Tesis sobre el tema "Intégration fonctionnelle en neurosciences"
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Vallet, Anais. "Etude de la balance Excitatiοn/Ιnhibitiοn de régiοns cérébrales impliquées dans une tâche de cοntrôle inhibiteur : mοdélisatiοn de dοnnées οbtenues en Ιmagerie par Résοnance Μagnétique fοnctiοnnelle et inversiοn". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NORMC014.
Texto completoIn psychology, inhibitory control is a cognitive mechanism that stops a motor, emotional orcognitive response from achieving a desired goal. At cerebral level, inhibitory control is associatedwith a network of brain regions, whose function may be measured using BOLD signals from fMRI.Prefrontal control regions lower the BOLD activity of target regions. fMRI provides an indirectmeasure of the activity of neurons. How can we then infer from fMRI data, neural excitatory andinhibitory (E/I) properties of brain regions involved in an inhibitory control task ?We start with a non-linear biophysical model that describes by region the temporal evolutionof neural excitatory and inhibitory activities (Naskar et al., 2021). These variations in activityproduce BOLD changes in each brain region. Analysis of this model enables us to : 1) identifyneural parameters of the E/I balance ; 2) show that increasing the BOLD activity of a controlregion does not lower the BOLD activity of a target region, since these regions are connected bytheir excitatory neurons only ; 3) propose a new connectivity architecture to enable this ; 4) studyhow the lowering of activity in the target region depends on the E/I balance in the target region.We then propose a new inversion procedure. We check its reliability through simulations, beforepresenting a proof-of-concept using real data from a subject during a Think/No-Think task, aparadigm used for studying the inhibitory control of memory intrusions (Mary et al., 2020)
Foucher, Jack. "L' intégration fonctionnelle cérébrale dans la schizophrénie". Strasbourg 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007STR13201.
Texto completoDornier, Philippe-Pierre. "Recomposition de l'approche logistique dans le secteur des produits de grande diffusion : Intégration fonctionnelle, intégration sectorielle, intégration géographique". ENSMP, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ENMP0812.
Texto completoPirotte, Benoît. "Intégration de l'imagerie fonctionnelle dans la neurochirurgie guidée par l'image". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210818.
Texto completoLemetais, Guillaume. "Sélection et intégration d'une souche probiotique fonctionnelle dans une matrice sèche". Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00993268.
Texto completoBenoist, Camille. "Intégration fonctionnelle du complexe SMC chez bacillus subtilis : étude de suppresseurs". Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA112268.
Texto completoSMC proteins (for "Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes") are involved in different aspects of chromosome dynamic such as condensation, segregation and DNA repair. Indeed, a Bacillus subtilis mutant lacking the SMC complex shows severe phenotypes such as defects in condensation and chromosome partitioning, an increase in sensitivity DNA damaging drugs or gyrase inhibitors. The viability of such strain is limited to conditions of slow growth. To understand the range of phenotypes associated with loss of this gene, a genetic identification of new partners was undertaken: spontaneous suppressors of smc deletion were isolated in rapid growth conditions. Different classes of suppressors have been identified, suggesting that different mutations could restore the viability of a strain lacking SMC complex. Characterization of suppressors revealed they can restore some of the defects shown in Δsmc mutant, particularly resistance to gyrase inhibitors, and seemed to limit the formation of DNA breaks. By sequencing the complete genome of suppressors, some of these mutations have been identified and cause an alteration of the biosynthetic pathway of transfer RNA. This disruption can restore the growth defect more efficiently than inhibition of translation by drugs such as chloramphenicol, or by reducing the pool of nucleotides by hydroxyurea. Taken together, these results suggest that the stringent response could be partly responsible for the suppressor phenotype. It is proposed that apart from the compaction of the chromosome, the SMC complex is directly involved in maintaining the integrity of replication forks
Nouhoum, Mohamed Nabhane. "Neuro-navigation automatique pour la neuro-imagerie fonctionnelle ultrasonore". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPSLS047.
Texto completoUltrafast ultrasound imaging is a recent method based on transmission of plane waves which enables the visualization of biological media with high spatio-temporal resolution. When applied to Doppler imaging, it enables detection of blood flow with very high sensitivity compared to conventional ultrasound Doppler usually limited to high blood flow imaging in cardiology. This advances have rendered functional ultrasound (fUS) imaging a valuable neuroimaging modality capable of mapping cerebral vascular networks, but also to indirectly capture neuronal activity with high sensitivity thanks to the neurovascular coupling. However, the expansion of fUS imaging is still limited by the difficulty to identify cerebral structures during experiments based solely on the Doppler images and the shape of the vessels, which complicates the positioning of the ultrasound probe and the data analysis of the data. It is therefore crucial to set up tools dedicated to functional ultrasound imaging in the same way as functional imaging by MRI, which remains the reference modality.This thesis focuses on the development and validation of cerebral GPS, an automatic neuro-navigation tool based on ultrasensitive Doppler vascular footprint of mice and rats. Initially, a vascular anatomical template was built and then registered on familiar atlases (Allen Atlas for the mouse and the SIGMA atlas for the rat) thus allowing the creation of a vascular atlas that can serve as a reference during fUS imaging sessions to align experimental data and provide an anatomical context. The accuracy of the vascular registration was quantified from the super-resolved vascular images obtained with ultrasound localization microscopy.Secondly, the neuro-informatic pipeline has been developed and integrated into a new generation of neuroimaging devices to perform online navigation. We then demonstrated the capability of the system to position itself automatically over chosen anatomical structures and to obtain corresponding functional activation maps even in complex oblique planes. Additionally, we show that the system can be used to acquire and estimate functional connectivity matrices automatically.To go further we explored the potential of vascular GPS to automatically guide intracerebral injections into deep structures. Encouraging results confirmed by fluorescence microscopy images were obtained after injection of a neuronal tracer into the thalamic nucleus. Still on an exploratory basis, we were interested in the reconstruction of structural anatomical images of the brain in addition to the vascular images generally reconstructed in order to assess the echogenicity of a few brain areas identified using vascular GPS. Finally we carried out a longitudinal study in the framework of memory consolidation in rats.This work provides new neuroimaging tools to strengthen the potential of functional ultrasound imaging and allow neuroanatomists experts and non-expert to carry out standardized, reproducible protocols with more accuracy and involving studies on large cohorts
Dominé, François. "Intégration d'un moniteur cardiorespiratoire sur une architecture multiprocesseurs". Lille 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LIL10006.
Texto completoBerthaud, Daniel. "Analyse fonctionnelle d'une usine de traitement de talc et intégration d'un outil de supervision". Nancy 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992NAN10157.
