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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Intermediate imputs"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 1 de junio de 2024

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Intermediate imputs"

Purkayastha, Dipankar. "A tariff game with intermediate imports". Atlantic Economic Journal 20, n.º 2 (junio de 1992): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02298876.

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Stijepic, Denis y Helmut Wagner. "Impacts of intermediate trade on sector structure". Journal of International Trade & Economic Development 27, n.º 1 (7 de julio de 2017): 102–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2017.1344725.

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Amin, Mohammad y Asif Islam. "Imports of intermediate inputs and country size". Applied Economics Letters 21, n.º 11 (abril de 2014): 738–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2014.887183.

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López, Ricardo A. "Imports of intermediate inputs and plant survival". Economics Letters 92, n.º 1 (julio de 2006): 58–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2006.01.025.

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Cardoza, Rosa E., Susan P. McCormick, Natalia Martínez-Reyes, Joaquín Rodríguez-Fernández, Mark Busman, Robert H. Proctor y Santiago Gutiérrez. "Analysis of substrate specificity of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases involved in trichothecene toxin biosynthesis". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 108, n.º 1 (6 de enero de 2024): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-023-12950-1.

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AbstractTrichothecenes are a structurally diverse family of toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain species of multiple fungal genera. All trichothecene analogs share a core 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene (EPT) structure but differ in presence, absence and types of substituents attached to various positions of EPT. Formation of some of the structural diversity begins early in the biosynthetic pathway such that some producing species have few trichothecene biosynthetic intermediates in common. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) play critical roles in formation of trichothecene structural diversity. Within some species, relaxed substrate specificities of P450s allow individual orthologs of the enzymes to modify multiple trichothecene biosynthetic intermediates. It is not clear, however, whether the relaxed specificity extends to biosynthetic intermediates that are not produced by the species in which the orthologs originate. To address this knowledge gap, we used a mutant complementation-heterologous expression analysis to assess whether orthologs of three trichothecene biosynthetic P450s (TRI11, TRI13 and TRI22) from Fusarium sporotrichioides, Trichoderma arundinaceum, and Paramyrothecium roridum can modify trichothecene biosynthetic intermediates that they do not encounter in the organism in which they originated. The results indicate that TRI13 and TRI22 could not modify the intermediates that they do not normally encounter, whereas TRI11 could modify an intermediate that it does not normally encounter. These findings indicate that substrate promiscuity varies among trichothecene biosynthetic P450s. One structural feature that likely impacts the ability of the P450s to use biosynthetic intermediates as substrates is the presence and absence of an oxygen atom attached to carbon atom 3 of EPT.

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GREEK, BRUCE F. "Fiber Intermediates Demand Dampened by Apparel Imports". Chemical & Engineering News 64, n.º 40 (6 de octubre de 1986): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v064n040.p011.

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Kojima, Keiichi, Takahiro Yamashita, Yasushi Imamoto, Takehiro G. Kusakabe, Motoyuki Tsuda y Yoshinori Shichida. "Evolutionary steps involving counterion displacement in a tunicate opsin". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, n.º 23 (22 de mayo de 2017): 6028–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1701088114.

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Ci-opsin1 is a visible light-sensitive opsin present in the larval ocellus of an ascidian, Ciona intestinalis. This invertebrate opsin belongs to the vertebrate visual and nonvisual opsin groups in the opsin phylogenetic tree. Ci-opsin1 contains candidate counterions (glutamic acid residues) at positions 113 and 181; the former is a newly acquired position in the vertebrate visual opsin lineage, whereas the latter is an ancestral position widely conserved among invertebrate opsins. Here, we show that Glu113 and Glu181 in Ci-opsin1 act synergistically as counterions, which imparts molecular properties to Ci-opsin1 intermediate between those of vertebrate- and invertebrate-type opsins. Synergy between the counterions in Ci-opsin1 was demonstrated by E113Q and E181Q mutants that exhibit a pH-dependent spectral shift, whereas only the E113Q mutation in vertebrate rhodopsin yields this spectral shift. On absorbing light, Ci-opsin1 forms an equilibrium between two intermediates with protonated and deprotonated Schiff bases, namely the MI-like and MII-like intermediates, respectively. Adding G protein caused the equilibrium to shift toward the MI-like intermediate, indicating that Ci-opsin1 has a protonated Schiff base in its active state, like invertebrate-type opsins. Ci-opsin1’s G protein activation efficiency is between the efficiencies of vertebrate- and invertebrate-type opsins. Interestingly, the E113Y and E181S mutations change the molecular properties of Ci-opsin1 into those resembling invertebrate-type or bistable opsins and vertebrate ancient/vertebrate ancient-long or monostable opsins, respectively. These results strongly suggest that acquisition of counterion Glu113 changed the molecular properties of visual opsin in a vertebrate/tunicate common ancestor as a crucial step in the evolution of vertebrate visual opsins.

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Zhao, Liang, Yuhang Yang, Hongfang Zhou, Zhengle Que y Yadi Pan. "Ethanol decomposition in supercritical water: An operating parametric experimental and kinetic study". BioResources 15, n.º 4 (23 de septiembre de 2020): 8515–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.4.8515-8528.

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Ethanol is an intermediate of the supercritical water decomposition of lignocellulosic biomass or biomass-derived compounds. In this study, experiments on ethanol decomposition in supercritical water were performed at different reaction temperatures (500 °C to 600 °C), residence times (6 s to 12 s), and initial ethanol concentrations (0.05 mol·L-1 to 0.20 mol·L-1). Temperature had larger impacts on the ethanol conversion than the other factors. Higher temperatures and feedstock concentrations facilitated gas production. In addition, the higher temperature promoted the scissions of C-C and C-O bonds of ethanol. However, longer residence times did not improve the yields of H2, CO, and C2. Because the H2-to-CO2 ratio was much greater than 1, the water-gas shift reaction was not the dominant route during the ethanol conversion process. Further, the mechanism and kinetic model of ethanol supercritical water decomposition were proposed. The kinetics revealed that ethanol gasification in supercritical water was mainly dominated by ethanol dehydrogenation, the hydrogenation of intermediates, and the coke formations of CO and CH4. In addition, H2 was mainly formed via ethanol dehydrogenation and consumed via the hydrogenation of intermediates. The rate of coke formation was relatively low during ethanol decomposition.

