ‘ought’ and the ‘should’, presupposes an involvement in the question and a concern with some evaluative dispute (though the revolutionary clearly does not accept the norms of his legal system as binding).
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Rychlicka-Maraszek, Katarzyna. "Book review of: Klaudia Śledzińska (ed.). Responsibility – Participation - Conscious Citizenship – The Dilemmas of Global Education. Warszawskie Wydawnictwo Sociologiczne. Warszawa 2017." Papers of Social Pedagogy 9, n.º 2 (4 de septiembre de 2018): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.4390.
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In the contemporary world, modernising at an incredible pace, an increasing importance is being placed on education, which is supposed to prepare communities for this acceleration. A few areas can be separated during discussions on education: among the others it is the issue of competencies indispensable on the labour market of the future as well as values and global education. Such issues are also a starting point for the authors of the publication issued in English “Responsibility – Participation - Conscious Citizenship – The Dilemmas of Global Education. Global education – as it is the main subject matter of the publication - was implemented into Polish system of education in the school year 2009/2010 (it was placed in the core curriculum of general education). Prior to this, in 2002 in Maastricht European politicians developed Declaration of Global Education which put forward systemic solutions in this area. The significance of education in the world of multiculturalism and globalization was stressed out long before by researchers indicating the need to focus on such issues and prepare communities for the challenges of postmodernity. It emerges that after more than a dozen years of implementing and practicing global education there is still a need to intellectually deal with this difficult and complex notion. Real practice has revealed a number of areas which still are and will long continue to remain a challenge both for researchers and practitioners. The aim of the publication, edited by Klaudia Śledzińska, is to provide an answer to the question not so much about the essence of global education in Polish educational practice but rather about its axionormative dimension and values implemented in various social dimensions. The axis for deliberations undertaken by the authors is based on such values like responsibility, committed participation and social engagement. It is education – as observed by the editor in the introduction – that is supposed to “enhance the awareness and reflexive cognition of phenomena, social processes, interrelations between people and places, as well as to foster stronger social engagement” [s.8], It should also contribute to better understanding of mutual interrelations and the permeation of cultural, environmental, economic, social, political and technological systems. This, however requires a basic consensus regarding the understanding and interpretations of the values essential in education as well as their transmission methods. The publication is composed of three parts: the first two make an attempt to put in order the notions and conceptualize the categories of responsibility as well civic participation and civic society and akin ideas of a social bond and social capital. Part three deals with selected concepts of social life and experience, wherein we can discern the very essence of responsibility, participation and process towards conscious citizenship. Thus, presented are those aspects through which “we can appreciate the significance of educational actions towards the formation of responsible civic attitudes, notably work according to a corporational model, employee - volunteering, insurance reciprocity, horizontal and vertical gender segregation in scientific milieu as well as lifelong learning and activation of older people” [s.11]. It worth emphasizing several significant issues emphasized by the Authors and related to the notions related to global education, especially in the context of transformations of contemporary societies. One of them is a crucial issue present in public and academic discourse and dealing with the division of the world into global North and South, the impact of which is mostly “felt” by the countries of a global South. Global education which was supposed to increase sensitivity to the problems of inequality and bring closer or tame “the Other” has become an element of a specific symbolic violence and imposing on poor countries the civilizational and economic model incorporated in the countries of the North. Klaudia Śledzińska in her chapter focuses on a “hidden programme” of global education, thus a Europocentric, stereotyping model of creating a global awareness, taking no consideration of the specificity and local conditions, which the countries of the North “offer” to the global South. Another manifestation of organizing the world according to old post-colonial principles is “educational disease”, that is “forcing by the rich North the only vision of the development of the deprived regions, in both individual and group dimensions, by means of formal education towards achieving a high social status” [s.43]. Thus, paradoxically the present task of global education is to deconstruct itself and include/ take into consideration other perspectives and discourses, including the ones put forward by minorities. It is teaching responsibility, creating a strong personal subjectivity, stressing out respect to subjectivity of “the Other”, learning “out of Others and from Others [s.47]. Only such attitude where “personal subjectivity of “you” appears through “I” (and vice versa) (…) and thereby secures relationships which no longer carry the features of exploitation, injustice or dominance” [s.47]. In their publication, the Authors indicate and emphasize the significance of numerous citizen-making mechanisms, practices and strategies, which they place in the context of education, making it possible to disseminate and enhance them. Both the employee participation in companies, employee volunteering, pro-social activity on community portals but also more increasingly a common activity of women, the elderly not only on the labour market but also in the social sphere contributes to building a mature civic society. Nonetheless, it will not be lasting unless education provides substantial foundations based on commonly developed values. The proposal of the model of education offered in the publication means “focusing on teaching a pupil/student – not as an uprooted citizen of the world , but as a citizen endowed with his own unique identity, socially enrooted in concrete local contexts and capable of making rational choices”[s.52]. This statement - though perhaps controversial - gives the publication Authors- proprietary feature. It reveals that the recently depreciated locality and identity, built around universal values such as responsible partnership still remains valid. In the first chapters of the publication a certain nostalgia for the return of the “culture of character” instead of the currently functioning culture of personality is clearly seen (from the perspective of one of the authors, a crucial moment for an axio-normative shift and understanding responsibility took place in the early 20th century). It “was a shift from the culture of character to the culture of personality, from internal to external values” . “The culture of character was associated with the notions of, e.g.: citizenship, obligation, democracy, labour, honour, reputation, morality. The culture of personality, in other words, the culture of “making a good impression on others” and “standing out from the crowd” refers rather to the categories of: fascination, attractiveness, bewilderment, creativity, domination, strength, power or determination” [s.20]. Even though the publication is not easy to read and requires an attentive and careful reader, it is a great contribution to the discussion on the essence and directions of global education development, especially in its axionormative character. It is recommended not only for researchers but also non-academics who are committed to the idea of the world continuously improving but also learning from its own mistakes.
