Tesis sobre el tema "Interférométrie du bruit ambiant"
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Mohamadian, Sarvandani Mohamadhasan. "Seismic tomography of an amagmatic ultra-slow spreading ridge". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS467.
Texto completoUltra-slow spreading ridges are a new category of spreading ridges characterized by quasi-amagmatic crustal accretion, exposing considerable amounts of mantle derived peridotites on the seafloor. Investigating the contributions of tectonic, magmatic, and other involved processes is necessary to gain a comprehensive conceptual model of ultra-slow spreading ridges. Imaging the crustal and upper mantle structures can help us to understand the past and current geological activities in the ultra-slow spreading ridges. The aim of the project is to understand the oceanic crust formed in an ultra-slow spreading ridge called the Southwest Indian Ridge with a low melt supply. Our research project is based on the processing and modeling of the active and passive seismic data in the easternmost part of Southwest Indian Ridge. The data acquisition took place in 2014 during the SISMOSMOOTH cruise. We analyzed vertical component recordings from 43 ocean-bottom seismometers in our passive seismic approach and the hydrophone components of 16 ocean-bottom seismometers in the active seismic approach. Ambient-noise interferometry and full-waveform inversion (FWI) of refraction data were used to image the internal structures of the lithosphere. In the modeling of ambient-noise interferometry, we find an average crustal thickness of 7 km with a shallow layer of low shear velocities. Moreover, we infer that the uppermost 2 km are highly porous and may be strongly serpentinized. The average shear wave velocity between the base of the crust and the maximum depth of our model (15 km) was less than the global reference value of 4.5 km/s and was explained by the younger age of the seafloor in our area. Our two-dimensional P-wave velocity model obtained from FWI suggests considerable variations in the upper lithospheric compositions along the axis-parallel profile. A transition is expected at a distance of ∼65-95 km along the profile from the predominantly volcanic domain in the western zone to variable serpentinized peridotite in the eastern zone. Dike injections are predicted in this area. A westward increase in melt supply is proposed in the seafloor accretion mode. The serpentinization and P-wave velocity model suggests that the Moho is a gradual transition from hydrated to unaltered peridotite
Lehujeur, Maximilien. "Étude d'un réservoir géothermique profond par corrélation de bruit sismique ambiant". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAH013/document.
Texto completoThis work focuses on the application of the ambient seismic noise correlation technique for the imaging and monitoring of deep geothermal reservoirs near Rittershoffen (ECOGI) and Soultz-sous-Forêts (GEIE-EMC). The strong spatial and temporal variability of the noise sources in the period range 0.2-7s limits the reconstruction of the Green’s functions. This results in significant errors in the velocity models. Two approaches are proposed to overcome the spatial non-uniformity of the noise and to improve the quality of the velocity models. Besides that, the temporal variability of the noise sources is a limiting factor for monitoring purposes. We estimate that the speed variations should be larger than 0.1% to 1% to be detected by the available networks. This threshold was not reached at Rittershoffen during the drillings or the stimulations. However, a probable change of the diffracting properties of the medium was observed following a hydraulic stimulation
Boué, Pierre. "Traitement d'antenne et corrélation du bruit sismique ambiant : applications multi-échelles". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00988090.
Texto completoFroment, Berenice. "Utilisation du bruit sismique ambiant dans le suivi temporel de structures géologiques". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00648796.
Texto completoFroment, Bérénice. "Utilisation du bruit sismique ambiant dans le suivi temporel de structures géologiques". Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENU035/document.
Texto completoThe ambient noise correlation technique is now widely used in seismology. It is especially useful since data provided do not depend on the occurrence of earthquakes. This technique has been used to construct high-resolution tomographic images of the crust in various regions of the world. More recently, ambient noise correlations have been used to detect changes in elastic properties of the Earth's crust, and monitor the temporal evolution of potentially dangerous geological structures. In this scientific context, my research work has consisted of two main parts : 1/A methodological study to improve the quality of noise-based measurements. Usually, the distribution of noise sources prevents the exact reconstruction of the Green's function in noise correlations, that may introduce bias in noise-based measurements. We propose here two different approaches that can help in suppressing noise source influence in measurements. 2/A monitoring case study in Sichuan (China), associated with the Wenchuan earthquake (12 May 2008, Mw = 7.9). This case study provides many opportunities, with the study of a great continental earthquake and a large amount of data available. We especially investigated the behavior of the crust at different depths, in response to the Wenchuan earthquake.We also present an inversion method in order to locate variations in the medium
Chaouch, Olfa. "Tomographie passive des ondes acoustiques : Prédiction et identification à partir du bruit ambiant". Thesis, Le Mans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LEMA1035/document.
Texto completoThe work presented is in the domain of SHM. An identification method based on the cross correlations functions between piezoelectric sensors was proposed and gave birth to two criterion of identification. The first is a visual criterion, it is based on the superposition of the envelopes of the cross correlation functions obtained by Hilbert transform for two configurations, the first is a defect free configuration of reference and the other is with defect.The second criterion is numerical; it is the mean of the differences between two envelopes. The performance of these criterions was tested first on an aluminum plate in free edges conditions, using a source located in space; the intensity of this source was not controlled. The results of the first experiment has certainly shown the sensitivity of these criterion to the appearance of defects despite the randomness of the source, but also highly sensitivity to changes in the position of the source was found. In the second experiment a source not localized in space was used, and the plate was in clamped edges conditions. The proposed criterions have been tested using a single frequency sine signal as a source first and using a white noise filtered signal secondly. With the proposed criterion, the defect was certainly identified; however, it remains to find a way to locate and to characterize the defect
Chehami, Lynda. "Surveillance passive des milieux réverbérants par corrélation de bruit ambiant : application à la localisation de défauts". Thesis, Valenciennes, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015VALE0035/document.
