Tesis sobre el tema "Intangible rights"

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on December 14, 2007) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Article 2 (1) of the UNESCO Convention on the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage defines “intangible cultural heritage” as “the practices, representations, expressions, knowledge, skills – as well as the instruments, objects, artefacts, and cultural spaces associated therewith – that communities […] recognize as part of their cultural heritage.” Cultural Heritage than, is the “expression of the ways of living developed by a community and passed on from generation to generation”. The thesis will focus on the problem of immigration, integration and citizenship, in relation to the international conventions on the protection of intangible cultural heritage. The issue of Cultural Heritage invests many aspects of the immigration policies, such as the education problem, the preservation of the language, integration, and the protection of human rights. After briefly outlining the problems of immigration in the United States, showing data, outlining immigration policies and international issues, the thesis will then summarize the problems of cultural integration and the consequent development of the concept of intangible Cultural Heritage. Together with the policies concerning integration and the social and cultural processes that are actuated to help an individual to become part of a society, countries and international organizations have established to draft a whole set of conventions apt to safeguard the particular issue of the cultural intangible heritage of the people arriving in a new country. In a second part, the 1995 “Framework convention for the Protection of National Minorities”, the 2001 UNESCO’S “Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity”, the 2003 “Convention on the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage”, and the 2005 “Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions”, will be presented, analyzing which countries have ratified them and why. Finally, the thesis will focus on the particular frame of the United States of America and the peculiar case of North Carolina. In the latest years, North Carolina has become part of the movement of states and local municipalities searching for new strategies to compensate the failure of federal immigration reform at the national level. North Carolina has become an important barometer of contemporary immigration debates for the nation. The thesis will analyze few specific case studies regarding the initiatives, laws and statements issued by the government and institutions of North Carolina, as well as the international organizations working in the state on the protection and development of the Cultural Heritage and related issues in the immigrated minorities. The final objective of the thesis will be to understand if there are strategies, or ideas that can be shared to help and improve the social condition of many new citizens. Why has immigrant segregation increased even if racial segregation has declined? What can governments and international organizations do to promote the integration of different cultures and at the same time preserve their national Cultural Heritage, and how can international law help?

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 144 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references (p. ). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

La relation entre droit international des investissements et patrimoine culturel a fait l’objet de rares études et réflexions, et ce uniquement de manière récente. D’une part, le droit international des investissements a connu une croissance et un développement considérables uniquement dans les dernières trois décennies. D’autre part, comme certains auteurs l’ont souligné, le patrimoine culturel a un statut quelque peu ‘incertain’ en droit international. À la lumière des rares études sur ce sujet, qui généralement mettent en évidence les rapports conflictuels et ambigus entre droit international des investissements et patrimoine culturel, la thèse s’est proposée d’analyser la relation existant entre la réglementation internationale des investissements étrangers et le patrimoine culturel dans se multiples expressions, et cela aussi bien sur le plan des règles substantielles que du contentieux et de la résolution des différends d’investissements concernant la culture. L’idée que la relation entre les investissements étrangers et le patrimoine, réglés par le droit international de manière et amplitude différentes, puisse apporter des avantages mutuels a servi de prémisse générale pour toutes les études menées dans le cadre de la thèse. Parmi les investissements, les investissements étrangers revêtent une grande importance dans les périodes de crise économique et de difficulté à rassembler les ressources nécessaires à préserver le patrimoine. Les investissements sont donc vitaux pour la culture. Cela ne contredit pas l’idée qu’il existe des situations de ‘conflit’, quand les activités économiques peuvent potentiellement causer des dommages et/ou représenter un danger pour le patrimoine. Les recherches et les analyses effectuées ont montré que les traités en matière d’investissements contiennent souvent plusieurs dispositions concernant la culture et le patrimoine culturel. En matière de litiges, les différends d’investissement ont impliqué ou touché aux formes et expressions les plus variées de la culture : des sites UNESCO patrimoine de l’humanité aux industries culturelles, aux lieux de mémoire et au patrimoine des communautés indigènes. En outre, d’une façon quelque peu surprenante et inattendue mais significative, les règles qui protègent les investisseurs internationaux ont été invoquées par des investisseurs qui avaient réalisé des investissements dans les biens et ‘ressources’ culturelles ainsi que pour défendre les activités économiques relatives au « capital culturel » des communautés indigènes. Les diverses études conduites dans le cadre de la présente thèse ont permis de montrer plusieurs aspects et facettes de la relation entre investissements étrangers et patrimoine et de tirer diverses conclusions. Les recherches effectuées ont montré la nécessité d’investissements étrangers pour la protection, sauvegarde, conservation et valorisation de chaque expression culturelle, et les avantages d’une interaction entre régulation internationale des investissements et patrimoine culturel : la relation symbiotique entre droit international des investissements et patrimoine culturel a été démontrée. Cette première réflexion conclusive « soulève » un deuxième élément : il existe, dans le droit international de la culture et du patrimoine, un espace légitime et ample réservé au droit international des investissements. Symétriquement, l’arbitrage d’investissements peut représenter un instrument valide de résolution des différends en matière de patrimoine. Enfin, on peut soutenir que l’intersection des règles internationales en matière d’investissements étrangers avec les règles internationales en matière culturelle peut être déterminante dans la création, ou soutenir la présence, d’un système qui tienne compte – à travers des standards précis de transparence, légalité et légitimité – de l’ensemble des intérêts impliqués
The relationship between international investment law and cultural heritage has commanded little attention and only recently. Certainly, international investment law has become one of the most prominent branches of international law. Its development has been strictly connected to the soaring growth of bilateral treaties on the promotion and protection of foreign investment and free trade agreements with foreign investment chapters. n turn, the status and place of cultural heritage under international law has grown, significantly progressing from some provisions included in international humanitarian conventions on the protection of heritage during armed conflicts. In light of the few studies existing on the subject of this thesis, which have in general concluded that conflictual and ambiguous relations exist between international investment law and cultural heritage, this thesis proposes to analyze this relation from both the substantive and dispute settlement standpoints. The idea that the relation between foreign investment and cultural heritage, regulated in different ways and ‘intensities’ by international law, could be positive was a general premise for all the research. Indeed, among investments, foreign investments have a great importance in a moment of economic crisis and difficulty in finding appropriate resources to safeguard heritage. Investments are hence vital for culture. The researches and analyses carried out for the thesis have shown that investment treaties often contain a number of provisions concerning culture and cultural heritage. With regard to international disputes, investment disputes have involved or touched upon different cultural forms and expressions: from UNESCO sites to cultural industries, to lieux de mémoire and indigenous communities’ heritage. Further, quite surprisingly, the international rules protecting foreign investors have sometimes been invoked, or resorted to, by subjects that had invested specifically in cultural ‘resources’ or to protect economic activities based on indigenous communities’ culture. The studies and researches carried out for this thesis have made it possible to reach and demonstrate a number of conclusions. First, the researches carried out have demonstrated that foreign investments are necessary to protect, safeguard, preserve and promote any form of cultural expression, and a strong interaction exists between the international regulation of foreign investments and cultural heritage. It has thus been shown that there exists a symbiotic relationship between international investment law and cultural heritage. Second, it has been possible to prove that, within international culture and cultural heritage law, there exists a ‘legitimate space’ for international investment law. Symmetrically, international investment arbitration can represent a valid cultural dispute settlement mechanism. Lastly, it is possible to assert that merging international rules on foreign investments and international rules on culture or cultural heritage can lead to create, or support the existence of, a more transparent, legitimate and rule-of-law-based system. In the light of all these considerations, the research, analysis and reflection carried out for the thesis has demonstrated how positive the relation between international investment law and cultural heritage can be fro states and the society. This, without denying any potentially negative effect. One might hope that the results obtained allow to adapt any practice in the field of culture. The protection of cultural heritage can indeed be strongly enhanced through the regulation of foreign investment

