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Sh. Mansor, M. y Nayef Mohamed Hashem. "Laboratory and Field Evaluation of some Bio and Chemical Insecticides Against Nymphs and Adults of Ceroplasts Rusci L. (Coccidae: Hemiptera)". International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, n.º 4.37 (13 de diciembre de 2018): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.37.25373.
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The present work including laboratory and field experimental test to evaluate the efficiency of different insecticides (systemic and biocides). Laboratory works including different concentrations for Mitrixin, Levo, Evisect, Polo and Actara for Ceroplasts rusci L. insect in leaf. Mortality percentage reading after two days. Field works were including the best concentration of insecticides achieved the highest mortality percentage for nymphs and adults of Ceroplasts rusci in the tree. The Mortality percentage reading after one, two, seven, fourteen days.Laboratory results showed that the efficiency of insecticides significantly variant is depending to concentration and type of insecticides. The corrected Mortality percentage was increased by increasing the concentration and type of insecticides. The Mortality percentage (59.23, 53.94, 52.25) insect/leaf increase for insecticides (Mitrixin, Levo, Evisect) respectively. In a field study, the effect of insecticide toxicity for nymphs and adults of C. rusci L. (Coccidae: Hemiptera) was tested. The Results showed that the insecticides Mitrixin distinction in the after two weeks treatment and levo insecticide in after a day treatment and after two weeks treatment while the lethal rate is (64.32, 63.49, 58.73) insect/leaf in (Matrixin, Levo, Evisect), respectively.
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Chyen, David, Michael E. Wetzstein, Robert M. McPherson y William D. Givan. "An Economic Evaluation of Soybean Stink Bug Control Alternatives for the Southeastern United States". Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 24, n.º 2 (diciembre de 1992): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200018409.
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AbstractMethyl parathion or Penncap M (an encapsulated methyl parathion) are used extensively throughout the United States for controlling stink bug pests in soybeans, Glycine Max (L.) Merrill. However, this insecticide is highly toxic to mammals, birds, and non-target arthropods, and thus is less environmentally sound than other insecticides. For environmental and human health considerations, investigating alternative insecticides for control is desired. For this investigation, research based on field experimental data from Florida, Georgia, and Louisiana during the 1988 and 1989 growing seasons were employed. Results indicate that alternative, currently available, and less toxic insecticides may reduce producer costs, increase yield, and improve soybean quality. These alternative insecticides include Scout (tralomethrin), Karate (lambda-cyhalothrin), Orthene (acephate), and Baythroid (cyfluthrin). In terms of improved profits these alternative insecticides may dominate methyl parathion or encapsulated methyl parathion.
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Hernández Ramos, Amparo Gabriela. "Evaluation of the resistance to insecticides in Aedes aegypti, transmitter of dengue, in Latin America". Mexican Journal of Medical Research ICSA 8, n.º 15 (5 de enero de 2020): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.29057/mjmr.v8i15.3912.
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Dengue is an infectious disease with high rates of morbidity and mortality, transmitted by the bite of the female mosquito of the genus Aedes aegypti, vector distributed in tropical and subtropical areas throughout the world. America is one of the most affected regions. This vector is controlled through insecticides that due to its constant use in populations, a resistance phenomenon has been produced. The objective of this review is to identify the situation of insecticide resistance in populations of Aedes aegypti in Latin American countries. In this region, several insecticides have been used for vector control; in the last 10 years insecticides of the pyrethroid and organophosphorus group have been used as adulticides for the control of the mosquito, conditioning resistance. Some insecticides such as organophosphates and deltamethrin, despite of not being intensively used in Latin American countries, also show resistance. Improvements in vector control are required, including the rotation of the insecticides during the different seasons, as well as innovating techniques and forms of vector control
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Hall, David G., Tim R. Gottwald, Ed Stover y G. Andrew C. Beattie. "Evaluation of Management Programs for Protecting Young Citrus Plantings from Huanglongbing". HortScience 48, n.º 3 (marzo de 2013): 330–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.48.3.330.
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Asiatic huanglongbing (HLB) is a devastating disease of citrus associated in North America with the bacterium ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (LAS) vectored by the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. ACP management is considered a vital component of a program aimed at reducing the incidence and spread of HLB. Considerable research has been published comparing the efficacy of different insecticides for ACP control as well as on seasonal strategies for applying ACP insecticides. However, published information was largely lacking for even the most intense insecticide programs on their effectiveness for keeping HLB out of a new citrus planting in Florida citrus. We therefore conducted two replicated (individual plots 0.2 to 0.4 ha in size) experiments on protecting young citrus from HLB using different ACP management programs. An intensive insecticide program was evaluated in each experiment: eight annual calendar applications of traditional insecticides (hereafter referred to as the “complete” program). In one experiment, citrus was either planted alone and subjected to the complete program or citrus was interplanted with orange jasmine, Murraya exotica L. (a favored ACP host plant) and subjected to a reduced insecticide program (four calendar sprays of traditional insecticides). There was one set of plots in which both jasmine and citrus were treated with insecticides and one set in which jasmine was not treated at all. In the second experiment, citrus was either subjected to the complete program or to one of two other programs: a reduced insecticide program consisting of five calendar applications of traditional insecticides or a mineral oil program (oil applications every 3 weeks plus one dormant insecticide spray). The results of the two experiments were similar. Relatively good ACP control was achieved under each ACP management program during the first year but, as the experiments progressed and trees increased in size, ACP outbreaks occurred regardless of the psyllid management program. Little HLB developed under any ACP management program during the first year, but thereafter HLB increased and large percentages of the trees in each experiment became LAS-infected in less than two to three years. The combined results of the experiments indicated that up to eight monthly pesticide treatments per year applied on a calendar schedule were ineffective for preventing young citrus from becoming diseased. Of important significance is that the orchard within which the two experiments were conducted was subjected to a minimal psyllid management program and contained many older trees known to be infected by the HLB pathogen, a challenging situation for getting young trees into production without contracting the disease. Thus, the ACP management programs we evaluated might have been more effective if ACP in the surrounding areas had been more aggressively controlled and diseased trees in the surrounding areas removed to reduce inoculum loads. Also, the programs might have been more effective for slowing the spread of HLB if our research plots had been larger.
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Guerreiro, J. C., G. B. Silva, A. P. Azevedo, R. R. Espessato, A. T. Padovan, F. Leite y P. J. Ferreira Filho. "Control of Dichelops melacanthus with insecticides associated with sulphur applied in different times in corn". Scientific Electronic Archives 10, n.º 1 (19 de febrero de 2017): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.36560/1012017360.
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The stink bug Dichelops melacanthus has become an important pest for corn crop and it has been causing several losses even in the initial phase of the crop. The objective of the experiment was the evaluation of effectiveness of the insecticides on the control of D. melacanthus in corn by adding of sulfur or not, in different control times. In order to evaluate the effect of the insecticide by adding or not sulfur on the control of D. melacanthus, 17 treatments with 4 different insecticides (with and without sulfur, in two different control times plus control) were used to get the results. The experimental design used was the randomized blocks, with four repetitions. The evaluation of effectiveness on stink bugs control was gotten by visual evaluation of the symptoms at 6, 13 and 20 days after emergence (DAE). Analysis of variance by F test (Anova) was done and the averages compared through Scott-knott test (p≤0,05). The pulverization of insecticides was more effective when it was done 4 (DAE), reducing the symptoms and injuries occasioned by the stink bug D. melacanthus and the mortality of damaged plants. The insecticide bifentrina+carbosulfano showed the higher effectiveness on stink bug control. To conclude, the use of sulfur associated to insecticides did not present a significant effect.
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Hua, Xuewen, Wutao Mao, Zhijin Fan, Xiaotian Ji, Fengyun Li, Guangning Zong, Haibin Song et al. "Novel Anthranilic Diamide Insecticides: Design, Synthesis, and Insecticidal Evaluation". Australian Journal of Chemistry 67, n.º 10 (2014): 1491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch13701.
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Three series of new anthranilic diamide derivatives containing sulfide, N-cyanomethylsulfilimine, and N-cyanomethylsulfoximine groups were designed and synthesized by coupling the active substructures of anthranilic diamides and sulfoxaflor. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by infrared spectroscopy, 1H and 13C NMR, and elemental analysis. Several unique structural characteristics were revealed via the crystal structure analysis of compound N-(2-(2-methyl-2-(methylthio)propylcarbamoyl)-4-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-3-bromo-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide 16e. Bioassay results indicated that most of the synthesized compounds showed superior insecticidal activities against Mythimna separata and Plutella xylostella when compared with the positive control cyantraniliprole. In particular, N-(2-(2-methyl-2-(N-cyanomethylsulfideimino)propylcarbamoyl)-4-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-3-bromo-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide 17e showed excellent insecticidal activity against Mythimna separata, with a mortality rate of 100 % at a concentration of 1 µg mL–1. These results indicated that sulfide, N-cyanomethylsulfilimine, and N-cyanomethylsulfoximine moieties, as important active substructures, could improve or maintain the activity of the anthranilic diamide and promote novel pesticide development.