Texto completoGreen’s functions retrieval from ambient noise correlation has recently drawn a new interest in structural health monitoring. In this manuscript, we propose an original method based on this approach to detect and locate defects (cracks, holes, grooves) in a reverberant thin plate with a limited number of sensors. Flexural waves that propagate on the plate are generated by either a set of sources distributed randomly on the surface or an ambient noise. Covariance matrices are estimated from the sparse array after damage and compared to baseline-correlation matrix recorded from the healthy plate. An evaluation criterion has developed in the form of relative noise level to predict the quality of the GF reconstruction. The differential correlation matrix w/o defect is used to localize the defect. We have shown numerically and experimentally that this technique is exploitable for defect detection and localization, despite a non-perfect estimation of the GF. We have also proposed a passive technique to identify the regions of noise. A filtering technique based on the singular value decomposition is shown to improve the detection. A secondary acoustic sources have been developped to harvesting the LF ambient noise to HF field, used to localize defects in platelike structures. Finally, it was shown that such method could also be used to characterize a defect in a reverberant structure, in particular, it has been drawn that the obtained images intensity is related to the defect cross-section
Hourany, Karl. "Contribution à l'exploitation du bruit ambiant pour le contrôle santé intégré passif des barres et des tubes". Thesis, Valenciennes, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015VALE0039/document.
Texto completoThe works presented in this manuscript are based on previous studies conducted at the Institute of Electronics Microelectronics and Nanotechnology of the University of Valenciennes and Hainaut Cambrésis. They concern the development of an embedded monitoring system for the control of materials and structures used in different transport domains (pipeline, aerospace, railway ...). This is the Structural Health-Monitoring principle. The idea is to integrate sensors into the surfaces of the controlled structures in order to achieve a non-destructive control system for the control of the latter during their entire lifetime. First the work done at the laboratory in this domain, are illustrated, some definitions such as ultrasonic waves, the Non Destructive Testing and the Structural Health Monitoring are recalled, to switch later to the explanation of the passage from an active control to a passive control. In a second step, an images comparison algorithm based on the local minima present in these images has been proposed and tested on simple images of sixteen pixels and was used to test the degree of resemblance between them. The explanation of the developed algorithm is divided into two parts. In the first one, we explain how to extract the local minima of an image. The second part describes the procedure for determining the rate of resemblance between the images. The simulation of the propagation of a signal in a reverberant plate and the obtaining of the frequency time images corresponding to filtered correlation (autocorrelation) has been described. The algorithm was validated on those images allowing the localization of an unknown source position
Li, Lei. "Reconstruction des ondes de volume par corrélation du bruit ambiant : vers l'imagerie passive de la Terre profonde". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAU023/document.
Texto completoThis work aims toward an improved understanding of the seismic signals derived from the inter-receiver correlation functions of seismic noise, which is valuable and critical for a reliable noise-based deep Earth imaging. The thesis consists of seven chapters. Chapter 1 introduces background knowledge on seismic noise, from its classifications to various origins. Chapter 2 provides a literature overview on the history and development of the emerging noise correlation method, and reviews various techniques for the pre-processing of seismic noise data and post-processing of noise correlation functions. Statistics-based noise processing methods and a modified scheme for computing correlation function are developed in this chapter. Chapter 3 proposes several Radon-based techniques to analyze the slownesses of correlated wavefields and to unveil the origin of noise-derived seismic signals. Chapter 4 shows that body waves penetrating into deep Earth can be extracted from noise correlations at teleseismic distances, with noise records from two regional seismic networks. Chapter 5 applies the techniques proposed in chapter 3 to the double-array nose correlations computed in chapter 4, and accordingly reveals the origin of an early spurious phase observed in chapter 4. Chapter 6 discusses several situations that bring ambiguities into the noise-derived seismic signals and can potentially bias the noise-based imaging of subsurface structure. The last chapter provides a summarization over the contributions of this thesis and an outlook of several ongoing and prospected works
Malassingne, Christophe. "Etude d'un système radar sol pour des applications volcanologiques". Toulouse 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOU30191.
Texto completoPujol, Sophie. "Le bruit environnemental en milieu urbain : exposition d'une population d'enfants et performances scolaires". Thesis, Besançon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BESA3018/document.
Texto completoThe aim of this thesis was to quantify children's exposure to environmental ambient noise at home and at school and to assess the relation between noise exposure and school performance of 8-9 year-old-schoolchildren. This study was conducted among the 900 children living in a 120, 000 inhabitants city and attending one of the 35 public primary schools in key stage 2, year 4 in 2006-2007. Questionnaires were distributed to the families to locate the children's home and collect data on potential confounding factors associated with school achievement or failure. These questionnaires were completed by 724 families living in the city.A noise measurement campaign was performed at the residence of 44 randomly sampled schoolchildren (outdoor and indoor noise levels during one week) and a strategic noise map was built at the city scale to calculate the outdoor environmental ambient noise levels at home and at school. These noise levels were compared with the children's school performance at the national standardised assessment test in French and mathematics. A linear exposure-effect relation between noise exposure at school and impaired Mathematics score was found after adjustment for confounding factors. Furthermore, both the ambient noise exposure at school and at home individually considered were found to be associated with an impaired children French performance.This study mainly focused on the assessment of the noise exposure in an urban area. The magnitude of the effect we observed on school performance may seem to be modest, but, when considering the number of people potentially chronically exposed to similar environmental noise levels, this effect may be of importance
Lazrek, Mohamed. "Contribution à l'étude de la speckle interférométrie multi-spectrale : application à la photosphère solaire". Nice, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985NICE4066.
Texto completoDUPUIS, HELENE. "Etude des parametres geophysiques de l'interface ocean-atmosphere a l'aide de mesures de bruit ambiant sous-marin a partir d'un hydrophone". Paris 7, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA077239.
Texto completoLe, Breton Mathieu. "Suivi temporel d'un glissement de terrain à l'aide d'étiquettes RFID passives, couplé à l'observation de pluviométrie et de bruit sismique ambiant". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAU013.
