Artículos de revistas: "Insects as biological pest control agents"

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Drummond, Frank y Beth Choate. "Ants as biological control agents in agricultural cropping systems". Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews 4, n.º 2 (2011): 157–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187498311x571979.

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AbstractAnts positively impact agricultural systems by rapidly consuming large numbers of pest insects, disturbing pests during feeding and oviposition, and increasing soil quality and nutrients. The ability of ants to control pest species has been recognized since the year 300 A.D. and farmers continue to conserve and promote ant populations in agricultural systems worldwide. Naturally occurring ant species in milpas, mango, citrus, coconut, cashews, and cotton control many pest insects. Through judicious insecticide application and changes in management practices such as tillage, and other manipulations of vegetation and crop structure, beneficial ant populations are conserved in a variety of agroecosystems. The first recorded example of biological control was the manipulation of ants throughout citrus orchards in Asia. Augmentation continues in citrus, and methods of ant introduction have been developed in Malaysian and Indonesian cocoa plantations, as well as to control sweet potato and banana weevils in Cuba. Ant species have been formally incorporated into other integrated pest management programs for cashew in Australia, cocoa in Papua New Guinea, and mango in Australia and Vietnam. With efforts to reduce chemical pesticide input in agricultural systems, research evaluating the ability of generalist ant species to control pest insects must continue.

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Alfina, T. y N. F. Haneda. "Entomopathogenic fungi as biological agents in forest plant pest control: A systematic review". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 959, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2022): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/959/1/012013.

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Abstract Entomopathogenic fungi have seen application in pest control due to being more friendly to the environment compared to synthetic insecticides. This research aims to determine the potentials of entomopathogenic fungi by identifying research reports regarding the effectiveness of fungi as biological agents for controlling pest insect attacks on forest plants. This research used a systematic review to enable extended analysis. The systematic review was performed on secondary data obtained from 51 scientific articles concerning tests of entomopathogenic fungi on forest plants pest insects. The research publications originated from multiple continents and a surge in the number of publications took place in 2020. Curculionids were the most frequently found pest insects with 14 species encountered. The most frequently found and tested stadium of insects on the field was the adult stage used in 39 researches. The most dominant fungi used in the researches were ascomycetes with 31 species, ten species among them originating from the Cordycipitaceae family. The most used application methods were direct spraying and immersion, each with a 33% percentage of usage.

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Styer, E. L. y J. J. Hamm. "Detection and Identification of Viruses in Economically Important Insects". Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (agosto de 2000): 666–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600035820.

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Economically important insects include pests of plants, animals and stored products as well as insects produced commercially (honey bees, silkworms, insects for fish bait and food for birds and zoo animals). Other insects are produced in large numbers for experimental purposes, biological control of insect pests and weeds and the production of sterile insects for population suppression. Insect viruses may affect morphology, physiology and behavior, often reducing longevity and reproductive potential. Thus insect viruses can be used as biological control agents of pest insects. Insect viruses may also interfere with the production or function of biological control agents (e.g., parasitoids and predators) and insects used for research purposes. Therefore, it is advantageous to screen commercial and research colonies and imported insects for viruses.Electron microscopy of negatively stained specimens (NS EM) offers a relatively rapid and inexpensive means of screening populations of insects for the presence of viruses or viruslike particles and to monitor the progress of virus control programs.

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Sharma, Anamika, Ramandeep Kaur Sandhi y Gadi V. P. Reddy. "A Review of Interactions between Insect Biological Control Agents and Semiochemicals". Insects 10, n.º 12 (5 de diciembre de 2019): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10120439.

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Biological control agents and semiochemicals have become essential parts of the integrated pest management of insect pests over recent years, as the incorporation of semiochemicals with natural enemies and entomopathogenic microbials has gained significance. The potential of insect pheromones to attract natural enemies has mainly been established under laboratory conditions, while semiochemicals from plants have been used to attract and retain natural enemies in field conditions using strategies such as trap crops and the push–pull mechanism. The best-known semiochemicals are those used for parasitoids–insect pest–plant host systems. Semiochemicals can also aid in the successful dispersal of entomopathogenic microbials. The use of semiochemicals to disseminate microbial pathogens is still at the initial stage, especially for bacterial and viral entomopathogens. Future studies should focus on the integration of semiochemicals into management strategies for insects, for which several semiochemical compounds have already been studied. More effective formulations of microbial agents, such as granular formulations of entomopathogenic fungi (EPFs), along with bio-degradable trap materials, could improve this strategy. Furthermore, more studies to evaluate species-specific tactics may be needed, especially where more than one key pest is present.

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Beirne, Bryan P. "Avoidable obstacles to colonization in classical biological control of insects". Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 1985): 743–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-108.

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Most classical biological control attempts worldwide against pest insects have failed to meet the objective of solving the pest problems permanently. The dominant cause was failure by introduced agents to colonize. Most failures to colonize can be attributed to procedures that were detrimental to the numbers or health or the target-finding or field survival abilities of newly released agents. Administrative reactions to the low success rate, poor cost/benefit data, and overselling of the method were basically responsible for those procedures. As ways of avoiding such procedures exist, it is feasible to make colonization a probability. This should substantially improve the chances of control being successful, enable past failures to be reopened, and expand the scope of classical biological control.

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Pan, Xiaoyuan, Xuejun Wang y Fan Zhang. "New Insights into Cockroach Control: Using Functional Diversity of Blattella germanica Symbionts". Insects 11, n.º 10 (13 de octubre de 2020): 696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11100696.

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Insects have close symbiotic relationships with several microbes, which extends the limited metabolic networks of most insects. Using symbiotic microorganisms for the biological control of pests and insect-borne diseases has become a promising direction. Blattella germanica (L.) (Blattaria: Blattidae) is a public health pest worldwide, which is difficult to control because of its strong reproductive ability, adaptability, and resistance to insecticides. In this paper, the diverse biological functions (nutrition, reproductive regulation, insecticide resistance, defense, and behavior) of symbionts were reviewed, and new biological control strategies on the basis of insect–symbiont interaction were proposed. We highlight new directions in B. germanica control, such as suppressing cockroach population using Wolbachia or paratransgenes, and combining fungal insecticides with synergistic agents to enhance insecticidal efficacy.

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Isah, U. y M. A. Ahmad. "Microorganisms as bioinsecticides; short review". Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 12, n.º 1 (15 de abril de 2020): 274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v12i1.42s.

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Hundred thousand tons of chemical insecticides are used annually in Nigeria to combat insect disease vectors especially agricultural pests, but this sort of vector control method is gradually being substituted due to their environmental effects on non-target beneficial insects especially vertebrates through contamination of food and water. To counteract this contamination, attention, efforts and researches were directed to the use of biological control agents including insect pathogens. As a result, the use of bio insecticide, as a component of integrated pest management (IPM), has been gaining acceptance over the world. Microbial pathogens comprise of organisms which cause disease, these organisms are disseminated in the pest population in large quantity in a manner similar to application of chemical pesticides. Insects like other organisms are susceptible to a variety of diseases caused by different groups of microorganisms including virus, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and nematodes. Microbial pathogens of insects are intensively investigated to develop environment friendly pest management strategies in agriculture. Microbial insecticides represent today the best alternative to chemical insecticides in controlling insect pests, they are safe for non-target species and human health are believed to show low persistence in the environment. This short review indicates that microbial insecticides are the safe alternative way possessing all the requirements to replace chemical insecticides hence, they can be utilized in pest management and control. Keywords: Bio-insecticides, Microorganisms, biological control, pest, chemical insecticides

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Bale, J. S., J. C. van Lenteren y F. Bigler. "Biological control and sustainable food production". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, n.º 1492 (6 de septiembre de 2007): 761–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2182.