Texto completoNguyen, Dac Binh. "Intégration fonctionnelle autour des composants quatre quadrants Avec l’application à la conversion AC/AC". Grenoble INPG, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008INPG0020.
Texto completoThe thesis focuses on the functional integration of the components drived by bidirectional current and voltage, applied for the AC-AC conversion with Power Factor Correction (PFC). The first part of the thesis presents the implementation of a AC-AC dimmer with integrated devices. Some benefits are clearly highlighted through a functional analysis and a complete experimental validation. The second part of the thesis concentrates on the functional integration of « peripherals » which are needed for the implementation of a power component with vertical structure. In particular, the conditions for integration, technological and electrical performances are discussed and analysed. The study is carried on through an important work of modelling efforts both on components and on their interactions. An experimental validation done at CIME-Nanotech provides interesting conclusions about the approach which has been used
Tucholka, Alan. "Prise en compte de l'anatomie cérébrale individuelle dans les études d'IRM fonctionnelle". Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112063.
Texto completoIn this thesis, we show the results of several studies attempting to improve the position accuracy, the sensibility and the reproductibility of the detection of brain activity from images obtained in Magnetic Resonance Imaging by joint use of anatomical and functionnal data. Firstly, we compare functional group analysis performed in the volume and on the cortical surface. We show that statistics obtained by surface-based methods improve the sensivity, identifying a larger number of smaller functional regions. Later we consider the possibility of positioning foci on a local coordinates system based on anatomical structures, showing the advantage of incorporating the surface information in normalization procedures and group studies. A method based on the simultaneous use of anatomical and functional data, the provides fine and reproducible parcellation of the cortex surface, is then presented. We use statistical modelling to take into account the anatomo-functionnal variability within the population and optimize the number of parcels. This optimal model may be used to define an anatomo-functionnal atlas. Finally, a large part of the thesis concerns the description of tools used in processing the neuroimaging data. We analyze and incorporate into the processing pipeline several methods and available software packages used for segmentation of anatomical data and processing of functional data. This requires a careful and precise assessment of the methods and assumptions inherent to all these tools
Matysiak, Julien. "Intégration du VIH-1 : Contrôle et régulation de l'interaction fonctionnelle entre l’intégrase et la chromatine". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0284/document.
Texto completoHIV-1 integrase (IN) is a key enzyme of the viral cycle that catalyzes the stable insertion of viral DNA into the genome of the infected cell. IN also participates in many stages of the viral cycle such as reverse transcription or viral maturation. Thus, an understanding of the mechanisms regulating the integration of HIV-1 is a major challenge, particularly in the context of therapeutic approaches. Indeed, studies show that these mechanisms are finely regulated in the cell by viral and cellular factors acting at different stages of the viral cycle. It is in this context that we studied both viral and cellular factors regulating this process. Initially, the viral determinants modulating the integration in chromatin were analyzed in the case of several retroviral models. Then, we studied the impact of cellular factors, identified in the laboratory, on the mechanisms of insertion of the viral DNA in the cellular genome. My thesis work has thus been articulated in three major axes leading to: • The demonstration of the regulation of retroviral integration by the chromatin structure of the host • The identification of new cellular cofactors participating in the regulation of chromatin integration, including the FACT remodeling complex "Facilitates Chromatin Transcription" • The identification of a new functional interaction between the HIV-1 IN and the amino-terminal tail of human H4 histone and its role in the selectivity of integration
Imbernon, Eric. "Etude et optimisation d'une filière technologique flexible adaptée au mode d'intégration fonctionnelle". Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30139.
Texto completoLarmande, Pierre. "Mutualiser et partager, un défi pour la génomique fonctionnelle végétale". Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20177.
Texto completoIn this document, we present research topic developed in the context of heterogeneous data integration in plant functional genomic. Plant functional genomic is a biological framework where several disciplines and techniques take part in the discover of genes function. It generates a large quantity of data which the scientists manage in various ways. However, many data sources, complementary or overlapping, are necessary to enrich information about genes function. The problem comes from the distribution, the autonomy and the heterogeneity of these sources. That drags biologists seeking information, to integrate results manually. The objective of this thesis is to make easier the scientists searches and to reach in a transparent way information resulting from several data sources. For that, we propose two approaches in order to evaluate the advantages and the disadvantages of them. Firstly we propose the integration of sources through the adaptation of a mediation system: Select. Successor of DISCO, Le Select allows the integration of heterogeneous and distributed data sources through a relationnal integration model. Secondly, we propose the creation of a user personalized environment that integrate data sources through workflows of Web services. This system is based on BioMOBY system and its Central Registry. To conclude, we propose a methodology adapted to the needs for similar integration projects
Jacob, Vincent. "Intégration spatio-temporelle de scènes tactiles et plasticité fonctionnelle dans le cortex à tonneaux du rat". Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066222.
Texto completoClassically the connections between whiskers and cortical barrels are considered as independent ways. However, the rat generates complex patterns of contacts during active exploration. The cortical receptive fields (RF) are very large suggesting that multiwhisker information converge on each neuron. In order to study the integration of tactile scenes in the cortex, we have developed a matrix of 25 stimulators. We studied the RFs, their dependence to the omission of a predictable stimulus and the selectivity to global direction generated by sequential deflections of the whiskers. Then primary cortex performs an integrated and non-linear analysis of sensory information. Conditions of activity induce long-term modifications of the RFs. We observed modifications of the sensory response whose sign and intensity depended on the order and the time interval between the stimulations and the post-synaptic activation of the recorded neuron. This result is compatible with STDP rules for which this work is the first validation in the in vivo somatosensory cortex
Montuelle, Stéphane. "Intégration fonctionnelle des systèmes trophiques et locomoteur dans les comportements de prédation chez les lézards squamates". Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MNHN0001.
Texto completoTo date, feeding behaviors have been studied through the analyses of the performance of the trophic structures. However, locomotor structures are active during feeding in a lot of organisms. Our objective is to quantify the locomotor performance and to analyze their integration with the trophic ones. Our study is focused on the squamate-lizard model because the evolution of this clade is associated with the evolution of feeding behavior. The analysis of this model enlightened the relevance of the integration of the locomotor performance in response to the evolution of the vomerolfactive properties of the tongue on one hand, and the evolution of foraging mode on the other hand. This integration appears to be one key element of the interactions between the predator and the different components of its ecosystem (habitat properties and predator-prey interactions)
Fauchereau, Fabien. "Etude fonctionnelle d'Oligophrénine-1, protéine RhoGAP impliquée dans une forme de retard mental lié au chromosome X". Paris 7, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA077065.
