Artículos de revistas: "Institutional credit"

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Elidrissi, Anas Moussaid. "Predicting Countries Credit Ratings with Institutional Performance". Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting Studies 4, n.º 2 (21 de abril de 2022): 270–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jefas.2022.4.2.21.

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In order to widen the vision and to visualize the impact of the institutions on not only economic growth as traditionally used but also on the Credit Ratings of countries, this experiment studies the correlation between these two attributes. In this paper, I show how we can find the relationship between the credit ratings of countries and the performance of their institutions. In this study, I used a data set of countries and indicators of their performance on institutional indicators, such as property rights, judicial effectiveness ...etc. And I conclude at the end that there is a strong correlation between an effective institution and a higher rating in credits report that is done by the major firms in this area. Also, I mention the limitation of this experiment in the matter of credibility.

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Hossain, Md Anowar, Brazendra Nath Roy, Md Ali Hasan y Md Shahadat Hossain. "Fostering Entrepreneurial Growth: The Impact of Institutional Credits". International Journal of Science and Business 32, n.º 1 (2024): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.58970/ijsb.2295.

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This study is an attempt to find the role played by institutional credit for entrepreneurial growth in Bangladesh. Study is forwarded with 261 actual entrepreneurs selected on purposive convenience simple sampling method. Collected data is analyzed using SPSS 18 and the result is depicted through descriptive tools and Pearson correlations. The study found positive impact of institutional credit support to entrepreneurship development. The study covers actual data from entrepreneurs and analyzed data irrespective of gender and difference of geographical diversity. Amount of credit or portion of credit in total capital have influence on the profitability and the study suggest a ceiling on using credit for entrepreneurial profit. Still fostering of entrepreneurial development may further be triggered by monitoring of credit activities by financial institutions. This study infers some useful insights for potential entrepreneurs, management of credit institutions and policy maker including future researchers. The study is concluded suggesting efficient monitoring of credit activities by financial institutions that can be ensured by concerned authority.

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Chуіpesh, Nataliіa y Yuriі Belinskyi. "INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT FOR INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CREDIT MARKET". Problems and prospects of economics and management, n.º 4(36) (2023): 352–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.25140/2411-5215-2023-4(36)-352-364.

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Institutional support for innovative development of the credit market is an important object of research, within the framework of which the search for effective methods, means and tools is carried out to improve the efficiency of its functioning. Analyzing the activities of the credit market, it can be noted that low efficiency of its work is largely determined by the imperfection of institutional support for the process of introducing innovative credit services.The purpose of the article is to study institutional support for innovative development of the credit market and determine their influence on the credit market development in Ukraine, which is necessary for understanding the interaction of credit market institutions, identifying factors that pro-mote or inhibit innovation and developing a strategy for creating a favorable innovation environment.Within the article, subjects of institutional support for innovative development of the credit market are studied. Considerable attention is paid to participants in the credit market in the field of innovative development, as well as to the regulatory legal acts that guide institutions in their methods of influence and regulation in the credit market, and functions of institutions are defined. Government institutions (the Na-tional Bank of Ukraine, Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, Ministry of Finance of Ukraine, Ministry of Economy of Ukraine, National Securities and Stock Market Commission, Individual Deposit Guarantee Fund, Anti-monopoly Committee of Ukraine) were selected as subjects of institutional support for innovative develop-ment of the credit market. state institutions providing support for innovative activities (State Innovative Financial and Credit Institution), credit infrastructure institutions (banking and non-banking institutions, credit history bureaus, collection companies, rating agencies, credit brokers), fintech companies, educa-tional institutions (universities, scientific centers), innovative institutions (laboratories, technology parks, industrial parks, business incubators, technological hubs).The study of the influence of the above-mentioned subjects of institutional support for innovative development has become an important tool for understanding the interaction between government regulators of the credit market, credit institutions, educational institutions, innovative institutions, and fintech companies

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Jain, Pankaj K. y Qin Wang. "Credit-Rating Changes and Institutional Trading". Journal of Trading 8, n.º 1 (31 de diciembre de 2012): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3905/jot.2012.8.1.038.

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Butler, Alexander W. y Larry Fauver. "Institutional Environment and Sovereign Credit Ratings". Financial Management 35, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2006): 53–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-053x.2006.tb00147.x.

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Farooqi, Javeria, Surendranath Jory y Thanh Ngo. "Institutional investors’ activism and credit ratings". Journal of Economics and Finance 41, n.º 1 (11 de agosto de 2015): 51–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12197-015-9332-8.

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P, SHIVASWAMY G., RAGHAVENDRA K. J, ANUJA A. R, K. N. SINGH, RAJESH T y HARISH KUMAR H. V. "Impact of institutional credit on agricultural productivity in India: A time series analysis". Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90, n.º 2 (16 de marzo de 2020): 412–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v90i2.99033.

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The institutional credit has always been perceived as a critical factor for agricultural development in India through complementing working capital, easing liquidity and investment constraints. The present study has examined the trends and regional variations in institutional credit flow to agriculture in India for the period 1991–92 to 2016–17 using compound annual growth rate. Further, impact of institutional credit on agricultural productivity was also assessed using panel data regression. The study is based on the secondary data collected from various published sources. Results indicated that institutional credit to agriculture in real terms has registered a significant positive growth during the past four decades and the highest annual growth was observed during 2001–02 to 2010–11. Scheduled commercial banks have emerged as the dominant source of agricultural credit. However, cooperative banks are still the major sources of production credit. Regional analysis showed that southern states had access to highest production and investment credit per hectare, while eastern and northeastern states had the least credit outreach per hectare. Panel data regression model testified that institutional credit has a significant and positive impact on agricultural productivity. Therefore, the study has suggested for better access to credit of smallholders especially in eastern, western and north eastern states through simplification of procedures.

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Ahsan, Mohammad Kamrul. "An Analysis of Institutional Credit Pattern of Women Entrepreneurs". American Journal of Trade and Policy 6, n.º 1 (30 de abril de 2019): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajtp.v6i1.344.