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The use of biological control for the management of pest insects pre-dates the modern pesticide era. The first major successes in biological control occurred with exotic pests controlled by natural enemy species collected from the country or area of origin of the pest (classical control). Augmentative control has been successfully applied against a range of open-field and greenhouse pests, and conservation biological control schemes have been developed with indigenous predators and parasitoids. The cost–benefit ratio for classical biological control is highly favourable (1 : 250) and for augmentative control is similar to that of insecticides (1 : 2–1 : 5), with much lower development costs. Over the past 120 years, more than 5000 introductions of approximately 2000 non-native control agents have been made against arthropod pests in 196 countries or islands with remarkably few environmental problems. Biological control is a key component of a ‘systems approach’ to integrated pest management, to counteract insecticide-resistant pests, withdrawal of chemicals and minimize the usage of pesticides. Current studies indicate that genetically modified insect-resistant Bt crops may have no adverse effects on the activity or function of predators or parasitoids used in biological control. The introduction of rational approaches for the environmental risk assessment of non-native control agents is an essential step in the wider application of biological control, but future success is strongly dependent on a greater level of investment in research and development by governments and related organizations that are committed to a reduced reliance on chemical control.

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Ghazanfar, Muhammad Usman, Steffen Hagenbucher, Jörg Romeis, Giselher Grabenweger y Michael Meissle. "Fluctuating temperatures influence the susceptibility of pest insects to biological control agents". Journal of Pest Science 93, n.º 3 (5 de marzo de 2020): 1007–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10340-020-01215-9.

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SAEIDI, Karim, Hossein PEZHMAN y Hadi KARIMIPOUR-FARD. "Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Nematode Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) as a Biological Control Agent of Lentil Weevil, Bruchus lentis, Under Laboratory Conditions". Notulae Scientia Biologicae 10, n.º 4 (21 de diciembre de 2018): 503–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb10410320.

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Stored-product pests in the family Bruchidae of Coleoptera represent important pests affecting legume seeds. The lentil weevil, Bruchus lentis Froelich (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) is one of the major lentil pests in Iran and in the world. The economic losses caused by this pest on lentil grow up to 40%. Synthetic pesticides are currently the chosen method to protect stored grain from insect damage. However, their widespread use has led to the development of pest strains resistant to insecticides and pest resurgence. In recent years, nonchemical methods, including biological agents are considered safe methods to control the stored grain pests. Positive characteristics of entomopathogenic nematodes as biological control factors of arthropod pests, introduce them as an appropriate option for controlling the integrated pest management of lentil weevil. In the present study, an isolate of entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema feltiae, isolated from soils around Yasouj and based on morphological traits and morphometric data were identified. Adult insects of lentil weevil were exposed to concentrations of 0; 500; 1,000; 2,000 and 3,000 infective juvenile/ml of distilled water at different temperatures (20, 23, 26 and 29 °C). Insects were placed on filter paper impregnated with 1 ml of nematode suspension in Petri dishes for three days. Mortality of the insects was recorded every 24 hours. The highest mortality was recorded after 72 hours, which represented 79.40%, at the concentration of 3,000 infective juvenile at 26 °C.

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Rajendran, Somiahnadar. "Insect Pest Management in Stored Products". Outlooks on Pest Management 31, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 2020): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1564/v31_feb_05.

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Insects are a common problem in stored produce. The author describes the extent of the problem and approaches to countering it. Stored products of agricultural and animal origin, whether edible or non-edible, are favourite food for insect pests. Durable agricultural produce comprising dry raw and processed commodities and perishables (fresh produce) are vulnerable to insect pests at various stages from production till end-use. Similarly, different animal products and museum objects are infested mainly by dermestids. Insect pests proliferate due to favourable storage conditions, temperature and humidity and availability of food in abundance. In addition to their presence in food commodities, insects occur in storages (warehouses, silos) and processing facilities (flour mills, feed mills). Insect infestation is also a serious issue in processed products and packed commodities. The extent of loss in stored products due to insects varies between countries depending on favourable climatic conditions, and pest control measures adopted. In stored food commodities, insect infestation causes loss in quantity, changes in nutritional quality, altered chemical composition, off-odours, changes in end-use products, dissemination of toxigenic microorganisms and associated health implications. The insects contribute to contaminants such as silk threads, body fragments, hastisetae, excreta and chemical secretions. Insect activity in stored products increases the moisture content favouring the growth of moulds that produce mycotoxins (e.g., aflatoxin in stored peanuts). Hide beetle, Dermestes maculatus infesting silkworm cocoons has been reported to act as a carrier of microsporidian parasite Nosema bombycis that causes pebrine disease in silkworms. In dried fish, insect infestation leads to higher bacterial count and uric acid levels. Insects cause damage in hides and skins affecting their subsequent use for making leather products. The trend in stored product insect pest management is skewing in favour of pest prevention, monitoring, housekeeping and finally control. Hermetic storage system can be supplemented with CO2 or phosphine application to achieve quicker results. Pest detection and monitoring has gained significance as an important tool in insect pest management. Pheromone traps originally intended for detection of infestations have been advanced as a mating disruption device ensuing pest suppression in storage premises and processing facilities; pheromones also have to undergo registration protocols similar to conventional insecticides in some countries. Control measures involve reduced chemical pesticide use and more non-chemical inputs such as heat, cold/freezing and desiccants. Furthermore, there is an expanding organic market where physical and biological agents play a key role. The management options for insect control depend on the necessity or severity of pest incidence. Generally, nonchemical treatments, except heat, require more treatment time or investment in expensive equipment or fail to achieve 100% insect mortality. Despite insect resistance, environmental issues and residue problems, chemical control is inevitable and continues to be the most effective and rapid control method. There are limited options with respect to alternative fumigants and the alternatives have constraints as regards environmental and health concerns, cost, and other logistics. For fumigation of fresh agricultural produce, new formulations of ethyl formate and phosphine are commercially applied replacing methyl bromide. Resistance management is now another component of stored product pest management. In recent times, fumigation techniques have improved taking into consideration possible insect resistance. Insect control deploying nanoparticles, alone or as carriers for other control agents, is an emerging area with promising results. As there is no single compound with all the desired qualities, a necessity has arisen to adopt multiple approaches. Cocktail applications or combination treatments (IGRs plus organophosphorus insecticides, diatomaceous earth plus contact insecticides, nanoparticles plus insecticides/pathogens/phytocompounds and conventional fumigants plus CO2; vacuum plus fumigant) have been proved to be more effective. The future of store product insect pest management is deployment of multiple approaches and/or combination treatments to achieve the goal quickly and effectively.

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Francis, Frederic, Junior Corneille Fingu-Mabola y Ibtissem Ben Fekih. "Direct and Endophytic Effects of Fungal Entomopathogens for Sustainable Aphid Control: A Review". Agriculture 12, n.º 12 (4 de diciembre de 2022): 2081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12122081.

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Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are cosmopolitan species of great interest in pest management due to their ability to cause epizooty in soil-dwelling and aboveground insects. Besides their direct effect against a wide host range of serious agricultural insect pests, such as aphids, a major emphasis has been placed on investigating the impact of EPF with endophytic traits (EIPF) on aboveground tripartite interactions between host plants, herbivores and beneficial insects. However, despite their valuable role in biocontrol processes, there is still more to explore about their diverse potential as ecofriendly biological control agents. Herein, we provide an overview of the meaningful role and faced challenges following the use of EPF and EIPF to control aphids.

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Augustyniuk-Kram, Anna. "Organizmy pożyteczne w strategiach biologicznego zwalczania – grzyby owadobójcze". Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae 8, n.º 1 (30 de junio de 2010): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/seb.2010.8.1.05.

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Fungal entomopathogens are widespread in nature and contribute to the natural regulation of insects. They can be exploited for pest management as biological control agents of pests in attempts to improve the sustainability of crop protection. Four types of biological control are recognized: classical, inoculation, inundation, and conservation biological control. Classical biological control is the intentional introduction and permanent establishment of an exotic biological agent for long-term pest management. Inoculation biological control is the intentional release of a living organism as a biological control agent with the expectation that it will multiply and control the pest for an extended period, but not permanently. Inundation biological control is the release of large numbers of mass-produced biological control agents to reduce a pest population without necessarily achieving continuing impact or establishment. Conservation biological control is a modification of the environment or existing practices to protect and enhance specific natural enemies or other organisms to reduce the effect of pests. The traditional and the most popular approach in biological control with entomopathogenic fungi has been to apply the fungal material to the cropping system (as biopesticide), using an inundation biological control strategy. The term biopesticide is used for microbial biological pest control agents that are applied in a similar manner to chemical pesticides. The use of biopesticides can substitute for some (but not all) chemicals and provide environmentally safe and sustainable control of pests but EU legislation and prohibitive registration costs are discouraging the development and commercialization of many promising new products.