Property rights are the backbone of Western Civilization. Capitalism can only be successful if individuals feel secure about the ownership of their assets. Patents are the property rights granted to the inventor by the government. Without these rights, inventors will find it extremely difficult monetizing their contributions to society. Thus, in an effort to incentivize innovation and commit society to human progress, our Founding Fathers built our country on a strong set of intellectual property rights. At the same time, nothing impedes innovation like a monopoly and, in essence, all a patent amounts to is a monopoly, the right to exclude others from monetizing a specific innovation over an extended period of time. Hence, at the margin, patents increase the incentive to create new patentable knowledge, while simultaneously also stifling the dissemination of that knowledge. A good patent system strikes the right balance between innovation and a government-granted, anti-competitive monopoly. After a 20-year period of an unprecedentedly pro-patent environment in the United States, the value of patents has never been higher. Patents, as opposed to their intended use of incentivizing innovation, are now seen as a form of protection against litigation, and also a weapon to litigate patent infringements to extract license fees and royalty payments from companies who are supposedly in violation of these patents. The pendulum has swung, and patents are now stifling innovation to an extent not conceived of by our Founding Fathers. This thesis will explore the reasons for the extreme increase in the value of patents over the years and will attempt to propose a plan of action to swing the pendulum back where our Founding Fathers originally intended it to be.

Par une étude d’ensemble de la jurisprudence, de la législation et de la doctrine, cette thèse a pour objet de proposer une définition renouvelée de la notion de décision créatrice de droits tout en procédant à l’analyse critique du régime juridique applicable à cette catégorie d’actes administratifs.Le travail de définition a été mené sous un angle à la fois fonctionnel, tenant au régime de sortie de vigueur, et conceptuel, tenant aux effets des décisions créatrices de droits. Du point de vue de la fonction, il est apparu que le périmètre de la notion étudiée était plus large que celui traditionnellement retenu. La catégorie des décisions créatrices de droits regroupe ainsi l’ensemble des décisions administratives individuelles dont le retrait ou l’abrogation ne sauraient être décidés de manière discrétionnaire par l’administration. Elle s'oppose ainsi à la catégorie des actes non créateurs de droits dont l'abrogation peut intervenir pour tout motif. Du point de vue des effets, les décisions créatrices de droits ont de surcroît pour caractéristique d’être, en principe, la source de droits publics subjectifs et d’obligations administratives. La mise en place d’un régime de sortie de vigueur protecteur est ainsi corrélée avec la possible identification d’un droit au sens conceptuel du terme. Cette nouvelle conception des décisions créatrices de droits ouvre la voie à une analyse renouvelée des règles qui gouvernent leur adoption, leur exécution et leur révocation. Une attention particulière est ainsi portée sur les garanties qui permettent au bénéficiaire de la décision de jouir paisiblement des droits subjectifs et avantages dont il est titulaire, ainsi que sur les mécanismes anciens ou contemporains qui encadrent l’exécution par l’administration de ses obligations
Through a comprehensive study of the case law, legislation and legal literature, this thesis seeks to propose a renewed definition of the notion of decisions creating rights. In doing so, it critically analyses the legal regime applicable to this category of administrative acts. The definitional work has been carried out from both a functional perspective, relating to the revocation regime, and a conceptual perspective, relating to the effects of decisions creating rights. From a functional point of view, it appeared that the scope of the concept under study was broader than the one that is traditionally used. The category of decisions creating rights thus includes the entirety of individual administrative decisions whose withdrawal or repeal cannot be decided on a discretionary basis by the administration. As regards the effects of decisions creating rights, their main characteristic is that they are, in principle, the source of subjective public rights and administrative obligations. The establishment of a protective revocation regime is thus correlated with the potential identification of a right in a conceptual sense. This new conception of decisions creating rights opens the way to a renewed analysis of the rules governing their adoption, enforcement and revocation. Particular attention is thus paid to the guarantees which allow the beneficiary of the decision to peacefully enjoy the subjective rights and advantages of which he or she is the holder. Furthermore, emphasis is also placed on the various mechanisms which govern the execution of the administration’s obligations