Texto completoFrusque, Gaëtan. "Inférence et décomposition modale de réseaux dynamiques en neurosciences". Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEN080.
Texto completoDynamic graphs make it possible to understand the evolution of complex systems evolving over time. This type of graph has recently received considerable attention. However, there is no consensus on how to infer and study these graphs. In this thesis, we propose specific methods for dynamical graph analysis. A dynamical graph can be seen as a succession of complete graphs sharing the same nodes, but with the weights associated with each link changing over time. The proposed methods can have applications in neuroscience or in the study of social networks such as Twitter and Facebook for example. The issue of this thesis is epilepsy, one of the most common neurological diseases in the world affecting around 1% of the population.The first part concerns the inference of dynamical graph from neurophysiological signals. To assess the similarity between each pairs of signals, in order to make the graph, we use measures of functional connectivity. The comparison of these measurements is therefore of great interest to understand the characteristics of the resulting graphs. We then compare functional connectivity measurements involving the instantaneous phase and amplitude of the signals. We are particularly interested in a measure called Phase-Locking-Value (PLV) which quantifies the phase synchrony between two signals. We then propose, in order to infer robust and interpretable dynamic graphs, two new indexes that are conditioned and regularized PLV. The second part concerns tools for dynamical graphs decompositions. The objective is to propose a semi-automatic method in order to characterize the most important patterns in the pathological network from several seizures of the same patient. First, we consider seizures that have similar durations and temporal evolutions. In this case the data can be conveniently represented as a tensor. A specific tensor decomposition is then applied. Secondly, we consider seizures that have heterogeneous durations. Several strategies are proposed and compared. These are methods which, in addition to extracting the characteristic subgraphs common to all the seizures, make it possible to observe their temporal activation profiles specific to each seizures. Finally, the selected method is used for a clinical application. The obtained decompositions are compared to the visual interpretation of the clinician. As a whole, we found that activated subgraphs corresponded to brain regions involved during the course of the seizures and their time course were highly consistent with classical visual interpretation
Berret, Bastien. "Intégration de la force gravitaire dans la planification motrice et le contrôle des mouvements du bras et du corps". Dijon, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008DIJOS065.
Texto completoThis thesis is aimed at better understanding how the Central Nervous System (CNS) plans and controls movements and, in particular, how the gravity field is integrated within these processes. To perform rapid movements, the CNS must anticipate the effects of gravity on the moving limb. To tackle this, experiments in humans and modeling works have been undertaken. The experimental paradigms used here are pointing movements toward a target involving only the arm or the whole body. Concerning the arm movements, our work was grounded on a singular observation showing that upward and downward movements exhibit significant differences, suspected to be due to gravity. In order to test this hypothesis, a theory based upon the minimization of the absolute work of forces produced by muscles has been developed. It postulates that human movements are optimal and minimize in particular an energetic quantity. The main theoretical result is the demonstration of an equivalence between the minimization of a criterion including the absolute work of forces and the presence of simultaneous inactivation periods of agonistic and antagonistic muscles acting at a joint. Experiments have confirmed the existence of such periods of silence in muscular activities at the times predicted by the model. Therefore, we have concluded that the optimality criterion used by the brain to plan movements includes a term similar to the absolute work. A by-product of this result is that both gravitational and inertial forces are integrated into the same motor plan, within the minimization of energy expenditure. However, in most daily-life motor tasks, minimizing energy can not be the only goal of the action; preserving balance or be precise must also be taken into account. An experimental protocol has been elaborated in order to clarify how the CNS coordinates the control of posture and movement for whole-body pointing tasks. Our results confirm the idea of a modular organization of movements for such multi-goal tasks, i. E. Performed from the combination of pre-programmed sequences. In conclusion, this work suggests that the CNS integrates the biomechanical properties of the body and the environmental constraints within a single motor plan. Depending on the task, the CNS could optimize a compromise between energy consumption, safety, or movement precision. Moreover, these results reinforce the idea that an internal model of gravity exists and is strongly implied in human motricity
Altalib, Ibaa. "L’Union européenne une entité supranationale fonctionnelle". Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE3018/document.
Texto completoThis study analyses the qualification of the European Union as a supranational and functional entity. In order to prove the validity of this hypothesis, I applied a methodology founded on two principal ideas: the first idea is that of the European supranationality which characteristically puts current European integration in a position that is superior to other forms of international cooperation without actually achieving total integration and complete fusion, such as this form is represented by the federal State. This requires us to compare this entity to primary international players such as the federal State and international organizations. The second idea of our research is the notion of functionality and its application in the framework of the European Union. This idea will be approached according to theories of European integration, privileging the neo-functional theory, which is, in our opinion, the most relevant in explaining the process of European integration. Afterwards, we consider the factors to applying this idea to the Union framework and its different forms within the functions and allocations that are recognized by it. We also look at the principles and concepts that preside over the Union’s functions, giving it a specificity and originality
Gueguen, Marc. "Intégration multisensorielle et variabilité interindividuelle". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00659199.
Texto completoZaag, Rim. "Enrichissement de profils transcriptomiques par intégration de données hétérogènes : annotation fonctionnelle de gènes d'Arabidopsis thaliana impliqués dans la réponse aux stress". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLE013/document.
Texto completoIn the era of computational biology, functional annotation remains a major challenge. Recent annotation methods are based on the guilt by association assumption and rely on data integration to identify functional partners. However, most of these methods suffer from data heterogeneity and a lack of biological context specificity which would probably explain the high rate of false positives among predictions. This thesis develops an approach of molecular data integration controlling their heterogeneity in order to annotate Arabidopsis thaliana genes involved in stress response. The major contributions of this thesis are: (1) functional annotation of groups of co-expressed genes by omics data integration (2) the construction of a coregulatory gene network through a cross-analysis of the coexpressed groups strengthening the functional links between genes (3) the development of a supervised learning method for the inference of gene function centered on the GO Slim terms with a control of the FDR. By identifying a decision rule by term, this method was used to predict the function of 47 orphan or partially annotated genes
Imbernon, Eric. "ETUDE ET OPTIMISATION D'UNE FILIERETECHNOLOGIQUE FLEXIBLE ADAPTEE AU MODED'INTEGRATION FONCTIONNELLE". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00131494.