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Samways, Michael J. "Classical Biological Control and Insect Conservation: Are They Compatible?" Environmental Conservation 15, n.º 4 (1988): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900029842.

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Exotic insect pests worldwide are many. They are accidental biotic contaminants. Classical biological control (CBC) agents can be considered as deliberately introduced biotic contaminants that, when successful, reduce the overall biomass of contamination and often bring considerable self-sustaining economic relief to farming communites.Although the introduction of exotic agents would seem to be contrary to conservation philosophy, there are no quantified instances to date where the introduction of arthropod agents has been shown to have harmed a specific conservation programme or has been categorically damaging to native fauna. There is only limited anecdotal evidence that introduced parasitoids may have damaged certain specific native taxa. CBC in some cases actually assists conservation by reducing the level of exotic pests in nature reserves.As CBC is an important socio-economic method of pest control, especially for tropical farmers, and as the taxonomic groups and life-histories of its targets are so different from those insects of endangered status, the two approaches are not in conflict. But as CBC is virtually irretrievable, it must continue to be carried out carefully and selectively only by truly responsible CBC agencies using appropriate quarantine facilities.Tourists and general travellers pose a greater threat to native faunas than do the activities of such CBC agencies. It is well known that vertebrate agents and certain invertebrates, especially snails, can be devastating to certain native biotas. Additionally, and in view of the impending world-wide biotic diversity crisis, even traditional agents such as insect pathogens, insect parasitoids, and insect and mite predators, should be viewed with extreme caution—especially when oligophagous, and unquestionably when polyphagous.

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Long, Khuat Dang y Dang Thi Dzung. "Synopsis of Cotesia species, biological agents for pest control on vegetables in Vietnam, with description of one new species". Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 157, n.º 2-3 (2014): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22119434-00002042.

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The biology of four allied species of the genus Cotesia Cameron is reviewed. All these species were reared from larvae of pest insects mainly belonging to the families Lymantriidae, Noctuidae, Pieridae and Plutellidae. They are larval endoparasitoids and considered as important agents for biological control of pest insects infesting different vegetable crops in Vietnam, such as cabbage, kohlrabi, small colza, cauliflower, peanut, soybeans, and various other legumes. Of those four species, Cotesia clethrogynae Long sp. n., is described as new and illustrated; the biology and distribution of the other three allied species are given, they are illustrated and compared, and a key to four species is provided. This paper resulted from the identification of a new species of Cotesia reared from limantrid larvae of Clethrogynae turbata Butler and the necessity to compare related species. The host is an important pest infestant on soybean, different beans, peas and peanut in Vietnam.

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Ghazanfar, Muhammad Usman, Steffen Hagenbucher, Jörg Romeis, Giselher Grabenweger y Michael Meissle. "Correction to: Fluctuating temperatures influence the susceptibility of pest insects to biological control agents". Journal of Pest Science 93, n.º 4 (26 de junio de 2020): 1443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10340-020-01244-4.

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Sanchez–Yáñez, Juan Manuel, José Luis Rico y Gérard Ulíbrri. "Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is more than a special agent for biological control of pests". Journal of Applied Biotechnology & Bioengineering 9, n.º 2 (23 de marzo de 2022): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jabb.2022.09.00282.

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Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a bacterial genus known mainly for its capability to synthesize, in addition to spores, a parasporal body or crystal (δ––endotoxin), comprised of proteins which are toxic to pest insects, i.e., Coleoptera, Diptera and Lepidoptera, and other orders. As well as plant pathogenic nematode and many other applications as endophytic plant growth promoting bacteria, or cleaning enviornmental form some chemicals polluting agents, and even in human medicine for cancer prevention. The Bt coexists in a close relationship with insects to which eventually infects and poisons. It is likely that these unfavorable changes occurred during the evolutionary pathway in the interactions Bacillus–insect, which resulted in the present biochemical diversity between these species. The goal of this minireview is to show role of Bt in comparation with other genus Bacillus and explain why Bt is of interest for biological control of pests in conventional, protected and organic agriculture regarding other biotechnological applications to fully exploit the beneficial potential of Bt

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Lacey, Lawrence A. y James D. Harper. "MICROBIAL CONTROL AND INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT". Journal of Entomological Science 21, n.º 3 (1 de julio de 1986): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-21.3.206.

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Although chemical pesticides are still the principle component of pest control efforts, microbial control agents are increasingly becoming useful in IPM programs. This paper reviews the mechanisms through which pathogens could be used in such programs. In general the strategies of introduction (inoculative or inundative), augmentation, and conservation, recognized for achieving biological control of pests with parasites and predators, are applicable to insect pathogens. Examples of these strategies for microbial control agents and their integration with cultural and chemical control methods in agricultural systems and public health programs are presented.

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Wszelaki, Annette L. y Bryan Brunner. "(154) Alternatives for Pest Management in a Tropical Organic Watermelon Production System". HortScience 41, n.º 4 (julio de 2006): 1080B—1080. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1080b.

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While much research has been conducted in organic farming, little has focused on tropical systems. Tropical, versus temperate, systems present additional challenges for organic producers, including differences in soils, temperature, daylength, rainfall, and humidity. Pest management in tropical organic systems can be particularly demanding due to the year-round pest pressure and optimal environment for pest proliferation. Weed management is essential for the production of high-quality watermelons, but can be difficult when herbicides are not permitted. Weeds also serve as a source of inoculum for disease organisms and a habitat for insects, both beneficial and detrimental. Many products have been advertised for pest control in organic farming systems, most of which have not been adequately evaluated in independent, replicated trials. Here we investigated alternatives to pesticides for the control of weeds, insects, and diseases in `Crimson Sweet' watermelons. A split plot on a RCBD with four replications per treatment was used, with weed treatment (± paper-grass mulch) as the main plot and 12 insect and disease control alternatives as subplots. The alternatives for insect and disease control included traditional copper-based fungicides, biological control agents, potassium bicarbonate, hydrogen dioxide, milk, and commercial formulations of essential oils. Weed abundance (percentage cover), disease severity (percentage disease), and insect damage (percentage foliar damage) were evaluated weekly using a modified Horsfall-Barratt scale. Yield and quality were measured at harvest on five plants from each replication. While none of the products should be relied upon as the sole means of managing pests, those with efficacy could be integrated into organic management programs.

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MacQuarrie, Chris J. K., D. B. Lyons, M. Lukas Seehausen y Sandy M. Smith. "A history of biological control in Canadian forests, 1882–2014". Canadian Entomologist 148, S1 (14 de enero de 2016): S239—S269. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2015.66.

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AbstractBiological control has been an important tactic in the management of Canadian forests for over a century, but one that has had varied success. Here, we review the history of biological control programmes using vertebrate and invertebrate parasitoids and predators against insects in Canadian forests. Since roughly 1882, 41 insect species have been the target of biological control, with approximately equal numbers of both native and non-native species targeted. A total of 161 species of biological control agents have been released in Canadian forests, spanning most major orders of insects, as well as mites and mammals. Biological control has resulted in the successful suppression of nine pest species, and aided in the control of an additional six species. In this review, we outline the chronological history of major projects across Canadian forests, focussing on those that have had significant influence for the development of biological control. The historical data clearly illustrate a rise and fall in the use of biological control as a tactic for managing forest pests, from its dominance in the 1940s and 1950s to its current low level. The strategic implementation of these biological control programmes, their degree of success, and the challenges faced are discussed, along with the discipline’s shifting relationship to basic science and the environmental viewpoints surrounding its use.

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Mathulwe, Letodi L., Karin Jacobs, Antoinette P. Malan, Klaus Birkhofer, Matthew F. Addison y Pia Addison. "Characterisation of Metarhizium majus (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) isolated from the Western Cape Province, South Africa". PLOS ONE 16, n.º 2 (19 de febrero de 2021): e0240955. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240955.