Texto completoLandslide early-warning systems are based primarily on monitoring the displacement of the landslide. This work develops a new technique for monitoring these displacements, using radio-frequency identification (RFID) passive tags and phase-based location technique. This technique is deployed for the first time outdoors and for several months. Outdoor conditions revealed strong environmental influences due to temperature variations, moisture, snow and vegetation. These can cause a ±20 cm measurement uncertainty over a year, which is too large for landslide monitoring applications. The correction of these effects allows reaching the accuracy of ±1 cm under normal conditions, ±8 cm with snow and ±4 cm with dense high grass. The remaining effects due to snow and grass are explained by the influence of this material on the direct propagation, on the multipath interferences and on the antennas. This measurement system has been deployed on the Pont-Bourquin landslide for five months. The results validate the technique for landslide monitoring applications. The technique also shows the operational benefits of robustness to bad weather, easy maintenance and low-cost material, compared to conventional techniques (extensometer, GPS, total station).This thesis then studies two complementary monitoring methods that had recently been shown to provide precursors to landslide rupture. First, ambient seismic noise interferometry is used to detect a drop of shear-wave velocity prior to a rupture. The seismic method was studied in the literature to identify what must be developed to use this technique in an operational early-warning system. It requires getting rid of daily and seasonal environmental influences, choosing the processing parameters appropriate to the monitored landslide, and improving the temporal resolution below one day while keeping a stable enough signal. The other method consists of inverting an impulse response between rainfall and displacement rate, with a high resolution. It can shed light on complex infiltration processes (e.g. infiltration with two different delays at Pont-Bourquin) and detect their abnormal evolution across time. These developments should improve landslide operational monitoring with a low budget
Kazantsev, Alexandre. "Perturbations d'amplitude du bruit ambiant au droit des hétérogéneités : étude de faisabilité pour l'exploration et la surveillance de réservoirs multi-fluide". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM075/document.
Texto completoThis PhD work investigates the possible elastic mechanisms behind the ambient noise amplification above multi-phase fluid reservoirs. Three datasets are analysed above different reservoirs. The observed spectral signature is different in the gas storage and geothermal contexts. A non-supervised algorithm for amplitude spectrum classification is developed, allowing to extract and map the relevant attributes of a multi-phase fluid presence. As a first modelling step, a wavefield characterisation methodology is applied to determine the composition of the ambient noise. It reveals the presence of strong Rayleigh overtones. Numerical 2D elastic modelling is used to simulate the propagation of overtones across a reservoir within a realistic geological structure. The modelled reservoir response is too small compared to the real data. However, the small amplitude perturbations arising in the numerical simulations are successfully inverted for the position of the reservoir, in simple background models. The developed method could in theory be used for imaging small time-lapse amplitude variations (monitoring), despite the obstacles remaining to be overcome before a real-data application. Neither visco-elastic nor 3D effects are adressed. Thus this work does not exclude the possibility of strong reservoir-specific spectral anomalies
Kazantsev, Alexandre. "Perturbations d'amplitude du bruit ambiant au droit des hétérogéneités : étude de faisabilité pour l'exploration et la surveillance de réservoirs multi-fluide". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEM075.
Texto completoThis PhD work investigates the possible elastic mechanisms behind the ambient noise amplification above multi-phase fluid reservoirs. Three datasets are analysed above different reservoirs. The observed spectral signature is different in the gas storage and geothermal contexts. A non-supervised algorithm for amplitude spectrum classification is developed, allowing to extract and map the relevant attributes of a multi-phase fluid presence. As a first modelling step, a wavefield characterisation methodology is applied to determine the composition of the ambient noise. It reveals the presence of strong Rayleigh overtones. Numerical 2D elastic modelling is used to simulate the propagation of overtones across a reservoir within a realistic geological structure. The modelled reservoir response is too small compared to the real data. However, the small amplitude perturbations arising in the numerical simulations are successfully inverted for the position of the reservoir, in simple background models. The developed method could in theory be used for imaging small time-lapse amplitude variations (monitoring), despite the obstacles remaining to be overcome before a real-data application. Neither visco-elastic nor 3D effects are adressed. Thus this work does not exclude the possibility of strong reservoir-specific spectral anomalies
Azzola, Jérôme. "Suivi géophysique non conventionnel des réservoirs géothermiques profonds". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020STRAH005.
Texto completoOne emerging technique for a continuous geophysical monitoring of geological structures such as EGS is the correlation of ambient seismic noise. Such methods make it possible to monitor minute changes by studying the evolution of the late part of seismic recordings by "coda" wave interferometry (CWI). However, a clear connection between the physical processes involved in the evolution of the medium and the changes quantified by CWI has not yet been clearly described. Our approach is based on the development of a numerical scheme which enables to study the signature on CWI measurements of the elastic deformation of the propagation medium. By identifying the direct contribution of the geometrical deformation of the medium and comparing this effect with that related to changes in seismic velocities, our approach contributes to the interpretation of these interferometric measurements. The numerical model proposed to study the influence of reservoir deformations on CWI measurements opens perspectives for the application of such approaches to the monitoring of deep reservoirs
Brives, Jacques. "Tomographie des Pyrénées par corrélation de bruit d'ordre supérieur. Application multi-échelle". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALU030.
Texto completoImaging the structures in depth of the Pyrenees mountain range is a long-standing subject of study with the aim both of gaining a better understanding of the geodynamic processes responsible for its genesis, and also of enabling us to improve the prevention of seismic risks associated with the dynamics of these structures. The objective of this study is to use ambient seismic noise tomography to obtain 3D images of the Pyrenean region at two different scales. Firstly, at the crustal scale, in order to constrain the large structures in depth of the orogen and their continuities in space. Secondly, on the scale of a sedimentary basin characteristic of the complex geological history of the Pyrenees, the Mauléon-Arzacq basin located in the north-west of the chain.Here we will use the method of correlation of the ambient seismic noise (noted C1) which is an efficient way to retrieve the propagation times of surface waves between a pair of seismometers. This method is now widely used for seismic tomography and temporal monitoring of seismogenic structures. In this study, we further develop this noise correlation method and propose two innovative methodologies called high order correlations (C2 and C3), corresponding to iterations of noise correlations. These methods allow us to improve both the quality and the quantity of surface wave dispersion measurements between pairs of synchronous, but also asynchronous, i.e. not operating at the same time. By using these innovative methods, we have considerably improved the spatial coverage of the models in and around the Pyrenees.Subsequently, using a Bayesian probabilistic inversion scheme, we obtained two new high-resolution models of shear wave velocities, also including the probability densities of the layer boundaries (or seismic interfaces).At large scale, the Pyrenean crustal model shows a subduction of the Iberian plate under the Eurasian plate in the western part of the Pyrenees which disappears in the eastern part. The use of higher-order correlation has made it possible to extend it to the Bay of Biscay and has made it possible to image its structures for the first time in a Vs model of this scale. In particular, we have been able to image fast velocity anomalies that lie close to the surface at the levels of the Mauléon and Saint-Gaudens gravimetric anomalies. This result brings an additional element to answer one of the great latent questions of the Pyrenees, namely the source of these gravimetric anomalies. These results confirm the hypothesis that they are caused by the presence of scales of dense material close to the surface.On a smaller scale, the model of the Mauléon-Arzacq basin allowed to reveal in detail the deep structure of their substratum but also to image the clear limit formed by the North Pyrenean Frontal Overlap between these two basins
Ruet, Laurent. "Active control and sensor noise filtering duality : application to Advanced LIGO suspensions". Lyon, INSA, 2007. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2007ISAL0001/these.pdf.