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Khan, M. A. H., C. J. Percival, R. L. Caravan, C. A. Taatjes y D. E. Shallcross. "Criegee intermediates and their impacts on the troposphere". Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 20, n.º 3 (2018): 437–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7em00585g.

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Ramírez-Alesón, Marisa y Marta Fernández-Olmos. "Intermediate imports and innovation performance: do family firms benefit more?" European Journal of Innovation Management 23, n.º 5 (14 de noviembre de 2019): 835–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejim-05-2019-0116.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of imported intermediate inputs on innovation performance, differentiating among types of innovation output (product and process innovation) and considering both family and non-family firms in the Spanish context. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses an unbalanced panel of 1963 firms in the Spanish manufacturing sector (13,155 observations; 2006–2016) that can be identified as family or non-family firms. The authors apply a recently developed methodology (conditional mixed process model) that takes into account the possible relationships among the dependent variables to a panel bivariate probit model with robust standard errors. Findings Importing intermediate inputs is an important source of process innovation for all firms, but not of product innovations. Significant differences were found between family and non-family firms in favor of the family type. Research limitations/implications This paper breaks down the family state into two categories (belonging to a family group or not) because the database does not contain information regarding the percentage of family ownership or the number of family members in the management structure. Moreover, the research is context specific. Practical implications These results will be useful for firms that are considering the value of importing intermediate inputs as a strategy to improve their process innovations, particularly for family firms. Social implications Family firms are more successful in the utilization of imported intermediate inputs to achieve greater innovation performance. If family firms are more competent in leveraging their intermediate input imports in innovation performance, it should contribute to increasing business performance. Originality/value The research on imports takes into account the different impacts of intermediate imports depending on innovation performance (product innovation vs process innovation) and the nature of the firm (family firms vs non-family firms).

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Tesis sobre el tema "Intermediate imputs"

Yadav, Niru. "Essays in intermediate input imports". [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3290774.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Economics, 2007.
Title from dissertation home page (viewed May 28, 2008). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-11, Section: A, page: 4804. Adviser: Ricardo A. Lopez.

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Sitchinava, Nino. "Trade in intermediate goods : trends, effects, and determinants /". Connect to title online (Scholars' Bank) Connect to title online (ProQuest), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/8416.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2008.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 159-164). Also available online in Scholars' Bank; and in ProQuest, free to University of Oregon users.

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Graham, Jennifer A. "Global climate impacts from changes in Antarctic Intermediate Water". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2011. http://eprints.uea.ac.uk/36351/.

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Observations suggest that properties of Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) are changing. The impact of these variations is explored using a series of idealised perturbation experiments. Two sets of ensembles have been used. The first varied initial atmospheric states; the second varied initial states in the ocean and atmosphere. The ensemble simulations were integrated over 120 and 100 years, respectively, altering AAIW from 10-200S in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans separately in a coupled climate model, HadCM3. Potential temperature was changed by ±1 DC, along with corresponding changes in salinity, maintaining constant potential density. There is a surface response to changes in AAIW in each of the three major ocean basins. When the water mass surfaces in the equatorial regions, there is no significant change in sea surface temperature (SST). However, there is a SST response when the anomalies surface at higher latitudes (>300). Anomalous sea-to-air heat fluxes leave density anomalies in the ocean. Resulting changes in ocean circulation cause responses to opposite perturbations to be nonlinear. In the Southern Ocean, changes in the meridional density gradient lead to changes in Antarctic Circumpolar Current transport. The North Atlantic is particularly sensitive, with density anomalies causing changes in the meridional overturning circulation of up to 1 Sv. Surfacing anomalies and changes in meridional ocean heat transport cause basin-wide changes in the surface ocean and overlying atmosphere on multi-decadal timescales. Cooling in the North Atlantic Current may be self-sustaining as it leads to high pressure anomalies in the overlying atmosphere, and increased wind stress over the sub-polar gyre. The spatial pattern of SST anomalies in the North Pacific resembles the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Heat and salt distribution in the Indian Ocean is influenced by the Indonesian Through-Flow (ITF). Long-term trends in the ITF are caused by bottom pressure anomalies in the Pacific.

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Guedidi, Insaf. "Global value chains and deep trade agreements". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022PA01E026.