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Kuperman, Albert S. "What's Ahead for Med Ed?" Einstein Journal of Biology and Medicine 21, n.º 1 (2 de marzo de 2016): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.23861/ejbm200421445.
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In response to biomedical advances and changes in the practice environment, medical education is always in the process of change. This paper deals primarily with educational changes involving the integration of the disciplines of genomics, prevention and population health, global health and integrative medicine into the curriculum. External and internal forces that tend to impede development of professional and humanistic values are also discussed along with the call to action for developing strategies that mitigate these forces.
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Kuperman, Albert S. "What’s Ahead for Med Ed?" Einstein Journal of Biology and Medicine 21, n.º 2 (2 de marzo de 2016): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.23861/ejbm20052187.
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In response to biomedical advances and changes in the practice environment, medical education is always in the process of change. This paper deals primarily with educational changes involving the integration of the disciplines of genomics, prevention and population health, global health and integrative medicine into the curriculum. External and internal forces that tend to impede development of professional and humanistic values are also discussed along with the call to action for developing strategies that mitigate these forces.
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Glenney, Brian. "Adam Smith and the Problem of the External World". Journal of Scottish Philosophy 9, n.º 2 (septiembre de 2011): 205–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jsp.2011.0016.
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How does the mind attribute external causes to internal sensory experiences? Adam Smith addresses this question in his little known essay ‘Of the External Senses.’ I closely examine Smith's various formulations of this problem and then argue for an interpretation of his solution: that inborn perceptual mechanisms automatically generate external attributions of internal experiences. I conclude by speculating that these mechanisms are best understood to operate by simulating tactile environments.
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Compton, Jr. "Is there a link? Japan’s internal cohesion and external confl ict with neighbors". Regions and Cohesion 6, n.º 3 (1 de diciembre de 2016): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/reco.2016.060307.
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Hirata, K., & Warschauer, M. (2014). Japan: The paradox of harmony. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Soysal, Y.N. (Ed.) (2015). Transnational trajectories in East Asia: Nation, citizenship, and region. London: Routledge.Park, B.G., Hill, R.C., & Saito, A. (Eds.) (2012). Locating neoliberalism in East Asia: Neoliberalizing spaces in developmental states. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell.
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Аббас, Н., N. Abbas, О. Минченкова y O. Minchenkova. "International Standards of Education and Their Evolution". Management of the Personnel and Intellectual Resources in Russia 8, n.º 3 (19 de agosto de 2019): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5d1db4bdd10291.21217208.
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The article is dedicated to the problems of international educational standards. The areas in which at present at the national and international levels active work is underway on standardization and drawing up a unifi ed system of requirements are identifi ed. The defi nition of educational activity, which is understood as a purposeful activity involving a certain form of communication aimed at learning, is clarifi ed. The stages of development of standards of the Bologna process are allocated. In accordance with the main objectives and requirements of the Bologna process, the main standards and guidelines for assessing and ensuring the quality of higher education developed and published by ENQA are grouped into three groups: internal standards for ensuring the quality of education; standards for assessing the quality of the educational process by the external environment; standards for the activities of specialized agencies for assessing the quality of education. It covers major aspects of internal and external quality standards.
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Jensen, Kevan L. y Jeff L. Payne. "Management Trade-Offs of Internal Control and External Auditor Expertise". AUDITING: A Journal of Practice & Theory 22, n.º 2 (1 de septiembre de 2003): 99–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/aud.2003.22.2.99.
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Managers of organizations establish control systems to reduce the agency costs inherent in those organizations. Control systems include both internal and external control mechanisms, some of which may be viewed as substitutes for each other. We develop a model of the demand for external auditor industry expertise and then examine whether managers substitute such expertise for certain closely related internal control mechanisms in their overall control systems. Using a sample of municipalities, we find evidence that managers who do not hire internal auditors or who hire accounting personnel with low levels of accounting expertise tend to hire external auditors with higher levels of industry expertise. We interpret this to be a conscious trade-off on the part of the managers, which appears to be linked to the costs of hiring the internal mechanisms in question.
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Suryanti, Suryanti, Sudarmi Sudarmi y Salsabyla Fadheela. "PROFIL KESULITAN BERTANYA PADA PROSES PEMBELAJARAN PERKEMBANGAN HEWAN MAHASISWA PENDIDIKAN BIOLOGI UNIVERSITAS ISLAM RIAU PEKANBARU". Perspektif Pendidikan dan Keguruan 10, n.º 2 (23 de octubre de 2019): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/perspektif.2019.vol10(2).3991.