Texto completodéveloppement d'une filière technologique flexible pour la réalisation de nouvelles fonctions de
puissance intégrées, basées sur le mode d'intégration fonctionnelle. La fonctionnalité et les
caractéristiques électriques de ces dispositifs dépendent non seulement de la topologie et des
différentes connexions réalisées en surface mais également des caractéristiques internes de la structure
telles que le type et les paramètres physiques des couches. Dans ce contexte, deux dispositifs
présentant des fonctionnalités distinctes se différencient tant au niveau du procédé technologique
(température de recuit, dose et énergie d'implantation...) que de la géométrie des masques. Les filières
technologiques figées n'étant pas adaptées, nous avons développé une filière technologique composée
d'étapes technologiques de base et d'étapes spécifiques optimisées et compatibles entre elles. Après
avoir présenté cette filière basée sur un processus de fabrication permettant un autoalignement par
rapport à une grille en polysilicium, nous avons optimisé les différentes étapes technologiques. Nous
nous sommes basé sur des structures MOS (N et P, à enrichissement et à déplétion) pour optimiser les
étapes relatives aux caissons P et aux canaux préformés. Les caractérisations électriques effectuées sur
ces dispositifs ont permis de valider ces étapes d'optimisation. L'ensemble des étapes spécifiques a
ensuite été optimisé tout en préservant la compatibilité technologique de l'ensemble. La dernière partie
a été consacrée à la validation de cette filière en réalisant des structures tests procédant du mode
d'intégration fonctionnelle. Les différentes étapes de conception, réalisation technologique et
caractérisation électrique sont détaillées afin de mettre en évidence l'intérêt de cette nouvelle filière
technologique.
Jukovskaya, Natalia. "Adaptation périphérique aux odeurs dans le bulbe olfactif : détection et conséquences sur l'hypérémie fonctionnelle locale". Paris 5, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA05T036.
Texto completoFunctional Magnetic Resonance Imaging technique (fMRI) uses hemodynamic changes in the brain for mapping neuronal activity. Although it is recognized that functional hyperemia is triggered by neurotransmitter release rather than energy consumption by activated neurons, the mechanisms which link neuronal activity and hemodynamic changes are still under debate. We used the olfactory bulb as a biological model to study the relationship between the amount of locally released glutamate from olfactory receptor neuron terminals and blood flow changes in capillaries. We used two-photon laser scanning microscopy to measure in parallel with high spatial and temporal resolution vascular responses in individual capillaries and Ca2+variations in the terminals of Olfactory Sensory Neurons (OSN). Here we report that functional hyperemia is positively or negatively coupled to the amount of the locally released glutamate as measured for Ca2+signals, depending on the absence or the presence of peripheral adaptation. In parallel we investigated the extent for which OSNs are activated homogeneously. We report that during peripheral adaptation OSN terminals are not homogeneously activated
Rodriguez, Moreno Paulina del Carmen. "Intégration de considérations environnementales dans la phase conceptuelle du processus de conception de nouveaux produits". Thesis, Troyes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TROY0016/document.
Texto completoThe thesis contributes to a better understanding of the eco-design process of products, especially in the integration of environmental considerations in the early phases of the design process. Focused on the conceptual phase, the main motivation of this work is to intervene when the decisions of the designer have the greatest environmental influence. Indeed, many authors agree that the early stages of the design process can prevent up to 80% of environmental impacts. However, there are also many obstacles to the integration of environmental considerations, especially for a new product. The obstacles are highlighted through two types of locks. First, methodological locks encountered mainly at the conceptual stage. Secondly, operational locks are related with the lack of environmental knowledge of the designer. To solve the problems, we propose the creation of links between the life-cycle assessment (LCA), method that includes environmental knowledge, and functional analysis (FA), method well known by the designer early in the design process. These links have resulted in a collaborative eco-design process that is partly supported by the creation of the EcoAF method. Eco AF integrates life cycle concept of LCA when performing AF. It makes it possible to guide the designer in the integration of environmental considerations in creating a product with a balanced environmental performance throughout the life cycle
Mangin, Jean-Marie. "Caractérisation fonctionnelle des sous-types du récepteur à la glycine exprimés au cours du développement du système nerveux dans un contexte non-synaptique". Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066205.
Texto completoHenniquau, Dimitri. "Conception d’une interface fonctionnelle permettant la communication de neurones artificiels et biologiques pour des applications dans le domaine des neurosciences". Thesis, Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LILUN032.
Texto completoNeuromorphic engineering is an exciting emerging new field, which combines skills in electronics, mathematics, computer sciences and biomorphic engineering with the aim of developing artificial neuronal networks capable of reproducing the brain’s data processing. Thus, neuromorphic systems not only offer more effective and energy efficient solutions than current data processing technologies, but also set the bases for developing novel original therapeutic strategies in the context of pathological brain dysfunctions. The research group Circuits Systèmes Applications des Micro-ondes (CSAM) of the Institute for Electronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnologies (IEMN) in Lille, in which this thesis work was carried out, has contributed to the generation of such neuromorphic systems by developing a toolbox constituted of artificial neurons and synapses. In order to implement neuromorphic engineering in the therapeutic arsenal for treating neurologic disorders, we need to interface living and artificial neurons to ensure real communication between these different components. In this context and using the original tools developed by the CSAM group, the main goal of this thesis work was to design and produce a functional interface allowing a bidirectional communication loop to be established between living and artificial neurons. These artificial neurons have been developed by the CSAM group using CMOS technology and are able to emit biomimetic electrical signals. Living neurons were obtained from differentiated PC-12 cells. A first step in this work consisted in modeling and simulating this interface between artificial and living neurons; a second part of the thesis was dedicated to the fabrication and characterization of neurobiohybrid interfaces, and to the growth and characterization of living neurons before studying their capacities to communicate with artificial neurons. First, a model of neuronal membrane representing a living neuron interfaced with a metallic planar electrode has been developed. We thus showed that it is possible to excite neurons using biomimetic signals produced by artificial neurons while maintaining a low excitation voltage. Low voltage excitation would improve energy efficiency of neurobiohybrid systems integrating artificial neurons and reduce the impact of harmful electrical signals on living neurons. Then, the neurobiohybrid interfacing living and artificial neurons has been designed and produced. The results obtained by experimental characterization of this interface validate the approach consisting in exciting living neurons through a metallic planar electrode. Finally, living neurons from PC-12 cells were grown and differentiated directly onto neurobiohybrids. Then, an experimental proof of the ability of biomimetic electrical signals to excite living neurons was obtained using calcium imaging. To conclude, the work presented in this manuscript clearly establishes a proof of concept for the excitation of living neurons using a biomimetic signal in our experimental conditions and thus substantiates the first part of the bidirectional communication loop between artificial neurons and living neurons
Soriano, Alice. "Apports des sciences cognitives et de la neuroimagerie fonctionnelle à la communication anti-tabac : cas des avertissements graphiques apposés sur les paquets de cigarettes". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0018.