La presente investigación tiene como finalidad evaluar el impacto financiero y tributario de los desembolsos por contenido propio y derechos de transmisión en base a la NIC 38 “Activos Intangibles”. Los canales de televisión son la principal fuente de información, según CONCORTV en el 2017 los ciudadanos indican que uno de los medios de comunicación que tiene mayor presencia a nivel local y regional es la televisión, aunque existe una cierta insatisfacción por parte del ciudadano con respecto a la programación, ya que no es cultural ni educativa. Nos interesa investigar sobre los desembolsos por contenido propio y derechos de transmisión desde la perspectiva de los activos intangibles a nivel contable, al ser un caso particular en un sector poco investigado. La metodología utilizada es el diseño no experimental, el alcance es investigación exploratoria, ya que es un plan de investigación contable aplicado en Perú, el tamaño de la muestra son los canales de televisión que tienen una mayor participación de mercado, el cual concentra el 84 % en el sector de telecomunicaciones. La presente tesis se desarrollará en cinco capítulos. En el primer capítulo, se describirá investigaciones locales e internacionales. En el segundo capítulo, se plantean los problemas, las hipótesis a validar y los objetivos propuestos. En el tercer capítulo, se procederá a describir la metodología a utilizar es enfoque mixto. En el cuarto capítulo, se presentan los resultados del análisis cualitativo y cuantitativo y se plasma en un caso práctico con el que se pretende identificar la capitalización los desembolsos por contenido propio y derechos de transmisión, identificar la variable independiente las cuales puedan generar expectativa de cuan material representa dentro de los estados financieros. En el quinto capítulo se analizan conclusiones y recomendaciones.
The purpose of this research is to evaluate the financial and tax impact of disbursements for own content and transmission rights based on IAS 38 "Intangible Assets". Television channels are the main source of information, according to CONCORTV in 2017, citizens indicate that one of the media that has a greater presence at the local and regional level is television, although there is a certain dissatisfaction on the part of the citizen with respect to programming, since it is not cultural or educational. We are interested in investigating the own contents and transmission rights from the perspective of the intangible at the accounting level to be a particular case in a sector little investigated. The methodology used is the non-experimental design, the scope is exploratory research, since it is an accounting research plan applied in Peru, and the size of the sample is the television channels that have a greater market share, which concentrates 84 % in the telecommunications sector. This thesis will be developed in five chapters. In the first chapter, local and international investigations will be described. In the second chapter, the problems are posed, the hypotheses to be validated and the proposed objectives. In the third chapter, we will proceed to describe the methodology to be used is a mixed approach. In the fourth chapter, the results of the qualitative and quantitative analysis are presented and it is embodied in a practical case with which it is intended to identify capitalization disbursements by own content and transmission rights, identify the independent variables which can generate expectation of materials represent in the financial statements. In the fifth chapter conclusions and recommendations are analyzed.
Tesis

The dissertation thesis concentrates on financial reporting of professional sports franchises. The thesis is divided into eight sections. In addition to introduction and conclusion the thesis includes the section focus on sports economics and five sections consider specific issues of professional sports clubs from accounting perspective. Section 1 accents an increasing importance of sport in society involving growing allocation of financial resources. Entry into stock is way to obtain an external capital. However this entry increases user's requirements on financial statements. Section 2 focus on economic background of professional sports franchises. Understanding of economic relations in sports branche provides correct interpretation of economic phenomenons and their recognition. Section 3 emphasizes importance of intangible rights in sports branche and presents approaches of intangible asset accounting included in IFRS and US GAAP. Section 4 be engaged in most important issue in sports branche -- economic relations between players and sports franchises established in the player contracts. This section concern about initial recognition of player contracts depending on type of acquisition and accounting of longterm liabilities included in the player contracts. Section 5 shows economic implications of league franchise (especially teritorial exclusivity) which are crucial for fulfiling the recognition criteria to be classified as an (intangible) asset. Key problem of subsequent recognition of league franchise is determining the useful life of an intangible asset. Section 6 present the main sources of revenues for sports franchises (operating segments) and their influence on the structure of financial statements. This section concentres mostly on recognition of revenues from sale of broadcasting rights guaranteed in longterm contracts. Section 7 focus on some economic and accounting aspects of operating a sports facility (especially subvencion and longterm lease of sports facilities). Section 8 summarise the main ideas included in this dissertation thesis.

Notion centrale des rapports entre l’État et les individus, l'ordre public mis en œuvre par la police administrative est traditionnellement identifié comme étant matériel. Essentiel à l'équilibre entre maintien de la paix sociale et garantie des droits et libertés individuels, il y est particulièrement fait recours lorsqu'est en cause la sécurité. La législation (lato sensu) récente en matière d'état d'urgence le rappelle. Mais l'ordre public n'est pas uniquement matériel, limité à la sécurité, à la tranquillité et à la salubrité publiques. Notion classique du droit public, l'ordre public ne cesse d'évoluer. Il est en effet possible de tirer de divers phénomènes épars l'existence d'un ordre public immatériel dont l'émergence et l'utilisation visent à répondre à des déséquilibres apparus dans l'État de droit. Permettant notamment la protection de valeurs objectives à partir desquelles la société est ordonnée, l'ordre public immatériel vise à rééquilibrer les rapports entre le collectif et l'individuel. Il est en ce sens une notion fonctionnelle. Il est ainsi possible de définir l'ordre public immatériel et de construire un régime juridique qui lui soit adapté. Impuissant à restreindre les libertés dans la vie privée, il s'exprime dans le cadre de l'espace public auquel il est cantonné, ce qui limite d'autant les risques d'intrusion de l'État. Il peut être vu comme une notion autonome. Cette formalisation permet d'identifier plus facilement l'ordre public immatériel. Surtout, elle laisse entendre qu'il pourrait s'imposer durablement dans l'ordre juridique français
A key notion in the relationship between the State and individuals, public order implemented by the administrative authorities is normally considered as material. Essential to the balance between maintaining social peace and ensuring respect for individual rights and freedoms, public order is implemented especially where security is involved. Recent legislation (in the broad sense) introducing the state of emergency is a case in point. However, public order is not merely material or restricted to matters of public security, peace or health. Public order, a traditional notion in public law, continues to evolve. From the various different phenomena, it is indeed possible to deduce the existence of an immaterial public order, the emergence and implementation of which are intended to offset the disequilibrium arising from the rule of law. The purpose of immaterial public order, which ensures the protection of objective values around which society is organised, is to restore the balance between the public and the individual. In that sense, it is a functional notion. It is therefore possible to define immaterial public order and build a legal system adapted to it. Immaterial public order, which is powerless to restrict freedoms in private life, expresses itself in the public domain to which it is confined, thereby limiting the risks of State intervention. lt can be seen as a notion in its own right. As a result of this formalisation, immaterial public order can be more readily identified. Above all, formalisation suggests that it could become a permanent feature of the French legal system

The main objective of this thesis is the valuation of distribution rights of the company TROJA MOTO s.r.o.. Derivative goal is the specification of an intangible asset (distribution rights), including a comparison of benefits and costs that result from the usage of this right for the company. For the valuation of distribution rights, I apply the valuation method of multi-period excess-earnings, which is suitable for the valuation of specific intangibles. The main part are the strategic and financial analysis, which are important basis for the financial plan. The final chapter includes the calculated value of distribution rights themselves.