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Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) are important soil-dwelling entomopathogens, which can be used as biological control agents against pest insects. EPF are capable of causing lethal epizootics in pest insect populations in agroecosystems. During a survey of the orchard soil at an organic farm, different EPF species were collected and identified to species level, using both morphological and molecular techniques. The EPF were trapped from soil samples taken from an apricot orchard. The traps, which were baited in the laboratory, used susceptible host insects, including the last-instar larvae of Galleria mellonella (wax moth larvae) and Tenebrio molitor (mealworm larvae). The potential pathogenicity of the local Metarhizium majus isolate was tested and verified using susceptible laboratory-reared last-instar T. molitor larvae. The identification of the M. majus isolated from South African soil was verified using both morphological and molecular techniques. The occurrence of M. majus in the South African soil environment had not previously been reported.

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Loulou, Ameni, Meriem M’saad Guerfali, Arthur Muller, Aashaq Hussain Bhat, Joaquín Abolafia, Ricardo A. R. Machado y Sadreddine Kallel. "Potential of Oscheius tipulae nematodes as biological control agents against Ceratitis capitata". PLOS ONE 17, n.º 6 (7 de junio de 2022): e0269106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269106.

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A survey to collect soil nematodes with potential to control Ceratitis capitata flies was carried out in different locations in Tunisia. Several nematode isolates were recovered, laboratory colonies were established, and their taxonomic identities were determined based on molecular methods. Among all the recovered nematode isolates, two of them, Oscheius tipulae TC2 and OC2, were evaluated for their capacity to control C. capitata flies and for their ability to kill and reproduce on Galleria mellonella larvae. Our results show a great potential of these two isolates as biocontrol agents as they kill C. capitata eggs and pupae and interfere with the metamorphosis of C. capitata larvae. More specifically, TC2 and OC2 nematodes killed 39 and 31% of C. capitata eggs, respectively, impaired the metamorphosis of up to 77% and up to 67% of C. capitata larvae, respectively, and killed up to 66% and up to 58% of C. capitata pupae, respectively. The efficacy of TC2 and OC2 nematodes was particularly high on C. capitata pupae, and significant insect mortalities were observed even at concentrations of 1 and 5 nematodes/pupae, respectively. We also found that TC2 and OC2 nematodes efficiently kill and reproduce in G. mellonella larvae, suggesting that these insects could be used for mass-multiplication of these nematodes. These results reveal the potential of O. tipulae to complement integrated pest management programs against C. capitata flies.

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Singh, Dhyani, Kokate, Chakraborty y Nimsadkar. "Deterioration of World Heritage Cave Monument of Ajanta, India: Insights to Important Biological Agents and Environment Friendly Solutions". Heritage 2, n.º 3 (30 de agosto de 2019): 2545–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage2030156.

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Heritage monuments across the world are affected by a variety of physical and biological stresses. Damage to heritage monuments due to insects and pests is growing with increasing anthropogenic pressure and changing climatic conditions. Cave monuments are habitats to microbes, algae, fungi, and insects, and are unique biodiversity sites due to their low temperature, little to no sunlight, and high moisture conditions. This study takes stock of available information on important factors that facilitate the growth of insect pests and degrade heritage monuments. Ajanta Caves, a UNESCO world heritage site in India, is a human marvel, important archaeological and heritage site of immense cultural and historic values. The present paper is an attempt to understand a variety of stresses and factors with a focus on insect pests that have substantially affected Ajanta cave paintings in the last few decades. The study also provides information on available approaches for damage control including the need for an integrated insect pest management for protecting cave monuments against rapid degradation across the country in general and Ajanta caves in particular. A light-based approach is the key highlight of the study that can be used as an effective and efficient approach to protect archaeological sites especially cave paintings from insect pests without disturbing the pollinator diversity and surrounding environment.

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Dutka, Alexandrea, Alison McNulty y Sally M. Williamson. "A new threat to bees? Entomopathogenic nematodes used in biological pest control cause rapid mortality inBombus terrestris". PeerJ 3 (19 de noviembre de 2015): e1413. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1413.

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There is currently a great deal of concern about population declines in pollinating insects. Many potential threats have been identified which may adversely affect the behaviour and health of both honey bees and bumble bees: these include pesticide exposure, and parasites and pathogens. Whether biological pest control agents adversely affect bees has been much less well studied: it is generally assumed that biological agents are safer for wildlife than chemical pesticides. The aim of this study was to test whether entomopathogenic nematodes sold as biological pest control products could potentially have adverse effects on the bumble beeBombus terrestris. One product was a broad spectrum pest control agent containing bothHeterorhabditis sp. andSteinernema sp., the other product was specifically for weevil control and contained onlySteinernema kraussei. Both nematode products caused ≥80% mortality within the 96 h test period when bees were exposed to soil containing entomopathogenic nematodes at the recommended field concentration of 50 nematodes per cm2soil. Of particular concern is the fact that nematodes from the broad spectrum product could proliferate in the carcasses of dead bees, and therefore potentially infect a whole bee colony or spread to the wider environment.

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25

Woldemelak, Wondimagegn Atilaw. "The Major Biological Approaches in the Integrated Pest Management of Onion Thrips, Thrips Tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)". Journal of Horticultural Research 28, n.º 1 (20 de mayo de 2020): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johr-2020-0002.

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AbstractThrips tabaci Lindeman is a cosmopolitan and polyphagous insect pest. It is known worldwide and recorded on more than 300 plant species. T. tabaci is a key pest of onion and several other crops, and its control is vital to the production and profitability of crops. If onion thrips population is not controlled, damage can reduce yield volume and quality. In addition to direct damage to the host plants, T. tabaci has been characterized as an asymptomatic vector of three devastating tospovirus species, such as Tomato spotted wilt virus, Iris yellow spot virus, and Tomato yellow ring virus. For this reason, several synthetic insecticides were used for control. However, these insecticides bring unwanted effects, like pesticide resistance, elimination of nontarget species, environmental pollution, and threats to human health. To solve the negative consequences of insecticides, biopesticides, such as plant secondary metabolites, entomopathogenic viruses, bacteria, fungi, and nematodes, have been recognized as effective alternatives. The use of plant-based insecticides and entomopathogenic control methods gained more attention in integrated pest management. Their strong side is lack of residues, saving beneficial insects and minimizing air and water pollution. Plant-derived compounds and entomopathogenic biological control agents offered a variety of biological modes of actions against onion thrips, such as repellency, feeding deterrence, anti-oviposition, fecundity deterrence, metamorphosis inhibition, and parasiting the host’s body.

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26

Cloyd, Raymond A. "Compatibility of Insecticides with Natural Enemies to Control Pests of Greenhouses and Conservatories". Journal of Entomological Science 41, n.º 3 (1 de julio de 2006): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-41.3.189.

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Natural enemies used as biological control agents may not always provide adequate control of plant-feeding insects in greenhouses and conservatories. Research continues to assess the utilization of natural enemies in conjunction with biorational insecticides including insect growth regulators, insecticidal soaps, horticultural oils, feeding inhibitors, and microbial agents (entomogenous bacteria and fungi, and related microorganisms); and the potential compatibility of both strategies when implemented together. A variety of factors influence the ability of using natural enemies with insecticides. These include whether the natural enemy is a parasitoid or predator, the species of the natural enemy, life stage sensitivity, rate and timing of insecticide application, and mode of action of the insecticide. Insecticides may impact natural enemies by affecting longevity (survival), host acceptance, sex ratio, reproduction (fecundity), foraging behavior, emergence, and development. Despite the emphasis on evaluating the compatibility of natural enemies with insecticides, it is important to assess if this is a viable and acceptable pest management strategy in greenhouses and conservatories.

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Lettmann, Jessica, Karsten Mody, Tore-Aliocha Kursch-Metz, Nico Blüthgen y Katja Wehner. "Bracon wasps for ecological pest control–a laboratory experiment". PeerJ 9 (27 de mayo de 2021): e11540. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11540.