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Munir, A., S. Ali, M. A. Zeshan, M. U. Ghani y A. A. Khan. "EVALUATION OF ORGANIC AMENDMENTS AND INSECTICIDES AGAINST OKRA YELLOW VEIN MOSAIC VIRUS AND ITS VECTOR". Pakistan Journal of Agriculture, Agricultural Engineering and Veterinary Sciences 36, n.º 1 (12 de octubre de 2020): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.47432/2020.36.1.3.
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Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is susceptible to number of diseases like Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus disease, Damping Off, Fusarium wilt, Powdery Mildew and Enation Leaf Curl. The Okra is favorite host of whitefly which transmits the okra Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus (OYVMV). OYVMV disease causes considerable yield losses in Okra. Experiment was conducted to check the efficacy of organic matter (poultry manure, leaves) and insecticides (Acetamiprid, Diafenthiuron, Pyridine Carboxamide) against OYVMV and its whitefly vector. In this experiment, ten okra varieties were sown in randomized complete block design (RCBD). Organic matter and insecticides were applied at recommended doses (@5ml/L) on weekly intervals. Among insecticides, Acetamiprid showed the best result to manage whitefly infestation with 60.01% mortality and OYVMV disease severity with 53.98% efficiency. Polo (Diafenthiuron) also showed good results to manage whitefly (56.36%) and OYVMVD (46.34%), but Ulala (Pyridine Carboxamide) insecticide was least effective to control whitefly population (47.27%) and to manage the infection of OYVMV disease (43.91%). Leaf manure was more effective with 61.16% efficiency as compared to poultry manure (56.01%) against OYVMV disease severity. New chemistry insecticide (acetamiprid) gave the most effective control of whitefly and transmission of OYVMV and could be used in place of conventional insecticides. Leaf manure proved significant defense activator in okra plants with effective control of disease and could be used as eco-friendly management approach.
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Anderson, R. M. y G. L. Teetes. "Evaluation of Insecticides for Suppression of Sorghum Midge on Sorghum, 1994". Arthropod Management Tests 20, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1995): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/20.1.231.
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Abstract Selected insecticides were evaluated for sorghum midge control at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Farm near College Station, TX. Hybrid grain sorghum (ATx399 × RTx430) was planted 20 May in rows spaced 30 inches apart. Insecticide treatments were compared in plots, 8 rows × 40 ft long, arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied to the middle 2 rows of plots. Insecticides were applied between 0800 and 0900 hours CDT by using a hand-held backpack sprayer with TX-3 hollow cone nozzles at 35 psi, producing a finished spray volume of 5.6 gpa. Application began when 10-30% of the panicles were flowering; insecticides were applied 10, 13, and 16 Jul. Adult sorghum midge abundance was determined just prior to each application by counting the number of sorghum midges on 10 individual sorghum panicles enclosed in clear plastic bags. The panicles were cut from the plant and returned to the laboratory for examination and sorghum midge counts. Grain yield data were collected from the 2 middle rows per plot. Panicles were hand harvested from selected 8.75 ft sections of row/plot and mechanically threshed. Data were statistically analyzed by using ANOVA and LSD.
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Yang, Guan-Zhou, Xiao-Fei Shang, Pi-Le Cheng, Xiao-Dan Yin, Jia-Kai Zhu, Ying-Qian Liu, Jing Zhang y Zhi-Jun Zhang. "Facile Three-Component Synthesis, Insecticidal and Antifungal Evaluation of Novel Dihydropyridine Derivatives". Molecules 23, n.º 10 (21 de septiembre de 2018): 2422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102422.
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In an attempt to find the neonicotinoid insecticides, twenty novel dihydropyridine derivatives were designed, “green” synthesized via one pot facile three-component reaction and evaluated for their bioactivities against Tetranychus cinnabarinus, Myzus persicae, Brevicoryne brassicae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, Magnaporthe oryzae, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinereal. All of the tested compounds showed potent insecticidal activity, and some were much better in comparison with imidacloprid (IMI). Especially, compounds 3d (LC50: 0.011 mM) and 5c (LC50: 0.025 mM) were 12.2- and 5.4-fold more active than IMI (LC50: 0.135 mM) against T. cinnabarinus, respectively. Moreover, out of all the derivatives, compound 3d (LC50: 0.0015 mM) exhibited the strongest insecticidal activity against B. brassicae and compound 3i (LC50: 0.0007 mM) displayed the strongest insecticidal activity against M. persicae. Surprisingly, when the concentration of compound 4 was 50 mg/L, the inhibition rate against F. oxysporum and S. sclerotiorum reached 45.00% and 65.83%, respectively. The present work indicated that novel dihydropyridine derivatives could be used as potential lead compounds for developing neonicotinoid insecticides and agricultural fungicides.
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Huang, Jun, Juan Zhang, Yan Li, Jun Li y Xiao-Hua Shi. "Evaluation of the effectiveness of insecticide trunk injections for control ofLatoia lepida(Cramer) in the sweet olive treeOsmanthus fragrans". PeerJ 4 (21 de septiembre de 2016): e2480. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2480.
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The screening of suitable insecticides is a key factor in successfully applying trunk injection technology to ornamental plants. In this study, six chemical pesticides were selected and injected into the trunks ofOsmanthus fragransto control the nettle caterpillar,Latoia lepida(Lepidoptera: Limacodidae), using a no-pressure injection system. The absorption rate of the insecticides, the leaf loss due to insect damage, and the mortality and frass amount ofL. lepidalarvae were evaluated after 77 and 429 days. The results showed that 4% imidacloprid + carbosulfan and 21% abamectin + imidacloprid + omethoate had the fastest conductivity and were completely absorbed into the trunkswithin14 days; however, the efficiencies of these insecticides in controllingL. lepidawere extremely low. Additionally, the treatment 10% emamectin benzoate + clothianidin and 2.5% emamectin benzoate was almost completely absorbed within 30 days and exhibited a longer duration of insecticide efficiency (>80% mortality) in the upper and lower leaves of the canopy. Treatment with these insecticides also resulted in significantly lower leaf loss and frass amounts. We conclude that emamectin benzoate and emamectin benzoate + clothianidin have a rapid uptake intoO. fragrans, and are effective as insecticides over long durations. Hence, they may be a suitable control option forL. lepidainO. fragransplants.
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Boulogne, Isabelle, Lucienne Desfontaine, Harry Ozier-Lafontaine y Gladys Loranger-Merciris. "Sustainable Management of Acromyrmex octospinosus (Reich): How Botanical Insecticides and Fungicides Should Promote an Ecofriendly Control Strategy." Sociobiology 65, n.º 3 (2 de octubre de 2018): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v65i3.1640.
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The leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex octospinosus (Reich) causes serious damage to crops and protected areas due to its foraging activity. The main method of control of this species consists of the use of synthetic insecticides that can lead to environmental damage and negative side effects on human health. Consequently, alternative strategies, such as biopesticides, are needed. Insecticide evaluation by ingestion assays was performed using A. octospinosus in vitro bioassay and laboratory nests. Chemical analyses were also performed to know the contents of plant extracts. This study showed that Mammea americana L. is the most promising insecticidal plant extract in the control of A. octospinosus. Indeed, the lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC99) an the lethal dose (LD99) of the M. americana extract (51.31 mg.mL-1, 131.92 mg.mL-1, and 17.36 mg/g of ant respectively) were the closest to those of Fipronil, 0.03 g/kg, the commercial insecticide used as positive control.
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Galdino, Tarcísio Visintin da Silva, Marcelo Coutinho Picanço, Elisangela Gomes Fidelis de Morais, Nilson Rodrigues Silva, Geverson Aelton Rezende da Silva y Mayara Cristina Lopes. "Bioassay method for toxicity studies of insecticide formulations to Tuta absoluta (meyrick, 1917)". Ciência e Agrotecnologia 35, n.º 5 (octubre de 2011): 869–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542011000500002.