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This study aims to determined factors of questioning difficulty during learning process on Animal Development study. The type of study was survey, using questionnaire, interview, and documentation as study’s instrument. The population subject of this study was third semester student of Biology Education with total 70 students. Analysis method was using descriptive method. As the result of the study shown that questioning difficulty was affected by internal factor 56,21% categorized as adequately and affected by external factor by 61,14% categorized as high. The percentage of students who created question was 42,86% categorized, as adequately, students who were not raise question 57.14% categorized as adequately. During study process, student who able to make questions was at the level of: level C1 (9.64%), level C2 (67,47%), level C3 (14,46%) and level C4 (1,20%) Keywords: Questioning Difficulty Profiles, Internal and External Factors, Student who raised questions, Student who did not raise question, Question Level C1, C2, C3, and C4, Animal Development Study
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Poorsank, Fatemeh, Hassan Arabi y Nona Ghasemi Hamedani. "Silyl diol ester as a new selectivity control agent in MgCl2-supported Ziegler–Natta systems for propylene polymerization: catalyst structure and polymer properties". RSC Advances 9, n.º 13 (2019): 7420–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra00715f.
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In this study, bis(benzoyloxy)dimethylsilane (SDE) was developed as a non-phthalate selectivity control agent (internal donor (ID) and external donor (ED)) in MgCl2-supported Ziegler–Natta (ZN) systems for polypropylene polymerization.
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Kravec, K. "ON THE QUESTION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LAW AND MORALITY IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF I.A. ILYIN". Scientific Notes of V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Juridical science 7, n.º 4 (20 de febrero de 2023): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2413-1733-2021-7-4-37-42.
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The article analyzes the views of the famous Russian jurist and philosopher Ivan Alexandrovich Ilyin (1883-1954) on the problem of the correlation of norms (religion, morality and law) in social regulation. The scientist called religious norms, norms of morality and law social, designed to regulate people’s behavior. They were allocated criteria for their comparison: by the subject of rulemaking (authority); by the process of creation; the sphere of regulation; forms of expression and mechanisms of support. Comparing the norms of law and morality, the scientist came to the conclusion that legal norms are established by an external authority — the state power; moral norms — by the internal voice of conscience; the process of rulemaking is significantly different (in law it is externally strictly regulated); the object of regulation is different (in law — all members of the state union, regardless of their consent; in the moral sphere — persons who voluntarily recognized the voice of conscience). The legal and moral motivation of behavior is different (moral behavior is determined solely by internal moral urges, in law — only the external nature of actions without internal motivation plays an important role). The law and morality also differ in the ways of ensuring. Compliance with the norms of law is based on external coercion by the state authorities, and — moral norms — on internal sanctions (guilt, pangs of conscience).
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Maher, Michael. "Selling commercial information to clients". Legal Information Management 2, n.º 4 (2002): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1472669600001389.
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The Eversheds Communities project's aim is to put together an integrated online mix of Eversheds’ internal commentary and know-how, combin-ed with leading external commercial information content, and to make this combined service available to the firm's clients for an agreed fee.
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Kolmakova, Valentina y Denis Shalkov. "Psychohermeneutics of graffiti: external and internal loci of control". E3S Web of Conferences 273 (2021): 11021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127311021.
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The article examines the features of the expression of psycho-emotional conflict within a person within the framework of external and internal loci of control through the creation of graphic art objects. The authors argue that communicative strategies for resolving problems in stressful situations and seeking social support are associated with the question of the individual's ability to independently solve emerging problem situations and find internal resources to overcome them by releasing psychoemotional stress, based on the structure of the cognitive sphere of a person, the characteristics of his perception and thinking. Typical external semantics of graffiti consists in an attempt to convince others of the hopelessness of being. The internal locus of control is associated with the conceptual sphere of social activity and is embodied in a wide variety of imperative forms, including a call, order, request, advice, and so on. In other words, the psycho-hermeneutics of graffiti is conditioned, on the one hand, by communicative and pragmatic strategies of social empathy (internal locus of control), and, on the other hand, by the conflict of the individual with society and the desire for spiritual and moral escapism, escape from reality to self-isolation and loneliness (external locus of control). The study proposes a classification of graphic art objects, which is based on the form of public expression of the individual's inner world, which is associated with the implementation of the compensatory-pragmatic function of graffiti as a universal code of modern urban communication.
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Savina, Natalia y Yuri Pipia. "Risk-oriented external and domestic public financial controls: general and private in approaches to implementation". Buhuchet v zdravoohranenii (Accounting in Healthcare), n.º 5 (1 de mayo de 2021): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-17-2105-03.
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In this paper, the authors analyze the existing set of guidelines for applying a risk-oriented approach to the planning of control bodies for internal and external public financial control; an important part of the study is the authors’ thesis on the search for ways to unify the experience of risk-oriented planning in the activities of internal and external government financial controls. To find an answer to this question, the authors conduct a comprehensive study of the application of a risk-oriented approach to the planning of internal and external government financial controls in the context of the list of criteria, which include the order and methods of determining risks, their understanding, as well as the very concept of “risk-oriented approach”.