Face aux limites d’un modèle social fondé sur la propriété absolue, l’usufruit, défini comme un droit de jouissance temporaire sur la chose d’autrui, apparaît aujourd’hui comme un outil fondamentalement utile. C’est aussi un droit en pleine expansion, comme en témoigne la diversification croissante de ses applications. Le quasi-usufruit, l’usufruit successif, l’usufruit temporaire, conditionnel, éventuel mais aussi l’usufruit des créances, des droits sociaux, des droits de propriété intellectuelle ou des universalités de fait sont autant d’exemples d’un usufruit que l’on peut dire « atypique » en raison de ses particularismes de régime. Ce sont ces mécanismes que la présente étude se propose d’étudier. Plus précisément, il s’agit de déterminer si les usufruits spéciaux peuvent ou non se concilier avec le modèle classique de l’usufruit, autrement dit, si une définition et un régime communs demeurent possibles. La démarche suppose alors de trancher la controverse toujours vive de la définition de l’usufruit en un démembrement de la propriété, et, ce faisant, d’apporter des solutions aux insuffisances bien connues des règles classiques de l’usufruit, telles que l’absence de relations personnelles entre les parties, et de manière générale, leur séparation trop stricte dans l’exercice de l’usufruit. De ce point de vue, la réflexion sur les usufruits atypiques crée l’occasion de repenser l’institution entière, et apparaît comme la source d’un potentiel renouvellement
In the face of the limits of a social model organization based on absolute property rights, the right of usufruct (usufruit), which can be defined as a temporary right of use on another individual’s property, appears nowadays as fundamental tool. Usufruct is also a thriving tool, as evidenced by the growing diversification of its implementations. In this regard, the rise of atypical forms of usufruct – usufruct rights that differ substantially from the traditional form and regime of usufruct – is particularly striking. Quasi-usufruct (also known as irregular usufruct), successive usufruct, temporary, conditional or potential usufruct, as well as usufruct on debts, shares, and intellectual property rights are just examples of this booming phenomenon. They are the subject of this research. More precisely, this research seeks to determine whether such atypical rights of usufruct may be accommodated to the more traditional form of usufruct. In other word, the question is whether a characterization and legal regime common to both traditional and atypical forms of usufruct can be achieved. Therefore, this study aims at resolving past debates over the characterization of usufruct as a breaking-up of property rights and at providing remedies to the well-known insufficiencies in the traditional legal framework of usufruct rights, such as the absence of interpersonal relations between the parties, and more generally, their strict dissociation in the actual exercise of the usufruct right. In this perspective, this research on the atypical forms of usufruct is the occasion to fully rethink this legal institution, and opens the way for its prospective renewal

La diversité biologique connaît un schéma d'érosion face auquel la communauté internationale tente de lutter. Depuis quelques années, les communautés locales et autochtones sont reconnues comme un modèle de conservation et d'utilisation durable de cette diversité. Elles recréent, expriment et transmettent des connaissances et pratiques de gestion des ressources naturelles depuis des temps immémoriaux pour certaines. En 2003, la Convention pour la sauvegarde du patrimoine culturel immatériel (ci-après « Convention PCI ») est adoptée afin de préserver ce patrimoine qui est lui aussi sur le point de disparaître en raison de l'acculturation, la mondialisation, la déforestation, etc. Malgré la relation d’interdépendance qui caractérise certains éléments du patrimoine culturel immatériel (ci-après « PCI ») avec les éléments matériels naturels auxquels ils sont associés, la Convention ne guide pas ses Parties vers la reconnaissance et préservation de cette relation. Plus précisément, elle ne guide pas ses Parties vers la conservation et l’utilisation durable de l’ensemble des éléments de la biodiversité nécessaires à la sauvegarde du PCI (réseau de vie). C’est pourquoi, certains pourraient s’interroger sur la capacité de la Convention PCI à sauvegarder le PCI associé à la biodiversité ? A l’heure de l’extinction des espèces et de la raréfaction des connaissances et pratiques « traditionnelles », il apparaît primordial de faire évoluer la mise en œuvre de la Convention par une révision de ses Directives opérationnelles chargées de préciser les engagements des Parties et régulièrement amendées par le Comité intergouvernemental de sauvegarde du PCI et l’Assemblé générale des États parties à la Convention vers une sauvegarde mieux adaptée au PCI associé à la biodiversité. L’approche par écosystème développée sous l’empire de la Convention sur la diversité biologique (ci-après « CDB ») dont les objectifs sont la conservation, l’utilisation durable de la biodiversité et le partage juste et équitable des avantages découlant de l’utilisation des ressources naturelles sert de base à cette proposition de révision des directives de la Convention PCI. L’approche permet de gérer des écosystèmes considérés comme des réseaux de vie dont les Hommes et la diversité culturelle sont un élément à part entière
The international community is trying to fight the current pattern of biodiversity erosion. In recent years, local and indigenous communities have been recognized as models in the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. Some of them have been recreating, expressing and transmitting knowledge and natural resources management practices for centuries. In 2003, the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage (hereinafter “ICH Convention”) was adopted in order to preserve this heritage, which is also on the verge of disappearing due to acculturation, globalization, deforestation, etc. Despite the interdependent relationship which characterizes certain elements of intangible cultural heritage (hereinafter “ICH”) with the natural material elements associated to it, the Convention does not guide its Parties towards the recognition and preservation of this unique relationship. More specifically, it does not guide them towards the conservation and sustainable use of the elements of biodiversity that are necessary to the safeguarding of ICH (considered as a network of life). This is why, some might question the capacity of the ICH Convention to safeguard ICH associated with biodiversity? At a time when species and tradition knowledge and practices are going extinct, it is essential to refine the implementation of the Convention by a revision of its Operational Directives responsible for specifying the commitments of the Parties – and which are regularly amended by the Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of ICH and the General Assemble of State Parties to the Convention – towards a better suited safeguarding of ICH associated with biodiversity. The ecosystem approach developed for the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity (hereinafter “CBD”) – whose objectives are the conservation, sustainable use of biodiversity and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits obtained from the use of natural resources – is the basis for this proposal to revise the Operation Directives of the ICH Convention. This approach allows the sustainable management of ecosystems considered as being networks of life including humans and their biodiversity