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Ces dernières années, le phénomène de production de biens « Made in the World » a considérablement augmenté, entraînant une transformation économique progressive de la façon dont nous comprenons les processus de production (Antràs 2020). La présente thèse considère une variété de questions de recherche : La connectivité maritime et les procédures frontalières affectent-elles de la même manière le commerce des biens finaux et le commerce des intrants intermédiaires ? Quelle est l’importance de l’adoption d’Internet pour la participation aux Chaînes de Valeur Mondiales (CVM) ? Quel est l’impact du Taux de Change Effectif Réel (TCER) sur le commerce international et, plus précisément, sur le commerce des CVM ? Comment la participation aux CVM affecte-t-elle la pollution de l’air et quelle est l’importance des dispositions environnementales dans les accords commerciaux lors de l’analyse des implications environnementales des CVM ? Cette thèse vise à définir et d’analyser deux moteurs (dans le chapitre 2) et deux conséquences (dans les chapitres 3 et 4) de la participation aux CVM. Le chapitre 2 examine l’effet de la facilitation du commerce sur les échanges, plus particulièrement sur les Réseaux de Production Mondiaux (RPM). Il montre que la connectivité maritime est importante pour le commerce dans le cadre des RPM. En particulier, l’exportation de biens intermédiaires est fortement encouragée par des routes maritimes plus efficaces qui relient les différents acteurs des RPM. En outre, l’expédition de marchandises sans retard, des coûts réduits et des procédures simplifiées sont des éléments clés de la participation aux RPM. En outre, le chapitre 2 analyse l’impact d’Internet sur les CVM en Afrique. Il étudie l’effet de l’adoption d’Internet sur la participation en amont et en aval dans les CVM au niveau national et au niveau de l’entreprise. Les résultats montrent que l’utilisation d’Internet et l’infrastructure Internet sont importantes pour l’Afrique en termes de participation future aux CVM. Le chapitre soutient que les pays et les entreprises africains doivent améliorer l’infrastructure Internet afin de tirer le meilleur parti de l’intégration dans les CVM. Un niveau élevé d’intégration dans les CVM peut changer la façon dont nous interprétons l’impact du TCER sur les exportations brutes et le commerce des CVM en Tunisie. Ainsi, le chapitre 3 montre l’importance de calculer une nouvelle mesure du TCER basée sur les termes de la valeur ajoutée sectorielle pour tenir compte de l’importance croissante des CVM. Les résultats montrent que les effets du TCER sur le commerce des CVM diffèrent de son impact sur le commerce traditionnel. On constate que la part de la valeur ajoutée étrangère dans les exportations brutes atténue la réponse du TCER aux exportations. De plus, la prise en compte de l’hétérogénéité sectorielle est importante pour déterminer la compétitivité commerciale car les secteurs tunisiens participent aux CVM à différents niveaux. Le chapitre 4 se concentre sur la relation entre les émissions de polluants atmosphériques, les dispositions environnementales des accords commerciaux régionaux et les CVM. En examinant les effets de la participation aux CVM sur la qualité de l’environnement, le chapitre 4 a trouvé une relation en forme de U inversé entre le niveau de participation aux CVM et les émissions de polluants atmosphériques. Le chapitre prouve que la signature de plus d’accords commerciaux avec des lois environnementales réduit la pollution. Cependant, l’inclusion de dispositions environnementales dans les accords commerciaux ne garantit pas la qualité de l’environnement dans la région Moyen-Orient et Afrique du Nord (MENA)
In recent years, the phenomenon of producing “Made in the World” goods has increased dramatically, leading to a progressive economic transformation of the way we understand production processes (Antràs 2020). The present thesis considers a variety of research questions: Do maritime connectivity and border procedures affect the same way trade in final goods and trade in intermediate inputs? How important it is to adopt internet to Global Value Chains (GVCs) participation? What is the impact of the Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) on international trade and, specifically, on GVC trade? How does GVC participation affect air pollution and what is the importance of environmental provisions in trade agreements when analyzing the environmental implications of GVCs? This thesis aims to define and analyze two drivers (in chapter 2) and two consequences (in chapters 3 and 4) of participation in GVCs. Chapter 2 examines the effect of trade facilitation on trade, more particularly on Global Production Networks (GPNs). It shows that maritime connectivity matters for trade under GPNs. In particular, exporting intermediate goods is highly encouraged by more efficient maritime routes which connect various participants of GPNs. Furthermore, shipping goods without delays, low costs, and simpler procedures are key elements of participation in GPNs. In addition, Chapter 2 analyses the impact of the internet on GVCs in Africa. It investigates the effect of internet adoption on forward participation and backward participation in GVCs at the country level and the firm level. Results show that internet use and internet infrastructure are important for Africa in terms of forward GVC participation. The chapter argues that African countries and firms need to improve internet infrastructure to make the best of integration into GVCs. High integration levels in GVCs can change the way we interpret REER response on gross exports and GVC trade in Tunisia. Thus, chapter 3 shows the importance of calculating a new measure of REER based on the sectoral value-added terms to account for the rising importance of GVCs. Results show that REER effects on GVC trade differ from its impact on traditional trade. It is found that foreign value-added (FVA) share in gross exports dampens the response of REER to exports. Moreover, accounting for sectoral heterogeneity is important to determine trade competitiveness because Tunisian sectors take part in GVCs at different levels. Chapter 4 focuses on the relationship between air pollutant emissions, environmental provisions in Regional Trade Agreements, and GVCs. Examining the effects of participation in GVCs on environmental quality, chapter 4 found an inverted U-shaped relation between the level of participation in GVCs and air pollutant emissions. The chapter proves that signing more trade agreements with environmental laws reduces pollution. However, including environmental provisions in trade agreements does not guarantee environmental quality in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region

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Brabson, Elizabeth Kaye. "Impacts of intermediate water formation in the North Pacific on Indonesian throughflow and equatorial thermocline depth a high latitude control for ENSO variability? /". College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/8464.

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Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2008.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Geology. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

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Ellinwood, Mark Chad. "Response of barrier island fish assemblages to impacts from multiple hurricanes: assessing resilience of Chandeleur Island fish assemblages to hurricanes Ivan (2004) and Katrina (2005)". ScholarWorks@UNO, 2008. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/870.

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Hurricanes can temporarily disrupt seasonal patterns of fish assemblage change or result in permanent changes in fish assemblages. I studied the effects of two hurricanes on fish assemblages at the Chandeleur Islands and the possible influence that storm-generated tidal channels may have on the composition of local fish assemblages. I also compared recently collected data to historic ichthyofaunal survey data collected over thirty years ago at the Chandeleur Islands. Near shore fish assemblages changed the most after hurricanes but changes in species composition were primarily due to increases in abundance and diversity. During July 2007 there was no significant difference between fish assemblages in channel and seagrass habitats, although significant differences among wash-over channels existed. Loss of habitat and the increased intensity and frequency of recent storms may explain why current fish assemblages at the Chandeleur Islands are less diverse (as measured by taxonomic distinctness) than assemblages collected during 1969-1971.

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Vohra, Shelly. "How Social Presence on Twitter Impacts Student Engagement and Learning in a Grade 8 Mathematics Classroom". ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2430.

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Social media for personal use has evolved rapidly among adolescents, changing the way they communicate with each other. However, little research has been conducted about how teachers use social media in the classroom to improve student learning. The purpose of this qualitative study was to describe how social presence on Twitter impacts student engagement and learning when a mathematics teacher integrates this social media tool into an instructional unit. The conceptual framework was based on social presence theory developed by Short, Williams, and Christie. This qualitative study used a single case study design. Participants included 6 students and 1 classroom teacher in a Grade 8 mathematics course at a public middle school in a Canadian province. Data were collected from multiple sources including individual interviews, reflective journal responses from the teacher and students, documents such as course standards, and artifacts such as student tweets. Data were analyzed in the following way: interview and reflective journal data were coded for categories using the constant comparative method, and documents and artifacts were reviewed to identify emergent themes and discrepant data. Findings for this study indicated that Twitter had a positive impact on student engagement and learning of data management concepts. This study contributes to positive social change by providing a deeper understanding of how social media tools such as Twitter encourage students to create communities of learners to support each other during the learning process.