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Greene, Gilbert J., Mo-Yee Lee, Richard A. Mentzer, Shelly R. Plnnell y Dan Niles. "Miracles, Dreams, and Empowerment: A Brief Therapy Practice Note". Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 79, n.º 4 (agosto de 1998): 395–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.701.
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When beginning therapy, most clients have a sense of powerlessness (sense of external locus of control) in some, if not most, areas of their lives. A person with a sense of powerlessness perceives forces outside themselves as having more to do with success In goal attainment than their own actions. Clinical intervention, therefore, should be empowering to clients. The miracle question is a key Intervention of solution-focused therapy. According to the miracle question, the source of client change is due to the miracle (something external to the client) and not something generated by the client. This article discusses a modification of the miracle question called the dream question. As a result of the dream question, clients can discover the solutions they are seeking within themselves and, thus, have a greater sense of personal power and Internal locus of control. Experience with the dream question so far has been quite positive.
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Stevenson, Patrick. "The Language Question in Contemporary Germany: The Challenges of Multilingualism". German Politics and Society 33, n.º 1 (1 de junio de 2015): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/gps.2015.330106.
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This article addresses the complex relationships between political discourses, demographic constellations, the affordances of new technologies, and linguistic practices in contemporary Germany. It focuses on political and personal responses to the increasingly multilingual nature of German society and the often-conflicting ways in which “the German language” figures in strategies promoting social integration and Germany's global position. In order to do this, the idea of “the German language” is contextualized in relation to both internal and external processes of contemporary social change. On the one hand, changes to the social order arising from the increasingly complex patterns of inward migration have led to conflicts between a persistent monolingual ideology and multilingual realities. On the other hand, changes in the global context and the explosive growth of new social media have resulted in both challenges and new opportunities for the German language in international communication. In this context, the article explores internal and external policy responses, for example, in relation to education and citizenship in Germany, and the embedding of German language campaigns in strategies promoting multilingualism; and impacts on individual linguistic practices and behaviors, such as the emergence of “multiethnolects” and online multilingualism.
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Fehér, Jakub, Kateřina Keslerová y Michal Amrich. "A Tool for a Spacer Material and Ion-exchange Membrane Compatibility Evaluation for Electrodialysis Module Design". Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering 62, n.º 2 (28 de junio de 2017): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppch.10465.
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Electrodialysis is a widely used separation process for wastewater treatment, concentration of valuable products or production of organic acids. However, unwanted phenomena can occur during the operation of electrodialysis stacks such as internal leakage and/or external leak. In this study, a new simple tool is presented for testing materials suitable for use as spacers used in ED. This cell for testing leaks simulates ED stack and therefore allowing external leaks to be tested. Regarding tests results suitable materials for an ED scale-up can be chosen. Tests were done for three different pressures (1.5, 2 and 2.5 bar) and three different temperatures (25, 40 and 60 °C). To maintain the same conditions, the test cell was tightened by defined force in the range of 850 to 870 N. In the testing stack different combinations of membrane, and spacers were tested. It was found that with increasing temperature leaks decrease. Parameters that influence external leaks most are surface roughness, texture a hardness of ion-exchange membrane and spacer material.
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Kashiem, Prof Dr Mustafa Abdalla. "The Impact of Environmental Factors on Italy Illegal Migration Policy in the New Millennium". مجلة جامعة صبراتة العلمية 2, n.º 2 (31 de diciembre de 2018): 27–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.47891/sabujhs.v2i2.83.
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Italy migration policy reflects a dynamic process since the early 1990s when human trafficking and illegal migration became salient issues on the national and global levels. Italy migration policy interacts and adapts to the surrounding internal and external environments. As far as the method of this study is concerned, a legitimate question was asked: Is Italy national interest navigates its migration policy more than its global commitments? This study assumes that internal and external elements affect Italy migration policy; therefore, it was divided into four main sections: the internal-external aspects of Italy migration policy outputs, external causes of Italy migration dilemma, continuity and change in Italy migration policy. Since the focus of this study is on the internal-external aspects of Italy migration policy output; the process of making laws and concluding treaties and agreements was described and analysed through a comparative perspective. Further emphasis was on the impact of globalization, Sub-Saharan Africa underdevelopment and Libya instability upon this policy. Several aspects of continuity, e. g., adopting enforced controls approach, and change, e. g., internal and external milieus, are identified. The findings of this study indicate that Italy migration policy is not only succeeded in the process of interacting and responding to the internal-external environments, e. g., concluding the agreement with Libya in 2017, but it also reflects a human dimension, e. g., saving illegal migrants lives overseas. The results of this study largely support the underlying hypothesis that assumes the impact of internal and external elements upon Italy migration policy.
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Tian, Xiaopeng, Zixuan Zhang y Wen Li. "Functional Changes of Paneth Cells in the Intestinal Epithelium of Mice with Obstructive Jaundice and After Internal and External Biliary Drainage". Current Molecular Medicine 19, n.º 10 (15 de octubre de 2019): 746–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1566524019666190820141331.