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Chemical control is the main method for controlling the tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Reported techniques for the evaluation of insecticide toxicity to the tomato leafminer are not in agreement with field conditions and do not allow us to verify whether doses used in the field are efficient for control. Thus, the objective of this work was to develop a bioassay methodology to study the toxicity of insecticide formulations to T. absoluta that represent field conditions for fast-acting insecticides (neurotoxics and inhibitors of respiration) and slow-acting insecticides (Bacillus thuringiensis and insect growth regulators). The leaf-dip method was the most efficient method for toxicity studies of insecticides formulations to T. absoluta. We verified that bioassays with fast-acting insecticides should be performed with glass Petri dishes containing one tomato foliole from the 4th leaf from the plant apex infested with 10 larvae of 3rd instar and these bioassays can last 48 hours. Conversely, bioassays with slow-acting insecticides should be performed with two-liter transparent PET bottles containing the 4th leaf from the plant apex, with their petioles immersed in a glass bottle containing 120 mL of water, and this leaf should be infested with 10 larvae of 2nd instar and this bioassays can last seven days.
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Negash, Belete, Ferdu Azerefegn y Gashawbeza Ayalew. "Insecticide resistance management against thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on onion in the central Rift Valley of Ethiopia". International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 40, n.º 4 (2 de marzo de 2020): 759–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42690-020-00127-6.
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Abstract Two field experiments were conducted in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia in the hot and cool dry seasons of 2016/2017 with the objective to develop an insecticide resistance management program on thrips infesting onion. The first experiment dealt with the evaluation of four different insecticides namely profenofos, λ–cyhalothrin, imidacloprid, and spinetoram in different sequences on thrips population and their effect on yield. The second experiment examined the effect of admixing the surfactant organosilicone with imidacloprid, spinetoram and dimethoate. A Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications was used for both experiments. Data on number of thrips, bulb yield and economic returns were collected. The insecticide imidacloprid and spinetoram resulted in fewer numbers of thrips and higher yields than profenofos and λ –cyhalothrin. Application of the more effective insecticides when the thrips population was high followed by less effective insecticides resulted in better control and higher economic return. Surfactant added insecticides gave a fewer numbers of thrips and higher yields than the corresponding insecticides applied without surfactant. The sequential application of spinetoram and imidacloprid with less effective λ-cyhalothrin and profenofos by mixing with adjuvant are recommended for thrips control as an integral component of thrips management in the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia.
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Diédhiou, Cheikh Atab. "Evaluation of the Bio-Insecticidal Effect of Ricinus communis (Malpighiales: Euphorbiaceae) on the Larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)". Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Biosciences 9, n.º 4 (30 de agosto de 2021): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-2845.8749.
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Since chemical insecticides favor the emergence of resistance and have disastrous consequences for the environment, we became interested in an alternative control method against Spodoptera frugiperda, more respectful for the environment. We therefore evaluated the effectiveness of the bio-insecticidal effects of plants extracts and oil of castor against the fall armyworm in the laboratory. The laboratory bioassays consisted of evaluating the toxicity of the castor plants extracts and oil by contact and ingestion on fourth instar larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda using a leaf dipping method. It emerges from this study that the mortality of the larvae treated with the bio-insecticide and the control solution varies significantly and that the mortality rate was 100% for dose 1; 85% for dose 2 and 70% for dose 3. The mortality rate for the control solution is 10%. These results testify to the good larvicidal activity of the organic insecticide based on oil, leaves and unripe seeds of castor bean on the fall armyworm.
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Upadhyay, Sudeep Kumar, Sunil Aryal, Bikash Bhusal y Bedanand Chaudhary. "Evaluation of Insecticides for the Management of Litchi Fruit and Shoot Borer". Journal of Nepal Agricultural Research Council 6 (17 de marzo de 2020): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnarc.v6i0.28119.
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Litchi is an important subtropical evergreen fruit crop grown in Nepal, which have high nutritive value and refreshing taste. The Litchi growers are experiencing severe loss every year with the damage caused by several insect pests. Among them fruit and shoot borer Conopomorpha sinensis Bradley (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) is the one of the important insect pest. Experiments were conducted at RARS Tarahara on existing litchi orchard in RCBD design with four replication and five insecticides (Azadiractin, Chlorantraniliprole, Flubendiamide, Lambda cyhalothrin, and Dimethoate) with recommended doses in litchi orchard against C. sinensis during 2015 and 2016 AD to find out the efficient one. Among the tested insecticide chlorantraniliprole (18.5% w/w SC) and flubendiamide (39.35% m/m SC) each were found to be most efficient against C. sinensis and could be applied at the rate of 1 ml per 3 liter of water when fruit size was about pea and applied 3 times with 10 days interval. This result suggested that these two insecticides could be used for the management for C. sinensis. Farmers may reduce the losses and increase their income with the application of these insecticides
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Yee, Wee L. "Evaluation of Cyantraniliprole, Spinetoram, and Chromobacterium subtsugae Extract in Bait for Killing and Reducing Oviposition of Rhagoletis indifferens (Diptera: Tephritidae)". Journal of Economic Entomology 113, n.º 3 (4 de abril de 2020): 1356–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toaa056.
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Abstract Insecticides mixed in sugar-protein baits or insecticides alone have been used to control tephritid fruit flies for many years. Here, effects of cyantraniliprole, spinetoram, and the biopesticide Chromobacterium subtsugae extract in sucrose-yeast extract bait or alone on kill and oviposition of western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran (Diptera: Tephritidae), were evaluated in the laboratory. Flies were exposed to dry insecticide bait or insecticide alone in the presence or absence of a nontoxic food strip. Spinetoram alone caused greater mortality than cyantraniliprole alone, while cyantraniliprole in bait caused mortality as high as spinetoram bait and greater mortality than cyantraniliprole alone. Chromobacterium subtsugae extract alone but not in bait caused significant mortality compared with controls, but was much less effective than cyantraniliprole and spinetoram. Spinetoram alone reduced oviposition more than cyantraniliprole alone. However, cyantraniliprole bait reduced oviposition as much or more than spinetoram alone or spinetoram bait. Cyantraniliprole and spinetoram baits caused greater mortality when a nontoxic food strip was absent than present, but there was no corresponding reduction in oviposition. Chromobacterium subtsugae extract did not significantly reduce oviposition compared with controls. Potential benefits of using cyantraniliprole baits as an additional or alternative method to using more toxic spinosyn insecticides for controlling R. indifferens warrant study.
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Rolania, Krishna, S. S. Yadav y R. K. Saini. "Evaluation of insecticides against blister beetle (Mylabris pustulata Thunb.) on pigeonpea, Cajanus cajan". Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 2016): 97–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i1.755.
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Blister beetle, Mylabris pustulata (Family: Meloidae: Coleoptera) an important pest of pigeonpea, Cajanus cajan when fed on its different floral parts including petals, anthers, stigma and ovary. Stigma and ovary were damaged and there was no pod formation. In view of its significant damage potential, a few number of insecticides were evaluated against the beetles in the laboratory: thiodicarb (0.09%), chlorpyriphos (0.10%), quinalphos (0.10%), cypermethrin (0.007%), deltamethrin (0.012%) and novaluron (0.10%). Fresh pigeonpea twigs bearing flowers were dipped for 5 seconds in requisite concentrations of different insecticides and allowed to air dry at room temperature (28oC). For each treatment, three replicates were taken and dead beetle were counted 24 and 48 hours after release. Observations after 24 hours of application indicated that thiodicarb (84.23 %), chlorpyriphos (57.50 %), quinalphos (37.31 %) and cypermethrin (29.77 %) significantly reduced blister beetle population compared with the control (without insecticidal treatment). After 48 hours, all insecticidal treatments were significantly superior over control. Maximum cumulative mortality (100%) was observed in thiodicarb followed by quinalphos (95.7%), cypermethrin (95.7%) and chlorpyriphos (91.6%), while minimum in novaluron and deltamethrin. It was concluded from the studies that among the different insecticidal treatments thiodicarb (0.09%) proved most effective which brought 99.75 % mortality even 24 hours after the treatment.
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Hull, Larry A. "Apple, Prebloom Evaluation of Insecticides, 1995". Arthropod Management Tests 21, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1996): 29–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/21.1.29.