Le patrimoine culturel ne s’arrête pas aux monuments et aux collections d’objets. Il comprend également les traditions ou les expressions vivantes héritées de nos ancêtres et transmises à nos descendants ; ce qu’on appelle le patrimoine culturel immatériel. L’importance de ce patrimoine ne réside pas tant dans la manifestation culturelle elle-même que dans la richesse des connaissances et du savoir-faire qu’il transmet d’une génération à une autre. Cette transmission du savoir a une valeur sociale, économique, culturelle et juridique pertinente pour les groupes minoritaires et majoritaires et pour le monde entier. Le choix des techniques de protection internationale est directement lié aux objectifs poursuivis par l’UNESCO. Au-delà du texte de la Convention de 2003 et d’autres instruments internationaux adoptés par l’UNESCO, il peut être utile d’aborder plus largement les solutions juridiques de sauvegarde du patrimoine culturel immatériel. L'objet de notre étude consiste à analyser l’action normative en matière de patrimoine culturel immatériel en mettant la lumière sur sa définition, les normes internationales relatives à sa protection, ainsi que sur la question de l’effectivité et de l’efficacité internationale de la sauvegarde de ce patrimoine. Pour conclure, les résultats de l’action normative et d’effectivité n’échappent pas à notre analyse. Il s’agit d’évoquer enfin la possibilité de mettre en place une feuille de route pour une meilleure protection à l’avenir
Cultural heritage doesn't only include monuments and the collection of objects. /cultural heritage is about more than monuments or the collection of objects. It, also, includes the traditions or the modern inherited expressions from our ancestors and transmitted to our descendants, what we call the intangible cultural heritage. The importance of this heritage doesn't reside so much in the cultural demonstration itself, but in the richness of knowledge, and the know-hows that are transmitted from one generation to another. This transmission of knowledge has social value, economical, cultural and legal relevance for minority groups, as well as for the main social groups, and is also, important for the world. The choice of the techniques used for international protection is linked directly to the objectives pursued by the UNESCO. Beyond the text of the 2003 convention and other international agreements adopted by the UNESCO, it can perhaps be useful to tackle more widely the legal solutions of the intangible cultural heritage. The aim of our study consists of analysing the normative action concerning the intangible cultural heritage in placing the light on the definition of the intangible cultural heritage as well as the international standards important to its protection and also in tackling the question of effectivity and efficiency of the international protection of this heritage. In conclusion, the results for the normative action and effectivity do not escape our analysis. It is, in the end about the possibility of putting in place a plan for the protection of a better future

L’organisateur sportif est investi en France d’une prérogative juridique singulière qui lui accorde une maîtrise souveraine de la commercialisation de ses événements sportifs. Organisée dans un premier temps autour d’un monopole de fait, cette réservation du spectacle sportif est aujourd’hui pleinement consacrée au sein de l’article L. 333-1 du Code du sport. Pourtant, en raison de l’assignation d’un régime juridique laconique, la réception légale de la patrimonialisation du fait sportif laisse perplexe et impose, pour en saisir parfaitement le sens, de devoir s’interroger sur sa nature. Ne se satisfaisant ni de la qualification doctrinale de droit sui generis, ni de la qualification doctrinale de droit voisin, le droit de l’organisateur sportif doit être alors appréhendé comme un nouveau droit de propriété incorporelle. En effet, la subjectivation du spectacle sportif se veut être l’aboutissement de la transposition du concept général de droit de propriété à la problématique de l’appropriation de la compétition sportive. En d’autres termes, l’article L. 333-1 du Code du sport institue un droit de propriété original qui, au-delà de l’incorporalité de son objet, fonde directement son régime à partir de ce qui est au cœur de la singularité de l’activité sportive compétitive, à savoir l’aléa sportif. Ainsi, au-delà des dispositions spécifiques du Code du sport, le droit « exclusif » de l’organisateur sportif doit-il directement s’inspirer des dispositions résiduelles du Code civil
The sports organiser has, in France, a singular legal prerogative that grants him a sovereign control over the marketing of its sports events. Organized initially around a de facto monopoly, this reservation of the sporting spectacle is now fully laid down in article L. 333-1 of the sport code. However, due to the assignment of a laconic legal regime, the legal reception of the patrimonialization of the sporting fact leaves perplexing and imposes, in order to seize perfectly its meaning, to have to determine its nature. Not being satisfied either with the doctrinal qualification of sui generis law, or with the doctrinal qualification of neighboring rights legislation, the right of the sports organiser must be then regarded as a new right of intangible property. Indeed, the subjectivation of the sporting spectacle is intended to be the culmination of the transposition of the general concept of property right to the issue of the appropriation of sporting competition. In other words, article L. 333-1 of the sport code establishes an original ownership right which, beyond the incorporation of its object, directly bases its regime on what is at the heart of the singularity of competitive sports activity, namely the sporting uncertainty. Thus, beyond the specific provisions of the sport code, the sports organiser’s “exclusive” right must be directly inspired by the residual provisions of the civil code

La légalité est un principe qui apparaît comme une pierre angulaire de la notion d’État de droit. L’expression « principe de légalité » a été longtemps utilisée pour affirmer que l’administration doit respecter les règles de droit. Mais, en cas d’une crise majeure, la légalité peut être atténuée. Il est toléré une légalité de crise. L’État a besoin, de disposer d’autres outils juridiques que ceux ordinaires. Des pouvoirs exceptionnels sont conférés à certaines autorités ou reconnus à certaines personnes par des dispositifs juridiques de nature très différente. Cette théorie des circonstances exceptionnelles vise à assurer la continuité de l’État. Elle repose sur l’adage controversé « nécessité fait loi » en vertu duquel dans les cas extrêmes, certains actes qui seraient illégaux en période normale sont justifiés. L’état de nécessité et la légitime défense de l’État sont les principaux faits justificatifs du recours aux pouvoirs de crise. En droit positif, les régimes de crise sont hétérogènes et redondants. La persistance de la menace terroriste accentue l’accumulation des lois et des mesures antiterroristes. L’hétérogénéité des régimes français de crise pose la question de l’unification des principaux états de crise par la réécriture de leur cadre constitutionnel. Le contrôle de l’état d’exception est tempéré par d’importantes prérogatives reconnues à l’exécutif. Cela peut être un risque pour la garantie de l’exercice des libertés fondamentales surtout lorsque l’exception devient permanente ou lorsque le droit commun est contaminé par le droit dérogatoire
Legality is a principle that appears as a cornerstone of the rule of law. The term "principle of legality" has long been used to assert that the administration must respect the rules of law. But, in the event of a major crisis, legality can be mitigated. It is tolerated a legality of crisis. The state needs other legal tools than ordinary ones. Exceptional powers are conferred on certain authorities or recognized to certain persons by legal devices of a very different nature. This theory of exceptional circumstances aims to ensure the continuity of the state. It is based on the controversial "necessity is law" saying that in extreme cases, certain acts that would be illegal in normal times are justified. State of necessity and self-defense of the state are the main justifications for the use of crisis powers. In positive law, crisis regimes are heterogeneous and redundant. The persistence of the terrorist threat accentuates the accumulation of anti-terrorist laws and measures. The heterogeneity of the French crisis regimes raises the question of the unification of the main states of crisis by rewriting their constitutional framework. The control of the state of emergency is tempered by important prerogatives recognized by the executive. This can be a risk for guaranteeing the exercise of fundamental freedoms, especially when the exception becomes permanent or when common law is contaminated by the derogatory right