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Sun, Xiangfei. "Modeling the Biota Population Impact on Polychlorinated Biphenyls Transport and Simulating PCBs Anaerobic Biodegradation in the Lake System". Research Showcase @ CMU, 2018. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/1148.

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Phillips, Benjamin W. "The Ecological Impacts of Non-Native Annual and Native Perennial Floral Insectaries on Beneficial Insect Activity Density and Arthropod-Mediated Ecosystem Services Within Ohio Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) Agroecosystems". The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1374181106.

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Aldman, Lili-Annè. "En merkantilistisk början : Stockholms textila import 1720–1738". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economic History, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8645.

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The purpose of this thesis is to, from an institutional approach, study how the Stockholm importers within the textile sector adapted their foreign trade to the change in economic policy 1720 through 1738. The focus is to investigate to what extent the introduction of new laws, regulations etc. can be an explanation for what happened to Stockholm’s foreign trade, mainly imports, particularly textile imports during the period. It is mainly the economic policies that had been enacted during the Hornian government and their effects that have been studied. This is a period that has seldom been studied in other research.

This thesis begins when the Russian raids were over. This was a year when the foreign trade still was relatively free and was untouched by the 17th century’s regulations. After 1721 the policies that would be introduced to increase Sweden's level of self-sufficiency and strengthen ties with the North Sea area had several components. Besides the economic policy, the main sources for the thesis are the city toll records.

The trade policies in the shape of tolls and fees, import and consumption bans etc. and the commercial policies together became different kinds of political tools used for several purposes. The conclusion of this thesis is that the economic policies made the Stockholm importers adapt their trade to the change. The import bans and sumptuary laws had an effect. The economic policies gave rise to an increase in the import of textile raw materials. The rise in toll costs and import fees contributed to displacing the foreign trade towards other areas. The change in the economic policies was successful in the sense that it gave rise to new conditions for domestic production within the textile sector and forced Stockholm's importers to adapt their foreign trade.

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Más fuentes

Libros sobre el tema "Intermediate imputs"

Saito, Mika. Armington elasticities in intermediate imputs trade: A problem in using multilateral trade data. Washington, D.C: International Monetary Fund, IMF Institute, 2004.

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Tyers, Claire. Intermediate impacts of advice and guidance. Nottingham: DfES, 2005.

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Vertical specialization and value-added trade. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2011.

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Nagib, Lúcia. Realist Cinema as World Cinema. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462987517.

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This book presents the bold and original proposal to replace the general appellation of ‘world cinema’ with the more substantive concept of ‘realist cinema’. Veering away from the usual focus on modes of reception and spectatorship, it locates instead cinematic realism in the way films are made. The volume is structured across three innovative categories of realist modes of production: ‘noncinema’, or a cinema that aspires to be life itself; ‘intermedial passages’, or films that incorporate other artforms as a channel to historical and political reality; and ‘total cinema’, or films moved by a totalising impulse, be it towards the total artwork, total history or universalising landscapes. Though mostly devoted to recent productions, each part starts with the analysis of foundational classics, which have paved the way for future realist endeavours, proving that realism is timeless and inherent in cinema from its origin.

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Amin, Mohammad y Asif Islam. Imports of Intermediate Inputs and Country Size. The World Bank, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-6758.

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Intermediate station options: Socio-economic and development impacts : a final report. London: Union Railways, 1994.

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Schmid, Marion. Intermedial Dialogues. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474410632.001.0001.

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Casting fresh light on one of the most important movements in film history, Intermedial Dialogues: The French New Wave and the Other Arts is the first comprehensive study of the New Wave's relationship with the older arts. Traversing the fields of literature, theatre, painting, architecture and photography, and drawing on André Bazin alongside recent theories of intermediality, it investigates the 'impure', intermedial aesthetics of New Wave cinema. Filmmakers under discussion include critics-turned-directors François Truffaut, Eric Rohmer, Jean-Luc Godard, Jacques Rivette and Claude Chabrol, members of the Left Bank Group Alain Resnais, AgnèsVarda and Chris Marker, but also lesser-known directors, notably the 'secret child of the New Wave', Guy Gilles. This wide-ranging book offers an original reading of the complex, often ambivalent ways in which the New Wave engages the other arts in both its discursive construction and filmic practice.

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Grant, Jon E. y Marc N. Potenza. Overview of the Impulse Control Disorders Not Elsewhere Classified and Limitations of Knowledge. Editado por Jon E. Grant y Marc N. Potenza. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0012.

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Several disorders have been classified together in the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (4th ed.; DSM-IV) as impulse control disorders not elsewhere classified. These impulse control disorders have been grouped together based on perceived similarities in clinical presentation and hypothesized similarities in pathophysiologies. The question exists whether these disorders belong together or whether they should be categorized elsewhere. Examination of the family of impulse control disorders generates questions regarding the distinct nature of each disorder: whether each is unique or whether they represent variations of each other or other psychiatric disorders. Neurobiology may cut across disorders, and identifying important intermediary phenotypes will be important in understanding impulse control disorders and related entities. The distress of patients with impulse control disorders highlights the importance of examining these disorders. More comprehensive information has significant potential for advancing prevention and treatment strategies for those who suffer from disorders characterized by impaired impulse control.

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Eddy, J. Mark, Betsy J. Feldman y Charles R. Martinez. Short- and Long-term Impacts of a Coercion Theory–Based Intervention on Aggression on the School Playground. Editado por Thomas J. Dishion y James Snyder. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324552.013.21.

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Aggression between students at school is a common problem, particularly within the context of the school playground. Key mechanisms in coercion theory, including positive and negative reinforcement for aggression and peer deviancy training, can operate with abandon on school playgrounds without adult supervision, monitoring, and appropriate intervention. The Linking the Interests of Families and Teachers (LIFT) multimodal preventive intervention, designed to address aggression on the playground, is described. The short-term and intermediate follow-up findings from a randomized controlled trial of LIFT on aggression on the playground as well as other forms of child antisocial behavior are overviewed. Long-term follow-up findings on the relations between playground aggression and antisocial behaviors during mid-adolescence and emerging adulthood are then reported. It is argued that to be effective, coercion theory–based prevention programs like LIFT need to continue across elementary school and into secondary school, rather than be delivered at only one point in time.

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Ovodenko, Alexander. Consumers and Intermediate Producers in the Phase-out of Agricultural and Industrial Ozone-Depleting Substances. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190677725.003.0003.

