Literatura académica sobre el tema "Inoculum"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Inoculum"
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Eboibi, B. E., K. O. Adiotomre, F. Onobrudu y E. Osioh. "Anaerobic Digestion of Cassava (Manihot Esculenta) Waste: Effects of Inoculum on Biogas Production Rate". Nigerian Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology 4, n.º 2 (octubre de 2020): 411–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2020.02.0226.
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In this paper, cow manure fluid was used as inoculums to investigate biogas production rate from anaerobic digestion of cassava peel at mesophilic temperature (280C). The anaerobic experiment was conducted using six batch digesters (D1, D2, D3, D4, D5 and D6) each of 20L capacity for 40-day hydraulic retention. Each digester, was loaded with 5kg of cassava peel (CP) and 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% of inoculum to CP. Hashimoto model was used to obtain the digestion kinetic parameters. The results of the study showed that inoculums influenced the rate of biogas production, showing variations in biogas production, correlation coefficient (R2) and in first-order decay constant (k). The average cumulative biogas production was in the range of ~2358 to 4010ml/kgVS for 10% to 50% inoculum. The R2 and k for D1 was 0.959 and 0.359 D1 (without inoculum), 0.990 and 0.371 for D2 (10% inoculum) and 0.991 and 0.371 for D3 (20% inoculum), 0.951 and 0.356 for D4 (30% inoculum), 0.992 and 0.372 for D5 (40% inoculum), and 0.990 and 0.371 was obtained for D6 loaded with 50% inoculum. Despite variation in biogas yields from different inoculums, biogas production obtained from anaerobic digesters loaded with inoculums were still lower compared with that without inoculum.
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Chiaravalli, Maria, Luca Rapetti, Andrea Rota Graziosi, Gianluca Galassi, Gianni Matteo Crovetto y Stefania Colombini. "Comparison of Faecal versus Rumen Inocula for the Estimation of NDF Digestibility". Animals 9, n.º 11 (7 de noviembre de 2019): 928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9110928.
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Cow faeces have been investigated as alternative inoculum to replace rumen fluid to determine neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestibility (NDFD). Aims of this study were to estimate: (1) the NDFD (48 h) of feed ingredients using a rumen inoculum in comparison with faecal inocula from cows fed diets with different forage basis; (2) the undigestible NDF (uNDF) at 240 and 360 h with ruminal fluid and faecal inocula from lactating cows fed two different diets. At 48 h incubation, the NDFD was affected both by feed and type of inoculum (p < 0.01) and by their interaction (p = 0.03). Overall, the mean NDFD was higher for rumen inoculum than for faecal inocula (585 vs. 389 g/kg NDF, p < 0.05), and faecal inoculum obtained from cows fed hay-based diets gave lower NDFD than those from cows fed maize silage (367 vs. 440 g/kg, p < 0.05). At long incubation times, the average uNDF was affected by substrate, inoculum and incubation time (p < 0.01), but not by their interactions. For each inoculum, significantly lower values were obtained at 360 than at 240 h. Regressions between uNDF with rumen and with the tested faecal inocula resulted in r2 ≥ 0.98. Despite the differences at 48 h, the uNDF showed that faecal inoculum could replace rumen fluid at longer incubation times.
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Restrepo-Llano, Manuel, Nelson W. Osorio y Juan D. León. "Assessment of the Effectiveness of Ectomycorrhizal Inocula to Promote Growth and Root Ectomycorrhizal Colonization inPinus patulaSeedlings Using the Most Probable Number Technique". Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/870616.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the response ofPinus patulaseedlings to two inocula types: soil from aPinusplantation (ES) and anin vitroproduced inoculum (EM). The most probable number method (MPN) was used to quantify ectomycorrhizal propagule density (EPD) in both inocula in a 7-order dilution series ranging from 100(undiluted inoculum) to 10−6(the most diluted inoculum). The MPN method allowed establishing differences in the number of infective ectomycorrhizal propagules’ density (EPD) (ES=34per g;EM=156per g). The results suggest that the EPD of an inoculum may be a key factor that influences the successfulness of the inoculation. The low EPD of the ES inoculum suggests that soil extracted from forest plantations had very low effectiveness for promoting root colonization and plant growth. In contrast, the high EPD found in the formulated inoculum (EM) reinforced the idea that it is better to use proven high quality inocula for forest nurseries than using soil from a forestry plantation.