Texto completoFighting tobacco represents one of the biggest global health challenges for public policymakers. In France, cognitive (neuro)sciences are not used to develop and test anti-tobacco strategies prior to scaling them. However they could provide valuable insights in the understanding of attentional, emotional and memorization processes at play when a person is exposed to strategies aiming at fighting tobacco consumption. Since 2011, France has been using the set of graphic warnings provided by the European Commission in combination to text warning on cigarette packets. In a series of experimental studies, funded by the Ligue Nationale Contre Le Cancer, we used methodology from cognitive sciences (eye-tracking) and functional neuroimaging (fMRI) to investigate processes involved when smokers and non-smokers are exposed to such tobacco warnings. Tobacco warnings used in France may induce disgust or fear because some of them depict body damages caused by tobacco related diseases. In a first study, we observed the relationship between the nature of basic emotions evoked by those warnings in smokers and non smokers and the attentional and memorization processes. In a second study, we tested whether being exposed to tobacco warnings modulates the specific brain activity observed in fMRI when smokers are exposed to tobacco related images, a mechanism involved in “smoking cue reactivity”
Coly, Jean-Martin. "Situation migratoire et ethnicité : essai d'analyse fonctionnelle des stratégies d'intégration des migrants Diolas à Bordeaux". Bordeaux 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR20920.
Texto completoLegendre, Arnaud. "Modélisation fonctionnelle de l'activité neuronale hippocampique : Applications pharmacologiques". Thesis, Mulhouse, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MULH7271/document.
Texto completoThe work of this thesis aims to apply modeling and simulation techniques to mechanisms underlying neuronal activity, in order to promote drug discovery for the treatment of nervous system diseases. The models are developed and integrated at different scales: 1) the so-called "elementary models" permit to simulate dynamics of receptors, ion channels and biochemical reactions in intracellular signaling pathways; 2) models at the neuronal level allow to study the electrophysiological activity of these cells; and 3) microcircuits models help to understand the emergent properties of these complex systems, while maintaining the basic mechanisms that are the targets of pharmaceutical molecules. After a bibliographic synthesis of necessary elements of neurobiology, and an outline of the implemented mathematical and computational tools, the manuscript describes the developed models, as well as their validation process, ranging from the neurotransmitter receptor to the microcircuit. Moreover, these developments have been applied to three studies aiming to understand: 1) pharmacological modulation of the long-term potentiation (LTP) of glutamatergic synapses in the hippocampus, 2) mechanisms of neuronal hyperexcitability in the mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE), based on in vitro and in vivo experimental results, and 3) cholinergic modulation of hippocampal activity, particularly the theta rhythm associated with septo-hippocampal pathway
Hauw, Fabien. "Étude comportementale, fonctionnelle et anatomique de la synesthésie des sous-titres". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS680.
Texto completoThe brain networks involved in speech and written language are connected and interact when we use one or the other. For example, when we hear speech, we access information about the spelling of what we hear, and conversely when we read, we access phonological information about the content. The visual word form area (VWFA), located in the left fusiform gyrus, plays an important role in these interactions. This area is specialized in letter and word recognition, and appears with the learning to read. Synesthesia is defined as a "fusion of the senses": perception in one sensory modality is accompanied by superadded perception in another, unsolicited sensory modality. There is a synesthesia that links speech and written language processes, called tickertape synesthesia (TTS), in which the person perceives the orthographic form of what he or she hears. Our hypothesis was that the regions responsible for TTS were the perisylvian regions involved in language, and the visual regions involved in spelling processing. We also predicted that this phenomenon was linked to a reverse activation of the reading network, underpinned by top-down influences from language areas to reading areas that were too strong. We explored this synesthesia through a series of complementary studies. We administered a questionnaire to people with this synaesthesia, which enabled us to better characterize the subjective experience of TTS, including the visuo-spatial aspects of subtitles and the type of auditory stimulus or situation that can trigger TTS. We also showed that there were differences in performance on behavioral tests. Synesthetes had an advantage on tasks involving orthographic working memory on auditory stimulation alone, but were not impaired on visual tasks with interference via concomitant auditory stimulation. We identified the neural networks activated during TTS, first in a single synesthete, and then replicated these results across an entire group. These regions correspond to the perisylvian regions involved in language and the ventral occipitotemporal regions involved in orthographic processing. The networks activated in TTS were overlapped with those activated by reading. These results thus confirmed our initial hypotheses. We also showed that there was an excess of connectivity at rest in synesthetes, notably between the frontal and occipital regions. There was also an excess of connectivity in synesthetes between primary auditory regions and the VWFA during language listening compared with silence. Finally, we highlighted the importance of this fronto-occipital connectivity by studying the case of a patient with cortical blindness following lesions of the visual associative areas, with partial sparing of the primary visual cortex. Despite the patient's lack of awareness of any visual stimulation, it activated a region of the primary visual cortex. Compared with controls, this region had diminished resting connectivity with a left frontal region, already identified as having a role in awareness of visual stimuli. In summary, our work has enabled us to better characterize the phenomenon of TTS, and to clarify its neural substrates. It has also provided arguments for the role of the regions involved in current models of language and reading
Scannella, Sébastien. "Bases cérébrales du conflit visuo-auditif spatial et sémantique : études en IRM fonctionnelle et EEG". Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1349/.
Texto completoThe human cognitive system receives environmental information through multiple sensory channels. Most of the time, the channels provide congruent content, the integration of which helps build an unified perception of the world, but sometimes the environment provides inconsistent stimuli that perturb efficient interpretation. These situations generate a conflict associated with a behavioral cost, and sometimes severe consequences. In this research, we were interested in the visuo-auditory conflict and one of its consequences: the insensitivity to auditory alarms, sometimes observed in pilots. These were the questions that motivated this research: What are the brain structures involved in this conflict management? When do they act during the sensorimotor and cognitive processes? What are the physiological processes that may explain the insensitivity to auditory alarms sometimes observed in pilots during the landing, phase of the flight? We showed that the parieto-frontal network involved in unimodal conflict management is also involved in visual-auditory conflict. We also showed that both attentional and pre-attentional mechanisms can modify our perception. These modulations occur through multimodal interactions at different levels of the sensorimotor processing. Lastly, we showed that the insensitivity to alarms in pilots was related to both a pre-attentional modulation of auditory signal and to decision making difficulty in a complex environment. We finally proposed a simplified model of the functioning of the brain network involved in visual-auditory conflict management
Lamberton, Franck. "Correction des distorsions en imagerie fonctionnelle cérébrale par résonance magnétique nucléaire : application à la séquence d'imagerie ultra-rapide EPI". Caen, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CAEN2002.