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The chapter analyzes the impact of downstream consumer markets on environmental regime design by explaining why wealthy countries have successfully phased out industrial ozone-depleting substances (ODS) but not an agricultural pesticide known as methyl bromide under the Montreal Protocol, despite the 2005 phase-out deadline for that pesticide. Since the analysis focuses on the regulation of different sectors under the same treaty, it isolates the impact of markets without the threat of major confounding variables interfering with the conclusions. It emphasizes competitive pressures and the structure of intermediate producers in the industrial and agricultural markets employing ODS to explain why methyl bromide has been handled differently from industrial refrigerants. The findings illustrate the impacts of consumer preferences and market competition on the investments of fluoro-product companies and, in turn, on the policies of wealthy countries and rules in the ozone regime.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Intermediate imputs"

Chen, Wei. "Intermediate Fertility Variables". En China's Low Fertility and the Impacts of the Two-Child Policy, 111–26. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003429661-8.

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Marvasi, Enrico. "The Sophistication of China’s Exports, Imports and Intermediate Products". En The Chinese Economy, 181–209. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28638-4_9.

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Nguyen Van, Dung, Oanh Dinh Thi Thu, Thao Nguyen Kim, Xuan Ngo Thi Hai y Ly Truong Thi Minh. "Imports of Intermediate Inputs and Product Innovation in Asian Countries". En Proceedings of the International Conference on Emerging Challenges: Strategic Adaptation in the World of Uncertainties (ICECH 2022), 193–202. Dordrecht: Atlantis Press International BV, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-150-0_14.

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Mera, Zamir, Fredy Rosero, Jairo Ortega, Ramiro Rosero y Stefan Hausberger. "Impacts of Park-And-Ride Systems on Vehicle Emissions in Intermediate Cities". En Emerging Research in Intelligent Systems, 265–76. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-52255-0_19.

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Reichelt-Brushett, Amanda y Graeme Batley. "Metals and Metalloids". En Springer Textbooks in Earth Sciences, Geography and Environment, 101–27. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10127-4_5.

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AbstractThis chapter introduces you to metalsand metalloids that are a concern to the health of marine ecosystems. It provides a general chemical understanding of important metals and metalloids, their sources, behaviour, impacts and management. Metals, metalloids and non-metals all make up the periodic table (Appendix II) and are classified into these categories according to their properties. Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity and are malleable and ductile, making them very useful to humans and therefore economically valuable. Metalloids sit on the periodic table in a jagged line at the division between metals and non-metals and have intermediate properties.

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Came, Rosemarie E., William B. Curry, Delia W. Oppo, Anthony J. Broccoli, Ronald J. Stouffer y Jean Lynch-Stieglitz. "North Atlantic intermediate depth variability during the Younger Dryas: Evidence from benthic foraminiferal Mg/Ca and the GFDL R30 Coupled Climate Model". En Ocean Circulation: Mechanisms and Impacts—Past and Future Changes of Meridional Overturning, 247–63. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/173gm16.

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Cellura, Maurizio, Anna Irene De Luca, Nathalie Iofrida y Marina Mistretta. "Social Life Cycle Assessment of Batteries". En The Materials Research Society Series, 291–306. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48359-2_17.

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AbstractAs the demand for batteries is continuously increasing, understanding their social implications becomes increasingly important.This chapter points out the relevance of the social life cycle assessment (SLCA) to evaluate the effects on social issues of battery throughout its entire life cycle, from raw material extraction to disposal.In the first two paragraphs, the authors describe the main SLCA methodological tools and highlight that further efforts should be made on standardisation possibilities and the alignment to other life cycle methodologies, and testing of methods is necessary to overcome present obstacles and increase the applicability and interpretability results.In the third paragraph, a literature review is carried out to highlight the main critical hotspots in s-LCA studies. There are many studies on the environmental impacts of battery production in the literature, but the social aspects have not been adequately explored or they are limited to social acceptance. Moreover, indicators related to social aspects are not standardised, due to the obstacles to collect data from the specific production sector for all life cycle phases. Identifying the social impacts of battery supply chain must necessarily include all life cycle phases, such as the extraction and processing of raw materials, the production of intermediates, the production of battery cells, the assembly of the battery pack as final product and the disposal or recycling. Further, the literature review highlights the necessity of more research to clearly define the possible social impacts of batteries, especially objective analyses that can clearly quantify the impacts deriving from the life cycle phases and that allow comparisons among different scenarios, which can be highly variegated.

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Pridham, Geoffrey. "The Political Arena and Intermediary Actors in Candidate Countries: Political Parties, Opinion-makers and Public Impacts". En Designing Democracy, 145–90. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230504905_5.

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Meyer, Susanne y Robert Hawlik. "City Engagement in the Joint Programming Initiative Urban Europe and the Role of Intermediary Organizations in R&I Policies for Urban Transition". En Smart and Sustainable Planning for Cities and Regions, 291–307. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57764-3_19.

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AbstractThis research investigates the case of the Joint Programming Initiative (JPI) Urban Europe and its role as an intermediary organization, developing research, and innovation programs for urban transition. In the literature, the role of an intermediary organization has recently been discussed as an effective promoter and developer of connecting visions, strategies, activities, and stakeholders. A conceptual approach to intermediary organizations for urban transition is operationalized, and its functions are discussed in this paper. As an example, the Joint Programming Initiative Urban Europe reveals how a transnational R&I initiative, represented by 20 national R&I programs in Europe, can provide scientific evidence for sustainable urbanization with a cross-sectoral, integrated, inter- and transdisciplinary approach implemented through activities beyond joint calls. The findings show that JPI Urban Europe acts as broker and facilitator of joint visions and starts to build communities for innovation, which is one of the important functions of intermediaries. The development of its Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda clearly followed a co-creation process, putting the dilemmas of city practitioners in the center. JPI Urban Europe managed to attract high levels of commitment from a diversity of stakeholders to its strategic priorities and mobilized respective budgets for its implementation. The analysis of JPI Urban Europe participation in funded projects shows that challenge-driven calls (putting the problem owners in the center) seems to successfully develop a common language for all stakeholders and has a higher likelihood to generate more transformative outcomes. The number of funded urban living labs in projects shows that room for experimentation in niches and their extension is provided. The number of city representatives as funded project partners could be increased to further stimulate active involvement. The JPI Urban Europe also acts as a translator and enabler for learning in the urban—as well as in the policy sphere—the third function. This can be confirmed by the number and type of organizations reached with its specific formats. JPI Urban Europe coordinates joint activities of mainly national R&I programs but has only indirect influence on change in these organizations and limited influence on changes within research organizations, businesses, or cities that are even less connected. Overall, it can be concluded that the strategic ambition of JPI Urban Europe towards transformative change is obvious, but some instruments and formats to translate the ambition into action need further refinement, and it needs further in-depth research to better understand the outcomes and impacts of its diverse activities.