Texto completoL'étude présentée porte sur le contrôle actif des supensions pour Advanced LIGO. LIGO est un projet américain ayant pour but la détection d'ondes gravitationnelles, prédites par Einstein. Afin de mesurer ces ondes, le bruit sismique dot être atténué par un facteur de plusieurs milliards. Le dernier étage du système d'isolation sismique est un pendule filtrant le bruit sismique à hautes fréquences. Ce pendule présente d'importantes résonances à basses fréquences qui sont amorties par contrôle actif. Toutefois, ce contrôle re-injecte le bruit de mesure et détériore les performances d'isolation du pendule. La problématique est donc de concevoir une boucle de contrôle qui amortie les résonances tout en minimisant la réinjection du bruit de mesure à hautes fréquences. L'association d'un contrôle modal et d'un estimateur d'état est étudiée dans ce but. Les simulations sont vérifiées expérimentalement en utilisant une méthode permettant de mesurer des vibrations de l'ordre de 10-9m
Sadoudi, Laïd. "Étude et développement d'une plateforme de communication pour les réseaux de capteurs acoustiques sans fil : application au contrôle-santé des rails par corrélation du bruit ambiant". Thesis, Valenciennes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016VALE0018/document.
Texto completoStructural Health Monitoring (SHM) reduces human inspection requirements through automated monitoring, reduces maintenance costs by early detection of defects before they escalate, and improves safety and reliability of services. The work presented in this thesis aims to design a wireless communication platform for railway structures health monitoring. The control principle is based on the reconstruction of impulse responses (Green’s functions) by correlation of random noise propagated in the medium. In this work, direct comparison between an active emission-reception response and the estimated noise correlation function has confirmed the validity of the equivalence relation between them. Thus, we have demonstrated the applicability of the correlation functions for local defect detection in a rail. Then, we conducted an experimental study on the characterization of a ZigBee transmission in terms of path loss and communication range in multiple environments. In the railway environment under test, we showed the adequacy with the range of a ZigBee single-hop transmission (within a radius of 76m). Furthermore, a flexible solution for sensors synchronization during the sampling process, based on IEEE 802.15.4 standard was proposed and validated by a measurement campaign. It has been demonstrated that this approach provides a precision of a few hundred nanoseconds. A wireless communication-platform prototype based on the ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 technology has been implemented and deployed on a rail sample. This solution enabled the validation of the platform performances, once the data collected by the transducers, the information is transmitted by a ZigBee link to a base station where detection algorithms are applied
Perron, Vincent. "Apport des enregistrements de séismes et de bruit de fond pour l'évaluation site-spécifique de l'aléa sismique en zone de sismicité faible à modérée". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAU020.
Texto completoSite effects can greatly increase both the duration and the amplitude of the seismic solicitation imposed on structures. 2D-3D site effects induce broadband amplifications that cannot be simulated up to high frequency (>2-4 Hz) due to the limited resolution of the geological, geophysical and/or geotechnical information. Empirical site effect assessment is therefore essential for reliable observations of this complex phenomenon up to high frequency. However, such assessments often require good quality records from many earthquakes that cannot be rapidly obtained in low seismicity areas.This work presents a comparative analysis of these empirical evaluations on two very different sites, the first in a moderate seismicity context (Provence, France) and the second in a very active context (Kefalonia, Greece). For the Provençal site, nearly 500 earthquakes were recorded in only 2½ years thanks to the use of velocimeters. The site attenuation parameter κ_0 could thus be measured both on the acceleration (κ_(0_AS)) and displacement (κ_(0_DS)) spectra. Our results show that the measurement of κ_0 is relatively reliable on rock sites only, mainly due to the too great disturbance by the amplification for sedimentary sites, even for those that are quite stiff. The standard spectral ratio (SSR) approach provides the relative site effects from the numerous weak motion recordings available at sites located in Provence and Kefalonia. The results show a strong epistemic variability due to the lighting induced by the position of the seismic source with respect to the basin. Thus, while a reliable site response estimation is possible from only a few events for 1D geometries, it requires much more earthquakes evenly distributed around the site when the geometry is 2D-3D. The mean SSR results are then compared with those obtained from methods using the ambient noise. As expected, the H/V spectral ratio approach (HVSR) provides only the fundamental frequency for some sites. Conversely, SSR applied to ambient noise (SSRn) shows very similar results to the SSR method up to high frequency, provided that the reference site is taken in the sedimentary basin. Approaches using the noise correlation (coherence and ANIRF) reveal that the transfer function relative to a rock reference site can be estimated at least up to low frequency (<4 Hz). Methods using ambient noise are promising for a rapid evaluation of the site response and its spatial variability (microzoning), even when seismicity is low. Empirical site effects methods are therefore applicable everywhere. They provide an essential complement to numerical approaches, which remain inevitable when the coverage of available earthquakes is not homogeneous or when soils are likely to present non-linear behaviors.These results led us to propose a methodology for the evaluation of the site-specific seismic hazard, which consists of three main stages: (i) adjustment to the rock reference site of the ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs) using, among others, κ_(0_DS); (ii) Reliable evaluation of the SSR transfer function between at least one site in the basin and the reference site (for which the GMPEs were adjusted); (iii) carrying out this assessment from the ANIRF in the less seismically active regions and/or extension to the entire study area with the SSRn. This methodology allows a much better consideration of the site effects (especially 2D-3D) and a significant reduction of the uncertainties in the evaluations of the site-specific seismic hazard. It only required, simultaneous recording of earthquakes on at least two sites equipped with sensible velocimeters, and to carrying out temporary campaign of ambient noise measurements, if necessary
Pacheco, Daniel. "Étude de la réponse sismique du bassin de Quito". Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022COAZ4017.