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This is an analytical paper. The aim of this paper is to find out which patterns of credit are frequently used by the women entrepreneurs. The result of this pepper will help the policy makers of financial institutions to decorate their schemes, especially for the women entrepreneurs. The researcher has used simple percentage analysis and graph to present the information with the help of Microsoft Excel 2007. The major findings of this paper are most of the women entrepreneurs are pleased to use institutional credit and they prefer private bank to get their credit. Most of them prefer to withdraw three hundred thousand to five hundred thousand taka as credit, interest rare nine percent to eleven percent, credit period two years to five years, installment monthly and the preferable monthly amount is five thousand to ten thousand taka.

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Haque, Z. y T. Jinan. "Land Tenure and Credit - a Study in Selected Areas of Mymensingh". Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 10, n.º 2 (29 de noviembre de 2018): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v10i2.39027.

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The present study aims at investigating into the existing land tenure system and its relationship with credit at Trishal Upazila of Mymensingh district. Keeping in view the objectives, 70 samples were randomly selected. The respondents have taken loan from institutional, semi institutional and non-institutional sources of credit for producing crops. The study reveals that the absentee land owner and part operator in the area have got more access to institutional sources of credit because of their ability to offer land as security. Tenants on the other hand were found to have no loan at all from the BKB because of their inability to offer collateral against loan. The tenant farmers however, were found to have access to semi institutional sources like GB and BRAC. The respondents therefore, need not be so dependent at present on money lenders and non-institutional sources of credit because of institutional and semi-institutional network present close to the study area. A lion’s share of loaned money obtained has been productively utilized by the sampled respondents irrespective of tenure categories implying the borrower’s positive attitudes towards productive utilization.J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 10(2): 143-150 2017

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Castro, Vítor y Rodrigo Martins. "Political and Institutional Determinants of Credit Booms". Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 81, n.º 5 (31 de diciembre de 2018): 1144–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/obes.12290.

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Sankhla, Dayalal. "Rural credit system in India: Institutional financing". Asian Journal of Management and Commerce 5, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2024): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/27084515.2024.v5.i1b.243.

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Shahzad, Umeair, Jing Liu y Fukai Luo. "STOCK LIQUIDITY AND CORPORATE TRADE CREDIT STRATEGIES: EVIDENCE FROM CHINA". Journal of Business Economics and Management 23, n.º 1 (30 de noviembre de 2021): 40–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2021.15655.

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This study investigates the nexus of stock liquidity and trade-credit policies in China from 2002 to 2017. The estimates are robust to alternative proxies, various fixed-effects, and the exogenous impact of Chinese split share structure reforms (SSSR) 2005-06 is investigated through the difference-in-difference analysis. The results validate that stock liquidity significantly impacts firms’ capacity to produce more trade credit supplies and less reliant on trade credit demand. The study applied SUEST analysis to investigate the effect of the Chinese institutional setting. The nexus of stock liquidity and trade credit strategies is substantial in state-owned enterprises. Additional analysis revealed that the said association is more visible to credit-constrained and equity-reliant enterprises. The policymakers should focus on market liquidity because it elevates firms’ capacity to mobilize capital through trade credit provisions. The micro aspect of this study suggests that stock liquidity allows managers to shape non-price competitive strategies and avoid excessive usage of trade credits.

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Mehedi, Sohel, Habibur Rahman y Dayana Jalaludin. "The relationship between corporate governance, corporate characteristics and agricultural credit supply: evidence from Bangladesh". International Journal of Social Economics 47, n.º 7 (5 de junio de 2020): 867–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-02-2020-0085.

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PurposeThe paper aims to examine the level of agricultural credit by commercial banks and the determinants that influence the commercial banks to the increased level of agricultural credit through the pressures of the institutional environment.Design/methodology/approachThe study selects seventeen sample commercial banks following the market capitalization method and investigates a total of 85 annual reports during the period from 2013 to 2017. The study conducts a pooled regression to conclude the proposed hypotheses.FindingsThe present study finding indicates that the average of agricultural credits to total credits is 2.25% among the sample commercial banks. The study finds a positive significant association between board gender diversity, foreign director, management team and agricultural credit. Furthermore, the study has found that the role of the deposit in enhancing agricultural credit is positive. On the other hand, the association between independent directors, profitability and agricultural credits is negative.Research limitations/implicationsThe study is based on secondary data with five firm-year observations of commercial banks. The study finding is based on commercial banks, so it should not be generalized to non-bank financial institutions.Practical implicationsThe study emphasizes policymakers’ attention towards the level of agricultural credit and determinants that influence the level of agricultural credit by commercial banks in emerging markets.Originality/valueThe key contribution of the study is to focus on the reformist role of the determinants in promoting the increased level of agricultural credit in the emerging markets.

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Donald Samuel Slamet Santosa, I Wayan Ruspendi Junaedi, I Wayan Damayana, Dermawan Waruwu y I Made Sumartana. "INSTITUTIONAL SUPPORT FROM CREDIT UNION OF TORAJA CHURCH SYNOD FOR CONGREGATION ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT". International Journal of Social Science 1, n.º 5 (1 de febrero de 2022): 589–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.53625/ijss.v1i5.1299.

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The article was aimed to analyze the institutional support given by the Credit Union of Toraja Church Synod for congregation economic empowerment and then to construct the model of this institutional support. Research typology in this article was research and development. The development intended by this research was referred to Developmental Model 4D (Define, Design, Develop, and Dissemination). The outputs of this research were the factual model outlining institutional support for congregation economic empowerment, the hypothetical model expected to improve factual model, and the validated final model. Research approach involved quantitative and qualitative approaches. The results of research showed that the Credit Union of Toraja Church Synod had offered institutional supports including credit facility to be accessed by the congregation. The new model illustrated the participation of the congregation in the decision making process of the Credit Union and also the training and counseling services provided by the Credit Union for the congregation in matters of taking loan for business development. The new model was proved to be effective in empowering the congregation economic.

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Das, Ramesh Chandra. "Sustainability Through Total Factor Productivity Growth in Agriculture Incorporating Institutional Factors". International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development 14, n.º 1 (10 de marzo de 2023): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsesd.319717.