Sous l'effet de l'utilisation répétée de la notion de propriété des créances par le législateur et par les juridictions, l'urgence de l'élaboration d'une théorie de la propriété des créances apparaît. Or ce sujet suscite encore controverses, réserves, interrogations et incertitudes. L'alliance de la propriété et des créances apparaît souvent comme une hérésie. En effet, la notion de propriété des créances est généralement condamnée, non seulement parce que la propriété des biens corporels est considérée comme la seule propriété authentique, mais aussi parce qu'elle semble s'intégrer difficilement dans la distinction traditionnelle des droits réels et des droits personnels. Pourtant n'est-il pas logique de se poser la question de savoir si cet usage réitéré de l'expression « propriété des créances » ne constitue qu'un dérapage linguistique sans portée réelle, ou s'il s'agit de l'expression d'une réalité qui se serait manifestée par le vecteur du langage ? La condamnation doctr inale de la propriété des créances ne repose-t-elle pas sur des présupposés théoriques ? Le principal enjeu de cette thèse consiste à se prononcer sur la possibilité théorique de la notion de propriété des créances. Peut-on juridiquement employer le terme propriété, dans son sens technique, pour désigner la relation qui unit le créancier à sa créance, ou bien s'il faut s'en tenir à la notion de titularité ? Au vrai, cette question de l'existence du concept de propriété des créances est primordiale car elle est aussi préjudicielle à celle de la protection de la créance par le biais du droit de propriété. Une fois l'adaptation du droit de propriété aux créances réalisée, ces biens incorporels n'auront effectivement plus qu'à se glisser dans le moule de la propriété et qu'à se nourrir de l'intérêt fondamental de cette notion, le bénéfice de sa protection assurément très efficace. Au fil de ces travaux, l'on découvre néanmoins que seul l'assouplissement de la rigueur de la défin ition classique de la propriété concilié à l'affermissement de celle des créances rend possible la compatibilité des deux notions
Under the effect of repeated use of the concept of ownership of receivables by the legislature and the courts, the urgency of developing a theory of property claims appears. This subject still arouses controversy, reservations, questions and uncertainties. The combination of property and debt is often seen as a heresy. Indeed, the notion of ownership of the claims is generally condemned, not only because the ownership of tangible property is considered the only real property, but also because it seems to fit easily into the traditional distinction between real rights and personal rights. Yet is it not logical to ask whether the repeated use of the phrase "property claims" only a linguistic slippage without real significance, or whether the expression a reality which would have emerged by the vector of language? The doctrinal condemnation of property claims is not she pa on theoretical assumptions? The main goal of this thesis is to decide on the theoretical possibility of the concept of property claims. Can we legally use the term ownership in its technical sense, to designate the relation between the creditor's claim, or whether to stick to the notion of authorship? In truth, this question of the existence of the concept of ownership of receivables is important because it is also referred to the protection of the debt through property rights. Once the adjustment of property rights claims made, these intangible assets will effectively more than slipping into the mold of the property and that feed on the fundamental interest of this notion, the benefit of its certainly very effective protection. Throughout this work, however, one discovers that only the relaxation of the rigor of the classical definition of property reconciled to the consolidation of claims that makes possible the compatibility of both concepts

碩士
東吳大學
法律學系
98
In recent years, with the rapid development in China’s economy, many new forms of non-intangible assets are springing up. Both for the purpose of economic growth and for their growing value, these non-intangible assets play the role as warranty for loan, which in turn provide their owners’ an untraditional way for lending and has undoubtedly prompted these non-intangible assets becoming a new assurance for the debt owed. Except selling these assets in the free market by the debtors themselves, the remaining way to satisfying the debt is only through the relevant regulations of compulsory enforcement. Nonetheless, China’s legal system concerning compulsory enforcement is too poor, which relies on the abundant explanations made by the people‘s highest court to fill the vacancies. The known major four difficulties（hard to reach the enforcee、hard to locate the property、hard to seek official’s assistance、hard to enforce the property）still bother the actual operation of enforcement. Therefore, this article tries to solve the above-mentioned difficulties in China by resorting to Taiwan’s enforcement procedure both in laws and practice and making a comparison between the two. In addition, the article also tries to analyze the nature of some special non-intangible assets, such as highway toll fee collecting right, rental cars operation right, telephone and telex transmission rental right, mining right, right to the use of sea area and shareholder’s right of limited company etc., and make suggestions regarding their enforcing method.

A divulgação de informação sobre activos intangíveis é uma das questões que actualmente centra o interesse de investigadores e profissionais da contabilidade. O interesse por este tema deve-se à necessidade de divulgar informação sobre um conjunto de activos que, embora não apareçam reflectidos explicitamente nas demonstrações financeiras, produzem valor competitivo para as empresas. A dimensão económica do futebol, como espectáculo desportivo à escala mundial tornou premente a criação de regulamentação específica, no sentido de oferecer melhores instrumentos de gestão aos clubes desportivos profissionais. Os direitos desportivos sobre jogadores de futebol constituem um dos activos essenciais, exigindo adequado reconhecimento e mensuração dos mesmos nas demonstrações financeiras. Nesta medida, investigam-se os pressupostos teóricos enquadrados na norma do IASB que prescreve o tratamento contabilístico dos activos intangíveis e procede-se a uma revisão crítica da literatura sobre as matérias mais controversas da actualidade. O estudo apresentado tem como objectivo apurar o grau de cumprimento dos clubes de futebol europeus face aos normativos contabilísticos observados, com especial enfoque na norma internacional citada, estimando modelos estatísticos ajustados ao fenómenos desportivo. Por intermédio da decisão em expandir os itens de divulgação de informação a vários normativos contabilísticos, confirma-se que as sociedades desportivas não apresentam um grau de cumprimento elevado, existindo alguma dispersão entre os valores registados. Em relação à evidência empírica, os resultados do estudo evidenciam que os clubes menos rentáveis, com maiores receitas e que não participam em competições organizadas pela UEFA, cumprem mais com os requisitos de divulgação da IAS 38.
Spread of information on intangible assets is one of the present questions that centers the interest of investigators and professionals of accountability. Attention for this subject is due to the necessity of disclosing information about a set of assets that, though they don’t turn up explicitly reflected at financial statements, produce competitive value for countless companies. Economic dimension of football, as a sport show to the world-wide scale made the creation of specific regulations, offering better instruments of management to the professional clubs. The players’ registration rights appoint one of the essential assets, requiring an appropriate recognition and measure of them in the financial statements. Consequently, investigation focus the theoretical presuppositions fitted in the standard of the IASB that prescribes accounting treatment of the intangible assets and to proceed to a critical revision of the literature on the most controversial matters of the dissertation. This study aim to investigate the level of compliance of those listed professional clubs with the accounting standards adopted, in particular the IAS 38. To achieve this goal, statistical models explicative are estimated and adjusted to sport activity in question. Through the decision in expand the information disclosure items to several accouting standards, it was confirmed that football societies don’t present a major rank of compliance fulfillment, existing some dispersion between values registered. Results of the study showed that clubs less profitable, with bigger turnover volume and out of european competitions, present high level of compliance with the disclosure requirements of the IAS 38.