Texto completoThe city of Quito (Ecuador's capital) is located in an Andean valley at 2800 meters above sea level. Surrounded by volcanoes, this city of approximately 2 million inhabitants is prone to major earthquakes, and it is particularly vulnerable since no seismic code is formally used for constructions. The study of the hazard and the seismic risk is, therefore, essential. Three types of earthquakes threaten the city: a) a close earthquake of moderate magnitude (M ~ 6.5), which would occur on the Quito fault system, b) a more distant earthquake which could have a higher magnitude (M ~ 7.5) coming from the cordillera, and c) finally a subduction earthquake coming from the coastline more than 170 km away, the magnitude of which could be very high (M> 8.5). This third type of earthquake struck Ecuador on April 16, 2016 (Pedernales earthquake, Mw 7.8). Pedernales earthquake caused very significant damage to the coast region and several hundred victims. It also made the city of Quito tremble but caused no damage. What about a stronger earthquake? Could the seismic wave amplifying effect due to the Quito sedimentary basin, as was the case in 1985 in the Mexico City basin, generate very strong ground motion values causing significant damage? Could smaller magnitude but closer earthquakes threaten the city more seriously? These scientific questions are at the heart of this thesis subject's concerns, which is included in a major study project of the Ecuador-Chile zone carried out jointly by the Institute of Geophysics of Quito and French researchers from GeoAzur, ISTerre, CEREMA, and IFSTTAR laboratories. Objectives of the thesis: Understand, characterize, and simulate ground movements in Quito's city, taking into account the effects of basin resonance (i.e., the geometry of the basin's bedrock, alluvial filling) well as those due to the strong surrounding topography. Carry out simulations of likely future earthquakes. Available data (not yet used): Background noise recordings by 20 broadband stations in and around the basin for six months (the measurement campaign will be carried out from July to December 2017). Small earthquakes recordings on the Quito accelerometric network (RENAQ) since 2010. Recordings of the Pedernales earthquake and its main aftershocks on the RENAQ network Methodology : Seismic noise cross-correlation to estimate inter-station Green's functions, relying on existing geological and geotechnical data. Other inversion techniques (e.g., receiver functions, the study of converted waves on the sediment/bedrock interface) considered depending on the quality of the estimated Green's functions. Low-frequency stimulation using Green's functions obtained by cross-correlation of noise and high-frequency simulations using empirical Green's functions (i.e., recordings of small earthquakes)
Mauger, François. "Etude du bruit de fond de la double-desintegration beta sans emission de neutrino dans le detecteur nemo 2 : contribution du radon ambiant et mesure de la pollution interne de la source en bismuth-214". Caen, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995CAEN2005.
Texto completoFores, Benjamin. "Gravimétrie et surveillance sismique pour la modélisation hydrologique en milieu karstique : application au bassin du Durzon (Larzac, France)". Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT128/document.
Texto completoKarstic aquifers represent the most important fresh water reservoirs in many regions of the world like the Mediterranean Basin. However, because of complex processes of karstification, those aquifers are highly heterogeneous at all spatial scales and vulnerable to contamination. In this dissertation, we studied the potential of gravimetry and ambient seismic noise for hydrological modeling in karstic areas.The dolomitic area surrounding the “GEK” observatory in the Durzon catchment on the Larzac plateau, in France, is the preferred site for these studies. Inside the observatory, a superconducting gravimeter dedicated to hydrology has continuously measured gravity changes since 2011 with high precision, undertaken for the first time on a karst. From this gravity monitoring, we made conceptual hydrological models which laid the foundation of 1-D flow physical models. Indeed, gravimetry is an integrative hydro-geophysical method which allows 1) to consider the epikarst, locally heterogeneous as an equivalent tabular medium and 2) to define the types of transfer (fast & slow) occurring at the site. Especially, the lack of fast transfer through the GEK epikarst was precisely quantified for the first time at the field scale (~100m). Gravity-driven water mass balance with local meteorological data (evapotranspiration from a flux tower and precipitation) allowed setting the bottom outlet of the model to 1 mm.day-1. This flow has proved to be representative of the low-flow discharge at the only spring which represents all groundwater outflows from the catchment. This result supposes the homogeneity of the dolomitic epikarst almost at the basin scale. Model parameters were next calibrated using one year of ambient seismic noise monitored at two stations. Phase velocity changes obtained by cross-correlating the noise between 6 and 8 Hz were used as a ”timer” to follow the water infiltration between a depth of 30 and 60 meters. Thus, monitoring seismic velocity changes using ambient seismic noise demonstrates great potential for the study of deep and complex critical zones and could fill the instrumental gap currently existing in hydrology.Time-lapse gravity measurements with a spring-based portable gravimeter have also demonstrated the different behavior of two epikarsts and their variability at the scale of a few hundred meters. Monthly measurements around the observatory revealed the spatial homogeneity of this dolomitic epikarst: all the stations showed the same water storage changes. On the contrary, seasonal surface to depth gravity measurements along the underground passage of the Saint-Ferréol sinkhole, in limestone, have shown fast transfer and strong spatial variability of water storage. Lithology is then expected to play a part in the epikarst capacity to retain water. The precision needed to measure the weak hydrological induced signals during those surveys required robust methodology and an ambient temperature effect on measurements with spring-based gravimeter was observed in the field and quantified in the laboratory
Ars, Jean-Michel. "Inversion conjointe géophysique appliquée à l'exploration en géothermie profonde dans le Massif Central". Thesis, Brest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BRES0025.