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With the increasing population pressure and food insecurity problem in India, and the problem of unsustainable social and economic systems, it was inevitable to shift away the focus of agricultural activities from the traditional system to the modern one. Having followed a series of agricultural policies in India, the role of irrigation and institutional credits cannot be denied upon the growth of output in the sector. There are some studies on the total factor productivity growth (TFPG) in Indian agriculture, but a few studies cover the role of irrigation and bank credit upon agriculture output. The present study computes TFPG out of the institutional roles through public irrigation facilities and commercial bank credit besides traditional inputs in Indian agricultural sector for the post globalized era of 1991-2019. Using the growth accounting approach, the study finds that the institutional factors such as public irrigation facilities and bank finances have contributed significantly to the growth of the agricultural output in India as the values of TFPG have increased over time.

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Malik, Sohail J., Mohammad Mushtaq y Manzoor A. Gill. "The Role of Institutional Credit in the Agricultural Development of Pakistan". Pakistan Development Review 30, n.º 4II (1 de diciembre de 1991): 1039–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v30i4iipp.1039-1048.

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There has been a consensus among Pakistani policy-makers since the early 1970s that the shift from a resource-based to a science-based agriculture can be facilitated through the availability of agricultural credit. The official statistics on the disbursement of agricultural credit bear testimony to this behalf. A perusal of Thble 1 shows clearly that while other inputs such as fertilizer offtake, the availability of improved seed, water and tractors grew at rates ranging from 3 percent to 15 percent per annum over the period from 1971-72 to 1986-87, the disbursement Of institutional credit to the rural sector of Pakistan grew at an impressive 28 percent. It is interesting to note that while agricultural production, measured as an index with base year 1960, grew at only 3 percent, the ratio of institutional credit to agricultural GNP grew from 0.7 percent in 1971-72 to over 12 percent in 1986-87. 1\\'0 studies have recently appeared in The Pakistan Development Review that highlight important yet diverse aspects of the role of institutional credit in the agriculture development of Pakistan. The first study [Zuberi (1989)] stated that "the strategy for agricultural development in the country has been based on greater utilization of 'high pay-off' low-cost technology. The government advanced loans through fmancial institutions to make it possible for the farmers to acquire this technology". This study, however, using a Cobb-Douglas type production function and time-series data found that specifications which included institutional credit as an independent variable offered meaningless results. Based on the fact that 70 percent of total institutional credit disbursed was for the purchase of seed and fertilizer, the author chose expenditure on these categories as a proxy not only for credit but also for capital and using this and labour obtained significant estimates.

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Chisasa, Joseph y Daniel Makina. "Bank Credit And Agricultural Output In South Africa: Cointegration, Short Run Dynamics And Causality". Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 31, n.º 2 (3 de marzo de 2015): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v31i2.9148.

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In this paper we investigate the dynamic relationship between bank credit and agricultural output in South Africa using time series data from 1970 to 2011. Using the Johansen cointegration test, we observe bank credit and agricultural output to be cointegrated. In the long run we find credit and capital formation to have significant positive impact on agricultural output. Employing an ECM, we find that, in the short run, bank credit has a negative impact on agricultural output reflecting the uncertainties of institutional credit in South Africa. However, the ECM coefficient shows that agricultural GDP rapidly adjusts to short term disturbances indicating that there is no room for tardiness in the agricultural sector. The absence of institutional credit will be immediately replaced by availability of other credit facilities from non-institutional sources so that there is no room for possible non-application of intermediate inputs. Conventional Granger causality tests show uni-directional causality from (1) bank credit to agricultural output growth; (2) agricultural output to capital formation; (3) agricultural output to labour; (4) capital formation to credit; (5) capital formation to labour, and a bi-directional causality between credit and labour. Noteworthy is that for the agricultural sector the direction of causality is from finance to growth, i.e., supply-leading, whereas at the macroeconomic level the direction of causality is from economic growth to finance, i.e., demand-leading.

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Iqbal, Muhammad, Munir Ahmad y Kalbe Abbas. "The Impact of Institutional Credit on Agricultural Production in Pakistan". Pakistan Development Review 42, n.º 4II (1 de diciembre de 2003): 469–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v42i4iipp.469-485.

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Three main factors that contribute to agricultural growth are the increased use of agricultural inputs, technological change and technical efficiency. Technological change is the result of research and development efforts, while technical efficiency with which new technology is adopted and used more rationally is affected by the flow of information, better infrastructure, availability of funds and farmers’ managerial capabilities. Higher use and better mix of inputs also requires funds at the disposal of farmers. These funds could come either from farmers’ own savings or through borrowings. In less developed countries like Pakistan where savings are negligible especially among the small farmers, agricultural credit appears to be an essential input along with modern technology for higher productivity. Credit requirements of the farming sector have increased rapidly over the past few decades resulting from the rise in use of fertiliser, biocides, improved seeds and mechanisation, and hike in their prices. The agricultural credit system of Pakistan consists of informal and formal sources of credit supply. The informal sources include friends, relatives, commission agents, traders and private moneylenders etc. Presently, the formal credit sources are comprised of financial institutions like Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited (ZTBL)—formerly known as Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan (ADBP), Commercial Banks, and Federal Bank for Cooperatives. Recently, some non-government organisations (NGOs) are also advancing agricultural credit to the rural communities.

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Taremwa, N. K., I. Macharia, E. Bett y E. Majiwa. "Determinants of access to agricultural credit among smallholder rice and maize farmers in the eastern and western provinces of Rwanda". Agro-Science 21, n.º 2 (20 de junio de 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/as.v21i2.1.