Texto completoJacquet, Claire. "Intégration théorique de la biogéographie et du fonctionnement des écosystèmes". Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT138.
Texto completoThe general objective of this thesis is to combine theories acting at different spatial scales in order to better predict the effect of global changes, such as such as resource overexploitation, climate change or habitat fragmentation, on ecosystem functioning. The unique feature of this work is the use of species body mass to describe both spatial dynamics, trophic interactions and biomass flows between the species of an ecosystem. An advantage to this approach is that it links ecosystem properties to a functional trait, measured at the species or even the individual level.First, I study the relationship between the diversity and the stability of ecosystems. It has been demonstrated that species-rich, complex ecosystems should be too sensitive to perturbations to persist through time, which raises a paradox as many species-rich ecosystems are observed in nature. With the compilation and the analysis of a large dataset of empirically measured ecosystems, I show that there is no relationship between stability and diversity or complexity in real ecosystems. A further analysis demonstrates that the non-random organization of energy flows between predators and prey allows complex ecosystem to be stable.A second step is to link this stabilizing structure to species functional traits. I derive food web topology, species energetic needs and equilibrium densities from body mass to build quantitative realistic food webs. I find that food webs composed of species with very different body masses are characterized by a high number of weak trophic interactions and are more stable than food webs with more similar species.Finally, I study the effect of habitat area and isolation of the mean and variance of species body mass distribution, using models integrating the interspecific variability of dispersal ability, vulnerability to extinctions and trophic position. I compare model predictions to observed body mass distributions of fish assemblages found on tropical reefs with a global database. I find that body mass distribution in local fish assemblages does not correspond to a random sample of the regional species pool, which confirms the predictions of the allometric and trophic theory of island biogeography.The integration of functional ecology, island biogeography and theory on the stability of complex systems open new perspectives in the fields of macroecology and ecosystem management since it highlights the potential impact of habitat destruction and fragmentation on the functional reorganization of species assemblages and therefore on the structure and functioning of ecosystems
Montcel, Bruno. "Tomographie optique diffuse résolue en temps : Applications fonctionnelles en neurosciences". Phd thesis, Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00125499.
Texto completoBourennane, Abdelhakim. "Etude et conception de structures bidirectionnelles en courant et en tension commandées par MOS". Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30098.
Texto completoThis thesis work deals with the design of new MOS gated ac switch structures for ac mains applications, using functional integration. These devices are intended to replace the triac in ac mains applications. Indeed, the triac is a current controlled device requiring moderate amount of control power compared to voltage controlled devices. To develop new structures, the MOS controlled bidirectional devices proposed in the state of th art were analysed and their advantages as well as their drawbacks were highlighted. The first structure that we proposed is a MOS-riac that allows to have a triac structure with high input impedance and a voltage controlled structure. This structure is analysed using 2D simulations, designed, realised and we gave some experimental results. The second structure is a voltage and current bidirectional MOS-thyristor device. This structure uses a new type of triggering mode in the third quadrant of operation. Indeed, this mode of triggering is used for the first time in power semiconductor devices. To check that the lateral IGBT is capable of supplying the necessary current to turn-on the vertical thyristor, a lateral IGBT and a vertical thyristor were realised separately. The characterisation of these two components showed that it is possible to obtain the desired operation by integrating monolithically these two components. The third and last structure we proposed is also a bidirectional MOS controlled device. .
Mauro, Eric. "Etude fonctionnelle de l'interaction entre l'intasome du VIH-1 et le nucléosome : la queue d'histone H4 comme nouveau partenaire de l'intégration". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0273/document.
Texto completoHIV-1 integrase (IN) catalyzes the insertion of the viral genome into the host cell chromatin. This step is crucial for the virus for its efficient replication, integration is thus of interest to target for antiviral strategies. Understanding the mechanisms involved in integration is important in order to develop efficient tools to fight the virus.Retroviral integration is catalyzed by the intasome, an oligomer of IN and viral DNA. Intasomes integrate onto nucleosomes, composed of DNA wrapped around histone proteins, over naked DNA.In this thesis project, we have identified a new host-pathogen interaction between HIV-1 IN and the H4 histone tail. The topic of the project was then focus on this interaction and has highlighted:• The importance of the HIV-1 IN – H4 histone tail interaction for the viral cycle, especially onto the integration step, validating a new host-pathogen interaction.• The identification of the H4 histone tail as an essential partner for HIV-1 intasome for its anchoring onto nucleosomes.• The development of a novel antiviral strategy aiming to block this interaction in infected cells using chemical compounds
Sidibé, Mamadou. "Intégration des noyaux centre médian et parafasciculaire du thalamus dans la circuiterie fonctionnelle des ganglions de la base chez le singe écureuil, Saimiri sciureus". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0015/NQ48988.pdf.
Texto completoMars, Franck. "LA DESORIENTATION SPATIALE EN AERONAUTIQUE : Apport des Neurosciences intégratives à la conception des postes de pilotage". Phd thesis, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00364838.
Texto completoPariente, Jérémie. "Neuro-imagerie fonctionnelle, deux applications : récupération motrice après un AVC, déclin cognitif dans la maladie d'Alzheimer". Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30180.
Texto completoThe aim of this work was to determine to which extent the cortical network activated during an activation paradigm was altered by serotonin reuptake inhibitor after a stroke or at an early stage of Alzheimer disease. We have shown in a double blinded placebo fMRI study that SSRIs -fluoxetine and paroxetine- were able to modulate both motricity and the motor cortical network in healthy volunteers and stroke patients. We have also investigated the neuronal substrate of the placebo effect -anterior cingulum, DLPFC and opioid system- in a PET study involving patients suffering of a chronic painful condition. Finally, we have compared in an event related fMRI study Alzheimer disease patients and matched controls while performing a paired associative learning task. We have shown that patients hyperactivated a cortical network in order to compensate for the cognitive decline
Langbour, Nicolas. "Perturbations des processus d’intégration sensori-motrice dans la crampe de l’écrivain : une étude physiopathologique combinant imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle et électroencéphalographie-haute résolution". Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR21956/document.