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Malbasa, Radomir, Eva Loncar, Spasenija Milanovic y Ljiljana Kolarov. "Use of milk-based kombucha inoculum for milk fermentation". Acta Periodica Technologica, n.º 40 (2009): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/apt0940047m.
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In this investigation fermented milk beverages with 0.9% of milk fat were produced using 10 and 15% (v/v) of traditional and milk-based kombucha inoculum by application of appropriate technological process. Milk fermentation using two types and concentrations of kombucha inoculum were stopped when the pH reached 4.5. Sigmoidal fermentation profiles were noticed with traditional kombucha inoculums and linear with milk-based kombucha inoculums. Chemical content and physico-chemical characteristics of kombucha fermented milk beverages were typical and yoghurt-like for all obtained products. The best textural and sensory characteristics possesed beverage obtained in fermentation of milk using 10% (v/v) of milk-based kombucha inoculum.
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Fleming, AI, ER Williams y JW Turnbull. "Growth and Nodulation of Provenances of Casuarina cunninghamiana Inoculated With a Range of Frankia Sources". Australian Journal of Botany 36, n.º 2 (1988): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9880171.
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Seed and root nodules (for use as a Frankia inoculum) collected from 18 provenances of Casuarina cunninghamiana Miq. were used in a complete cross-inoculation experiment conducted in a glasshouse. The provenances covered the geographical range of the species and represented major river systems. They were arranged a priori into five groups according to geographical location. Seventeen of the inocula were effective on seed from all provenances; one inoculum failed to nodulate seedlings from any provenance. Inoculum source, seed source and their interaction all affected plant growth. Greatest shoot weight was obtained with seed and inoculum combinations from similar geographical regions, particularly northern inocula with northern seed sources and southern inocula with southern seed sources. When averaged over all seed sources northern inocula were the most generally effective in promoting plant growth. In contrast, when averaged over all inoculum sources, southern seed sources grew best. These results demonstrate the potential for improving the effectiveness of the C. cunninghamiana-Frankia association in forestry by selection of the symbiotic partners.
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Vaganova, Anastasia N., S. V. Borisenko, E. V. Nesterova, N. N. Trofimova, I. V. Litvinenko, Y. G. Petunova, W. V. Roca y V. N. Verbov. "Cefazolin inoculum effect among methicillinsusceptible Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients with skin infections". Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 23, n.º 2 (2021): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36488/cmac.2021.2.205-211.
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Objective. To evaluate frequency and intensity of cefazolin inoculum effect among methicillin-susceptible staphylococci isolated from patients with skin infections. Materials and Methods. A total of 80 methicillin susceptible isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were identified by cefoxitin disk-diffusion test and negative results of real-time PCR for mecA gene. Inoculum effect was measured by broth microdilution test with two inocula with concentrations of 5 × 105 CFU/mL and 5 × 107 CFU/mL. The disk-diffusion test with cefoxitin was also performed. Penicillin susceptibility was determined by disk-diffusion method. Beta-lactamase blaZ gene was identified by real-time PCR. Results. The frequency of cefazolin inoculum effect in tested isolates was 30% which is consistent with data from different countries. The MIC values for concentrated inoculum reached CLSI breakpoint for cefazolin resistance in 2.5% of isolates. The isolates with inoculum effect and those without it had the similar MIC values for cefazolin in broth microdilution test for standard inocula and similar diameters of inhibition zone in disk-diffusion test with cefazolin. Penicillin resistance was more frequent in inoculum effect-positive isolates. Beta-lactamase activity is considered as a main cause of cefazolin inoculum effect in staphylococci. The beta-lactamase blaZ gene was identified in the majority of isolates with cefazolin inoculum effect, but it was also prevalent among inoculum effect-negative isolates. Conclusions. Up to 30% of MSSA isolates from skin lesions in dermatological patients from SaintPetersburg are positive for cefazolin inoculum effect. Those isolates are usually characterized by penicillin resistance. Most of the cefazolin inoculum effect-positive isolates also carry beta-lactamase blaZ gene.