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Joffe, Michael. "How to Monitor an Economy’s Contribution to Meeting Basic Needs". En Evaluating Economic Success, 19–40. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57671-3_2.

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AbstractEconomic outcomes are intermediate between economic outputs and their impact on people’s lives. They represent the major way in which economic activity positively impacts health and wellbeing. The monitoring of such intermediate outcomes has useful measurement properties, because they apply to the whole population, they are present early and allow preventive measures to be undertaken, and they directly indicate where intervention is necessary thereby helping to set the policy agenda.A provisional list of possible indicators for high-income countries is presented. The choice of items is based on the literature on human needs, and on the literatures on impact—the social determinants of health, and the emerging evidence on the economic determinants of subjective wellbeing. Data on these items are already collected, although some development work is needed to put them in the required format for the proposed monitoring system. It is desirable that the list of economic outcome measures should be standardised internationally, albeit with separate lists for different levels of economic prosperity.Many items are expressed in terms of “access”, which combines availability and affordability; the criterion is whether or not the need is met, irrespective of how this is achieved. Insecurity is another pervasive issue, because of its impact on people’s quality of life.Each item would be presented as the proportion unfulfilled, the proportion of the population who lack a particular amenity. This metric corresponds to the commitment to leave no one behind, i.e. the value system that everyone’s basic needs should be met, and is readily understood by most people. This implies that an agreed threshold is required for each item. Economic outcomes would be presented as a dashboard for public discussion and policy development, and as the aggregate measure, the Index of Economic Outcomes (IEO), for the overall evaluation of economic success.The use of the proportion unfulfilled highlights inequalities, at least at the lower end of the income scale, implying that there is no need for a separate measure of inequalities as there is with per capita GDP (and with most other measures). It is compatible with different degrees of inequality higher up the scale, and therefore with a range of political views, implying that it can command wide popular support. An important implication of the proportion unfulfilled metric is that it requires representation of the whole population, including “hard-to-reach” groups.The focus on economic outcomes that meet basic needs while minimising environmental damage corresponds to the perspective of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. The development work involved in establishing the IEO and its component items in the rich world could contribute to future work on the monitoring system for the Goals.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Intermediate imputs"

Dykhta, V. A. y O. N. Samsonuk. "Necessary conditions for nonsmooth optimal impulse control problem with intermediate constraints". En 2001 European Control Conference (ECC). IEEE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/ecc.2001.7076031.

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Değer, Mustafa Kemal y Muharrem Akın Doğanay. "Relations between Foreign Direct Investments and Intermediate and Capital Goods: Toda-Yamamoto Causality Analyses on Turkish Economy (2005 M1-2016 M12". En International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c08.01916.

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The aim of this study is to empirically test the relations between the FDI in Turkey's manufacturing industry and the imports of intermediate and capital goods. Monthly data for the period 2005-2016 belonging to the variables used in the study were obtained from the "Electronic Data Distribution System" of the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey. In the determination of the period of the study, the presence of monthly data and the increase trend of the FDI coming to Turkey after 2005 have been influential. Relations between variables in the study were tried to be determined by Toda-Yamamoto causality analysis. According to the empirical findings obtained in the study, one-way and statistically significant causal relations from FDI made in manufacturing industry to both capital goods imports and intermediate imports have been determined. However, from these relations, towards to intermediate imports is much more robust in terms of statistics. Therefore, these findings obtained from the study shows that FDI on Turkey's manufacturing industry are an important determinant of capital goods, and especially intermediate goods imports.

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Hayashi, Miwa, Richard Coppenbarger, Doug Sweet, Gaurav Nagle y Gregory Dyer. "Impacts of Intermediate Cruise-Altitude Advisory for Conflict-Free Continuous-Descent Arrival". En AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2011-6216.

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Drobakhin, O. O., G. G. Sherstyuk, A. G. Mamedov y A. Yu Tuluk. "Inverse aperture synthesis in the intermediate zone of radiation for radio image forming by optimal filtration with evolutionary control". En 2016 8th International Conference on Ultrawideband and Ultrashort Impulse Signals (UWBUSIS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/uwbusis.2016.7724163.

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Yang, Chih-Hai, Tadashi Ito y Toshiyuki Matsuura. "FDI AND DURATION OF INTERMEDIATE GOODS IMPORTS: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM JAPANESE AFFILIATES IN CHINA". En 48th International Academic Conference, Copenhagen. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.20472/iac.2019.048.058.

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Ashanin, Vasily Nikolaevich y Aleksey Aleksandrovich Korotkov. "Realisation of integrating analog-digital converter with intermediate time-impulse modulation using NI Multisim". En 2018 Moscow Workshop on Electronic and Networking Technologies (MWENT). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mwent.2018.8337179.

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Nakano, Kazuyoshi y Hirokazu Tatano. "Economic impacts of disasters taking into account the costs of substitution of intermediate goods". En 2009 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics - SMC. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsmc.2009.5345968.

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Li, Xinyi, Shuchen Bai y Xiaoyan Jiang. "Does gold future interact with West Texas Intermediate (Crude Oil) by using impulse response?" En 2021 International Conference on Computer, Blockchain and Financial Development (CBFD). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cbfd52659.2021.00111.

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Abrate, Serge. "Transient Response of Beams, Plates, and Shells to Impulsive Loads". En ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-42259.