Texto completoThe development of geothermal energy has led to the exploitation of resources established in varied geological and geodynamic contexts. Geophysical exploration of these complex reservoirs requires the use of several complementary imaging methods. This PhD thesis focuses on the exploration of a geothermal resource located within the fractured basement in the French Massif Central using magnetotelluric, ambient noise tomography and gravimetry. Magnetotelluric is a 3D imaging method with a good resolution power that is sensitive to the presence of water and hydrothermal weathering clays but is limited by its spatial coverage. Seismic noise tomography has a good vertical resolution but does not resolve well horizontal velocity variations. This method is sensitive to variations of the mechanical properties of rocks and thus to fractured media. Finally gravimetry brings constraint on the lithological variations and has a good lateral resolution but lacks vertical resolution.We present a method of joint inversion of seismic and gravimetric data under the constraint of a resistivity model obtained by independent magnetotelluric inversion. Joint inversion requires defining model couplings. By lack of prior knowledge of petrophysical relationships, we have coupled the density, resistivity and velocity models with a law that constraints the parameters to be correlated on average.This strategy aims to bring out the characteristic relationships of the geological objects of the geothermal resource. This joint inversion methodology has been tested on synthetic models. The application to the real data acquired in the Massif Central has made it possible to define a deep zone of high correlation interpreted as the fragile ductile transition. The intermediate part of the models, more homogeneous, allows to distinguish different geological units separated by a fault zone. Finally the superficial part is distinguished by strong heterogeneity of the parameters resulting probably from surface alteration process
Tsang-Hin-Sun, Eve. "Dynamique spatiale et temporelle de dorsales à taux d'expansion contrastés dans l'océan Indien par une approche hydroacoustique". Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0014/document.
Texto completoVolcanic and tectonic events are responsible for the seismicity associated with sea floor spreading. They are yet poorly detected by land-based seismological networks. Arrays of hydrophones, moored into the SOFAR channel, are capable of recording the seismo-acoustic phase generated by low-magnitude submarine earthquakes, the T waves. In the Indian Ocean, there are three mid-oceanic ridges with contrasted spreading rates, the Southwest, Central and Southeast indian ridges; it is thus the ideal place for examining the relationships between seismicity and spreading rate. To this effect, the OHASISBIO network of hydrophones, detected more than 1400 earthquakes in a year along the three mid-oceanic ridges in the Indian Ocean, which is about five times more events than land-based networks.Although the ridges have contrasted spreading rates, their mean seismicity rates are similar, suggesting that there is no direct relationship between seismicity and spreading rates. The along axis distribution of the seismicity, however, is contrasted and reveals fundamentally different modes of accretion. Along the Southwest Indian Ridge, events are sparse but regularly distributed along the axis, especially east of the Melville fracture zone and in good agreement with tectonic extension. On the contrary, along the Central and Southeast indian ridges, the seismicity is well correlated with the segmentation. Earthquakes cluster at segment ends and discontinuities whereas segment centres are mostly aseismic, except at hydrothermal sites on the Central Indian Ridge and one active segment on the Southeast Indian Ridge. Overall, segment-scale variations in the seismicity reflect the thermal state of the crust beneath the Central and Southeast Indian ridges whereas larger scale variations reveal changes in the mantle temperature under the Southwest Indian Ridge
Barbouteau, Sandra. "Suivi de substitution de fluides dans les roches par corrélation de bruit : Expériences ultrasonores au laboratoire et surveillance continue en cours d’exploitation du sous-sol". Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENU045/document.
Texto completoSeismic interferometry, like optic interferometry, studies the interferences phenomena between couples of seismic signals, with the aim of pointing at differences between those signals (Curtis et al. 2006 for instance). The data processing consists, generally, in correlating the recordings between different stations to retrieve the Green's function between these sensors (Derode et al. (2003), Wapenaar et al. (2004), Larose et al. (2006), Sanchez-Sesma et Campillo (2006)). This principle has already been successfully applied in the field of seismology (Campillo and Paul (2003)), ultrasound (Weaver et Lobkis (2001)), seismic exploration and even helioseismology (Duvall et al. (1993)). In all these cases, the analysis of the correlations leads to a detailed description of the propagation medium. Contrary to active seismic which uses artificial coherent sources (explosives, air guns…), passive seismic exploits natural coherent sources (seisms…). Since a few years, passive seismics also exploits random wave fields generated at unknown times by many unknown sources in the ground, and recorded at different stations positions. The analysis with cross-correlation of pairs of recordings, from pairs of sensors, leads to the Green's function between the two sensors (Derode et al. (2003)). This thesis has two objectives: -to check, at the lab scale, the effectiveness of monitoring of fluids substitution with noise correlation (ultrasound scale) in rocks -to apply noise correlation methods to passive seismic monitoring of a hydrocarbons field. This thesis presents, after a state of the art, the set-up of a new method to measure elastic constants of a rock sample (dry or fluid-saturated), based on ultrasound interferometry principle and resonant ultrasound spectroscopy. The method has been tested and validated (reproducibility, accuracy, precision…) on a standard material (aluminium). We show that the effects of a fluids substitution are measurable on various rock samples (dry or saturated, with water or with ethylene glycol) with this method. Plus the results are in agreement with Biot-Gassmann's theory. Besides, several weaknesses of the method were pointed, that is to say the method does not work on heterogeneous or attenuating medium. The last part of this thesis exposes speed of waves variations in a hydrocarbons field, when steam is injected simultaneously inside the reservoir (enhanced oil recovery operation)
Alder, Chloé. "Etude de la déformation de la croûte et du manteau terrestres à partir de l'anisotropie sismique des modèles tomographiques". Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEN021.
Texto completoSeismic anisotropy is often used as a proxy for rock deformation. It arises from the preferred orientation of anisotropic minerals. For instance, olivine in mantellic peridotites align according to mantle flow. However, anisotropy in tomographic models can be the result of small scale heterogeneities unresolved by long period seismic waves. It is thus considered as artificial. Theories and methodological developments do not allow to distinguish the relative contributions of real and artificial anisotropy in seismic signals. In this thesis, we used simple models of the Earth’s mantle to analytically and numerically study the link between unresolved heterogeneities and the level of artificial radial anisotropy. We concluded that anisotropy is proportional to the square of heterogeneities and that 10% of velocity contrast can be responsible for 3% of anisotropy, which is non negligible compared to the observed anisotropy in tomography. A 3-D anisotropic model of Europe, focusing on the Alps and Apennines, was constructed from surface waves data. The dispersion measurements were made from noise correlation and allow to image the crust and uppermost mantle. The isotropic structure of the model shows particularly well the Adriatic plate subducting under the Apennines, as well as a slab break-off in the Southern part of the chain. The method used for the depth inversion takes into account the trade-off between layering and anisotropy. Our model is therefore the first 3-D model of radial anisotropy built at shallow depths in Europe. Our results suggest that the lower crust has a horizontal organization in the Apennines, probably related to the extensive regime observed in the area
Kinda, Gnouregma Bazile. "Acoustic remote sensing of Arctic sea ice from long term soundscape measurements". Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENU032/document.