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Objective: To investigate the functional changes of Paneth cells in the intestinal epithelium of mice with obstructive jaundice (OJ) and after internal biliary drainage (ID) and external biliary drainage (ED). Methods: The experiment was divided into two stages. First stage: Mice were randomly assigned to two groups: (I) sham operation (SH); (II) OJ. The mice were sacrificed before the operation and on the 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th day after the operation to collect specimens. Second stage: Mice were randomly assigned to four groups: (I) SH; (II) OJ; (III) OJ and ED; and (IV) OJ and ID. They were reoperated on day 5 for biliary drainage procedure. The specimens were collected on day 10. Results: The expressions of lysozyme and cryptdin-4 increased first and then decreased over time in group OJ, and the number of Paneth cells decreased gradually with the extension of OJ time（p<0.05. After the secondary operation on the mice to relieve OJ, the number of Paneth cells and expressions of lysozyme and cryptdin-4 in group ID increased more significantly than those in group ED（p<0.05）. Conclusion: OJ could cause intestinal Paneth cells to dysfunction in mice. ID was more significant than ED in restoring the function of Paneth cells. It might be one of the mechanisms that make ID superior to ED.
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Shirshova, Larisa y Anastasia Chernysheva. "TO THE QUESTION ABOUT THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF THE MANAGEMENT OF THE CAPITAL OF THE ENTERPRISE". Russian Journal of Management 8, n.º 4 (25 de enero de 2021): 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2409-6024-2020-8-4-126-130.
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The authors highlight the concept and classification of enterprise capital in the article. The structure of equity capital, internal and external sources of formation of the borrowed financial capital of enterprises are considered.
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Gaftandzhieva, Silvia, Rositsa Doneva y Milen Bliznakov. "Internal and External QA in HE: LA Tools and Self-Evaluation Report Preparation". International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) 15, n.º 16 (28 de agosto de 2020): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v15i16.14401.
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Learning Analytics (LA) and tools for intelligent analysis of data accumulat-ed in the information systems used in higher education institutions (HEIs) al-low quality experts to increase the effectiveness of processes for monitoring, quality assurance and evaluation of training. The paper presents LA model and a correspondent software tool designed for the needs of quality experts in Bulgarian higher education institutions. The tool allows them to monitor and improve the learning process. However, the experiments presented here show that the tool can also significantly assist in the preparation of self-assessment reports for internal and external quality assessment in HE. Re-search and experiments with the model and the LA tool under consideration are conducted on the basis of the information infrastructure of a typical Bul-garian university – University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”.
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Segah, Boby. "Dua Sisi Auditing: Audit Eksternal dan Internal Pemerintah". Anterior Jurnal 18, n.º 1 (8 de diciembre de 2018): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33084/anterior.v18i1.433.
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In Indonesia, there are several Supervisory Institutions, such as the Supreme Audit Agency, the Financial and Development Supervisory Agency, the Inspectorate General and the Inspectorate in each Ministry, Institution, Provincial Region and District / City Region. Audited government institutions often question what are the differences and similarities between the oversight institutions. In addition, they do not yet know which external audit institutions and internal audit institutions are Government Agencies among these oversight institutions. Many people assume, including among government institutions that assume that every audit, whoever is implementing it is the same. What they know is that each inspector or auditor has the same activities. Everything borrows a lot of files, tests every document, checks physically, check cash/banks, asks a lot, and what they understand more is all auditors, who are tasked with finding findings and finding problems. From the problem identified above, the problem is formulated that there needs to be clarity about the similarities and differences between external and internal audits in government circles
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Van Dyck, Brandon. "External Appeal, Internal Dominance: How Party Leaders Contribute to Successful Party Building". Latin American Politics and Society 60, n.º 1 (15 de enero de 2018): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lap.2017.3.
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AbstractMany successful political parties depend for their initial popularity and cohesion, and even for their long-term brand strength, on a leader. Nevertheless, literature on successful party building downplays the role of leaders. Thus, the question, what type of leader is good for party building?, remains undertheorized. This article presents and provides initial evidence for a leadership-centered theory of successful party building. It argues that externally appealing, internally dominant leaders facilitate party building by lifting new parties to electoral prominence and helping to prevent debilitating schisms. The article provides evidence for this argument through a most similar cases comparison of three new left parties in Latin America: two that took root (Brazil’s Workers’ Party, Mexico’s Party of the Democratic Revolution), and one that collapsed (Peru’s United Left).
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Pechenikova, V. A. y R. A. Akopyan. "Etiopathogenesis of internal and external genital endometriosis (evolution of views)". Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy 20, n.º 2 (15 de diciembre de 2018): 234–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/brmma12352.