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Beams, plates and shells are used in many applications where there can be subjected to short duration loads due to impacts or pressure blasts. Here the response of such distributed systems is examined using the modal expansion technique for pulse shapes typically observed during impacts and explosions. The objective is to gain an understanding of the behavior of these structures. For beams and plates the natural frequencies are generally well separated and, typically, a small number of modes participate in the response. Pulses can be classified as being either short, long, or intermediate in comparison with the period of the fundamental vibration mode. Very different behaviors are observed for the three types of pulses. For short pulses, the response depends on impulse applied not on the shape of the pulse and it can be accurately predicted by the response to an equivalent impulse. For long pulses, the maximum response depends on the magnitude of the load applied. For shells, the effect of curvature can be significant and result in several modes with close frequencies. In that case the response is more complicated since many modes participate in the response. In this work, the criteria are developed for predicting the response of each mode to a various pulses and determine how many modes participate in the response. The results obtained are applicable with any other analysis method including the finite element method.

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Osoianu, Alexandru. "Rolul culturii floarea-soarelui în contextual problemelor economice curente existente în regiune". En International Scientific-Practical Conference "Economic growth in the conditions of globalization". National Institute for Economic Research, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36004/nier.cecg.ii.2023.17.27.

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The essential factor in enhancing the economic potential of a country lies in international trade and the exchange of goods with the global community. The magnitude of this potential is typically revealed through the export and import of goods, both of which exert economic and social impacts on the economy of the Republic of Moldova. This study aims to provide an analysis of a product with one of the most significant impacts on the volume of exports and imports in the Republic of Moldova and worldwide – sunflower. Currently, the sunflower seed market holds exceptional importance for farmers and intermediary traders, as a portion of their income is derived from the sale of sunflower seeds. Additionally, it is crucial for consumers who utilize sunflower oil and other products derived from this crop. This study presents a series of analyses related to the international and global trade of sunflower seeds, as well as the by-products obtained through seed processing.

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Informes sobre el tema "Intermediate imputs"

Camino Mogro, Segundo, Kathia Pinzón y Paul Carrillo Maldonado. Do Imports of Intermediate Inputs Generate Higher Productivity?: Evidence from Ecuadorian Manufacturing. Inter-American Development Bank, junio de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002448.

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Harris, Jeremy, Olivier Cadot, Alejandro Graziano y Christian Volpe Martincus. Do Rules of Origin Constrain Export Growth? Firm-Level Evidence from Colombia. Inter-American Development Bank, abril de 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006987.

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This paper estimates empirically the effect of preference utilization on export growth at the level of the firm using a unique transaction-level dataset of Colombia's imports from Argentina, Peru and Uruguay over 2000-2011, a period during which Colombia granted improved market access to Argentina and Uruguay. We show that preference utilization induces sorting among exporters on the basis of size and intermediates sourcing. We also show that preference utilization correlates strongly with export growth after controlling for firm-specific, time-variant unobservables through a powerful array of firm-year and product-year fixed effects. Our results suggest that the cost of complying with rules of origin is higher for larger firms because those tend to source internationally their intermediates.

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Kang, Jong Woo y Joshua Anthony Gapay. Factors Affecting Carbon Dioxide Emissions Embodied in Trade. Asian Development Bank, octubre de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/wps230479-2.

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This paper examines the impact of environmental regulation in exporter and importer economies on crossborder carbon flows. While stricter environmental regulations help reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from domestic production, leading to lower CO2 emissions embodied in exports, stricter regulations on the importing side lead to higher CO2 emissions embodied in imports. Moreover, stricter environmental regulations could encourage further outsourcing of intermediate inputs by exporters, prompting carbon leakages in the upstream segment of global value chains.

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Considine, Jennifer, Philip Galkin y Abdullah Aldayel. Global Crude Oil Storage Index: A New Benchmark for Energy Policy. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, septiembre de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2022-mp01.

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The global oil market dwarfs other commodity markets. Its size and role in the energy and industrial value chains underscore its significant economic and geopolitical impacts. Thus, the consequences of oil price fluctuations extend far beyond the oil industry and can be viewed as a barometer of trends in the global economy. Several oil price benchmarks currently compete in the global market. The most popular ones, such as Brent or West Texas Intermediate (WTI), are backed by a sufficient supply of the underlying crude. They also meet the criteria for efficient trading, hedging and speculating — including having sufficient liquidity, developed futures markets, low transaction costs and strong institutional support.

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Malcolm, Gerard. Adjusting Tax Rates in the GTAP Data Base. GTAP Technical Paper, septiembre de 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.tp12.

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This paper describes a procedure designed for incorporating improved information on taxes into existing GTAP data aggregations. The aim of this procedure is to maintain the internal consistency of the data base while minimizing the impacts of the tax change on the value flows in the data base. It utilizes a variant of the GTAP model, for which the model structure and parameter settings have been designed to achieve this aim. The features include Cobb-Douglas production and consumption functions, inter-intermediate input substitution (also Cobb-Douglas), universal factor mobility and fixed trade balances. Instructions and computer files for implementation of the procedure are provided in the attached files.

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Hausmann, Ricardo y Michael Gavin. Make or Buy?: Approaches to Financial Market Integration. Inter-American Development Bank, febrero de 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011591.

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The sharp differences between financial markets as they exist in Latin America and how we might expect them to look under full integration suggest that the financial constraints on Latin American economic development have much to do with the region's financial markets' incomplete integration in the world financial system. This paper suggests that the underlying cause of Latin America's limited integration with world financial markets is not explicit barriers to international financial transactions. Rather, weaknesses in the domestic financial markets that would be called upon to intermediate international capital flows impedes integration. An appropriate financial integration approach can strengthen and deepen the domestic financial system by permitting indirect imports of the requisite public goods (provided by the banks' home countries) and by allowing a greater diversification of national risks.

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di Giovanni, Julian, Şebnem Kalemli-Özcan, Alvaro Silva y Muhammed A. Yıldırım. Pandemic-Era Inflation Drivers and Global Spillovers. Federal Reserve Bank of New York, noviembre de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59576/sr.1080.

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We estimate a multi-country, multi-sector New Keynesian model to quantify the drivers of domestic inflation during 2020–23 in several countries, including the United States. The model matches observed inflation together with sector-level prices and wages. We further measure the relative importance of different types of shocks on inflation across countries over time. The key mechanism, the international transmission of demand, supply and energy shocks through global linkages helps us to match the behavior of the USD/EUR exchange rate. The quantification exercise yields four key findings. First, negative supply shocks to factors of production, labor and intermediate inputs, initially sparked inflation in 2020-21. Global supply chains and complementarities in production played an amplification role in this initial phase. Second, positive aggregate demand shocks, due to stimulative policies, widened demand-supply imbalances, amplifying inflation further during 2021-22. Third, the reallocation of consumption between goods and service sectors, a relative sector-level demand shock, played a role in transmitting these imbalances across countries through the global trade and production network. Fourth, global energy shocks have differential impacts on the U.S. relative to other countries’ inflation rates. Further, complementarities between energy and other inputs to production play a particularly important role in the quantitative impact of these shocks on inflation.