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Abstract Two experimental and one registered insecticide were applied prebloom to evaluate their activity on a number of early season pests and to determine if honey bee activity at bloom was adversely affected. The experimental plot design was a RCB, with 5 insecticide treatments and a control, replicated 4 times. Plots consisted of 2-tree plots, 1 tree each of the cultivars ‘Yorking’ and ‘Golden Delicious’. The trees were planted at a spacing of 20 X 20 ft and were 22 yr old. Experimental sprays were applied with a Myers Mity Mist airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gpa at 2 mph. All treatments were applied at the pink stage (26 Apr) of ‘Golden Delicious’ development. A regular fungicide schedule (Dithane 75DF, Nova 40WP and Ziram 76WP) was maintained throughout the season. Post-bloom insecticides (Guthion 50WP) were applied at 1- to 2-wk intervals beginning at petal-fall in early May. Effectiveness of the sprays for RAA control was evaluated by counting the total number of RAA-injured clusters/tree and total number of injured apples per tree (both cvs) in a 5 min sample per tree for each variable. WALH was sampled by counting the number of nymphs present on 25 injured leaves per tree (cv ‘Yorking’). Also, 200 leaves per tree (cv ‘Yorking’) were randomly sampled for evidence of stippling caused by the feeding of WALH. Effectiveness of the test chemicals on the ERM was evaluated by counting the mites on samples of 25 random leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. STLM was evaluated on 6 Jun by counting the number of tissue-feeding mines per 3 minutes around the periphery of the ‘Yorking’ tree/replicate. A sample of tissue-feeding mines was collected and the percentage of parasitized STLM determined. Honey bee sampling was conducted by making a number of 1-min examinations of each replicate tree during the blossom period. The number of blossoms on 2 tagged limbs per replicate tree was counted on 28 Apr and a measurement of limb cross-section area was taken. On 3 Jul, the number of apples that set on each tagged limb was counted. All insecticide treatments effectively controlled RAA with an application at the pink stage. WALH populations were lower on trees treated with BSN-2894. The high rate of BSN-2894 was more effective on STLM than Provado or Aphistar. None of treatments adversely affected honey bee activity during bloom or subsequent fruit set. Pest pressure was moderate.
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Arisov, M. V. y I. A. Arkhipov. "Methods of evaluation of efficacy of insecticides, acaricides, regulators of development and repellents against ectoparasites of carnivores". Russian Journal of Parasitology 12, n.º 1 (27 de febrero de 2018): 81–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/1998-8435-2018-12-1-81-97.
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The purpose of the research: to characterize the modern methods of determining the effectiveness of insecticides, acaricides, regulators of development and repellents against ectoparasites of carnivores. Materials and methods. The analysis of the literature date and the results of our research to evaluate the effectiveness of insecticides, acaricides, regulators of development and repellents against ectoparasites of carnivores. Results and discussion. Details describes modern methods for determining the effectiveness of insecticides, acaricides, repellents and regulators of development against ectoparasites of carnivores as well as in conditions in vitro. The methods of determining the insecticidal and acaricidal properties of the active compounds (substances) by forced contact of insects and mites with surface treated topically applying acaricides, rate determination occurrence state knockdown and lift height of mites on treated material, accounting sucking ticks velocity contacted with test substances. The repellent activity of substances with respect to ixodid mites is studied by the method of cut off concentration, the concentration gradient method, etc.
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Yuliani, Yuliani, Safri Ismayana, Rani Maharani, Fitri Widiantini y Danar Dono. "Evaluation and possible mechanism of beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua Hubner) resistance to chlorpyrifos and their sensitivity to neem oil insecticides". Open Agriculture 5, n.º 1 (5 de diciembre de 2020): 785–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2020-0078.
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AbstractThe uncontrolled and excessive use of insecticides on Spodoptera exigua can cause resistance. The aim of this study is to test resistance of S. exigua to chlorpyrifos and determine the possible mechanism of resistance to S. exigua. The resistance assay was carried out on chlorpyrifos by determining the level of resistance by the comparison of LC50 between the field samples and the standard samples. The resistivity of S. exigua was correlated with the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), esterase, and glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzymes. The samples of S. exigua were also tested for their sensitivity to neem oil insecticides. The results showed that S. exigua samples from Brebes and Cipanas had a resistance ratio (RR) of 5.50 and 3.26, respectively. The results of the present study indicate that the insensitivity of the AChE and the high activity of the GST play a significant role in the mechanism of S. exigua resistance to chlorpyrifos. However, the esterase has fewer roles in the S. exigua resistance mechanism for both samples. In addition, the results of neem oil insecticides test showed that S. exigua from Brebes and Cipanas samples is sensitive to the insecticide with the RR value less than 1; therefore, this biopesticide has the opportunity to manage resistant pests. A novel mechanism for insecticide resistance by insect was proposed.
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Costa, Estevam M., Bruno M. Nunes, Matheus V. A. Ventura, Roberto K. Mortate, Muriel S. Vilarinho, Rafael M. da Silva, Jaíza F. R. Chagas et al. "Physiological Effects of Insecticides and Fungicide, Applied in the Treatment of Seeds, on the Germination and Vigor of Soybean Seeds". Journal of Agricultural Science 11, n.º 4 (15 de marzo de 2019): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n4p318.
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The initial protection of plants through the use of insecticides and fungicides has been shown to be efficient for a good management of pests and diseases, however the molecules used in seed treatment have demonstrated a physiological effect on germination and initial vegetative development. The present work had as objective the evaluation of the physiological effect caused by two insecticides and a fungicide on the germination and vigor of the seeds. A randomized block design with six treatments and four replications was used. The treatments were: T1-water; T2-Rocks® insecticide; T3-Insecticide Cruiser 350 FS®; T4-Maxim XL® fungicide; T5-Rocks® + Maxim XL® and T5-Cruiser 350 FS® + Maxim XL®. The application of the treatments was performed according to the manufacturers’ recommendations and the percentage of germination of the seeds was evaluated, on paper and sand roll substrates, the rate of emergence, the total length of seedlings, the electrical conductivity of the imbibition and aging solution accelerated, with a later pattern of germination. The data were submitted to Analysis of Variance and the means were compared by the Tukey test. The results indicated that there were statistically significant differences for all variables except paper germination. The treatments that received the application of the Maxim XL fungicide demonstrated superiority, both in the evaluation of germination in sand substrate, and in the vigor evaluations of seeds and seedlings, while the treatments that received application of Rocks insecticide were inferior to the other.
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Keresi, Tatjana, Radosav Sekulic, Stevan Masirevic, Gordana Forgic y Vlada Maric. "Control of some sunflower pests by seed treatment". Pesticidi 18, n.º 1 (2003): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif0301043k.
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During 2000 and 2002, several assays were carried out to study efficacy of insecticide treatment of sunflower seeds against soil pests (larvae of the Elateridae and Scarabaeidae families) and the corn weevil (Tanymecus dilaticollis Gyll). Used in the trials were the following insecticides thiamethoxam, thiamethoxam + tefluthrin, carboturan, fipronil and imidacloprid, and in first year granulated forat and liquid carbosulfan lindan. The parameters for evaluation of insecticides efficacy were stand density and the percentage of plants damaged by corn weevil. Majority of tested insecticides provided significantly higher stand density in relation to untreated control, so that can be used for dressing of sunflower seeds against soil pests under modest to middle populations. The most prospective are thiamethoxam, imidacloprid and carbofuran, that contain systemic properties and can protect young plants from pests of the above ground during early spring.
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Serhieiev, S. G., O. P. Kravchuk, N. V. Kolontaeva, A. P. Grynko y O. A. Makarova. "Evaluation of the risk of oral administration of residual amounts of insecticides after disinsection of food grain reserve". Ukrainian Journal of Modern Toxicological Aspects 81, n.º 1 (7 de junio de 2018): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33273/2663-4570-2018-81-1-5-16.