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Indriyati, Indriyati. "VIRULENSI JAMUR ENTOMOPATOGEN BEAUVERIA BASSIANA (BALSAMO) VUILLEMIN (DEUTEROMYCOTINA: HYPHOMYCETES) TERHADAP KUTUDAUN (APHIS SPP.) DAN KEPIK HIJAU (NEZARA VIRIDULA)". Jurnal Hama dan Penyakit Tumbuhan Tropika 9, n.º 2 (23 de julio de 2009): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.2992-98.
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Virulence of entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes) on aphid (Aphis spp.) and green stink bug (Nezara viridula). This study was conducted at the Laboratory of Plant Pests and Diseases Department of Plant Protection Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung. It was aimed to test the virulence of field and commercial inoculum of B. bassiana on aphid and green stink bug. The field inoculum of B. bassiana was originated from infected grasshoppers and isolated in Biocontrol Laboratory of PT Gunung Madu Plantations, Central Lampung, while the commercial inoculum (Natural BVR) was formulated by PT Natural Nusantara. A single exposure concentration assay (1 x 107 conidia/ml) for each inoculum was conducted by immersing the insects in fungal suspension for 10 second. The results indicated that the virulence of field and commercial inoculum of B. bassiana was significantly different on aphid . The field inoculum B. bassiana was highly virulent and caused 78.8% mortality, on the contrary the commercial B. bassiana showed low virulence and caused only 27.42% mortality of aphid. However, both inocula caused 76% and 70% mortality on green stink bug respectively. The lethal period of the field and commercial B. bassiana are 3.70 days and 3.72 days respectively on aphid, and 5.44 days and 4.58 days on green stink bug. The virulence value of both inocula are 0.271 and 0.268 on aphids, and 0.195 and 0.245 on green stink bug. The virulence of both inocula is not significantly different. This results suggests that the commercial inoculum B. bassiana at 1 x 107 conidia/ml of concentration is less effective than the field inoculum B. bassiana as control agent on aphid.
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Zervos, S., S. C. Johnson y J. M. Webster. "Effect of temperature and inoculum size on reproduction and development of Heterorhabditis heliothidis and Steinernema glaseri (Nematoda: Rhabditoidea) in Galleria mellonella". Canadian Journal of Zoology 69, n.º 5 (1 de mayo de 1991): 1261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z91-177.
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Larvae of Galleria mellonella were kept at temperatures of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C, and exposed to six levels of inocula (5, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 500 infective juveniles/larva) of Heterorhabditis heliothidis and Steinernema glaseri. Temperature and inoculum level significantly affected time to first emergence, duration of emergence, and yield of juveniles. All parameters except emergence of H. heliothidis showed significant interactions between temperature and inoculum level. No juveniles emerged at 5 or 10 °C and development time was most rapid at 25 °C. No juvenile H. heliothidis emerged at 30 °C or with 500 infective juveniles/host, but duration of emergence was shortest at high temperatures with large inocula; yield per host and yield per inoculum were greatest at 20 °C with small inocula. Yields of S. glaseri were half those of H. heliothidis; duration of emergence was shortest at low temperatures; yield per host was greatest at 20 and 25 °C from large inocula; and yield per inoculum level was greatest when the numbers inoculated were small (5–50/host).