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Agricultural credit is believed to play a catalytic role in enhancing agricultural productivity; however, its access is limited for smallholder farmers in Rwanda. To investigate this phenomenon, this study sought to identify and assess the determinants of access to agricultural credit among rice and maize smallholder farmers in Rwanda. The study was conducted in the eastern and western provinces of Rwanda using a cross-sectional survey design. Sample districts, sectors, and cells were obtained using stratified random sampling techniques. Convenient and purposive samplings were used to sample households and farmers, respectively. Data were collected using structured interviews and questionnaires, and were analyzed using a binary logistic regression model. Model results indicated that both individual and institutional factors determine access to agricultural credit among smallholder maize and rice farmers in eastern and western provinces of Rwanda. The individualfactors included: saving of money in commercial banks (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 2.389), owning a size of land that is 0-0.1 ha (AOR = 0.127), and knowledge of the repayment terms of agricultural loans (AOR = 0.203), while the institutional factors included: having privately-owned finance institutions in the area (AOR = 0.287), offer of both long and short-term loans (AOR = 0.290), interest rate between 11-15% (AOR = 0.178), the process for obtaining agricultural credit not being too long (AOR = 2.026). Institutional factors were more important than the individual farmer characteristics in determining access to credit. Policy interventions aimed at bolstering agricultural credit access among the smallholder farmers should address institutional challenges such as information asymmetry and the lack of credit guarantees that hinder agricultural credit access.

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P., Popoola, O., David, E., Tijani, F. O., Alagbe, O. D. y Banfe, T. A. "Exploration of the Activities of Rural Households Participating in Village Alive Development Initiative (VADI) in Kwara State, Nigeria". Global Academic Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences 5, n.º 1 (23 de enero de 2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/gajab.2023.v05i01.001.

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The study examined credit sources of rural households under the Village Alive Development Initiative (VADI) scheme in Kwara State. Multi-stage sampling technique was employed to select one hundred and twenty (120) respondents. Data were collected on the various sources of credits available to rural households and how it affects their output. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as percentages, mean, frequency counts and chi-square. Respondents’ mean age was 56 years, average household size was 5 persons, and farming experience was 7 years. Majority (50.7%) was males and married (49.3%). About average (54.5%) had secondary education while majority (87.7%) accessed credit from VADI scheme. The most critical constraint to credit accessibility was institutional bureaucracy (MS = 2.85). Age (p = 0.014), sex (p = 0.013) and source of labour (p = 0.058) of the respondents significantly influenced their choice of credit sources. The study concluded that the output of rural households is directly dependent on the sources of credit. Farmer friendly sources of credit should be encouraged and made available to them. Improvement in credit bureaucracies and provision of incentives for prompt repayment behavior should be ensured.

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KIZYMA, Tetiana. "CREDIT BEHAVIOR OF HOUSEHOLDS: STRUCTURAL AND ANALYTICAL ASPECTS". WORLD OF FINANCE, n.º 1(58) (2019): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/sf2019.01.007.

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Introduction. Under modern conditions, Ukrainian households are increasingly trying to follow Western models of financial behavior, in which, due to stable laws and monetary-financial system, citizens demonstrate active credit behavior. At the same time, it should be noted that during the recent years the number of users of bank loans in Ukraine, who have overdue debts, has increased rapidly, that cause concern among domestic scientists and practitioners. Purposeof the research is to analyses the modern trends in households’ credit behavior in Ukraine and development of proposals for its rationalization under the current circumstances. Results. Under modern conditions, each household forms its own model of credit behavior, taking into account certain factors, established traditions and beliefs regarding the appropriateness of borrowing funds. However, an important feature of credit dependence of our nationals is still lack of critical analysis of their own financial capabilities due to their inability to resist the natural desire of a person to “live now” and “live well”. The study showed that over the past ten years, from 8% to 16% of the adult population of Ukraine took credits in the banks. Moreover, the Western region is the leader in bank borrowings (with the exception of credit cards), while Kyiv, the North and the East show a higher level of credit card loans. Kyiv and the East are also characterized by higher demand for pawnshops. The Centre is the only region with relatively more frequent use of services of other financial institutions. Also, the practice of providing (obtaining) of so-called non-institutional credits is common among Ukrainian households, when citizens are not only borrowers but also creditors (that is, situations when relatives, friends, acquaintances are borrowing money). Conclusions. Under the context of current financial crisis in Ukraine, the role of the state, local governments, institutions and individuals in rationalizing households’ lending behavior is significantly increasing. Therefore, in our opinion, preventive measures in this sphere should be carried out at the following levels: state, local, banking and financial-credit system, and personally-individual. At the same time, it should be emphasized that these measures will be implemented only if the state provides clear legal regulation of the credit process and establishes trust relations with the population, which will help to minimize the moral and material losses of households and institutional subjects of credit activity.

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Sudhakar, S. y B. Ramachandra Reddy. "Institutional Credit in India : A Review of Performance". International Journal of Management Studies V, n.º 4(8) (31 de octubre de 2018): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.18843/ijms/v5i4(8)/13.

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Niepmann, Friederike y Tim Schmidt-Eisenlohr. "Institutional Investors, the Dollar, and U.S. Credit Conditions". International Finance Discussion Paper 2019, n.º 1246 (abril de 2019): 1–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/ifdp.2019.1246.

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Kumar S, Dr Santhosh. "Cumbersome Institutional Credit for SMEs: The Indian Experience". IOSR Journal of Business and Management 6, n.º 4 (2012): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/487x-0644049.

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Meena, Vishnu Shanker, Shirish Sharma y S. S. Jheeba. "Demand and supply of institutional credit in Rajasthan". Indian Journal of Economics and Development 10, n.º 4 (2014): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2322-0430.2014.00556.3.

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Healy, Philip. "An institutional view of credit accumulation and transfer". Biochemical Society Transactions 20, n.º 2 (1 de mayo de 1992): 326–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0200326.

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Ma, Shuang, Xi Wu y Li Gan. "Credit accessibility, institutional deficiency and entrepreneurship in China". China Economic Review 54 (abril de 2019): 160–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2018.10.015.

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Huang, Wei, Shu Lin y Jian Yang. "Institutional quality and sovereign credit default swap spreads". Journal of Futures Markets 39, n.º 6 (3 de enero de 2019): 686–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fut.21990.

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Burakov, Dmitry. "Retesting the institutional memory hypothesis: An experimental study". Panoeconomicus 65, n.º 4 (2018): 441–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan160105003b.