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Introduction. Treatment of grain reserves (GR) with insecticides at the beginning of storage is a common technology for combating insect pests. In Ukraine, deltamethrin (synthetic pyrethroid), pirimiphos-methyl and chlorpyrifos-methyl (organophosphorus compounds) are used for GR disinsection. The use of GR with residual insecticides can be a significant risk to human health. Objective of the study. To evaluate the risk of toxic effects after oral administration of residual amounts (RA) of insecticides after disinsection of food grain reserves. Materials and methods. To identify the risk and evaluate the exposure, physical and chemical properties, LD50 per os, consumption rate of active substances (AS) of insecticides, ratio of consumption rate and LD50 per os, results of AS RA measurement in GR (gas-liquid chromatography), half-life of insecticides in grain (T50), ratio of possible daily intake (DI) of AS RA to allowable daily intake (ADI), processing factors (PF), daily consumption of grain products were analysed. An integral exposure vector (combining DDI, DI, T50) was calculated, which was evaluated according to the proposed scale. Results. The coefficients of selectivity of insecticide action are obtained, physical and chemical properties contributing to AS stability in the processed grain, the relationship between the consumption rate and RA are determined. AS with the largest values of the integral exposure vector is established. Based on the relationship between theoretical DI and DDI both without and taking into account PF and daily consumption of grain products, AS with the highest and lowest exposure levels are determined. Conclusions. AS have a sufficient selectivity of action: their effective consumption rates when protecting GR 180–640 times below LD50 per os. Low solubility in water, hydrolytic stability and high lipophilicity contribute to AS stability and their concentration in bran and germ seeds after processing GR. Due to high AS resistance per RA in grain at the end of the study (up to 90 days), the initial consumption rates, which increase in the range of deltamethrin — chlorpyrifos-methyl-pirimiphos-methyl, play an important role. With conservative evaluation, 80–90 days after the treatment, theoretical DI of deltamethrin did not exceed DDI, whereas DI of pirimiphos-methyl exceeded DDI by 5 times and chlorpyrifos-methyl — by 11 times. When exposed at the level of residues, the greatest risk is represented by insecticides with the highest values of the integral exposure vector — pirimiphos-methyl and chlorpyrifos-methyl. Upon a more realistic assessment, the largest exposure to pirimiphos-methyl is associated with the consumption of whole wheat bread (at DDI level), to chlorpyrifos-methyl — with the consumption of whole wheat bread with bran (2,4 and 2,3 times higher than DI, respectively); the smallest exposure level of pirimiphos-methyl and chlorpyrifos-methyl is possible when consuming white flour and white bread. Upon exceeding the allowable value of DI theoretical level of insecticides with treated grain reserves in the period of its use as food raw materials, it is expedient to carry out studies on the content of insecticide RA in grain products in order to assess the exposure when consuming these products at the level of scientifically substantiated and accepted norms. Key words: insecticides, grain stocks, risk assessment, exposure, oral intake.
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Castle, S. J., N. C. Toscano, N. Prabhaker, T. J. Henneberry y J. C. Palumbo. "Field evaluation of different insecticide use strategies as resistance management and control tactics for Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)". Bulletin of Entomological Research 92, n.º 6 (diciembre de 2002): 449–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2002194.
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AbstractVarious insecticide use strategies including rotations, sequential use, and mixtures were evaluated experimentally on Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in California and Arizona (USA) cotton fields. Toxicological responses of adult B. tabaci were measured along with preimaginal densities and cotton yields from plots subjected to different insecticide regimens. Weekly monitoring for susceptibility changes over ten consecutive weeks in four different trials failed to detect significant differences between sequential use and rotation regimens, nor in comparison to the control plots. There were, however, significant differences among study-site locations and between study years as well as significant within-season time effects. Relative infestations in insecticide-treated plots expressed as a percentage of preimaginal densities in control plots indicated that better control was obtained by all insecticide treatments in conjunction with higher susceptibility levels observed in the second year. Lower preimaginal densities of B. tabaci were measured in the rotation treatment in comparison to sequential treatments of endosulfan, chlorpyrifos, or amitraz, but all were less effective than sequential treatments of bifenthrin or the mixture of bifenthrin + endosulfan. Cotton lint yields were inversely related to B. tabaci densities, with highest yields in the bifenthrin and mixture plots and lowest yields in the control plots. Suppression of B. tabaci infestations in insecticide-treated plots relative to untreated control plots also improved under conditions of lower B. tabaci pressure. The increases in cotton yield and susceptibility to insecticides seen in the current study support the trend observed in the southwestern USA of improved management of B. tabaci despite continuing intensive use of insecticides.
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Tirello, Paola, Enrico Marchesini, Pamela Gherardo, Damiano Raniero, Filippo Rossetto, Alberto Pozzebon y Carlo Duso. "The Control of the American Leafhopper Erasmoneura vulnerata (Fitch) in European Vineyards: Impact of Synthetic and Natural Insecticides". Insects 12, n.º 2 (20 de enero de 2021): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12020085.
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The American leafhopper Erasmoneura vulnerata, detected in Europe in the early 2000s, has recently become a pest in North-Italian vineyards. Infestations were recorded in organic and conventional vineyards despite the application of insecticides targeting other pests. Erasmoneura vulnerata completes three generations per year, and the second generation is frequently associated with large populations. The selection of appropriate active ingredients and the timing of their application is crucial for effective pest control. Field trials were carried out in Northeastern Italy, using a randomized design, to evaluate the impact of insecticides applied against other grapevine leafhoppers on E. vulnerata populations. The beginning of the second generation was selected as the best time for insecticide application. For natural products, two applications were planned. Among the selected insecticides, the most effective were acetamiprid, flupyradifurone and lambda-cyhalothrin. Regarding natural products, the most effective was kaolin which could represent an alternative to pyrethrins in organic vineyards. The identification of pest threshold levels and the evaluation of side effects of the most effective insecticides on key natural enemies occurring in vineyards are required.
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Bosu, P. P., E. Acquah y R. O. Boamah. "Evaluation of four insecticides to protect Nauclea diderrichii (Rubiaceae) seedlings against Orygmophora mediofoveata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) shoot borer damage". International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 38, n.º 01 (16 de octubre de 2017): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742758417000236.
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AbstractNauclea diderrichii(De Wild and Th. Dür.) (common name Kusia and trade name, Opepe) is an evergreen tree found throughout the tropical rainforests of West Africa. It is heavily exploited for its timber and listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The shoot borerOrygmophora mediofoveataHamps, which attacks the nursery stage, has hampered attempts to establishN. diderrichiiplantations in Ghana. This study examined the potential of four insecticides to protectN. diderrichiiseedlings fromO. mediofoveataattack and damage. Four insecticides–Pyrinex (chlorpyrifos), Dursban (chlorpyrifos), Cerox (dimethoate) and Golan (acetamiprid)–were applied to four-month-oldN. diderrichiiseedlings growing in full sunlight and under shade (80% of normal light), to evaluate their effects on incidence of attack, survival, severity of damage and growth. Insecticide treatment and light conditions had variable effects on the damage and growth of the seedlings after six months of evaluation. Seedling survival was not significantly influenced by the insecticide treatment. Percent survival of insecticide-treated seedlings did not differ significantly from that of control seedlings in full sun; however, under shade survival of treated seedlings was significantly higher than control seedlings. Nonetheless, control seedlings in full sun had higher survival (92.5%) than those under shade (62.5%). Insecticide-treated seedlings in full sun had lower incidence of shoot borer attack than those under shade. In full sun, dieback incidence following shoot borer attack was significantly lower for insecticide-treated than control seedlings. Growth in height and girth of seedlings was influenced positively by both insecticide and light, with girth especially being significantly lower under shade conditions. Currently,N. diderrichiiseedlings are typically raised under shade; however, this study shows that raising seedlings in full sun with insecticide application could result in faster and better growth.
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Mullinix, B. G., J. R. Young y G. O. Ware. "Influence of Three Types of Borders on Field Evaluation of Insecticides for Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Control in Seedling Corn2". Journal of Entomological Science 26, n.º 3 (1 de julio de 1991): 320–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-26.3.320.
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The performance of insecticides when applied against the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), larvae in whorl stage corn was studied in relation to larval movement within and between test plots. The effectiveness of individual treatments varied in accordance with their toxicity to FAW. The degree of FAW suppression was critically influenced by the type of adjacent treatment (Exp 1). Side-by-side experimental plots with no borders gave results that made better performing insecticides look worse than they were, while poorer performers looked better. Plots having fallow (tillage only), untreated, and insecticide-treated borders (Exp 2) contained 21, 14, and 9% dead plants, respectively, from FAW feeding. Methomyl and monocrotophos gave the greatest control of FAW larvae, while trichlorfon and carbaryl were the least effective insecticides. Permethrin gave poor control with one application but improved with multiple applications to equal the effect of the methomyl standard after three applications. Azinphosmethyl gave slightly better control of FAW larvae than did carbaryl or trichlorfon but was not as effective as methomyl. Reinfestation of whorl stage corn by FAW larvae occurred with all treatments and border types. The greatest reinfestation occurred after the first of three weekly applications. Studies suggested that border types, adjacent treatments, and cumulative effect of multiple applications are factors that critically influence the performance of insecticides applied to FAW larvae in small field plots.
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Howell, Michael S. y Jack T. Reed. "Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Aphids on Non-Transgenic Cotton, 1997". Arthropod Management Tests 23, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1998): 238–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/23.1.238.