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Biological control of pest insects by natural enemies may be an effective, cheap and environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic pesticides. The cosmopolitan parasitoid wasp species Bracon brevicornis Wesmael and B. hebetor Say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) use lepidopteran species as hosts, including insect pests like Ephestia kuehniella or Ostrinia nubilalis. Here, we compare the reproductive success of both Bracon species on E. kuehniella in a laboratory experiment. We asked (1) how the reproductive success on a single host larva changes with temperature, (2) how it changes with temperature when more host larvae are present and (3) how temperature and availability of host larvae influence the efficacy of Bracon species as biological control agents. In general, differences between B. brevicornis and B. hebetor have been small. For rearing both Bracon species in the laboratory on one host larva, a temperature between 20–27 °C seems appropriate to obtain the highest number of offspring with a female-biased sex ratio. Rearing the braconid wasps on more than one host larva revealed a higher number of total offspring but less offspring per host larva on average. Again, highest numbers of offspring hatched at 27 °C and the sex ratio was independent from temperature. Although no parasitoids hatched at 12 °C and only few at 36 °C, host larvae were still paralyzed. The efficacy of B. brevicornis was higher than 80% at all numbers of host larvae presented at all temperatures while the efficacy of B. hebetor was less than 80% at 12 °C and 27 °C at low numbers of host larvae presented. In conclusion, practitioners can use either B. brevicornis or B. hebetor at low and high temperatures and at varying host densities to achieve high pest control efficacy.

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Dhawan, Manish, Neelam Joshi, Samandeep Kaur, Saroop Sandhu y Meenu . "DECIPHERING THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ENZYMATIC SYSTEMS AND VIRULENCE OF Beauveria bassiana: A REVIEW". Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 8, n.º 6 (30 de diciembre de 2020): 730–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2020.8(6).730.742.

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Intensive crop production and extensive use of harmful synthetic chemical pesticides create numerous socio-economic problems worldwide. Therefore, sustainable solutions are needed for insect pest control, such as biological control agents. The fungal insect pathogen Beauveria bassiana has shown considerable potential as a biological control agent against a broad range of insects. The insight into the virulence mechanism of B. bassiana is essential to show the robustness of its use. B. bassiana has several determinants of virulence, including the production of cuticle-degrading enzymes (CDEs), such as proteases, chitinases, and lipases. CDEs are essential in the infection process as they hydrolyze the significant components of the insect's cuticle. Moreover, B. bassiana has evolved effective antioxidant mechanisms that include enzyme families that act as reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers, e.g., superoxide dismutases, catalases, peroxidases, and thioredoxins. In B. bassiana, the number of CDEs and antioxidant enzymes are characterized in recent years. These enzymes are believed to be crucial player of evolutionary process in this organism and their role in various mechanism of biological control. Recent discoveries have significantly increased our potential understanding on several potentially wanted unknown mechanisms of B. bassiana infection. This review focuses on the progress detailed in the studies of these enzymes and provides an overview of enzymatic activities and their contributions to virulence.

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Skipper, Horace D., Alex G. Ogg y Ann C. Kennedy. "Root Biology of Grasses and Ecology of Rhizobacteria for Biological Control". Weed Technology 10, n.º 3 (septiembre de 1996): 610–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00040537.

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Rhizobacteria are being evaluated for promotion of plant growth and for biological control of weeds, insects, diseases, and nematodes. Although considerable efforts have been allocated to this approach to biological control, commercial success remains elusive yet intriguing. In this review, the root biology of downy brome and winter wheat is described as an initial model of the information needed for other plant hosts. A limited review of rhizobacteria in disease management is presented to demonstrate the potential and some limitations with rhizobacteria as biocontrol agents. Several techniques are described to improve the survival of a rhizobacterium to suppress downy brome. To achieve success with rhizobacteria in pest management, more information is needed on the root biology of the host plants and the ecology of the rhizobacteria.

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Amporn Winotai. "Integrated Pest Management of Important Insect Pests of Coconut1". CORD 30, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2014): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v30i1.82.

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IPM or Integrated pest management is a strategy that integrates various methods of cultural, physical, mechanical, biological control and selection of pesticides as the last option. IPM is not only cost effective but simultaneously prioritized human and environmental safety. IPM is based on farmer’s local knowledge, acceptance and education. Several insects were reported as coconut pests in Asia and Pacific region. Among these pests, rhinoceros beetle, red palm weevil, coconut hispine beetle, coconut black headed caterpillar and coconut scale currently causing severe damage to coconut palms in the region. Rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) is native to South Asia and Southeast Asia. Management of this pest is a combination of sanitation in plantations and surrounding, biological control by using Metarhizium anisopliae, Oryctes virus and pheromone trapping. Red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) outbreaks usually occur after infestation of rhinoceros beetle. Keeping the rhinoceros under control results in keeping the red palm weevil under control too. Pheromone trapping is also developed for reduction of this pest. Coconut hispine beetle, Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleoptera: Chrysomellidae), is an invasive pest occurs in Southeast Asia and Pacific region. Biological control of the pest is recommended by releasing two species of parasitoids, Asecodes hispinarus Boucek (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Tetrastichus brontispae Ferriere (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Coconut black headed caterpillar, Opisina arenosella Walker (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae) is one of the key pests of coconut in South Asia and invaded Thailand in 2008. Management of this pest in its native region consisted of: 1) removing and burning of the infested leaves; 2) biological control by releasing parasitoids such as Goniozus nephantidis (Muesebeck), Bracon brevicornis (Wesmael), Brachymeria nephantidis Gahan; and 3) chemical control by trunk injection and applying systemic insecticides in the holes. Bacillus thruringiensis has been recommended for biological control of the black headed caterpillar in Thailand. Coconut scale, Aspidiotus destructor Signoret (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) has been reported as a serious in Philippines. Predators are significant biological control agents in limiting A. destructor populations. The most common natural enemies associated with the coconut scales are the coccinellid beetles Chilocorus spp., Azya trinitatis, Cryptognatha nodiceps, Rhyzobius lophanthae and Pentilia castanea. Local parasitoids, Comperiella, Aphytis and Encarsia also play important roles in keeping the pest under control. Application of insecticides could inducee the infestation of the scale. Biological controls is recommended for suppression of other coconut pests, such as slug caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) such as Parasa lepida Cramer; coconut leaf moth, Artona catoxantha Hampton (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae); and coconut leafminer, Promecotheca cumingii Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).

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Murtaza, Ghulam, Muhammad Naeem, Saba Manzoor, Hammad Ahmad Khan, Emad M. Eed, Waqar Majeed, Hussain Ahmed Makki, Uzma Ramzan y Umm E. Ummara. "Biological control potential of entomopathogenic fungal strains against peach Fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (Diptera: Tephritidae)". PeerJ 10 (22 de abril de 2022): e13316. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13316.

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The peachfruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) is a polyphagous pest in nature, belonging to order, Diptera and their respective family is Tephritidae. It mostly feeds on different crops, vegetables and fruits. Different traditional chemical insecticides have been used to control this notorious pest. Excessive consumption of pesticides has become a major threat to the fresh fruits trade since many importing countries refused to accept the shipments due to public health and environmental concerns. There is a growing trend to control these pests using the most effective biological control methods and other preventive measures have been adopted for reducing their attacks. Fungal agents have been used as biological agents to manage the attack of different insects pest through biological means. The present study was conducted to assess the virulence of three entomopathogenic fungi, Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii, against Bactrocera zonata stages under different laboratory conditions. The results showed that B. bassiana and M. anisopliae were more effective in pathogenicity and potentially kill at all stages of B. zonata as compared to V. lecanii. The highest mortality rate for the third larval instar and the pupal stage were recorded after exposure to the 1 × 1010 conidia/ml concentrations, B. bassiana, with 68.67% and 89.67%, respectively. Adult B. zonata flies were the most susceptible to all entomopathogenic fungi. However, M. anisopliae was more virulent against B. zonata adult flies than B. bassiana and V. lecanii at 1 × 1010 conidial concentration. Therefore, the entomopathogenic fungi B. bassiana and M. anisopliae can be used as an cost effective bio-insecticide in the integrated pest management programs to control B. zonata. This study will be helpful to overcome this pest through biological control means.

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Abou-Haidar, André, Patil Tawidian, Hana Sobh, Margaret Skinner, Bruce Parker y Yusuf Abou-Jawdah. "Efficacy of Phytoseiulus persimilis and Amblyseius swirskii for integrated pest management for greenhouse cucumbers under Mediterranean environmental conditions". Canadian Entomologist 153, n.º 5 (26 de mayo de 2021): 598–615. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2021.15.