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In this article, we set ourselves a task to test institutional memory hypothesis as a core of endogenous credit cycles. According to this hypothesis, risks taken by creditors depend largely on availability heuristic and experience of loan officers. To assess validity of this hypothesis we construct and estimate a simple VAR model. The data for this model is acquired from results of an experimental study (lasted for 70 rounds), the purpose of which is to identify behavioral patterns of participants while meeting demand for credit, specifics of subjectively weighted assessment of credit risk, based on shock approach. The results of the study allow confirming institutional memory hypothesis. After initial shock of bad debts, number of periods to recover willingness to accept risk has increased by 39%, which supports the hypothesis of availability heuristic?s influence. However, with improvement of loan portfolio?s quality, willingness to take risk is restoring. In addition, we managed to confirm existence of risk?s underestimation and overestimation periods in an experimental manner.

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Kurup, Indu R. "Kisan Credit Card System: A Blessing to Small Farmers in India". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, n.º VI (30 de junio de 2021): 5206–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36148.

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Agriculture is the spine of the Indian economy, with approximately 70% of the population of the country continuing to depend on it either directly or indirectly for their living. One of the major challenges confronting Indian banks has been the development of an all-encompassing system for timely and sufficient agricultural-rural credit disbursement. Agriculturalists extensively rely on non-institutional or unorganized sources of credit as a result of regular needs, insufficient availability of institutional credit, unnecessary delays, incommodious procedures, red-tapism, and inappropriate practices adopted by the lending agencies. Realizing the dominant role of the agriculture sector, rural credit requirements, and for reducing the dependence of farmers on unorganized sources of credit, the Kisan Credit Card (KCC) scheme was started by the Government of India in consultation with the NABARD and RBI in 1998 as a path-breaking credit distribution mechanism to provide adequate, timely, cost-effective and hassle-free credit support to farmers. In this conceptual paper, an attempt has been made to briefly explore the implications of the Kisan Credit Card system among small farmers in India.

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Spilleir, Davi de Pinho, Orandi Mina Falsarella y Celeste Aída Sirotheau Corrêa Jannuzzi. "A propositive contribution to the mitigation of the credit problem on Brazilian solidarity economy enterprises". International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 9, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 2021): 202–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol9.iss3.2990.

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The biggest impediment to the viability of Solidarity Economy Enterprises (SEE) is the credit issue, which due to lack of guarantees means that they cannot access credit through traditional banking channels and end up failing. In view of this unfavorable scenario, the objective of this work is to make a propositive contribution, evidencing elements that are useful to enterprises of solidarity economy in relation to obtaining credit. To do so, it relied on bibliographic research to link these factors, highlighting those that can be controlled by the SEE, as well as those external so that the credit assignment occurs, which resulted in the elaboration of a propositive instrument, with elements that facilitate the assignment of credits both in the user's view and in the institutional view. Its usefulness could be verified with a field research, conducted with 25 solidarity economy enterprises, which answered a questionnaire informing whether the existence of such an instrument would help in reducing the difficulties of obtaining credit, as well as being able to contribute with eventual adjustments.

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Khutorna, Myroslava. "Institutional formation of the market for debt settlement of consumers of financial services of credit institutions in Ukraine". INNOVATIVE ECONOMY, n.º 7-8 (noviembre de 2019): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37332/2309-1533.2019.7-8.18.

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Purpose. The aim of the article is substantiation of the content of institutional measures, the implementation of which will improve the quality of assets of credit institutions of Ukraine. Methodology of research. The methodological basis of the research is formed on the basis of an institutional approach to substantiate the institutional preconditions for the functioning of the market for debt settlement of consumers of financial services of credit institutions; systematization to identify constraints and incentives for the effective use of various ways to solve the problem of non-performing bank loans; a statistical and analytical approach to quantify the level of quality of the current state of settlement of problem debt by different groups of banks in Ukraine; methods of scientific abstraction and logical generalization to describe the organizational and economic features of the formation of the market for debt settlement of consumers of financial services of different types of credit institutions of Ukraine. Findings. It is substantiated that ensuring the financial stability of credit institutions of Ukraine requires the development of a transparent market for debt settlement of consumers of financial services of credit institutions. The organizational-economic and institutional peculiarities of the formation of such a market are determined by detailing the following parameters: the legal basis of the activity of market participants; organizational form and institutional subordination of the debt management entities; administrative barriers to entry; the competitive conditions of activity of the entities for debt management and regulation of their relations with related parties; requirements for the personnel of debt management entities; the content of instruments to reduce the risks of their activities and to stimulate an increase in the volume of debt settlement of consumers of financial services of credit institutions; ways to organize debt sales; fiscal stimulus. It is proved that the most appropriate way to settle non-performing loans of state-owned banks is to involve the Deposit Guarantee Fund in this activity. This is explained by: the existence of an established mechanism for settlement of non-performing assets of liquidated banks; a well-functioning non-performing credit infrastructure that operates on the basis of transparency, uniformity of rules and public accountability; long experience of selling non-performing bank loans, including loans to related parties and corporate loans with poor quality or lack of collateral; a mechanism for independent economic investigations has been established; highly qualified specialists; no additional taxpayer spending. Originality. The institutional framework for the development of the debt management market for consumers of financial institutions of credit institutions has been improved, which, unlike the existing one, includes: substantiation of the organizational and legal framework of the activity of the debt management entity; identifying instruments for harmonizing the process of debt management from a wide range of stakeholders; disclosure of institutional and organizational features and institutional prerequisites for effective resolution of problematic debt of state-owned banks. This will help to improve the quality of consumer protection and their confidence in the monetary intermediation institution; will encourage credit institutions to improve the valuation of the market value of financial assets, including by enhancing liaison with credit bureaus. Practical value. The main provisions and conclusions of the conducted study are brought to the level of practical recommendations, take into account the current legislation and its prospective changes, and can be effectively used to solve the problems related to debt management of consumers of financial services of credit institutions in the domestic credit segment of the financial sector. Key words: credit institutions; state banks; non-performing loans; debt settlement market; debt settlement companies; institutional interaction of the entities of the debt settlement market; financial stability.