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The etiology and pathogenesis of endometriosis and adenomyosis, as well as their interrelations, are not fully understood and are the subject of discussions and research. The question remains whether the endometriosis and adenomyosis are different diseases, or they represent different phenotypes of the same pathology. Considerations are given about the etiopathogenesis of these diseases, which existed in different years. It is now recognized that endometrioid heterotopias in adenomyosis and endometriosis are derivatives of the basal layer of the endometrium - endometrial stem cell. There are three possible ways of spreading the stem cells of the basal layer of the endometrium, leading to the formation of foci of endometriosis and adenomyosis: retrograde cast into the abdominal cavity with menstrual blood, invasive growth in myometrium due to the mechanism of epithelial-mesenchymal transformation and disruption of the endometrium and myometrium connection zone, and neonatal bleeding. Thus, the mechanisms of the appearance of foci of endometriosis in various organs and tissues are quite diverse and are associated with the primary dysfunction of the endometrium itself, retrograde menstruation, pathological regeneration accompanied by epithelial-mesenchymal transformation, as well as pathological changes in the endometrium and myometrium connection zone, neonatal bleeding. The severity of the clinical course of endometriosis, the frequency of relapse after surgical treatment, the effectiveness of conservative therapy, and the overcoming of infertility are probably due to the mechanism of development of this pathology in each specific case.
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Howlett, Michael, Andrea Migone y Seck L. Tan. "Duplicative or Complementary? The Relationship between Policy Consulting and Internal Policy Analysis in Canadian Government". Canadian Journal of Political Science 47, n.º 1 (marzo de 2014): 113–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423914000213.
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AbstractPolicy consultants are external analysts who provide paid policy-related advice to governments on a contractual basis. Previous research on policy work has examined the work done within governments and by policy consultants separately but has not systematically compared and contrasted the two. A key question regarding the nature of policy advisory practices and policy advice systems in general, however, is whether consultants are duplicating the work of government officials in order to help “triangulate” internal advice or whether there is more of a complementary approach in which consultants supplement the work of internal analysts. This article explores the differences among the two groups using data collected over the past five years in two sets of surveys into internal and external policy work in Canada. The analysis finds a “complementary” relationship to exist, contrary to the conventional wisdom that outside or external advice is sought mainly in order to avoid biases in internal advice.
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Щербаков, Егор Игоревич. "Stages of Organization Strategy Development". ВЕСТНИК ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И РАЗВИТИЯ НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ АКАДЕМИИ ЕСТЕСТВЕННЫХ НАУК, n.º 2 (15 de junio de 2020): 76–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.26163/raen.2020.55.60.016.
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На основе базовых положений стратегического менеджмента автор обосновывает идею о том, что процесс разработки стратегии развития индивидуален для каждой организации и зависит от влияния внешней и внутренней среды. В статье рассмотрены этапы формирования стратегии организации, описаны ее составляющие, обозначено влияние внешней и внутренней среды на процессы формирования стратегии. Following the basics of strategic management, we prove the idea that the process of strategy development is specific for every organization and depends on external and internal environment. We consider the stages of strategy development and describe its components as well as the influence of external and internal environment on the process in question.
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Ajeel AL-Khafaji, Emad Wagga. "Lebanese elections in 2018 and the challenges of forming a government". Tikrit Journal For Political Science, n.º 18 (26 de marzo de 2020): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/poltic.v0i18.208.
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It is possible to say that Lebanon is one of the most complex Arab countries in the formation of the government, as is the case in Iraq, because they apply consensual democracy. After the parliamentary elections in Lebanon in 2018, there were many challenges to the formation of the government, whether internal challenges such as sectarianism, Which resulted in problems and complications, or the new electoral law, in addition to the victory of Hezbollah with a large number of parliamentary seats, and the impact on Lebanon's internal and external, and other internal challenges, or external challenges: represented by the regional and international situation, of interference in the internal affairs of Lebanon, as a result of internal parties have external extensions, or what the region is going through problems, wars and instability, particularly what is happening in Syria and the impact on the internal situation, And the impact on the internal situation in Lebanon, and finally the government was formed despite these challenges, but the question is: Will the government be able to overcome the impact of those challenges on the functioning of the government after its formation? There is no doubt that the impact of these challenges will continue to exist even after the formation of the government due to the internal situation of Lebanon is confused and linked to the external situation
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Šerek, Jan, Hana Machackova y Petr Macek. "The Chicken or Egg Question of Adolescents’ Political Involvement". Zeitschrift für Psychologie 225, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2017): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000297.
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Abstract. Research on the political behavior of young people often approaches psychological factors such as political efficacy or interest as antecedents of political participation. This study examines whether efficacy and interest are also outcomes of participation and if this effect differs across three types of political participation. Data from a two-wave longitudinal survey of 768 Czech adolescents (aged 14–17 years at Time 1, 54% females) was used. Findings support the proposition that psychological factors are affected by participatory experiences. Cross-lagged models showed longitudinal effects from participation to changes in psychological factors, but not effects in the opposite direction. Protest participation predicted higher interest and internal political efficacy, but lower external political efficacy, volunteering predicted higher external political efficacy, and representational participation had no effects on psychological factors. Overall, our findings point out the formative role of participatory experiences in adolescence and the diverse effects of different types of political participation on political development.
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Bergmann, Michael. "Rational Disagreement after Full Disclosure". Episteme 6, n.º 3 (octubre de 2009): 336–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e1742360009000756.