Texto completoThe Arctic sea ice melting, in the global warming context, has become a major scientific topic during the last 30 years. The Arctic Ocean plays a fundamental role in the global climate balance and requires a particular attention. The Arctic Regions are then monitored by satellite observations and in-situ measurements. The climatic impact of the total melting of the Arctic sea ice is not yet understood and researches are still needed for long term monitoring of Arctic Ocean, particularly the dynamics of the ice cover and its consequences on the ecosystems. Our work focused on the natural soundscapes of these Polar Regions prior to their possible industrialization. So, we first examined the impact of climate warming alone on polar soundscapes by studying the seasonal variability of ambient noise and its environmental drivers. We then developed an ambient noise estimation algorithm for automatic extraction of this noise component from long term measurements. In second, we examined the acoustic transients generated by the mechanical behavior of the ice cover at its maximum extent. This aims to better understanding of the physical processes involved in under-ice noise production and their potential use for sea ice monitoring
El, khoury Christine. "Seismic ambient noise amplitude anomalies induced by an anticline structure : application to the context of gas reservoirs". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPSLM100.
Texto completoSpectral anomalies in the seismic ambient noise, defined as strong spectral amplification of the vertical component at frequencies of 1 to 5 Hertz, are commonly observed above gas reservoirs. If properly understood, these anomalies could have a potential for fluid reservoir exploration or monitoring. The nature of these anomalies was mainly explained by the geological structure more than the fluid reservoir itself, for purely elastic waves. Analysis on real datasets of ambient noise measurements shows that surface waves, mainly fundamental mode, are the main contributors to the anomaly. This work further explores how Rayleigh waves interact with an anticline structure, a typical geological trap for a hydrocarbon reservoir. Analysis of the spectral signature of an anticline structure is performed for different source configurations, to finally provide a relationship linking the anticline geometrical and elastic parameters to the induced anomaly for the case of the fundamental mode Rayleigh waves
Baudoin, Romain. "Analyse du bruit lors de la génération de somme de fréquences dans les cristaux de niobate de lithium périodiquement polarisés (PPLN) et applications en régime de comptage de photons". Thesis, Limoges, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIMO0068/document.
Texto completoThe sum frequency generation process is used in differents applications to convert signals from infrared wavelengths to the field of visible wavelength. This allows to benefit of more efficient technologies in terms of detection and propagation. This thesis describes the study of noise phenomena generated by this process in crystals of periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) for frequency up-conversion applications in photon counting regime. The first part of the manuscript shows the advantage of sum frequency generation process in the technological environment of the infrared detection on single photon counting regime, using the concept of hybrid detection. The theoretical elements and the state of the art associated with hybrid detection will also be presented in this first part. The second part deals with a comparative study between different PPLN for hybrid detection at 1550 nm. A detailed experimental analysis of the noise process is performed. The results of this study are used for applications in astronomy and microscopy. The third part deals with an application of the sum frequency in stellar interferometry. The results of PPLN’s characterization are involved in optimizing an instrument for astronomy called sum frequency interferometer. The results of observation on the astronomical site of Mount Wilson and the prospects of this instrument are presented
Bayle, Jean-Baptiste. "Simulation and Data Analysis for LISA : Instrumental Modeling, Time-Delay Interferometry, Noise-Reduction Permormance Study, and Discrimination of Transient Gravitational Signals". Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UNIP7123.
Texto completoThe Laser Interferometer Space Antenna is a European Space Agency mission that aims to measure gravitational waves in the millihertz range. Three spacecraft are placed in a quasi-equilateral triangular formation whose barycenter trails the Earth on its heliocentric orbit. Laser beams are exchanged to monitor pico-metric variations between the test masses due to gravitational waves. Because various instrumental noise sources couple to the measurements, several data processing techniques are used to reduce them before we can extract gravitational-wave signals.To study these noise-reduction algorithms, we propose a realistic instrumental model. We investigate how the main noise sources appear in the measurements and work out their residuals in almost noise-free combinations. To validate these results, we develop a flexible numerical simulation tool that aims to generate realistic measurements: LISANode propagates noise time series between the spacecraft and in the optical benches, all the way down to the phasemeters and the on-board computers. It also computes the response to gravitational waves. LISANode is capable of executing the main noise-reduction algorithms, including the computation of Time-Delay Interferometry laser noise-free combinations, as well as clock-calibrated combinations.As we account for instrumental and numerical imperfections, noises do not exactly vanish in the final combinations. In particular, we study the performance hit of the constellation flexing and the on-board data processing on the laser-noise reduction. We model the flexing-filtering coupling and propose a technique to mitigate this effect. Moreover, we derive exact clock-noise calibration expressions. Simulations are used to validate these results and confirm that the dominant sources of noise can be reduced to the required levels.We also investigate machine-learning techniques to discriminate between instrumental glitches and transient gravitational signals. Analytic studies show that both appear differently in noise-free combinations and experiments suggest that some neural networks are capable of distinguishing between them
Carbajal, Guillaume. "Apprentissage profond bout-en-bout pour le rehaussement de la parole". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0017.
Texto completoThis PhD falls within the development of hands-free telecommunication systems, more specifically smart speakers in domestic environments. The user interacts with another speaker at a far-end point and can be typically a few meters away from this kind of system. The microphones are likely to capture sounds of the environment which are added to the user's voice, such background noise, acoustic echo and reverberation. These types of distortion degrade speech quality, intelligibility and listening comfort for the far-end speaker, and must be reduced. Filtering methods can reduce individually each of these types of distortion. Reducing all of them implies combining the corresponding filtering methods. As these methods interact with each other which can deteriorate the user's speech, they must be jointly optimized. First of all, we introduce an acoustic echo reduction approach which combines an echo cancellation filter with a residual echo postfilter designed to adapt to the echo cancellation filter. To do so, we propose to estimate the postfilter coefficients using the short term spectra of multiple known signals, including the output of the echo cancellation filter, as inputs to a neural network. We show that this approach improves the performance and the robustness of the postfilter in terms of echo reduction, while limiting speech degradation, on several scenarios in real conditions. Secondly, we describe a joint approach for multichannel reduction of echo, reverberation and noise. We propose to simultaneously model the target speech and undesired residual signals after echo cancellation and dereveberation in a probabilistic framework, and to jointly represent their short-term spectra by means of a recurrent neural network. We develop a block-coordinate ascent algorithm to update the echo cancellation and dereverberation filters, as well as the postfilter that reduces the undesired residual signals. We evaluate our approach on real recordings in different conditions. We show that it improves speech quality and reduction of echo, reverberation and noise compared to a cascade of individual filtering methods and another joint reduction approach. Finally, we present an online version of our approach which is suitable for time-varying acoustic conditions. We evaluate the perceptual quality achieved on real examples where the user moves during the conversation
Ollivier, Annabelle. "Nouvelle approche pour l'extraction de paramètres géophysiques des mesures en altimétrie radar". Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00204475.