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Abstract Insecticides were evaluated at North Mississippi Research and Extension Center, Verona, MS, in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plot size was 4 rows wide (38-inch row spacing) by 50 ft long with 4 untreated rows between plots and a 10-ft planted buffer at the end of each plot. Insecticides were applied on 8 and 11 Jul with a high-clearance spray tractor equipped with two Spraying Systems TX4 hollow-cone nozzles per row and calibrated for 5 gpa at a pressure of 40 psi at 4 mph. Carrier of the insecticide was water. Samples were taken from 10 leaves per plot at each of two levels on the plant: upper (first fully expanded leaf), and mid (mainstem leaf located one-third down the plant). Aphids were counted on the underside of each leaf. Throughout the growing season, there was ad-equate rainfall for crop development. Yield (lb of seed cotton per acre) was determined by mechanically harvesting the center two rows of each plot, and measuring the actual area picked.
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Vorsah, Roger V., Beatrice N. Dingha, Harmandeep Sharma y Louis E. Jackai. "Evaluation of Biorational Insecticides as Stand-alone Treatments for the Management of the Pigweed Flea Beetle, Disonycha glabrata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), in Organic Production of Amaranthus spp." Sustainable Agriculture Research 9, n.º 3 (26 de mayo de 2020): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v9n3p58.
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The pigweed flea beetle, Disonycha glabrata, is the most damaging insect pest on Amaranthus spp. in the Piedmont zone of North Carolina (NC), United States. It is capable of causing severe yield loss on amaranth greens if uncontrolled. Field experiments were conducted over two growing seasons (Summer 2017 and 2018) in Greensboro, NC, to evaluate OMRI-approved biorational insecticides against D. glabrata in organic amaranth production. Insecticides evaluated included Azatin® O (azadiractin), Ecotec® (oils: rosemary, peppermint and geraniol), Entrust® (spinosad) and PyGanic® (pyrethrins) as stand-alone threshold-driven treatments applied at recommended label rates. Insecticide treatment action threshold (AT) was 2 (on a scale of 5) representing 20-40% leaf damage. The efficacy of the insecticides against D. glabrata population differed significantly within the amaranth varieties in comparison to their respective controls: treatments with Entrust® and PyGanic® on Green Callaloo and Red Leaf recorded 80% reduction in beetle population while Ecotec® gave only a 15% beetle reduction. The Azatin® O treatments recorded the highest D. glabrata population, sometimes greater than the control. Marketable fresh leaf yield from both Green Callaloo and Red Leaf amaranth was highest in the Entrust® and PyGanic® treatments. Hopi Red-Dye and Molten Fire amaranths showed some resistance to beetle damage; they are also intrinsically low yielding. These findings provide information that would make organic amaranth production possible with only limited and safe insecticide input using OMRI-approved insecticides in a threshold-driven manner, an important step towards the sustainable management of D. glabrata and amaranth production.
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Dáder, Beatriz, Eduardo Aguirre, Primitivo Caballero y Pilar Medina. "Synergy of Lepidopteran Nucleopolyhedroviruses AcMNPV and SpliNPV with Insecticides". Insects 11, n.º 5 (20 de mayo de 2020): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11050316.
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The joint use of baculoviruses and synthetic insecticides for integrated pest management requires the study of the additive, synergistic or antagonistic effects among them on pest mortality. Droplet bioassays were conducted with Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), Spodoptera littoralis nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpliNPV) and seven insecticides (azadirachtin, Bacillus thuringiensis, cyantraniliprole, emamectin, metaflumizone, methoxyfenozide and spinetoram) on Spodoptera exigua and Spodoptera littoralis. The lethal concentrations LC50 and LC95 were calculated through probit regressions. Then, the sequential feeding of insecticides and nucleopolyhedroviruses was studied. Larvae were provided with the LC50 of one insecticide, followed by the LC50 of one nucleopolyhedrovirus 24 h later. The inverse order was also conducted. The insecticide LC50 and LC95 were higher for S. littoralis than for S. exigua. AcMNPV showed greater toxicity on S. exigua than SpliNPV on S. littoralis. Emamectin showed synergy with AcMNPV when the chemical was applied first, and metaflumizone and AcMNPV were synergistic regardless of the order of application, both from the first day of evaluation. SpliNPV was synergistic with azadirachtin and emamectin when it was applied first, but synergy was reached after 12–13 days. Excellent control is possible with the LC50 of azadirachtin, emamectin and metaflumizone in combination with nucleopolyhedroviruses, and merits further study as a means of controlling lepidopteran pests.
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Witkowski, John F. "Control of European Corn Borer in Whorl Stage Corn, 1994". Arthropod Management Tests 20, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1995): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/20.1.185a.
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Abstract The experimental design was RCB with 13 insecticide treatments and a control replicated 4 times. Single row plots were 50 ft in length and at 30 inch spacings. Corn was planted into double disk corn stalks on 25 Apr. Granular insecticides were applied in a 7 inch band with cone belt distributors mounted on a Hahn Hi-Boy. Liquid insecticides were applied with a backpack sprayer in 20 gal of water/acre at 30 psi, except for 2 treatments of Pounce 3.2 EC, which were applied at 10 & 30 gal of water/acre. Application date was 29 Jun. Five d prior to insecticide application 6 black headed ECB egg masses were infected in marked plants for later evaluation. On 26 Jul, the 10 marked plants in each replicate were dissected from tassel to ground, examined and the number of corn borer cavities recorded.
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Berenji, Fariba, Ali Moshaverinia, Abbas Jadidoleslami, Aliakbar Shamsian, Stephen L. Doggett y Elham Moghaddas. "Evaluation of the Common Bed Bug, Cimex lectularius (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Susceptibility to λ-Cyhalothrin, Malathion, and Diazinon in Northeastern Iran". Journal of Medical Entomology 56, n.º 4 (1 de marzo de 2019): 903–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz011.
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Abstract The common bed bug, Cimex lectularius (Linnaeus 1758), is a nocturnal blood-sucking ectoparasite of humans that is highly prevalent in the northeast of Iran. In recent years, the efficacy of those insecticides that have been frequently used to control bed bugs in Iran has not been studied. Due to frequent complaints about bed bug treatment failures in Mashhad city (northeastern Iran), this study assessed the susceptibility of C. lectularius collected from a student residence hall to Diazinon, Malathion, and λ-cyhalothrin. The desired concentrations of each insecticide were prepared in acetone, and bioassays were performed using insecticide-impregnated filter paper method. The concentration–response data were subjected to POLO-PC software and data were analyzed by the log-probit procedure. The LC50 values of Diazinon and λ-cyhalothrin for examined bed bugs were 1,337.40 and 2,022.36 ppm, respectively. Malathion at the highest concentration (10,000 ppm) did not exhibit any toxicity to examined C. lectularius. Comparing these results to the same previous studies showed that susceptibility of examined bed bugs to these insecticides has been highly decreased. This study revealed an occurrence of insecticide resistance in bed bug populations in northeastern Iran. It also suggests that Malathion, Diazinon, and λ-cyhalothrin are ineffective against bed bugs in this region.
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Ahirwar, R. M. y S. R. Baghel. "Evaluation of Insecticides on Aphid Pests". Indian Journal of Entomology 77, n.º 3 (2015): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8172.2015.00062.0.
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Mau, R. F. L., L. R. Gusukuma-Minuto, D. Dunbar y R. S. Shimabuku. "Evaluation of Insecticides Against Dbm, 1995". Arthropod Management Tests 22, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1997): 98–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/22.1.98.
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Flannigan, S. A., S. B. Tucker, M. M. Key, C. E. Ross, E. J. Fairchild, B. A. Grimes y R. B. Harrist. "Synthetic pyrethroid insecticides: a dermatological evaluation." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 42, n.º 6 (1 de junio de 1985): 363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.42.6.363.
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Hull, Larry A. y David J. Biddinger. "Apple, Airblast Evaluation of Insecticides, 1993". Arthropod Management Tests 19, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1994): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/19.1.21.
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Hull, Larry A. "Apple, Airblast Evaluation of Insecticides, 1995". Arthropod Management Tests 21, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1996): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/21.1.26.
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Fatima, Samman, Mubashar Hussain, Shama Shafqat, Muhammad Faheem Malik, Zaheer Abbas, Nadia Noureen y Noor ul Ane. "Laboratory Evaluation of Different Insecticides against Hibiscus Mealybug,Maconellicoccus hirsutus(Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)". Scientifica 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9312013.