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ABSTRACTThe question I consider is this:The Question: Can two people–who are, and realize they are, intellectually virtuous to about the same degree–both be rational in continuing knowingly to disagree after full disclosure (by each to the other of all the relevant evidence they can think of) while at the same time thinking that the other may well be rational too?I distinguish two kinds of rationality–internal and external–and argue in section 1 that, whichever kind we have in mind, the answer to The Question is ‘yes’ (though that positive answer is less wholehearted in the case of external rationality). Then, in section 2, I briefly make some more general remarks about when discovering a disagreement provides a defeater and when it doesn't. In the final section, I consider an important objection to the answer given in section 1 to The Question.
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Jack Lam, Y. L. y S. K. Nicholas Pang. "The relative effects of environmental, internal and contextual factors on organizational learning: the case of Hong Kong schools under reforms". Learning Organization 10, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2003): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09696470310462094.
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In the context of rapid environmental changes under current school reform, the present paper attempts to locate an answer for a historical question related to the sources of organizational changes and for a prevailing question probing the relationships among external, internal and contextual factors affecting school organizational learning. Based on the information provided by 1,197 teaching staff from 67 Hong Kong government‐aided elementary and secondary schools, the present study confirms the proposition advanced by the “strategic choice school”, that it is leadership action which accounts for organizational adaptation. Moreover, through a series of path analyses, transformational leadership along with supportive culture and flexible structure are mainly accountable for organizational learning, while external and contextual conditions provide the additional incentives in dictating the extent of organizational learning that is taking place in schools.
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Unnithan, Deepa, Girish S. Pathy, Sanjeev Prashar y Hareesh Ramanathan. "Crowdsourced fashion designing of Hashboosh.com: the sustainability dilemma". Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 8, n.º 2 (19 de junio de 2018): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-06-2017-0117.
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Subject area Strategic management. Study level/applicability MBA-Entrepreneurship, Strategic management, Marketing management. Case overview The case explains a concept called crowd designed fashion by a startup venture, Hashboosh.com. The business model appeared unique and suitable for the requirements of the market, but there is a question regarding its sustainability due to breeding its own competition. In the backdrop of the case, the students can analyse the organisation by identifying the internal strengths and weaknesses of the organisation as well as the external threats and opportunities, thereby devising a strategy for the organisation to progress. Expected learning outcomes The case will enable students to analyse an organisation in terms of its internal strength and weakness as well as external threats and opportunities. It enables students to gain strategies for firms by analysing the firm’s internal and external factors. It will offer students a practical understanding for conducting competitor analysis. It will enable students to devise a marketing plan for small firms based on its internal and external analysis. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 11: Strategy.
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Goswami, Saheli y Gargi Bhaduri. "Communicating Moral Responsibility: Stakeholder Capitalism, Types, and Perceptions". Sustainability 15, n.º 5 (1 de marzo de 2023): 4386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15054386.
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With stakeholder capitalism being the new mantra for corporate moral responsibility, the question of how corporations’ moral commitments inconsistent with their executions would variably influence internal and external stakeholders and for different types of stakeholder capitalism issues remains unanswered. Using a 2 (inconsistency: present/absent) × 2 (stakeholder: internal/external) × 5 (stakeholder-capitalism issues: worker/environment/shareholder/customer/community) between-subjects experiment, this study investigated the variable impact on stakeholders’ corporate hypocrisy perceptions. With data collected from 1296 U.S. stakeholders, ANOVA results revealed that corporate moral responsibility messages-action inconsistency generates hypocrisy among stakeholders such that external stakeholders, namely consumers, experienced higher hypocrisy than internal ones, namely employees. The context of corporate moral responsibility (i.e., the types of stakeholder-capitalism issues) did not moderate resulting perceptions, but these issues directly impacted hypocrisy perceptions. These perceptions varied between external and internal stakeholders for different issues; the highest hypocrisy was recorded for shareholders and workers issues. Thus, the focus of this research was foregrounded on corporations’ moral responsibilities perceived as inconsistent with their execution to present a comparative analysis of different groups of stakeholders’ responses and devise effective solutions.
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Flankegård, Filip, Glenn Johansson y Anna Granlund. "Challenges with Supplier Involvement in Product Development: A Supplier’s Perspective". Proceedings of the Design Society: International Conference on Engineering Design 1, n.º 1 (julio de 2019): 2179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dsi.2019.224.
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AbstractStudies of supplier involvement in product development have revealed potential benefits including faster time to market, reduced cost and increased quality. However, existing literature has mainly focused on the customer's perspective on advantages, disadvantages and factors to be considered when involving suppliers in product development. This paper addresses the supplier's perspective by answering following research question: How do challenges that originate from involvement in customer's product development affect a supplier? The question is answered through a single case study at a supplier that develops and manufacture products primary used in capital goods. Thirteen challenges are identified, classified as being internal or external, and categorised into five areas: (A) Customer requirements, (B) Information exchange between customer and supplier, (C) Product variety management, (D) Design- manufacturing integration and (E) Processes and work instructions. The findings suggest that internal challenges need as much attention as external ones that originate from the customer. Also, an indication of when the challenges affect the supplier during product development is presented.