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AbstractThe greenhouse cucumber pests, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), and Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae), are major threats to the production of greenhouse cucumbers (Cucurbitaceae) in Lebanon. The development of insecticide resistance by these pests has prompted the use of alternative and sustainable pest management strategies. In this study, we used integrated pest management strategies, including the release of the biological control agents, Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae) and Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae), to control whitefly, thrips, and two-spotted spider mite populations on greenhouse cucumber plants in two commercial production sites (sites A and B). We also compared the efficacy of pest population suppression using the integrated pest management strategy with that of chemical pest control. Our results show that biological control effectively maintains the cucumber pest populations below the economic threshold when coupled with additional integrated pest management measures. In addition, we show that biological control agents were equally or more effective in pest population suppression compared to eight and 12 insecticidal and acaricidal sprays performed in the control greenhouses at sites A and B, respectively. Altogether, our results show the efficacy of adopting integrated pest management and biological control for pest population suppression in greenhouse cucumber production under Mediterranean environmental conditions.

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ŽIGON, Primož, Jaka RAZINGER y Stanislav TRDAN. "Insekticidni proteini in njihova uporaba za zatiranje koloradskega hrošča (Leptinotarsa decemlineata [Say, 1824])". Acta agriculturae Slovenica 117, n.º 3 (10 de noviembre de 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2021.117.3.2221.

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<p class="042abstractstekst">Plants respond to pest attack, among other mechanisms, by producing specific proteins with insecticidal properties. Proteins with toxic effects on insects have also been discovered in many other organisms, especially fungi and bacteria. Due to their biological function, insecticidal proteins represent an important potential in the development of more environmentally friendly plant protection methods. Increasing knowledge about the mode of action of insecticidal proteins and the identification of genes encoding their synthesis enable the breeding of transgenic plants resistant to insect pests and the development of new bioinsecticidal agents. The Colorado potato beetle (<em>Leptinotarsa decemlineata</em>) is one of the most important pests of potato, so the study of such control methods is crucial for the development of sustainable integrated pest management strategies of potato. This review highlights the properties of some groups of insecticidal proteins and their modes of action, and summarizes examples of studies of their use for the control of Colorado potato beetle.</p>

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Kumarasinghe, N. C. y S. D. Wratten. "The sugarcane lophopid planthopper Pyrilla perpusilla (Homoptera: Lophopidae): a review of its biology, pest status and control". Bulletin of Entomological Research 86, n.º 5 (octubre de 1996): 485–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300039286.

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AbstractThe biology, damage and control of the sugarcane pest Pyrilla perpusilla Walker are reviewed. The present systematic position, distribution and the range of alternative host plants are surveyed and the life cycle and the extent of damage caused by the pest are considered in detail. The factors influencing the abundance of the insect are discussed, with emphasis on their use in reducing the population of the pest. Much of the published data in this area is based on un replicated observations. However, potential biological control agents for the insect are evaluated with special reference to the most effective nymphal and adult ‘parasitoid’, the moth Epiricania melanoleuca (Fletcher). Many other potential biological control agents have received some study, but in most cases, little more than basic biological information on phenology and life cycle has been published. As considerable changes in chemical control practices over the past fifty years have occurred, these, together with other control methods such as agronomic, mechanical, cultural and host plant resistance approaches are discussed along with prospects for the future, sustainable control of the pest. Research areas which are in need of more work are identified: these are biological control and cultural practices. It is suggested that an integrated approach to future research should be made, incorporating at least host-plant resistance and predation.

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Bolzan, Felipe Tascheto, Diego Nicolau Follmann, Camila Bisognin Meneghetti, Leila Cássia Picon y Ana Lúcia de Paula Ribeiro. "Biological Pest Control in Maize Crop in Brazil: A Review". Journal of Agricultural Science 11, n.º 18 (15 de noviembre de 2019): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n18p187.

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The areas of maize production harbor a high number of insect species, some of which are considered pests that cause damage to the crop. The methods of pest control have been a cause of concern for the society since the use of chemicals and the environmental problems arising from this practice indicate the need to search for alternatives to control. In this sense, it is necessary to seek an agricultural production system that contemplates environmental sustainability and promotes biodiversity in the Agrosystem, among which the use of biological agents is highlighted. The objective of this research was to update through a bibliographic review the advances in the literature on biological control of maize crop pests. For the development of this article, we used the method of approach the analytical and as procedural method the monographic, through bibliographic research, using specialized doctrines, appropriate to the object of the study and legislations. Because of the observed aspects, it is possible to conclude that the group of natural enemies that act as biological control agents is formed by parasitoids, predators and entomopathogenic microorganisms. The rationalization of the use of chemicals should be associated with the use of biodefensives in integrated pest management. Advances in the legislation of biological products in Brazil are fundamental to give speed to the registration of new alternatives of biological control, aimed at the safety of the environment, human health and that are generated without the exploratory use of biodiversity.

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Perier, Jermaine D., Muhammad Haseeb, Lambert H. B. Kanga, Robert L. Meagher y Jesusa C. Legaspi. "Intraguild Interactions of Three Biological Control Agents of the Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) in Florida". Insects 13, n.º 9 (7 de septiembre de 2022): 815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13090815.

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The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a maize pest worldwide. Its host range comprises more than 350 reported plant species, and it is the primary insect pest attacking maize in Florida. Global trade has not only assisted but accelerated its invasion into the Eastern Hemisphere. Regular pesticide use promotes resistance in the species; therefore, there is an urgent need for alternative pest management strategies. This study evaluated the interactions of biological control agents within a similar guild. Some of the reported interactions could potentially lead to the integration of these agents within the same niche to increase biological control efficiency against the fall armyworm. We evaluated three biocontrol agents that are natural enemies of Lepidopteran pests, the true bugs Podisus maculiventris and Euthyrhynchus floridanus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) and a parasitoid, Cotesia marginiventris (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Depending on their intraguild interactions, these agents could potentially be useful for biological control of the fall armyworm. The study investigated these three biocontrol agents and concluded that integrating these agents to control the fall armyworm is a possibility; however, only under certain conditions. Investigations were focused on evaluating the predator–parasitoid and devised pairing interactions. Predator response to prey in a choice or no-choice scenario and choices based on olfaction or other bodily cues were studied under experimental laboratory conditions.

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Wangari Nderitu, Peris, Mattias Jonsson, Esther Arunga, Mark Otieno, John Jamleck Muturi y Geoffrey O. Wafula. "Combining Host Plant Resistance, Selective Insecticides, and Biological Control Agents for Integrated Management of Tuta absoluta". Advances in Agriculture 2020 (7 de agosto de 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6239491.

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Combination of pest management strategies that minimize pesticide use and conserve natural enemies is important for a sustainable environment. Overreliance on synthetic insecticides in the management of Tuta absoluta has led to pesticide resistance leading to difficulties in managing the pest. In this regard, alternative measures need to be put in place to reduce the effects of this pest. The objective of this study was, therefore, to assess the effectiveness of host plant resistance, biological control, and selective insecticides when used in combination, in the management of T. absoluta in tomato production. The study was set up in a greenhouse in a completely randomized design involving two tomato varieties, an insecticide (chlorantraniliprole), and a biological control agent(Macrolophus pygmaeus), applied singly or in combination. Data were collected on T. absoluta damage from the lower, intermediate, and upper leaves. The results from this study show that a combination of insecticide with a moderately resistant variety had a significantly lower T. absoluta damage as compared with a susceptible variety combined with an insecticide. However, the moderately resistant variety when combined with insecticide showed no effect when the biological control agent was added. The susceptible variety significantly reduced T. absoluta damage when combined with the biological control agent. These results indicate that treatment combinations in insect pest management can be utilized. The present study results indicate that using a moderately resistant variety (Riogrande VF) in combination with the insecticide chlorantraniliprole (Coragen®) and a susceptible variety (Pesa F1) in combination with the biological control agent (M. pygmaeus) can improve T. absoluta management. Under good habitat management, the susceptible variety will perform equally as the moderately resistant variety due to suppression of the T. absoluta populations by natural enemies. These findings show the importance of environmental conservation both by enhancing natural enemy abundance and use of selective insecticide in the management of T. absoluta in tomato production. Combinations in this present study are likely to reduce insecticide doses, thereby reducing the cost of production and enhancing environmental compatibility with natural enemies.