Texto completoWriter's cramp is the most frequent form of task-specific dystonia. It is characterized by excessive and inappropriate muscle activation resulting in severe disturbance of writing. Writing is a complex sequential motor task requiring the on-line continuous monitoring of proprioceptive information to adjust the position of the upper limb and finger pressure on the pen. In this experimental work, we postulated that the main feature in the pathophysiology of writer's cramp is a sensorimotor integration disorder. To test this hypothesis, we used two behavioral tasks that does not induce dystonic symptoms. The subject performed a motor sequence, either spontaneously (SGT task), or on the basis of a sequence of proprioceptive stimuli previously presented (ST). Changes in brain activity during both tasks were studied by coupling functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG). Our results show that writer's cramp patients had impaired motor performances in both tasks whereas they did not exhibit any dystonic symptoms. During the analysis of proprioceptive information, fMRI shows a Bold signal decrease in the primary somatosensory cortex, the supplementary motor area (SMA) and parietal cortex. EEGq data revealed a decrease of β desynchronization (βERD) in SMA and intra-cortical coherence a disruption of the functional connectivity of parieto-premotor networks. During the motor phase, fMRI reveals no between-group difference, but EEGq showed an increase of βERD in the posterior parietal regions for the SGT task associated with an increased intra-cortical coherence. During the post-movement period, abnormal β synchronization (βERS) is also found in both tasks. This data shows that writer's cramp patient exhibited a disruption in the sequential analysis of proprioceptive information, as well as abnormalities in sensorymotor integration during motor planning. These features are related to an alteration of the functional relationships between the parietal and premotor cortices. These phenomenons explain why writer's cramp patient fail to develop an appropriate motor response on the basis of sequential proprioceptive information, as in writing
Caucheteux, Charlotte. "Language representations in deep learning algorithms and the brain". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASG031.
Texto completoRecent deep language models -- like GPT-3 and ChatGPT -- are capable to produce text that closely resembles that of humans. Such similarity raises questions about how the brain and deep models process language, the mechanisms they use, and the internal representations they construct. In this thesis, I compare the internal representations of the brain and deep language models, with the goal of identifying their similarities and differences. To this aim, I analyze functional resonance imaging (fMRI) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) recordings of participants listening to and reading sentences, and compare them to the activations of thousands of language algorithms corresponding to these same sentences.Our results first highlight high-level similarities between the internal representations of the brain and deep language models. We find that deep nets' activations significantly predict brain activity across subjects for different cohorts (>500 participants), recording modalities (MEG and fMRI), stimulus types (isolated words, sentences, and natural stories), stimulus modalities (auditory and visual presentation), languages (Dutch, English and French), and deep language models. This alignment is maximal in brain regions repeatedly associated with language, for the best-performing algorithms and for participants who best understand the stories. Critically, we evidence a similar processing hierarchy between the two systems. The first layers of the algorithms align with low-level processing regions in the brain, such as auditory areas and the temporal lobe, while the deep layers align with regions associated with higher-level processing, such fronto-parietal areas.We then show how such similarities can be leveraged to build better predictive models of brain activity and better decompose several linguistic processes in the brain, such as syntax and semantics. Finally, we explore the differences between deep language models and the brain's activations. We find that the brain predicts distant and hierarchical representations, unlike current language models that are mostly trained to make short-term and word-level predictions. Overall, modern algorithms are still far from processing language in the same way that humans do. However, the direct links between their inner workings and that of the brain provide an promising platform for better understanding both systems, and pave the way for building better algorithms inspired by the human brain
Ducuing, Hugo. "Étude fonctionnelle de la signalisation PlexinA1/SlitC dans le guidage des axones commissuraux de la moelle épinière". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1298.
Texto completoAxon guidance receptors often bind several ligands, themselves mediating their effects via different receptors, which complexifies the understanding of functional outcomes downstream of each ligand-receptor couple. Likewise, during commissural axon navigation across the spinal cord midline in the floor plate (FP), PlexinA1 (PlxnA1) contributes as a receptor for two guidance cues, SlitC and Sema3B when complexed with Neuropilin2 (Nrp2). SlitN, produced with SlitC by full-length Slit processing bind other receptors, the Roundabouts (Robo1/2). To decipher the selective contributions of PlxnA1/SlitC signaling to the FP navigation, we generated a mouse strain baring PlxnA1 Y1815F mutation, previously found in vitro to abolish SlitC but not Sema3B responses. We found that this mutation selectively recapitulates one of the phenotypes of PlxnA1-/- embryos. This outcome is not triggered by specific spatial arrangement of SlitC in the FP, as using various fluorescent reporter tools we found SlitC has a pattern closely resembling that of SlitN, suggesting SlitC outcome might rather be set at the receptor levels. To get further insights, we explored the nature of the process requiring the Y1815 residue. Through imaging of pHLuo-tagged PlxnA1 receptor in various ex vivo paradigms and mass spectrometry analysis, we observed that Y1815 alters the surface dynamics of PlxnA1 and its network of interactions, revealing this is a crucial parameter for SlitC functions. More generally, our study provides the first dissection of ligand-specific outcomes of a guidance receptor during commissural axon navigation
Cléry, Justine. "Bases neurales de la représentation spatiale grâce à l’imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMf)". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1102/document.
Texto completoThe construction of the representation of self is based on the integration of information received by our different sensory modalities such as visual, auditory, tactile or proprioceptive information. The interaction between actions and movements and more recently social interactions and space are being explored at the behavioral level, but less so at the functional level and much more remains to be elucidated. In particular, it is important and fundamental to understand exactly which processes are involved in space representation and how, not only from a partial view focusing on specific cortical areas and single neuron processes but at the scale of the whole brain and the functional networks. The first axis of my thesis focuses on peripersonal space, that is the space that is closest to us, and represents one of the functional subspaces of spatial representation. We assume that it is the same regions that contribute to multisensory convergence, to the prediction of the consequences of a looming visual stimulus onto tactile processing and to the construction of peripersonal space. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the effect of the temporal and spatial predictive aspects of a dynamical looming visual stimulus onto tactile stimulus detection in humans (behavioral study) and non-human primates (fMRI study); the neural bases of near space and far space representations, in non-human primate (fMRI study). We highlight the involvement of a parieto-frontal network, essentially composed by the ventral intraparietal area VIP, the premotor area F4 as well as striate and extra-striate cortical regions, which are activated by these three different mechanisms. We propose that this network not only processes the trajectory of the looming object with respect to the body, but also anticipates its consequences onto the body and prepares protective actions in response to the looming stimulus. The second axis of my thesis focuses on characterizing the extent of plasticity in the visual representation of the adult brain (as opposed to the early stages around the critical developmental periods) and in particular, how the associated fine-grained changes in the visual cortex can be precisely quantified along multiple dimensions (anatomical, functional, pharmacological). Specifically, we have developed a set of high-resolution MRI methods to assess functional (high-resolution visual mapping fMRI, rs-MRI), pharmacological (GABA spectroscopy imaging) and structural (anatomical MRI, DTI) imaging to define reference measures against which to evaluate the changes induced by plasticity at different times after its induction, through a longitudinal study performed in the same animals. Some of these methods need to be more refined but they show that they are really promising to study plasticity in nonhuman primate. On the whole, this present doctoral research allows to make a functional link between human fMRI studies and monkey single cell recording studies and provides new strategies and explorations to perform on the spatial representation field both in humans and non-human primates
Pomares, Borgetto Florence. "Caractérisation de la réponse cérébrale à la douleur et ses modulations". Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00671420.