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Spence, John, Ken Hyde y Vanessa Glynn-Linaris. 1995–2017 analysis of vegetation change using NDVI data at Glen Canyon National Recreation Area: Focused condition assessment report. National Park Service, junio de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299497.

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This Focused Condition Assessment examines the impacts of the recent 2000–2020 long-term drought on the vegetation and soils of Glen Canyon National Recreation Area (GLCA). With support from the NASA DEVELOP Program, summer (June–August) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values from 1995 to 2017 (excluding 2012 which was not available), measuring greenness and phenology in the vegetation, were analyzed for two periods. The first period from 1995–1999 included the pre-drought period, when precipitation was average to above average. Most years of the second period, 2000–2020, were drier than average as part of the severe drought that began in late 1999 and has continued to present (Lukas and Payton 2020). The NDVI values included mean values and were analyzed for 42 soil units, 20 associated NRCS Ecological Sites (ecosites), and the 10 most widespread vegetation alliances derived from the GLCA vegetation classification. Unvegetated rock outcrops, other exposed bedrock areas, and cliffs, which are extensive in GLCA, were not included. With the exception of some riparian areas, mean NDVI values for all upland soils, ecosites and alliances declined from pre-drought conditions. The areas showing the largest declines were clay soils, shallow sandy loam and other shallow soils and associated ecosites and alliances. Talus vegetation and mid- to upper elevation pinyon-juniper (Pinus edulis-Juniperus osteosperma) woodlands showed the smallest declines. Deeper sandy and sandy loam sites showed intermediate declines. Particularly large declines occurred in shallow soil arid sites dominated by shadscale (Atriplex confertifolia) and other saltbush species. Blackbrush (Coleogyne ramosissima), one of the dominant species in the park, showed moderate declines, primarily on shallower soils. No evidence for widespread death in either blackbrush or pinyon-juniper woodlands were noted, although recent severe drought and a weakened Arizona Monsoon since 2018 may be causing impacts to the woodland species. Relationships with livestock grazing are also examined, based on data collected on long-term monitoring plots established between 2008 and 2020. There is evidence that areas with intensive livestock grazing have shown larger declines than ungrazed areas, but these impacts need to be explored more fully at the local allotment and pasture level, and correlated with actual grazing animal unit months (AUM)’s. Several management recommendations are made, including additional plot-based long-term monitoring, exploration of cultural resource inventories and erodible soils, how these observed changes can affect livestock grazing management decisions in the park, and further exploration using NDVI data from 2018 and forward.

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Goñi Pacchioni, Edwin A., Alessandra Gonzales y Guadalupe Montenegro. The “Real” Value of Failure in Entrepreneurship. Inter-American Development Bank, septiembre de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005120.

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Evidence about the effectiveness of entrepreneurship public programs in Latin America on beneficiary startups across the region has shown average positive impacts on survival rates, attraction of investments, sales, profits, hiring, wages paid, taxes paid, etc. Yet, for those beneficiaries whose startups fail to succeed under these metrics (either due to failure to launch or failure to survive and grow), there is a commonly accepted notion that such a failure brings in social value as the likelihood of founding future successful startups should increase after learning from failure. This paper empirically addresses this contention by exploiting two datasets of administrative records from Brazil: the registry of firms (Cadastro), which identifies founders of firms, and the payroll administrative records (RAIS), which provide longitudinal information on characteristics of employers and employees for all formal firms in the country. By tracing the founding history of serial founders and after controlling for several characteristics of the founders and their businesses, we find that serial founders whose previous startups reach the top quintiles of the productivity distribution (whether or not these previous startups exited the market) are more likely to establish successful startups in subsequent ventures. Conversely, founders whose previous startups belong to the lower quintiles of the productivity distribution (whether these previous startups exited the market or not) tend to continue founding unsuccessful startups. These findings validate the theory of learning after serial founding, but only in those cases where failure happens after previous ventures have reached an intermediate stage of productivity progress among top-tier startups. Failure is an absorbing state for founders who repeatedly found bottom-tier startups, and therefore, public funding should consider this aspect both in the selection of prospective beneficiaries and in the ex post social valuation of beneficiaries that fail to startup or grow.

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Roberts, Tony y Kevin Hernandez. Open Data for Agriculture and Nutrition: A Literature Review and Proposed Conceptual Framework. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), enero de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2021.018.

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This paper begins by locating the Global Open Data for Agriculture and Nutrition project (GODAN) in the context of wider debates in the open data movement by first reviewing the literature on open data and open data for agriculture and nutrition (ODAN). The review identifies a number of important gaps and limitations in the existing literature. There has been no independent evaluation of who most benefits or who is being left behind regarding ODAN. There has been no independent evaluation of gender or diversity in ODAN or of the development outcomes or impacts of ODAN. The existing research on ODAN is over-reliant on key open data organisations and open data insiders who produce most of the research. This creates bias in the data and analysis. The authors recommend that these gaps are addressed in future research. The paper contributes a novel conceptual ‘SCOTA’ framework for analysing the barriers to and drivers of open data adoption, which could be readily applied in other domains. Using this framework to review the existing literature highlights the fact that ODAN research and practice has been predominantly supply-side focused on the production of open data. The authors argue that if open data is to ‘leave no one behind’, greater attention now needs to be paid to understanding the demand-side of the equation and the role of intermediaries. The paper argues that there is a compelling need to improve the participation of women, people living with disabilities, and other marginalised groups in all aspects of open data for agriculture and nutrition. The authors see a need for further research and action to enhance the capabilities of marginalised people to make effective use of open data. The paper concludes with the recommendation that an independent strategic review of open data in agriculture and nutrition is overdue. Such a review should encompass the structural factors shaping the process of ODAN; include a focus on the intermediary and demand-side processes; and identify who benefits and who is being left behind.

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