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Hibiscus mealybug,Maconellicoccus hirsutus(Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), is the major pest of many vegetables, fruits, crops, and ornamental plants causing losses to the farmers and its control has been an issue of significance in the pest management. This study was aimed at evaluating different concentrations (0.06%, 0.1%, and 0.14%) of Telsta, Advantage, Talstar, Imidacloprid, and their mixtures against hibiscus mealybug in the Laboratory of Systematics and Pest Management at University of Gujrat, Pakistan. The toxic effect was evaluated in the laboratory bioassay after 24 and 48 h of the application of insecticides. The highest mortality (95.83%) was shown by Talstar and Talstar + Imidacloprid at the concentration of 0.14% after 48 h followed by Advantage + Talstar with 87.50% mortality at 0.14% concentration after 48 h of application. The study also showed that the least effective treatment observed was Advantage + Telsta with no mortality after 24 h and 25% mortality after 48 h at 0.14% concentration. The study revealed that the concentration 0.14% was highly effective in lowering the mealybug population and insecticide mixtures were effective in reducing mealybug density. The study emphasizes the use of such insecticide mixtures to develop better management strategy for mealybug populations attacking ornamental plants. However effects of such insecticide mixtures on other organisms and biological control agents should be checked under field conditions.
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Li, Huan, Na Yang, Lixia Xiong y Baolei Wang. "Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Thienylpyridyl- and Thioether-Containing Acetamides and Their Derivatives as Pesticidal Agents". Molecules 26, n.º 18 (17 de septiembre de 2021): 5649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26185649.
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Referring to the structural information of the “hit” compound A from the reported pharmacophore-based virtual screening, a series of novel thienylpyridyl- and thioether/sulfoxide/sulfone-containing acetamide derivatives have been designed and synthesized. The structures of new compounds were confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS. The single-crystal structure of A was firstly reported. All the new synthesized compounds were evaluated for insecticidal activities on Mythimna separata Walker and Plutella xylostella L. Through a step-by-step structural optimization, the high insecticidal agents, especially towards Plutella xylostella L., have been found, and thienylpyridyl- and sulfone/thioether-containing acetamides Iq, Io, Ib and A, which are comparable with the control insecticides cartap, triflumuron and chlorantraniliprole in the present study, can be used as novel lead structures for new insecticides innovation research. In addition, some of the compounds, e.g., A, Ih, Id, Io and Iq, also exhibited favourable fungicidal activities against Physalospora piricola, Rhizoctonia cerealis and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and would provide useful guidance for the design and development of new fungicides.
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Reed, Jack T., Michael S. Howell y C. S. Jackson. "Evaluation of Insecticides for Aphid Control (Trial 1), 1996". Arthropod Management Tests 22, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1997): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/22.1.265.
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Abstract This test was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of insecticides for control of cotton aphids in Mississippi. Plots were 4 rows wide and 50 ft long with four untreated rows or a 10 ft planted buffer between plots. Plants in each plot were sampled on a three to four day interval early in the growing season for cotton aphids by selecting ten random plants in each plot. One leaf from the terminal and one leaf four nodes below the terminal (mid level) were sampled on each plant. The total number of aphids on the top leaves and mid leaves was recorded. Treatment was initiated when population levels were rapidly increasing. Insecticide applications were applied on 23 Jun and 10 Jul with a high clearance spray tractor equipped with two TX4 hollow cone nozzles per row traveling 4 mph and delivering 5 gpa. Plots within a replicate were sprayed sequentially to maintain true replicate integrity. Yield was estimated by mechanically harvesting the center two rows of each plot.
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Mascarenhas, Rosanne N., Alan T. Wier, David J. Boethel, P. Scott Lingren y B. Rogers Leonard. "Evaluation of Selected Bacillus Thuringiensis Insecticides for Control of Soybean Looper in North Louisiana, 1994". Arthropod Management Tests 20, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1995): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/20.1.238.
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Abstract A field study was conducted at the Macon Ridge Branch, Northeast Research Station, located near Winnsboro (Franklin Parish), Louisiana, to evaluate the efficacy of several B. thuringiensis insecticides for soybean looper control. Test plots were 50 ft long by 5 rows with a 40 inch row spacing and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Insecticides were applied with a tractor and compressed air sprayer calibrated to deliver 10 gpa at 38 psi through TX8 hollow cone nozzles (2 per row). Insecticide treatments were applied to soybeans in the R5 stage of growth (beginning seed) on 25 Aug. Posttreatment counts, consisting of 25 sweeps per plot, were taken with a 15 inch diameter muslin net at 2, 5, and 7 DAT. No rainfall occurred and the plots were not irrigated during the experimental period. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by means separation according to DMRT.
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Jung, Ja-Eun, Yong-Ju Lee, Yoon-Kwan Kim y Sung-Kyu Lee. "Development and Evaluation of the KOrea Insecticide Exposure Model (KOIEM) for Managing Insecticides". Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society 33, n.º 4 (20 de abril de 2012): 1183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5012/bkcs.2012.33.4.1183.
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Renault, David y Hervé Colinet. "Differences in the Susceptibility to Commercial Insecticides among Populations of the Lesser Mealworm Alphitobius diaperinus Collected from Poultry Houses in France". Insects 12, n.º 4 (31 de marzo de 2021): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12040309.
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The control of insect pests often relies on the recurrent application of insecticides. This is the case for the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus, an invasive beetle infesting poultry farms. There is evidence that A. diaperinus can develop resistance to several insecticides. Evaluation of such resistance has never been conducted in France, despite the beetle’s presence since the 1970s. We assess insecticide susceptibility in 10 populations from French poultry farms and compare patterns with two susceptible populations. Adults are subjected to short-term exposures (4 h) to four commercial insecticides and their recovery is assessed. Temporal survival also is scored during constant exposures for seven days. Clear-cut differences among the farm populations are found. Except for three populations that have patterns similar to those of the two susceptible populations, all the other farm populations have a much greater capacity to recover and survive insecticide exposures, especially to pyrethroid-based formulations. Three populations in particular even exhibit clear signs of resistance to pyrethroids, with median lethal times more than 10-fold superior to values of the susceptible population. No insect in any population recovers from the pirimiphos-methyl exposure, and all beetles are apparently dead after 15 h. Our results demonstrate the existence of resistant populations to pyrethroids in Brittany France.
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Fatzinger, Carl W., Harry O. Yates y Larry R. Barber. "Evaluation of Aerial Applications of Acephate and Other Insecticides for Control of Cone and Seed Insects in Southern Pine Seed Orchards2". Journal of Entomological Science 27, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 1992): 172–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-27.2.172.
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Acephate was evaluated for control of cone and seed insects in southern pine seed orchards from 1980 to 1985. Insecticides compared with acephate during this study were azinphosmethyl, fenvalerate, malathion, and the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis. Insecticides were applied aerially, by hydraulic sprayers, and by airblast sprayers. Experiments were conducted in loblolly pine seed orchards in Florida and North Carolina and in two slash pine seed orchards in Florida. Control of coneworms, Dioryctria spp., slash pine flower thrips, Gnophothrips fuscus (Morgan), and two seed bugs, the leaffooted pine seed bug, Leptoglossus corculus (Say), and the shieldbacked pine seed bug, Tetyra bipunctata (Herrich-Schäffer) was evaluated. Frost damage and a serious infection of southern cone rust, Cronartium strobilinum (Arth.) Hedgc, and Hahn, caused significant flower and conelet losses and may have obscured differences between treatment effects during some years. All of the insecticide treatments were equally effective in controlling coneworms. The percentages of trees infested with pine tortoise scale, Toumeyella parvicornis (Cockerell), and the striped pine scale, T. pini (King), and the numbers of scale insects per branch after five applications of insecticide, differed significantly for acephate and fenvalerate treatments.
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Kumar, Ravinder y Jawala Jindal. "Economic evaluation of biorational and conventional insecticides for the control of maize stem borer Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) in Zea mays". Journal of Applied and Natural Science 7, n.º 2 (1 de diciembre de 2015): 644–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v7i2.659.
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Maize borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) is the chief limiting factor for higher corn production. Field trials to assess the efficacy of different insecticides against C. partellus were carried in district Ropar, Punjab. It was observed that significantly lesser leaf injury incidence was recorded in biorational treatment T1: chlorantriniliprole 18.5 SC (3.43 & 4.23) in comparison to broad spectrum conventional insecticide treatment T3: Deltamethrin 2.8 EC (4.63& 5.36) and T4 :Farmer’s practice 4.43 and 6.93. Whereas in plots with parasitoid application (T2), the leaf injury incidence was recorded to be 6.56 & 7.86 during 2012 and 2013, respectively. Though T2 was statistically superior to control, however it was not at par with insecticide treatments. Furthermore similar trend was observed for dead hearts reduction in different treatments. It was recorded to be 3.16 and 3.90, 3.33 and 3.96, 3.53 and 3.96 in insecticide treatment plots T1, T3 and T4 respectively. The economic returns on the basis of marketable grain yield in insecticide treated plots was more in T1 followed by T3 and T4 (51.99, 49.58 and 48.51) in comparison to control (40.44) and biological control plots (46.75). Therefore experimental data revealed overall superiority of biorational pesticide in comparison to conventional insecticides for reduction in pest damage and economic returns. Hence the option of biorational for the control of maize stem borer not only justify safety to environment but also offers effective control of borer population in maize ecosystem due to its distinct chemical class and unique mode of action.