Texto completoMazzola, Laure. "ROLE DU CORTEX OPERCULO-INSULAIRE DANS LA SOMESTHESIE ET LA DOULEUR CHEZ L'HOMME". Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00793586.
Texto completoSjogärd, Martin. "Investigations of static and dynamic neuromagnetic resting state functional connectivity in healthy subjects and brain disorders". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/313545.
Texto completoLe cerveau se compose de différentes zones fonctionnelles spatialement distinctes, qui sous-tendent différents aspects du comportement humain. En utilisant une technologie avancée de neuroimagerie et des méthodes d'analyse neurocomputationnelle, les neuroscientifiques ont caractérisé les rôles fonctionnels d’un bon nombre de structures cérébrales (i.e. la spécialisation fonctionnelle) et comment elles sont interconnectées à la fois structurellement et fonctionnellement (i.e. l’intégration fonctionnelle) pour produire les actions motrices, les sensations et les fonctions cognitives qui nous permettent de naviguer dans nos vies. Ces dernières années, les techniques de neuroimagerie ont également démontré que ces réseaux cérébraux fonctionnels sous-tendent également le bon fonctionnement du cerveau lorsqu'il est « au repos », c'est-à-dire qu'il n'effectue aucune tâche explicite ou ciblée. Des modifications de ces réseaux « de l’état de repos » (RSN) ont été impliquées dans un certain nombre de pathologies neurologiques ou psychiatriques, indiquant que leur altération peut jouer un rôle dans les déficits de fonctions sensorielles, motrices ou cognitives présentées par les patients.Dans cette thèse, nous introduisons de nouvelles lignes directrices pour investiguer l'électrophysiologie des RSN à l'aide de la magnétoencéphalographie (MEG), une technique de neuroimagerie non invasive qui mesure directement les champs magnétiques associés à l'activité neuronale électrique. Nous avons premièrement déterminé comment les choix méthodologiques au niveau de la reconstruction de sources en MEG influence les résultats de l’estimation de l’intégration fonctionnelle cérébrale. Ensuite, nous avons été en mesure d’étudier l’intégration fonctionnelle au sein des RSNs avec une grande résolution spatiale et temporelle, et ainsi, de déterminer les processus neurophysiologiques à l’origine de l’intégration fonctionnelle « intrinsèque » (i.e. indépendante d’une tâche ou de ce que le sujet fait) et « extrinsèque » (i.e. influencée ou modulée par une tâche). Nous avons démontré que l’intégration fonctionnelle intrinsèque repose sur le couplage de l’enveloppe (ou amplitude) de l’activité rythmique cérébrale alors que l’extrinsèque repose sur le couplage de phase de cette activité. Enfin, nous avons déterminé comment l’intégration fonctionnelle intrinsèque est altérée dans la sclérose en plaques (SEP), une maladie caractérisée en partie par la dégradation des connexions reliant différentes zones cérébrales et par des altérations variables des fonctions cognitive. Nous avons pu démontrer que le handicap moteur et certains troubles cognitifs (fatigue, cognitiven fluence verbale) sont associés à des altérations de l’intégration fonctionnelle intrinsèque de RSNs spécifiques.
Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Médecine)
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Rives, Marie-Laure. "Interaction fonctionnelle entre les récepteurs métabotropiques du glutamate de type 1a (mGluR1a) et les récepteurs métabotropiques de l'acide γ-aminobutyrique (GABA) (GABAB)". Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20006.
Texto completoG-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) form the largest membrane receptor family and play critical roles in numerous physiological functions. In contrast to the large number of GPCRs, the number of effectors is considerably smaller, whereas the cellular biological responses are multiple and complex. So, an increasing number of functional interactions have been described and the integration of the signals might be a key event of the signal transduction. Recently, it has been evidenced that signals were generated and controlled through receptorbased signaling complexes, the components of these multi-protein complexes regulating the localization and function of the receptors but it has also been proposed that the ability of these receptors to form dimers or larger order oligomers may provide a way for signal integration. During my PhD, I have been mainly interested in the study of the functional « cross talk » (or regulation) ocurring between mGlu1a and GABAB in Purkinje cells. The co-activation of the GABAB receptor leads to the potentiation of the mGlu1a activation-induced calcium responses. Some results seem to indicate that this potentiation is due to a functional interaction between the implicated signaling pathways but some other data suggested a direct physical interaction between both receptors, that is to say oligomerization. We could demonstrate that a physical interaction between mGlu1a and GABAB was not necessary to the functional « cross talk » observed. This interaction results from a general mechanism in which the beta-gamma subunits produced by the Gi-coupled GABAB receptor enhance the mGlu receptor mediated Gq-response. Most importantly, this mechanism could be generalized to other Gi-Gq pairs of receptors, and the signal integration varies depending on the time delay between the activation of one and the other receptor. Such a mechanism help explaining specific properties of cell expressing two differents Gi and Gq coupled receptors activated by a single transmitter, as well as properties of GPCRs that are naturally coupled to both types of G-proteins
Saadoune, Mohammed. "Lemme de Fatou multivoque ensembles tendus /". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37600921t.
Texto completoGuipponi, Olivier. "Bases neurales de la représentation de soi chez le primate non-humain grâce à l'imagerie par résonance magnétique fonctionnelle (IRMf)". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10188/document.
Texto completoThe aim of this thesis is to investigate the neural basis of self-representation in the non human primate. We studied the multimodal convergence both 1) at the area level precisely mapping auditory, tactile and visual convergence in the intraparietal sulcus and 2) at the whole brain level capturing the spatial pattern of visuo-tactile cortical convergence. We also investigated the neural network subserving multisensory integration in a dynamical visuo tactile context, showing that the strongest behavioral and cortical are obtained when the visual stimuli is predictive of the tactile stimulus rather than during simultaneous presentations. Finally, we studied the representation of space by characterizing the neural bases of near space and far space in a real naturalistic environment, thus providing the neural grounds for the observed behavioral and neuropsychological dissociation between near and far space processing