Texto completoCes paramètres sont estimés à partir des échos radar qui possèdent une forme caractéristique de la surface sur laquelle ils se réfléchissent.
La précision, la résolution et la qualité d'estimation de ces paramètres (hauteur de mer, hauteur des vagues, vitesse du vent...) sont des préoccupations permanentes pour l'exploitation et l'interprétation des mesures altimétriques.
Nous proposons dans cette thèse de réduire le niveau de bruit des mesures avant l'étape d'estimation c'est-à-dire sur les échos altimétriques.
Pour cela, nous exploitons leur corrélation spatiale en travaillant sur des matrices formées d'échos consécutifs.
Cette approche matricielle constitue une nouveauté dans le traitement du signal altimétrique. Son principal atout est de définir des sous-espaces vectoriels permettant de séparer l'information utile du bruit qui altère le signal.
Elle permet de définir des échos très peu bruités sans perdre l'information géophysique et avec une résolution maximale.
Nous établissons un traitement optimal au sens des moindres carrés s'appuyant sur des simulations et appliqué sur les données réelles de plusieurs altimètres.
Grâce aux échos débruités obtenus, les paramètres géophysiques sont extraits avec une précision accrue.
En réduisant le bruit haute fréquence, nous mettons en évidence une variabilité spatiale à plus fine échelle, jusqu'à présent noyée dans le bruit de mesure.
Cette méthode simple et efficace permet d'affiner la précision et la résolution des hauteurs de mer et des vagues estimées le long des traces des satellites.
En affinant la précision et la résolution des mesures le long des traces, on participe à la nouvelle orientation opérationnelle de l'altimétrie, tournée vers des utilisateurs et vers des études de plus en plus locales.
Kinda, Bazile. "Acoustic remote sensing of Arctic Sea Ice from long term soundscape measurements". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00940393.
Texto completoWasik, Valentine. "Analyse de la précision d’estimation de deux systèmes d’imagerie polarimétrique". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4348.
Texto completoPolarimetric imaging allows one to estimate some characteristics of a medium which might not be revealed by standard intensity imaging. However, the measurements can be strongly perturbed by fluctuations that are inherent in the physical acquisition processes. These fluctuations are difficult to attenuate, for instance because of the fragility of the observed media or because of the inhomogeneity of the obtained images. It is then useful to characterize the estimation precision that can be reached. In this thesis, this question is addressed through two polarimetric imaging applications: polarized-resolved second-harmonic generation non-linear microscopy (PSHG) for the analysis of the structural organization of biomolecular objects, and polarimetric interferometric synthetic aperture radar imaging (PolInSAR) for the estimation of vegetation parameters. For the first application, the estimation precision in the presence of Poisson noise is characterized for any molecular assembly that presents a cylindrical symmetry. This study results in particular in a procedure to detect the measurements that do not lead to a required precision. For PolInSAR imaging, we analyze an acquisition system that is interesting for future spatial missions. In particular, the estimation precision of the vegetation height is studied in this context in the presence of speckle noise by relying on the analysis of the polarimetric contrast. A simple interpretation of the behavior of this acquisition system is obtained in the Poincaré sphere
Leong-Hoï, Audrey. "Etude des techniques de super-résolution latérale en nanoscopie et développement d'un système interférométrique nano-3D". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAD048/document.
Texto completoThis manuscript presents the study of the lateral super-resolution techniques in optical nanoscopy, which is a new high-resolution imaging method now widely used in biophysics and medical imaging, to observe and measure nanostructures, with the advantages of far field optical imaging, such as a large field of view, visualization and analysis in real time…One of the future challenges of 3D super resolution microscopy is to avoid the use of fluorescent markers. Interferometric microscopy is a 3D label-free imaging technique enabling the detection of nanostructures. To improve the detection capability of this optical system, a first version of a protocol composed of image processing methods was developed and implemented, revealing structures initially unmeasurable. Then, to improve the lateral resolution of the system, a new technique combining interferometry and the principle of the photonic nano-jet has been developed, thus allowing the observation of objects of a size smaller than the diffraction limit of the optical instrument
Gouedard, Pierre. "Techniques de corrélation : aspects méthodologiques et applications à la sub-surface". Phd thesis, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00357045.
Texto completoCe travail est centré sur les petites échelles de la géophysique (10 m à 1 km) et aux hautes fréquences (5 à 50 Hz), où les propriétés du champ d'onde mettent souvent en défaut l'hypothèse de champ diffus du théoréme de corrélation. A partir de cas expérimentaux où la fonction de corrélation ne converge pas vers la fonction de Green, de nouvelles approches sont définies afin de retrouver malgré tout les propriétés du milieu.
L'importance de la distribution des sources de bruit pour les milieux non diffusant est mise en évidence. La caractérisation du champ d'onde est ainsi essentielle avant la mise en place de méthodes passives. Une étude comparative des méthodes l'imagerie active et passive est proposée. Elle montre que la résolution de l'imagerie passive est au moins aussi bonne que celle de l'imagerie active.
Enfin, une approche méthodologique est proposée pour l'étude du bruit ambiant, à partir d'outils issus de l'acoustique sous marine. Son application à l'étude de zones hydrothermales est discutée.
Renalier, Florence. "Caractérisation sismique de sites hétérogènes à partir de méthodes actives et passives : variations latérales et temporelles". Phd thesis, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00551441.
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