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Bidochka, Michael J., Andrena M. Kamp, T. Michael Lavender, Jason Dekoning y J. N. Amritha De Croos. "Habitat Association in Two Genetic Groups of the Insect-Pathogenic Fungus Metarhizium anisopliae: Uncovering Cryptic Species?" Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 2001): 1335–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.3.1335-1342.2001.

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ABSTRACT Strains of insect-pathogenic fungi with high virulence toward certain pest insects have great potential for commercial biological control applications. Identifying such strains has been a central theme in using fungi for biological control. This theme is supported by a persistent paradigm in insect pathology which suggests that the host insect is the predominant influence on the population genetics of insect-pathogenic fungi. In this study, a population genetics analysis of the insect-pathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae from forested and agricultural habitats in Ontario, Canada, showed a nonrandom association of alleles between two distinct, reproductively isolated groups (index of multilocus association = 1.2). Analyses of the mitochondrial DNA showed no differences between the groups. The two groups were associated with different habitat types, and associations with insect hosts were not found. The group from forested areas showed an ability for cold-active growth (i.e., 8°C), while the group from the agricultural area showed an ability for growth at high temperatures (i.e., 37°C) and resilience to UV exposure. These results represent a significant paradigm shift; habitat selection, not host insect selection, drives the population structure of these insect-pathogenic deuteromycetous fungi. With each group we observed recombining population structures as well as clonally reproducing lineages. We discuss whether these groups may represent cryptic species. Worldwide, M. anisopliae may be an assembly of cryptic species, each adapted to certain environmental conditions. The association of fungal genotypes with habitat but not with host insects has implications on the criteria for utility of this, and perhaps other, fungal biocontrol agents.

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McNeill, M. R., N. K. Richards, J. A. White y A. Laugraud. "Hidden arsenal endosymbionts in arthropods their role and possible implications for biological control success". New Zealand Plant Protection 67 (8 de enero de 2014): 204–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2014.67.5733.

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Bacterial endosymbionts are common among arthropods including many important pest and beneficial insect species These symbionts provide either an obligate function performing essential reproductive or nutritive roles or are facultative influencing the ecology and evolution of their hosts in ways that are likely to impact biological control This includes resistance against parasitoids and modification to parasitoid fecundity Recent research has shown that endosymbionts are associated with exotic weevil pests found in New Zealand pasture including the clover root weevil Sitona obsoletus (S lepidus) The role of endosymbionts in insect biology and impacts on biological control is reviewed For New Zealand plant protection scientists endosymbiont research capability will provide important insights into interactions among insect pests plant hosts and biological control agents which may provide management opportunities for existing and future pest incursions in New Zealand

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Shipp, J. L. y Yun Zhang. "022 Manipulation of the Greenhouse Microclimate to Improve the Efficacy of Entomopathogens for Control of Greenhouse Pests". HortScience 35, n.º 3 (junio de 2000): 391E—392. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.391e.

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Application of entomopathogenic fungi by inundative releases has been attempted for control of a wide range of insect pests, with generally poor results. This is largely because entomopathogens are often treated as direct substitutes for chemical insecticides and applied without an adequate knowledge of their interactions with the local environment. Humidity of greater than 90% RH has long been regarded as the a critical condition for germination and infection by the spores. With both temperature and humidity controlled, greenhouse crops offer an excellent potential for pest control using entomopathogens. The long-term maintenance of >90% RH, however, is not standard practice in greenhouse production. This study explored the possibility of improving the efficacy of the fungi by temporarily changing greenhouse humidity without adversely affecting crop growth. The study included laboratory and greenhouse trials. In laboratory trials, four humidity levels of 75%, 80%, 89%, and 97.5% RH were evaluated over a 48-h period. Three commercial products of Beauveria bassiana were evaluated (Naturalis-O, Botanigard 22 WP, and Botanigard ES). Greenhouse pests of green peach aphid, melon aphid, western flower thrips, whitefly, and two-spotted spider mite were used as target insects. The infection rate of B. bassiana was found to increase when the sprayed adult insects were exposed to higher humidity levels with the maximum infection obtained at 97.5% RH. Percent infection and difference between humidity levels, however, were formulation- and host-dependent. The highest overall control efficacy was obtained by using Botanigard ES. Botanigard ES was highly effective to adult green peach aphid, melon aphid, and greenhouse whitefly at high humidities. Effects of B. bassiana against biological control agents for greenhouse vegetable crops were also evaluated. Greenhouse trials were conducted in two adjacent greenhouse compartment with high and low humidity conditions for 48 h, respectively, for selected pest insects to valid laboratory results.

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Mantzoukas, Spiridon y Panagiotis A. Eliopoulos. "Endophytic Entomopathogenic Fungi: A Valuable Biological Control Tool against Plant Pests". Applied Sciences 10, n.º 1 (3 de enero de 2020): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010360.

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Among the non-chemical insect control methods, biological control is one of the most effective human and environmentally friendly alternatives. One of the main biological control methods is the application of entomopathogenic fungi (EPF). Today, biological crop protection with EPF plays a key role in projects for the sustainable management of insect pests. EPF have several advantages over conventional insecticides, including cost-effectiveness, high yield, absence of harmful side-effects for beneficial organisms, fewer chemical residues in the environment and increased biodiversity in ecosystems. Apart from direct application as contact bioinsecticides, EPF are able to colonize plants as endophytes acting not only as pest and disease control agents but also as plant growth promoters. The present paper presents an outline of the biocontrol potential of several EPF, which could be harnessed for the development of new integrated pest Management (IPM) strategies. Emphasis is given on benefits of endophytic EPF, on issues for practical application and in fields in need of further research. Our findings are discussed in the context of highlighting the value of entomopathogenic fungal endophytes as an integral part of pest management programs for the optimization of crop production.

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Filiz, Arslan, Ahmet Uludağ, Halil Kütük y Khawar Jabran. "A preliminary study on arthropods as potential biological control agents for management of alien ornamental plants in Turkey". Acta herbologica 31, n.º 1 (2022): 27–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/actaherb2201027f.

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Alien ornamental plants have the potential to become invasive and biological control is considered a promising method for managing them. Global literature was searched to reveal the potential biological control agents for 56 ornamental plants which have invasion potential in Turkey. Out of the biological agents, we compiled the list of species already in Turkey which could be utilised in managing invasive species. Moreover, succesfull biological control agents for these plants from other parts of the world have also been listed. As a result, 128 species of arthropods were found as natural enemies and 27 of them were established in the released areas in the world. In Turkey, out of these 128 species, 58 were noted as present in Turkey, however, their impacts on plants have not been studied in detail. Potential biological agents for controlling invasive plants in Turkey are: Carpomyia vesuviana (Costa) for Ziziphus mauritiana Lam., Rhizaspidiotus donacis (Leonardi) for Arundo donax L., Unaspis euonymi (Comstock) for Euonymus fortunei (Turcz.) Hand.-Mazz., Diaspis echinocacti (Bouché) for Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller, Eulecanium ciliatum (Douglas), Lepidosaphes ulmi (Linnaeus), Melanaspis inopinata (Leonardi) and Phenacoccus aceris (Signoret) for Acer negundo L. There is a possibility to use these biological agents for controlling the alien ornamental plants in Turkey, although there is a need for conducting further Pest Risk Assesment to assess the invasiveness of alien plants in Turkey, and studies are also required for safe release of beneficial insects.

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Rowland, Mark, Barry Pye, Mary Stribley, Barbara Hackett, Ian Denholm y Roman M. Sawicki. "Laboratory apparatus and techniques for the rearing and insecticidal treatment of whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) under simulated field conditions". Bulletin of Entomological Research 80, n.º 2 (junio de 1990): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300013444.

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AbstractLaboratory apparatus and techniques are described for the rearing and insecticidal treatment of whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, under simulated field conditions. Insects were reared on cotton plants inside large population cages and treated from an overhead sprayer. The effects of these treatments were assessed accurately, without interfering with insects or plants, by monitoring adult numbers with an endoscope over one or more generations. Examples of single-generation and multiple-generation tests with cypermethrin are described. The apparatus is suitable for testing strategies for delaying the selection of resistance (e.g. using insecticides applied singly, alternately, or in mixture, at various application rates and frequencies), for controlling populations already resistant to insecticides, and for integrated pest management using chemical and biological control agents together.