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Nath, Maanik. "Do Institutional Transplants Succeed? Regulating Raiffeisen Cooperatives in South India, 1930–1960". Business History Review 95, n.º 1 (2021): 59–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680520000884.

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The government in British-ruled India established cooperative banks to compete with private moneylenders in the rural credit market. State officials expected greater competition to increase the supply of low-cost credit, thereby expanding investment potential for the rural poor. Cooperatives did increase credit supply but captured a small share of the credit market and reported net losses throughout the late colonial and early postcolonial period. The article asks why this experiment did not succeed and offers two explanations. First, low savings restricted the role of social capital and mutual supervision as methods of financial regulation in the cooperative sector. Second, a political-economic ideology that privileged equity over efficiency made for weak administrative regulation.

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Logemann, Jan. "Americanization through Credit? Consumer Credit in Germany, 1860s–1960s". Business History Review 85, n.º 3 (2011): 529–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680511000791.

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This study of the American impact on German consumer credit reveals that the notion of post–World War II Americanization emerging through credit-induced consumption is more complicated than has been previously acknowledged. The postwar debate in Germany over consumer credit as an American import had antecedents in a longer, previously overlooked, history of consumer credit. Moreover, the concept of Americanization remains misleading from a comparative perspective: First, examples of indigenous German institutional consumer lending predate the postwar period. Second, differences in both the forms and quantitative weight of consumer lending defy the notion of convergence. Third, different social and political contexts prevented a wholesale adoption in Germany of an American model of credit financing, despite repeated transatlantic transfers.

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Gopal, Supragya Krishan y Syed H. Mazhar. "Impact of Kisan Credit Card Scheme on Farmers in Kannauj District of Uttar Pradesh, India". Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology 42, n.º 39 (26 de octubre de 2023): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/cjast/2023/v42i394254.

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Capital is the most important input in any sector in any country, and agriculture is no exception. The agricultural sector's performance and productivity are determined by the availability of capital for farming activities. As a result, the agriculture sector requires support or credit in order to grow and survive. Agriculture credit is desperately needed to improve the agricultural sector's performance and production. Before financial reforms, the main source of agriculture credit was non-institutional sources i.e. Sahukars, Mahajanas, Moneylenders etc. and they were providing credit facility to farmer households at very high interest rates. The study was carried out in purposively selected district of Kannauj, Uttar Pradesh. The present study has made an attempt to study as the Kisan Credit Card Scheme is being implemented in the district as well as the researcher is well acquainted with the area. 158 beneficiaries and 158 non-beneficiaries were selected randomly for the current study. The main objective of present study is to investigate the challenges and issues in the adoption of Kisan credit card scheme by farmer households and how much this scheme succeed in resolving the previous issues and challenges. Credit availability for agricultural activities is the crucial input for improving the performance and productivity of the agriculture sector. The research aims to find out the sources of finance before and after the adoption of KCC Scheme opted by farmer households for availing the credit to fulfill the capital requirement of agriculture and allied activities. The analysis demonstrates a considerable favorable change in recipients' preferred source of credit following the implementation of the KCC scheme. Following the implementation of the KCC Scheme, the beneficiaries' credit sources moved from non-institutional to institutional. The Kisan Credit Card schemes revolutionized rural financing in India. This study will be extremely useful in determining the best way to distribute the KCC plan.

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Cheung, Kin, Bin Li, Peter Benz, Ka Ming Chow, Jeremy Tzi Dong Ng, Wilson Yeung Yuk Kwok, Hilda Tsang et al. "Prototype Development of a Cross-Institutional Credit Transfer Information System for Community College Transfer Students". Sustainability 13, n.º 16 (21 de agosto de 2021): 9398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169398.

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Credit transfer information systems in higher education are not well studied. This article demonstrates the prototype development of a cross-institutional credit transfer information system (CICIS) for community college transfer (i.e., vertical transfer) students in an Asian educational context. It exhibits credit transfer guidelines and past credit transfer records to enhance the transparency and sustainability of credit transfer information and to facilitate the transfer process of prospective community college transfer students. It also ensures the sustainability of credit transfer information and its application. The four-phase life cycle of the prototyping model was adopted to guide the study. In this paper, we report the first three phases of this development: (1) Users’ needs assessment and pre-prototyping groundwork, (2) prototype development, and (3) unforeseen circumstances and expert review. Challenges and difficulties throughout the whole process are documented and discussed. Based on this prototype development experience, a solid foundation of strategies for future engineering and enhancement of credit transfer information systems can be developed.

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Chen, Xian, Jakob Arnoldi y Xin Chen. "Chinese culture, materialism and corporate supply of trade credit". China Finance Review International 10, n.º 2 (15 de julio de 2019): 197–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cfri-11-2018-0147.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate how cultural value in materialism affects corporate supply of trade credits. Design/methodology/approach Using a sample of 14,710 firm-year observations of Chinese listed firms from 1998 to 2012, the authors examine the influence of regional materialism on accounts receivable. Findings The authors find that listed firms within more materialistic tend to extend less trade credit to their customers, in particular in long-term categories of trade credit. Such negative effects can be significantly mitigated by state control, suggesting the effects are more pronounced in privately controlled listed firms. The negative effects of materialism still hold after controlling for other regional factors, such as trust, GDP per capita or institutional development. Research limitations/implications The authors show materialism as a cultural construct varies across Chinese regions, and it could have important impact on corporate supply of trade credits, besides the previous found effects on consumer use of credit. Originality/value This paper expands the literature about the influence of materialism on economic decision making from the individual level to the corporate level.

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Kundu, Amit y Pubali Goswami. "Enhancement of Farm Income among the Marginal Farmers in West Bengal, India: Importance of Micro-Credit and Co-Operative Farming". Asian Development Policy Review 10, n.º 3 (23 de agosto de 2022): 226–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.55493/5008.v10i3.4594.