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Nitzan, Nadav, Tom F. Cummings y Dennis A. Johnson. "Disease Potential of Soil- and Tuberborne Inocula of Colletotrichum coccodes and Black Dot Severity on Potato". Plant Disease 92, n.º 11 (noviembre de 2008): 1497–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-11-1497.
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Inoculum of Colletotrichum coccodes, the cause of potato black dot, is soil- or tuberborne. Understanding the disease potential of sources of inocula is crucial for developing disease management strategies and resistance screening techniques. Two hypotheses were tested in this study: (i) soilborne inoculum causes more disease than tuberborne inoculum and (ii) black dot severity is related to the concentration of soilborne inoculum. Trials were conducted in the greenhouse with standardized inoculum. Plants grown in infested soil had more sclerotia on roots than plants grown from infected tubers in three of four trials. In general, plants grown in infested soil produced fewer tubers and lower yields than the noninoculated plants. Plants grown from infected tubers produced similar numbers of tubers as the noninoculated plants in all trials, and had reduced yields in one of the four trials. Increasing concentrations of soilborne inoculum had a nonlinear association with disease development. Foliar symptoms, sclerotial density on roots, and sclerotial development on stems did not increase when soil inoculum exceeded 0.5 or 1.7 g/liters of soil. In this study, soilborne inoculum caused more disease than tuberborne inoculum and disease severity remained constant above a threshold of soilborne inoculum.
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Waswa, Clinton, Peter Kabok y Daudi Nyaanga. "Co-digestion of Pretreated Chicken – Goat and Untreated Cow Manure at Different Substrate to Inoculums Ratios and Total Solids for Biogas Production". Applied Research Journal of Environmental Engineering 3, n.º 3 (31 de diciembre de 2020): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47721/arjee202003024.
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Biogas production can be greatly affected by inoculum addition and total solids. The effect of the substrate to inoculum ratios and total solids of chicken, goat and cow manure on biogas production was studied using a 0.15m3 laboratory-scale batch digester at a constant temperature of 35°C. Feedstocks were mechanically minced to 3 mm effective particle sizes prior to co-digesting with untreated cow manure from a free-range dairy rearing system. Different amounts of cow substrate inoculum were used at ratios of 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1 and 6:1, while total solid levels between (7.5% and 10.5%) at intervals of 0.5% were used to study their effects on biogas production. Increasing inoculums and total solids resulted in increased biogas production with peaks at a substrate to inoculum ratio of 4:1 (20% inoculum addition) and 9% total solids. Biogas production rates of 0.61 and 0.63m3/m3d were realized respectively. Keywords: Biogas Production, Chicken-Goat-Cow Manure, Substrate to Inoculum Ratios, Total Solids
Tesis sobre el tema "Inoculum"
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Thaning, Christian. "Ways of managing Sclerotinia sclerotiorum inoculum /". Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv), 2000. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2000/91-576-5790-4.pdf.
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Baijnath, Sharika. "Effect of inoculum source, inoculum pressure and cultivar on development of black scurf on potatoes in South Africa". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24650.