Em Portugal e em praticamente todo o Mundo, com especial relevo para a Europa e a América do Sul, o futebol é considerado como o desporto rei. É um desporto que move massas todos os fins-de-semana, com as visitas ao estádio dos sócios e adeptos para assistirem aos jogos da liga e durante a semana, através da compra de jornais desportivos. Os principais actores deste espectáculo desportivo de massas são os jogadores de futebol. Desta forma, e uma vez que os mesmos podem ser transaccionados através de transferência entre clubes, os jogadores de futebol estão incluídos nas demonstrações financeiras das Sociedades Anónimas Desportivas portuguesas. No entanto, a sua contabilização está longe de ser homogénea. Destaca-se sobretudo a diferença entre a contabilização de direitos sobre jogadores formados pelos clubes e a contabilização de direitos sobre jogadores adquiridos externamente. Ainda assim, a contabilização destes direitos revela-se de grande importância para os investidores, pelo facto de os mesmos serem considerados activos intangíveis. Activos esses que consubstanciam uma grande e importante parte do activo das demonstrações financeiras das Sociedades Anónimas Desportivas. Por esse facto, o autor provou que existe relação entre a variação do valor dos activos intangíveis e o valor de cotação das acções das Sociedades Anónimas Desportivas dos 3 clubes cotados em Portugal, assim como provou a influência de outros factores, nomeadamente o valor total do activo e do passivo.
In Portugal and almost all over the world, with special emphasis in Europe and South America, soccer is considered as the most important sport. It is a massive sport that brings people/fans to stadiums all the weekends, to assist to a sports’ show, the match, and it is a massive sport also during the week, taking many people to buy the sports newspapers. The main actors of this massive sports show are soccer players. Therefore, and once they may be transferred between two clubs, soccer players are included in the balance sheet of Portuguese clubs. Nevertheless, its valuation is not straightforward. The main difference consists on the difference between the valuation of rights over players developed internally by the clubs and the valuation of rights over players acquired to other clubs. Notwithstanding, the valuation of the above rights are of huge importance for investors, as they are considered as intangible assets. These intangible assets almost represent the major part of the amount of clubs assets, in the balance sheet. Thus being, the author proved that there is a relation between the variation of intangible assets value and the value of the share price for the 3 Portuguese clubs that went public on the Portuguese stock market. The author proved also that other factors also have influence on share price value, namely the total assets value and total liabilities value.

碩士
中原大學
財經法律研究所
101
The rapid development of internet network changes the original transaction patterns. It not only provides immediate, interactive and personal ways of buying goods for consumers but also reduces the cost for business. Because of traditional binomial relationship contract of business consumer seems not fit today controversies brought by on-line trade, adjusting legal system has become indispensable policies for worldwide. This paper takes the whole of the digital content as the structure, first discussing the Intangible digital products, and then introducing the regulation of Consumer Protection Statutes in different countries; finally offer several propositions regarding Taiwanese consumer protection policy. The purpose of this paper, which is divided into five chapters, chapter One is introduction which explores the motivations and study methods of this study. Chapter Two explains the definition and types of Intangible digital products, and more introduces the types of Intangible digital products subjects and objects. Chapter Three firstly discusses the evolution process and the legislation feature of National Consumer Protection law and later illustrations to reasons the purposes, conditions and special regulations of the mail-order sales, secondly the questions about Intangible digital products met in the practice by listing the example of Google company vs. Taipei city government and referring to the related opinions of the court and practice. Consequently considers whether the Intangible digital products are uniformly applicable to the part of mail-order sales. Chapter Four explains the related regulations of international organizations and some countries including European Union, American and Japan. Chapter Five is the study conclusions and suggestions, proposing exploration and related suggestions for the dispute types encountered in the practice.

O presente estudo foi realizado no âmbito do mestrado em Empreendedorismo e Estudos da Cultura e tem o objetivo de identificar problemáticas enfrentadas na preservação do patrimônio cultural imaterial brasileiro através do exercício comparativo de tomadas de decisão em três casos concretos. O trabalho se desenvolve a partir da conceituação dos Direitos Culturais nos instrumentos legais internacionais e na Constituição Federal Brasileira de 1988. Então, será identificado os conceitos de patrimônio cultural, sua desconstrução através do olhar pós-colonial que culminou no reconhecimento do instituto do Patrimônio Cultural Imaterial. O trabalho então segue para a análise de três casos concretos brasileiros: a arte "Kusiwa" – pintura corporal e arte gráfica "Wajãpi"; a Vaquejada; e a Produção Tradicional e Práticas Socioculturais Associadas à Cajuína no Piauí. É através da análise destes três processo que se busca responder as questões relativas à integração das especificidades do patrimônio cultural imaterial de forma sistemática com a finalidade de auxiliar sua eficácia e superar suas questões na realidade brasileira.
This study was conducted under the Master in Entrepreneurship and Culture Studies and aims to identify problems in the preservation of the Brazilian intangible heritage through the comparative exercise of decision-making process in three specific cases. The work develops from the conceptualization of Cultural Rights in the international legal instruments and in the Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988. Then, the concepts of cultural heritage will be identified and its deconstruction through the postcolonial look that culminated in the recognition of the field of Intangible Cultural Heritage. The study then goes on to analyze three Brazilian concrete cases: the "Kusiwa" art - body painting and graphic "Wajãpi" art; the Vaquejada; and the Traditional Production and Sociocultural Practices Associated with Cajuína in Piauí. It is through the analysis of these three processes that it’s sought to answer the questions concerning the integration of the specificities of the intangible cultural heritage in a systematic way in order to help its effectiveness and overcome its questions in the Brazilian reality.