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This paper, based on a field investigation in rural West Bengal, aims to identify possible ways which can enhance the farm income of marginal farmers. It is observed that the micro-credit system under a joint liability credit contract can play a dominant role during the time of disbursement of institutional farm credit, but the availability and size of this credit mainly depend on the operational holdings of the farm households. It is also observed that institutional credit, which is mainly provided through a micro-credit system, helps the beneficiary farmers to utilize their operational holdings optimally by enhancing their cropping intensity and or crop diversification. This creates a positive impact on their net farm income. It is also proved that the size of operational holdings creates a positive impact on the net farm income of the marginal farmer households at an increasing rate, which establishes the importance of cooperative farming through forming farmer’s groups at the ground level.

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Dadzie, Philomena y Lawrence Boadi. "CREDIT UNION DEVELOPMENT IN GHANA: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF INSTITUTIONAL AND COMMUNITY BASED CREDIT UNIONS". Journal of Academy of Business and Economics 20, n.º 4 (1 de diciembre de 2020): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18374/jabe-20-4.2.

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ALBAITY, MOHAMED, RAY SAADAOUI MALLEK, ABU HANIFA MD. NOMAN y HUSSEIN A. HASSAN AL-TAMIMI. "Bank Credit Growth and Trust: Does Institutional Quality Matter? Evidence from the Association of Southeast Asian Nations". Asian Development Review 39, n.º 02 (septiembre de 2022): 223–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0116110522500172.

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This study investigated whether the quality of governance, trustworthiness, and confidence impacts bank credit growth. In addition, we examined credit growth cyclicality in 10 members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. By employing data concerning 282 banks between 2012 and 2019, this study found that trustworthiness boosted bank credit growth. Overall, the increased quality of governance was found to increase credit growth, except for the specific indicators of voice and accountability and political stability, which were found not to influence bank credit growth. Moreover, similar to prior findings in related fields, the empirical results of this study confirmed the complementary effect of informal and formal institutions on bank credit growth. Lastly, results indicated that banks were pro-cyclical regarding credit growth. Overall, the results of this study highlighted the role of the supervisory powers of governments in boosting credit expansion, mainly during economic upturns.

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Canh, Nguyen Phuc, Christophe Schinckus, Thanh Dinh Su y Felicia Hui Ling Chong. "Institutional quality and risk in the banking system". Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science 26, n.º 51 (15 de junio de 2021): 22–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jefas-01-2020-0012.

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Purpose This paper aims to offer an empirical study of the impact of institutional quality on the banking system risk and credit risk. Design/methodology/approach Applying cross-sectional dependent tests and stationary tests to check the property of our sample, the panel corrected standard errors model is recruited as the main estimator, while feasible generalized least squares, pool ordinary least squares (OLS), robust pool OLS and other estimators are used as a robustness check for an unbalanced panel data for 56 economies divided into three subsamples between 2002 and 2015. Findings The empirical results show several significant contributions. First, an improvement in institutional quality is an important factor to reduce the banking system risk. This effect of the institutions is less important in well-capitalized, highly profitable and in high-economic growth countries. This effect is also stronger in highly liquid banking systems. Notably, a better institutional quality helps to reduce the banking system risk in the highly concentrated banking system. Second, institutional quality has a significant negative relationship with the banking credit risk, especially in highly concentrated banking systems and in high-growth countries. This influence is weaker in highly liquid and well-capitalized banking systems. Finally, better institutions reduce the positive effect of trade openness, but it induces a higher credit risk for the banking system from the trade openness. Notably, a better institutional quality enhances the negative effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow on both banking system risk and credit risk. These findings are documented for a global sample and three subsamples: low and lower-middle-income economies, upper-middle-income economies and high-income economies. Originality/value This study provides some recommendations, for policymakers, on the roles of institutions in the banking system and financial stability.

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Lamichhane, Basu Dev. "Credit Portfolio Management in Nepalese Microfinance Institutions (MFIs): A Shifting Guide to Credit Risk Management". Interdisciplinary Journal of Management and Social Sciences 4, n.º 1 (26 de mayo de 2023): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijmss.v4i1.54097.

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This paper attempts to provide a first step toward understanding the role of credit portfolio management in Nepalese microfinance institutions (MFIs) and overcome those problems associated with credit risk management. The credit portfolio management (CPM) has become most crucial functions of the Nepalese MFIs for sound loan portfolio quality. This study is based on descriptive research design. Several findings are made through the review of the literature that is parallel to achieving the objectives of the study. MFIs are financial intermediaries ("banks") that have a direct impact on economic and social transformation, such as job creation, income generation, social change, and poverty alleviation via financial and non-financial activities. The findings show that a credit appraisal system, scientific interest rate, credit monitoring, loan portfolio diversification system, capital optimization, risk framework development, regulatory management, credit control, credit advisory, and credit research, have reduced credit risk and ensured high-performing loans and financial sustainability. The study recommends that MFI’s portfolio management strategies focus more on the internal causes of delinquency which they have more control over and seek practical and achievable solutions to reimbursement delinquency problems. The study's findings will be useful to BFIs, institutional lenders, microfinance experts, regulators, economists, policymakers, and institutional credit rating agencies. The result reveals that portfolio diversification has a significant impact on credit portfolio management in Nepalese MFIs.

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Yadav, Priyanka y Anil K. Sharma. "Agriculture Credit in Developing Economies: A Review of Relevant Literature". International Journal of Economics and Finance 7, n.º 12 (24 de noviembre de 2015): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v7n12p219.

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<p>This paper aims to present a comprehensive review of 110 studies on agriculture credit in developing countries during 1995 to 2015. The literature has been classified and presented on the basis of time period, country of study, methodology used, issues covered, and sources of study. Agriculture credit has gained interest of policy makers and researchers in developing economies in recent years with raising concerns of issues like food security and rising population. However, the situation of small and marginal farmers is still vulnerable and they lack timely and adequate access to institutional sources of finance. Non-institutional sources of credit are still dominant in rural credit markets; while the role of micro-finance appears dubious. This study will prove helpful for policy makers and future researchers who wish to study diverse issues in rural finance in general and agriculture credit in particular.</p>

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Margaretha, Jennifer, Jennifer Margaretha y Henryanto Wijaya. "THE IMPACT OF CAR, CREDIT RISK, ROA, LDR, AND OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE TOWARDS FINANCIAL DISTRESS". International Journal of Application on Economics and Business 1, n.º 2 (6 de agosto de 2023): 521–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/v1i2.521-531.