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Deguenon, Jean M., Roseric Azondekon, Fiacre R. Agossa, Gil G. Padonou, Rodrigue Anagonou, Juniace Ahoga, Boris N’dombidje et al. "ImergardTMWP: A Non-Chemical Alternative for an Indoor Residual Spray, Effective against Pyrethroid-Resistant Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) in Africa". Insects 11, n.º 5 (23 de mayo de 2020): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11050322.
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Malaria is the deadliest mosquito-borne disease and kills predominantly people in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The now widespread mosquito resistance to pyrethroids, with rapidly growing resistance to other insecticide classes recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), may overturn the successes gained in mosquito control in recent years. It is of utmost importance to search for new, inexpensive, and safe alternatives, with new modes of action, that might improve the efficacy of current insecticides. The efficacy of a novel mechanical insecticidal mineral derived from volcanic rock, ImergardTMWP, was investigated to determine its efficacy as a stand-alone residual wall spray and as a mixture with deltamethrin (K-Othrine® Polyzone) in experimental huts in Cove, Benin. The evaluation was conducted with susceptible (Kisumu) and wild-type Anopheles gambiae (s.l.). Deltamethrin applied alone demonstrated 40–45% mortality (at 72 h post-exposure) during the first four months, which declined to 25% at six months for wild An. gambiae from Cove. ImergardTMWP alone and mixed with deltamethrin, under the same assay conditions, produced 79–82% and 73–81% mortality, respectively, during the same six-month period. ImergardTMWP met the 80% WHO bio-efficacy threshold for residual activity for the first five months with 78% residual activity at six months. ImergardTMWP can be used as a mixture with chemical insecticides or as a stand-alone pesticide for mosquito control in Africa.
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Zhang, Peiwen, Deqiang Qin, Jianjun Chen y Zhixiang Zhang. "Plants in the Genus Tephrosia: Valuable Resources for Botanical Insecticides". Insects 11, n.º 10 (21 de octubre de 2020): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11100721.
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Synthetic insecticides are effective in controlling insect pests but can also harm nontarget organisms and the environment. During the last 40 years, there has been an increasing interest in alternative insecticides, particularly those derived from plants, commonly known as botanical insecticides. However, commercially available botanical insecticides remain limited. Rotenone is one of the earliest identified compounds and was used as fish poison and pest management. Due to its link with Parkinson disease, the use of rotenone was banned in many developed countries. Rotenone used to be isolated from Derris spp. and Lonchocarpus spp., and it can also be isolated from Tephrosia species. In this article, we present basic botanical information on selected Tephrosia species and their major compounds related to insecticidal activities and highlight the current use of extracts derived from some species, Tephrosia vogelii in particular, for control of insect pests in stored grains and crop production. The crude extracts contain multiple bioactive compounds, mainly rotenone, deguelin, rotenolone, and tephrosin, which act in either additive or synergistic fashion, resulting in effective control of insect pests. There are about 400 species in the genus Tephrosia, and species and even strains or variants vary greatly in these active compounds. We argue that a systematic evaluation of bioactive compounds in different species are needed, and species or strains with high insecticidal activities should be selected for use in the sustainable control of insect pests.
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Zilnik, Gabriel y Hannah J. Burrack. "Susceptibility of North Carolina Chloridea (Heliothis) virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Populations From Flue Cured Tobacco to Chlorantraniliprole". Journal of Economic Entomology 114, n.º 3 (22 de abril de 2021): 1166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab055.
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Abstract The tobacco budworm, Chloridea (Heliothis) virescens (F.), has evolved resistance to numerous insecticides in the field. In tobacco, chlorantraniliprole can be applied as either a preventative systemic soil application at or near transplant, or a foliar application timed to current treatment thresholds. With a novel mode of action chlorantraniliprole provides an option for rotation with other insecticides to reduce the probability of insecticide resistance development. However, specific usage patterns in tobacco have the potential to increase the risk of resistance development to this insecticide. In particular, soil applied treatments may expose C. virescens to sublethal concentrations of the insecticide. We studied chlorantraniliprole susceptibility in nine field populations and one laboratory strain of C. virescens using a diet incorporation bioassay. Mortality was measured at 7, 10, and 14 d after exposure. Our results demonstrated that bioassays should be evaluated at 14 d after exposure to optimize interpretation of the dose–response due to the antifeeding properties of chlorantraniliprole. We observed low variation within field-collected populations. Field populations were as susceptible as the laboratory strain; the resistance ratio at the 14-d evaluation for field-collected populations ranged from 1.01 to 1.05. A discriminating dose of 0.117, 0.080, and 0.070 μg a.i./g diet could be used at 7, 10, and 14 d, respectively. Larval growth varied between field populations. Two field populations continued growing on diet containing chlorantraniliprole and differed in size from the laboratory and other populations. Further evaluation of growth inhibition will be necessary.
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Reed, Jack T. y C. S. Jackson. "Evaluation II of Insecticides for Control of Tarnished Plant Bugs in Mississippi, 1995". Arthropod Management Tests 21, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1996): 267–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/21.1.267a.
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Abstract Insecticides were evaluated at the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State, MS, in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plot size was 1 row wide by 50 ft long with 7 unsprayed buffer rows between plots. Insecticides were applied on 27 Jun with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with a single Spraying Systems TX4 hollow cone nozzle and calibrated for 5 gpa at a pressure of 38 psi and a speed of 4 mph. Carrier of the insecticides was water, with an initial pH of 8.0. This trial was applied under very wet soil conditions, high humidity and steady wind conditions. The nozzle was held to allow the wind to drift the spray onto the plants with the upper third of the plant as the target. Plant bugs were collected the morning of application by sweeping wild flowers with a 15 inch diam sweep net. Fine mesh cloth cages were then placed on 2 plants per plot and fastened at the mainstem with ponytail holders. The plants with sleeve cages were cut and returned to the laboratory 24 h after infestation and examined for dead and live plant bugs. Because of threatening rain, instead of caging bugs on the plants, 4 leaf disks per plot were collected 48 h after spray application, and 2 leaf disks per plot 72 h after spray, placed in 11 X 50 mm petri dishes on moistened filter paper and infested with 5 plant bugs each. Mortality data from these petri dishes was taken at 96 h after insecticide application. Plant bugs not moving when prodded were considered dead.
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DeVries, Terry A. y Robert J. Wright. "Evaluation of Microbial and Conventional Insecticides for Control of Larval European Corn Borer on Whorl Stage Corn, Clay Center, Ne, 1995". Arthropod Management Tests 21, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 1996): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/21.1.218.
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Abstract Bacillus thuringiensis formulations and conventional insecticides were evaluated for efficacy against larval ECB in whorl stage field corn. All plots were planted without soil insecticide on 16 May. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replicates. Each plot consisted of a single row, 40 ft long with a 30-inch row spacing. Plots were artificially infested with black-head stage ECB egg masses. The egg masses were deposited on wax paper discs, precounted in the laboratory and placed in the whorl of the infested plants on 30 Jun and 9 Jul. Crop growth stage was 37 and 57 inches extended leaf height, respectively. The same 5 plants in each treatment replicate were infested with 10 egg masses per infestation date. All granular insecticides were applied on 13 Jul. Environmental conditions were: air temperature, 81°F; wind direction and speed, west (250°) at 7 mph; relative humidity, 53%; and crop growth stage, 63 inches extended leaf height. A 10-inch Almaco smooth belt cone rear mounted on a Hahn Hi-Boy was used to apply preweighed amounts of the granular insecticides over the top of the plant whorls (G). Liquid insecticides were applied on 15 Jul. Environmental conditions were: air temperature, 74°F; wind direction and speed, east (80°) at 5 mph; relative humidity, 76%; and crop growth stage, 67 inches extended leaf height. A CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer at 30 psi was used to apply a band application over the top of the whorl (total spray volume = 1050 ml/plot) of premeasured amounts of the liquid insecticides (L). All infested plants were evaluated for ECB larval feeding damage on 14-15 Aug. The stalks of the infested plants were split lengthwise and the accumulated length and number of cavities in the 5 plants per treatment replicate were used to evaluate ECB larval damage. The percent infestation at evaluation was determined by the plants with a minimum of 1 cavity per treatment replicate. Data were analyzed by ANOVA for RCB with mean separation using DMRT.