Кулініч О.О. Теоретичні проблеми реалізації та захисту права фізичної особи на власне зображення: дис. ... доктора юрид. наук: 12.00.03 / Кулініч Ольга Олексіївна. - Одеса, 2017. - 489 с.
Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня доктора юридичних наук за спеціальністю 12.00.03 - цивільне право і цивільний процес; сімейне право; міжнародне приватне право. - Національний університет «Одеська юридична академія», Одеса, 2017. Дисертація є першим у вітчизняній науці цивільного права спеціальним комплексним дослідженням теоретичних проблем реалізації та захисту права фізичної особи на власне зображення. Досліджено загальні наукові підходи до визначення природи та змісту права фізичної особи на власне зображення, а також його взаємозв’язку з правами інтелектуальної власності. Сформульовано авторську концепцію охорони права фізичної особи на власне зображення. Розкрито співвідношення таких «зовнішнього вигляду людини» та «зображення людини» як цивільних категорій, їх ознак та факторів, що впливають на формування та зміну зазначених об’єктів. Визначено окремі види зображень у взаємозв’язку з охоронюваними законом правами та інтересами зображуваної особи. Охарактеризовано об’єктний і суб’єктний склад правовідносин з реалізації та захисту права фізичної особи на власне зображення, механізм правового регулювання відносин у цій сфері. Сформульовано межі здійснення права на власне зображення, систему принципів та критеріїв визначення правомірності вільного створення та використання зображення людини. Обґрунтовано правові умови, способи реалізації права фізичної особи на власне зображення, зокрема шляхом надання згоди та укладення договору про створення та використання зображення людини. Встановлено особливості обставин, що підлягають доведенню при здійсненні захисту права фізичної особи на власне зображення та ефективність застосування окремих цивільно- правових способів захисту з врахуванням матеріалів судової практики. Сформульовано науково обґрунтовані пропозиції з удосконалення цивільно-правового регулювання відносин у сфері створення та використання зображення людини, механізму правової охорони права фізичної особи на власне зображення.
Диссертация на соискание научной степени доктора юридических наук по специальности 12.00.03 - гражданское право и гражданский процесс, семейное право, международное частное право. - Национальный университет «Одесская юридическая академия», Одесса, 2017. Диссертация является первым в отечественной науке гражданского права специальным комплексным исследованием теоретических проблем реализации и защиты права физического лица на собственное изображение. Исследованы общие подходы к определению юридической природы, содержания права физического лица на собственное изображение и его соотношению с правами интеллектуальной собственности. Предложен концептуальный подход к пониманию права на собственное изображение как субъективного гражданского права, которому присущи такие признаки: наличие органических, функциональных связей, а также связей взаимодействия с правами интеллектуальной собственности; двойная природа (является одновременно неимущественным и имущественным правом); отсутствие неразрывной связи с субъектом-носителем; направленность на удовлетворение неимущественных и имущественных интересов физического лица. Определены изображение человека как нематериальное благо, его признаки, факторы, влияющие на создание и изменение, а также соотношение с внешним обликом как личным неимущественным благом физического лица, его признаками и факторами, влияющими на формирование и изменение. Проанализированы различные формы объективизации изображения человека во взаимосвязи с интересами физического лица, которые могут быть затронуты при создании и использовании изображения человека. Охарактеризованы правоотношения в сфере создания и использования изображения человека, определены особенности объектного, субъектного состава и содержания данных правоотношений. Исследован вопрос о презумпции согласия физического лица на проведение фото-, видео-, кино-, телесъемки. Проанализирован критерий открытости съемки как действий субъекта, её осуществляющую, в соотношении с осознанностью её восприятия субъектом, в отношении которого она осуществляется. Предложена классификация места нахождения человека во время съемки как основа для определения объективных и разумных ожиданий уединится и ограничить доступ посторонних к определенным событиям личной жизни. Охарактеризован договорной механизм регулирования отношений, возникающих при создании и распространении изображения человека. Раскрыты особенности использования изображения людей при продвижении, одобрении товаров и услуг субъектов предпринимательской деятельности. Рассмотрены последствия нарушений договорных обязательств и сделан вывод о взаимовлиянии репутации субъектов, производящих товары и услуги и репутации лица, одобряющего или продвигающего такие товары и услуги. Сформулирована система принципов и критериев определения правомерности создания и распространения изображений людей. С учетом анализа национальной и зарубежной судебной практики сделан вывод о необходимости применения этих критериев в совокупности для определения правомерности использования изображения. На основании судебной и юридической практики определен перечень фактов, подлежащих доказыванию при нарушении права на собственное изображение. Сделан вывод об эффективности применения различных способов защиты прав и интересов физических лиц, изображенных на фотографиях и в иных художественных произведениях. Сформулированы научно обоснованные предложения по совершенствованию гражданско-правового регулирования отношений в сфере создания и использования изображения человека, механизма правовой охраны права физического лица на собственное изображение.
The thesis for the degree of Doctor of Law in the specialty 12.00.03 - Civil Law and Civil Procedure; Family law; International Private Law. - National University «Odessa law Academy», Odessa, 2017. The thesis is the first in the native science of civil law special comprehensive research of theoretical problems of realization and protection of the right of natural person to the own image. The general scientific approaches to the definition of nature and content of the right of individuals to their own image are studied, as well as its correlation to intellectual property rights is clarified. The author’s concept of the protection of the right of natural person to the own image is provided. The dissertation reveals the correlation of such categories as «the appearance of individual» and «the image of individual» as civil categories, their characteristics and factors influencing the formation and change of these objects. The certain types of images are identified in conjunction with the protected by law rights and interests of the represented person. The objective and subjective composition of legal relations for realization and protection of the right of natural person to the own image is characterized, the mechanism of legal regulation of relations in this sphere is described. The limits of exercise of the right to the own image is formulated, the system of principles and criteria for determining the legality of a free creating and use of the individual’s image is represented. The legal terms and ways of realization of the right of natural person to the own image are substantiated, in particular by giving the consent and conclusion of contract on creation and use of the individual’s image. The peculiarities of the circumstances, which are subject to proof while defending the right of natural person to the own image, are specified, and the effectiveness of particular civil-law methods of protection considering judicial practice is defined. Scientifically based proposals are formulated for improvement of civil legal regulation of relations in the sphere of creation and use of the image of individual, mechanism of legal protection of the right of natural person to the own image.