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Beeken, Jeannine. "Const". Schrijven in moedertaal en vreemde taal 40 (1 de enero de 1991): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.40.16bee.
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The proposed research and application programme can be seen as a text-constitutive programme, which enables the user to appeal to computerized information, while planning, formulating and revising a particular writing task. The computerized information is stored in interactive modules, i.e. 1) a CONST-specific thesaurus and an adapted version of the electronic Van DALE 12 dictionary, 2) an algorithmic framework, actualized by a number of question-packages regarding business texts and memos, and 3) a set of corresponding predefined and ad hoc constructed structural descriptions. Important topics of research are the symmetric internal and external electronic communication links inside and between the various modules, as for example the internal link between the two thesauri or the external links between structural description, question-package and thesauri. What can be demonstrated, is a prototypical framework, in which each CONST-component is represented properly and in which the various communication links have been actualized.
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Orlova, N. "TO THE QUESTION OF MOTIVATION OF EMPLOYEES". Scientific Notes Series Law 1, n.º 11 (noviembre de 2021): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.36550/2522-9230-2021-11-33-38.
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The article is devoted to the study of peculiarities of the motivational process. It is noted that main purpose of motivation is application of different approaches to solving problems of labor and management, depending on the specific situation. The review of the most characteristic foreign models of motivation is made. Internal motivation, external positive motivation and external negative motivation are marked as components of motivation. Analysis of the concepts of «motivation» and «stimulation» is made and it is stated that stimulation is one of the means by which motivation can be carried out. Encouragement and punishment as paired legal categories are analyzed and fundamental differences between the compared concepts are revealed. Such disciplinary sanctions as remark, reprimand and dismissal are considered within the limits of research of a question of features of application of means of negative motivation. It is argued that reprimand as a type of disciplinary sanction should not be duplicated by remark as an essentially similar measure of influence. It is also justified that responsibility should be understood not only as the possibility of applying penalties to an employee, but as a moral and legal category that is designed to provide the fulfillment of labor duties of employees, implementation of their labor rights in accordance with their social purpose.
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Hirtenlehner, Helmut y Gorazd Meško. "The compensatory effects of inner and outer controls". European Journal of Criminology 16, n.º 6 (23 de julio de 2018): 689–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370818788010.
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Internal and external controls have been firmly established as factors restraining criminal activity, but surprisingly little is known about their concrete interplay. Inspired by recent theoretical developments, such as Situational Action Theory or the life-course model of interdependence, this work addresses the question whether the crime-reducing impact of outer controls is conditioned by the level of inner controls. Analyses of a student survey from Slovenia reveal that external regulatory mechanisms exercise a greater effect when internal restraints decrease in size. This finding points to a compensatory relationship between controls located in different domains. Inner and outer controls may substitute for one another to a certain extent.
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O’Donnell, Seth, Kalpit Shah, Joseph Gil, Joseph Johnson, Roman Hayda y Christopher Born. "External Fixation in the Emergency Department Is Equally Efficacious to Placement in the Operating Room". Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 3, n.º 3 (1 de julio de 2018): 2473011418S0009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011418s00094.
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Category: Trauma Introduction/Purpose: Pilon and unstable ankle fractures are often treated initially with an external fixator (ex-fix) due to soft tissue concerns. Typically, the second stage involves open reduction internal fixation of the fracture as the definitive management. Ex-fix application in the emergency department (ED) has been described previously. We aimed to determine if an ex-fix applied in the ED would have any difference in rate of ex-fix revision, deep infection, and hospital length of stay when compared to an ex-fix that is applied in the operating room (OR). Methods: This is a retroscpective, case-cohort study performed at an urban, level-1 trauma center. Using CPT codes in our billing database, we identified all patients from 2011-2015 who had operative fixation of pilon (AO classification 43B or 43C) or unstable ankle fractures (AO classification 44C) and had application of an ex-fix (either ED or OR) prior to definitive fixation. Patients with open injury, those placed in ex-fix at outside institutions and those treated definitively with ex-fix were excluded. Results: Ninety-six patients met the inclusion criteria. Average age was 47 years and 54 (56%) were male. Thirty-three patients had ex-fix placed in the OR and 63 patients had ex-fix placed in the ED. Post-surgical complications (prominent implant, nonunion, deep infection, DVT, loss of reduction) were seen in 6/33 in the ED and 8/63 in the OR group (χ2=0.44, p=0.51). Deep infections occurred in 2/33 OR ex-fix and 5/63 ED ex-fix patients (χ2=0.137, p=0.71, OR= 1.4 [95% CI = 0.25 to 7.5]). Revision ex-fix for loss of reduction was performed 4/33 in the OR group and 10/63 in the ED ex-fix group (χ2=0.296, p=0.59). Mean length of stay was 14 days for the OR and 13 days for the ED group (p=0.35). Conclusion: We found no significant difference in post-surgical complications (surgical or infectious) or ex-fix revision rates for an ex-fix placed in ED compared to one placed in the OR. Total hospital days were similar in both groups. Prospective studies are needed to validate this method of provisional stabilization in the ED; however, these results indicate that the ED ex-fix is equally efficacious to an OR ex-fix.