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This study aims to determine the effect of Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Credit Risk, Return on Assets (ROA), Loan-to-Deposit Ratio (LDR), Institutional Ownership and Managerial Ownership on Financial Distress in the conventional commercial banking sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2018-2020. This study used 15 conventional commercial banks as samples, which were then analyzed with multiple linear regression analysis techniques and panel data models. The results of this study show that CAR, ROA, and LDR have a positive and significant effect on Financial Distress; Credit Risk and Institutional Ownership have a negative and insignificant effect on Financial Distress; and Managerial Ownership has a positive and insignificant effect on Financial Distress. Other results, namely CAR, Credit Risk, ROA, LDR, Institutional Ownership, and Managerial Ownership simultaneously have a significant influence on Financial Distress.

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45

Margaretha, Jennifer, Jennifer Margaretha y Henryanto Wijaya. "THE IMPACT OF CAR, CREDIT RISK, ROA, LDR, AND OWNERSHIP STRUCTURE TOWARDS FINANCIAL DISTRESS". International Journal of Application on Economics and Business 1, n.º 2 (6 de agosto de 2023): 521–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/ijaeb.v1i2.521-531.

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This study aims to determine the effect of Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Credit Risk, Return on Assets (ROA), Loan-to-Deposit Ratio (LDR), Institutional Ownership and Managerial Ownership on Financial Distress in the conventional commercial banking sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2018-2020. This study used 15 conventional commercial banks as samples, which were then analyzed with multiple linear regression analysis techniques and panel data models. The results of this study show that CAR, ROA, and LDR have a positive and significant effect on Financial Distress; Credit Risk and Institutional Ownership have a negative and insignificant effect on Financial Distress; and Managerial Ownership has a positive and insignificant effect on Financial Distress. Other results, namely CAR, Credit Risk, ROA, LDR, Institutional Ownership, and Managerial Ownership simultaneously have a significant influence on Financial Distress.

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Ford, J. y K. Rowlingson. "Low-Income Households and Credit: Exclusion, Preference, and Inclusion". Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 28, n.º 8 (agosto de 1996): 1345–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a281345.

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In this paper it is suggested that current debates on financial exclusion are often too narrowly drawn and institutionally focused. As a consequence, less recognition is given to the availability and use of other regulated financial services such as mail order and moneylending. Drawing on data from a number of recent studies, the authors explore the structures and processes involved in the provision and use of these additional credit sources and assess their costs and benefits. It is suggested that alongside institutional exclusion are processes of self-exclusion, and also inclusion. The implications of such credit patterns for social and economic life in low-income communities are raised.

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Thi Minh, Dr Le. "Vietnam law on stock ownership limits in commercial bank". International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation 5, n.º 2 (2024): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.54660/.ijmrge.2024.5.2.202-206.

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One of the new points of the Law on Credit Institutions 2024 is adjusting the limit on share ownership in commercial banks. The Law on Credit Institutions 2024 has stricter regulations on share ownership ratios. Accordingly, an individual shareholder is not allowed to own shares exceeding 05% of the charter capital of a credit institution; An institutional shareholder may not own shares exceeding 10% of the charter capital of a credit institution. Thus, the share ownership ratio compared to Article 55 of the Law on Credit Institutions in 2010 has had many changes: the ownership ratio of institutional shareholders decreased from 15% to 10%; shareholders and related persons reduced from 20% to 15%. Maintain the 5% ratio for individual shareholders. As for foreign investors, the above provisions will not apply but will follow the government's regulations. Using analytical methods, the article determines the meaning of changes in the share ownership ratio in commercial banks and provides some comments and recommendations.

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Zhang, Xinru. "Legislation Research on Personal Information Protection in Internet Credit Investigation". Learning & Education 10, n.º 5 (13 de marzo de 2022): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.18282/l-e.v10i5.2684.

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With the continuous development of the Internet, the Internet credit investigation system has been developed rapidly, mainly manifested as, the coverage is also expanding, and the number of credit investigation is also increasing.However, due to the lack of relevant institutional guarantee, there are many shortcomings in the Internet credit investigation.Based on this, gradually improving the legislation of personal information protection in Internet credit investigation will help to solve the problems existing in Internet credit investigation, and will help to promote the development of Internet credit investigation.

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Lassoued, Naima. "What drives credit risk of microfinance institutions? International evidence". International Journal of Managerial Finance 13, n.º 5 (9 de octubre de 2017): 541–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmf-03-2017-0042.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to shed light on the factors that affect microfinance institutions’ (MFI) credit risk. These factors include MFIs’ characteristics and country-level indicators. Design/methodology/approach This empirical study uses an unbalanced panel data of 638 MFIs from 87 countries observed over a period ranging from 2005 to 2015. Random-effects models are used to estimate the models. Findings The results reveal that group-lending methodology, percent of loan granted to women and diversification activities reduce credit risk; credit quality is enhanced by the relevance of the information published by public or private bureaus and law enforcement cost increases credit risk. Finally, credit risk tends to be limited in a good institutional environment. Practical implications Several implications can be drawn in light of these findings. For MFIs’ managers, using group lending or granting more credit to women and diversifying their activities enhance their credit quality. Furthermore, authorities need to strength debt repayment institutions and reinforce institutional environment to help MFIs to limit their credit risk. Originality/value Previous studies focus on specific MFIs’ practices that enhance repayment rate or on country-level indicators. One of the contributions of this paper is the use of both types of indicators.

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Danby, Colin. "Noyola's Institutional Approach to Inflation". Journal of the History of Economic Thought 27, n.º 2 (junio de 2005): 161–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09557570500114244.

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Juan Noyola is widely credited as an originator of the Latin American “structuralist” theory of inflation. His key contribution is a 1956 article comparing inflation in Mexico and Chile. However there is disagreement about the nature of this contribution, or even what “structuralist” means in this context. I argue that Noyola's innovation was grounding money and credit in a highly institutional political economy of class conflict. This grounding endogenized not only money, but also policymaking and the State.

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