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Kirsch, Philipp. "Pheromones: Their potential role in control of agricultural insect pests". American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 3, n.º 2-3 (1988): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300002241.

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Serious side effects from the conventional use of traditional chemical pesticides for routine arthropod pest management have prompted the investigation and development of alternate strategies for the minimization of pest damage. Insect sex pheromones have been proposed as a potential group of alternative control agents for over twenty years. The possible uses of these substances for insect control are discussed and factors influencing their development for pest management are presented. The scientific research and commercial development of oriental fruit moth mating disruption is presented as a case study for the commercialization of this approach. Advantages and limitations of pheromone-based control tactics are presented. Mating disruption technology is starting to find its place in a number of diverse cropping situations. The use of pheromones for pest control promises to be an important component of the ongoing challenge to develop alternatives that may help to solve major environmental and human health problems associated with chemical pesticide use in agriculture.

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45

Cárcamo, H. A., L. M. Dosdall, D. Johnson y O. Olfert. "Evaluation of foliar and seed treatments for control of the cabbage seedpod weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in canola". Canadian Entomologist 137, n.º 4 (agosto de 2005): 476–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n04-081.

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AbstractCaged assays and field tests were used to evaluate the effectiveness of organophosphorus, pyrethroid, neonicotinoid, and biologically derived insecticides for reducing populations of the cabbage seedpod weevil, Ceutorhynchus obstrictus (Marsham), a new pest of canola in Canada. Complete mortality of caged weevils occurred 48 h after treatment with disulfoton, deltamethrin, carbofuran, oxydemeton-methyl, and chlorpyrifos. Under field conditions, using plots or large strips in commercial fields from 1998 to 2001, only deltamethrin and cyhalothrin-lambda (both pyrethroids) consistently reduced weevil densities, even at high population levels. Chlorpyrifos also significantly reduced weevil numbers and damage in some years, but results were variable and efficacy was too low to manage weevils under outbreak densities. Other insecticides such as spinosad provided moderate weevil control and may have a role in weevil management depending on their effect on beneficial insects relative to more efficacious insecticides. Treatment of canola seed with imidacloprid, lindane, or acetamiprid did not reduce weevil damage. Further research is needed to establish economic thresholds for C. obstrictus in canola, to assess the effect of insecticides on nontarget natural enemies of canola insect pests, and to assess the potential for integration of chemical agents with biological and cultural control strategies.

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46

Hokkanen, Heikki M. T. y David Pimentel. "NEW ASSOCIATIONS IN BIOLOGICAL CONTROL: THEORY AND PRACTICE". Canadian Entomologist 121, n.º 10 (octubre de 1989): 829–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent121829-10.

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AbstractThe new association approach for selecting biological control agents has been reanalyzed in the light of recent data. The results support the conclusion that the new association approach is ecologically and statistically sound. One of the major advantages of this approach is its capacity to control native pests, which make up 60–80% of all pests. The specificity of biocontrol agents newly associated with the target hosts is similar to other biocontrol agents. In addition, the new association approach is as safe as the old association approach in terms of environmental risks. Recent trials in the use of new associations have been most encouraging, and suggest that this approach should contribute to the future success of biological pest control worldwide.

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47

Salaki, Christina L. y Sherlij Dumalang. "IbM Pengendalian Hama Terpadu (PHT) pada Tanaman Sayuran di Kota Tomohon". Jurnal Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (Indonesian Journal of Community Engagement) 2, n.º 2 (30 de marzo de 2017): 246–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpkm.27281.

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An integrated pest control on vegetables crops in the fields, is one of the control method to suppress the insect pest population , therefore farmer do not depend on the chemical controls that have negative effect both on the environment and human as well as animal. The science and technology program for communities [IbM] aim to get a package of integrated pest control technology that is enviromentally friendly and it is derived from Indonesian microbial resources to support sustainable agriculture system . To achieve the goal, the program implemented through counseling, plot demonstration and field work. These activities provided motivation to farmers to be able to use biological agents combined with culture control to suppress population of insect pest and vegetables through the extension activities and the plot demonstrations. The IbM activity gave benefit to farmers by transfer knowledge through extension methods on how to get and use biopesticides with its theory and it can be directly practiced by farmers in the form of a plot demonstrations.

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48

HU, XIAODONG, JINGE YUAN, GANG CHEN, YISHU DING, JINGDONG CAO, GUORUN FU, ZHENGXIONG ZHAO, YAYING LI y HUAI LIU. "Coordinated application of phytoseiids and other biological control agents on management of different pest insect species: a case of ecostacking". Zoosymposia 22 (30 de noviembre de 2022): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.22.1.205.

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Ecostacking, maximising the benefts of ecosystem services, implies to combine in an additive or synergistic manner the beneficial services of functional biodiversity from all levels and types (Hokkanen and Menzler-Hokkanen, 2018). Historically, studies of biological control focused on interactions between different prey species and shared predators, or that among target prey and different predators (El-laithy et al., 2021; Hao et al., 2021). Amblyseuis swirskii was a predominant predator against small sap-sucking pests including whiteflies and thrips (Rahimi et al., 2022). In this study, we conducted a coordinated management strategies utilizing the phytoseiid mite A. swirskki, the predatory bug Eocanthecona furcellata and the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana, to control the major pest insects of tobacco planting areas in Southwestern China, including Bemisia tabaci, Thrips tabaci, Spodoptera litura and Helicoverpa assulta.

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Schultz, Dylan L., Evelyne Selberherr, Corinne M. Stouthamer, Matthew R. Doremus, Suzanne E. Kelly, Martha S. Hunter y Stephan Schmitz-Esser. "Sex-based de novo transcriptome assemblies of the parasitoid wasp Encarsia suzannae, a host of the manipulative heritable symbiont Cardinium hertigii". Gigabyte 2022 (2 de septiembre de 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.46471/gigabyte.68.

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Parasitoid wasps in the genus Encarsia are commonly used as biological pest control agents of whiteflies and armored scale insects in greenhouses or the field. They are also hosts of the bacterial endosymbiont Cardinium hertigii, which can cause reproductive manipulation phenotypes, including parthenogenesis, feminization, and cytoplasmic incompatibility (the last is mainly studied in Encarsia suzannae). Despite their biological and economic importance, there are no published Encarsia genomes and only one public transcriptome. Here, we applied a mapping-and-removal approach to eliminate known contaminants from previously-obtained Illumina sequencing data. We generated de novo transcriptome assemblies for both female and male E. suzannae which contain 45,986 and 54,762 final coding sequences, respectively. Benchmarking Single-Copy Orthologs results indicate both assemblies are highly complete. Preliminary analyses revealed the presence of homologs of sex-determination genes characterized in other insects and putative venom proteins. Our male and female transcriptomes will be valuable tools to better understand the biology of Encarsia and their evolutionary relatives, particularly in studies involving insects of only one sex.

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Garber, Melvin P., William G. Hudson, Jeffrey G. Norcini, Ronald K. Jones, Ann R. Chase y Kane Bondari. "Pest Management in the United States Greenhouse and Nursery Industry: I. Trends in Chemical and Nonchemical Control". HortTechnology 6, n.º 3 (julio de 1996): 194b—200. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.6.3.194a.

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A national survey of the greenhouse and nursery industries was conducted to determine the current status of pest management practices. This study covers the trends in chemical and nonchemical pest control measures and factors that affect adoption of nonchemical control measures. For the 5-year period 1988-93, there appeared to be a decrease in chemical use for disease and insect control and for plant growth regulators. During the same period there was an increase in chemical weed control. The adoption of nonchemical pest control measures was concentrated in the area of insect control. The primary factors limiting use of nonchemical pest control measures were 1) availability of effective materials/biological agents, 2)availability of information, and 3) management complexity. The primary information sources on nonchemical pest control used by growers varied by size of firm and region of the country. For all respondents the primary sources were 1) industry trade journals, 2) other growers in the industry, 3) cooperative extension service, and 4) industry-sponsored seminars.

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