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Rhizoctonia solani inoculum can be present either as soil- or tuber-borne sclerotia or hyphae. Although both inoculum sources play a role in disease development, it is not clear which of the two is more important. Successive cultivation of potato crops increases R. solani soil inoculum load resulting in an escalation in disease incidence and severity. The use of tolerant cultivars, however, can effectively reduce inoculum levels thereby decreasing disease intensity. Four pot trials were conducted; the objective of the first two pot trials was to determine the effect of tuber and soil-borne inoculum and stolon inoculations on disease development in sandy and clay loam soils. The second two pot trials were aimed at determining susceptibility levels of five cultivars. Two field trials were planted over two growing seasons in the same soils, using three inoculum levels. Results from the pot trials showed that tubers harvested from inoculated sandy soils developed significantly more disease than those harvested from clay loam soils. Of the three inoculum sources, stolon inoculation and seed-borne inoculum resulted in significantly more disease on progeny tubers than those from R. solani spiked soils. Although none of the cultivars proved to be tolerant to R. solani, BP1 was less susceptible to R. solani at temperatures between 21-26oC. More severe disease symptoms were observed under cooler temperatures on all cultivars. Results from the field trial showed the cultivation of potatoes in the same soil over two growing seasons resulted in an increase in diseased (black scurf) tubers. Furthermore, black scurf was most severe on tubers from soils infested with the highest concentration of inoculum. There were significant disease severity differences, with initial soil inoculum levels being directly proportional to final disease severity. Future studies in South Africa should focus on investigating the genetic composition of various cultivars; the effect of soil type and pH on the pathogenicity of R. solani and the use of molecular diagnostic tools to detect and quantify R. solani in soils.Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Microbiology and Plant Pathology
unrestricted
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Spies, Christoffel F. J. (Christoffel Frederik Jakobus). "The inoculum ecology of Botrytis cinerea in Rooibos nurseries". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20943.
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Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Grey mould, caused by Botrytis cinerea, is the most important foliar disease of rooibos seedlings. Although the disease is primarily controlled with applications of fungicides, the improvement of cultural methods of disease management should lessen this dependence on chemical control. Such improvements would, however, not be possible without knowledge of the inoculum sources and dispersal of the pathogen. The aim of this study was to investigate the inoculum ecology of B. cinerea in rooibos nurseries in order to identify primary sources of inoculum and to improve the environmentally friendly management of the disease. The study was conducted in four nurseries over two production seasons (March to July 2003 and 2004). Levels of airborne inoculum of B. cinerea were monitored on a monthly basis inside and around the nurseries with spore traps. Samples of plant material and organic debris were taken in the corresponding areas to determine the incidence of plant material infected by the pathogen and the incidences of grey mould in the nurseries were recorded. Low numbers of B. cinerea colonies were observed on the spore traps. Similar levels of airborne inoculum were observed inside and around the nurseries. The incidence of plant material yielding B. cinerea was higher outside the nurseries than inside, indicating the importance of such materials as potential sources of inoculum. Since patterns of airborne inoculum observed in this study confirmed reports of the local dispersal of B. cinerea, the removal of possible hosts outside the nurseries could aid in the management of grey mould in rooibos nurseries. Resistance to dicarboximide fungicides is a genetically stable trait in B. cinerea, and therefore has the potential to be used as a phenotypic marker. This marker can be used to gain knowledge on the dispersal of B. cinerea inoculum inside and outside rooibos nurseries. Isolates of B. cinerea collected from the air and from plant material in and around four rooibos nurseries were assessed for resistance to iprodione at 1 and 3 μg/ml a.i. Some of the isolates showed resistance to iprodione at 1 μg/ml a.i. However, none of the isolates showed resistance at 3 μg/ml a.i. iprodione. The initial incidence of dicarboximide-resistance at the nurseries was slightly higher than expected. As the season progressed, the incidence of iprodione-resistant isolates decreased towards May, after which an increase was observed towards July. A relatively high percentage of isolates collected outside the nurseries was found to be dicarboximide-resistant. Two of the nurseries had a significant higher incidence of resistant isolates on plant material collected inside, than on plant material collected outside the nursery. However, when looking at resistance levels of airborne isolates, no significant differences were found in the incidence of resistant isolates sampled inside and outside the four nurseries. The data indicated the importance of organic debris and seed-borne infections in the survival and dispersal of dicarboximide-resistant isolates of the pathogen. With the current emphasis on organic agriculture the knowledge gained in this study presents valuable possibilities of improving the cultural management of grey mould in rooibos nurseries.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Vaalvrot, veroorsaak deur Botrytis cinerea, is die belangrikste bo-grondse siekte van rooibossaailinge. Alhoewel die beheer van die siekte hoofsaaklik op die gebruik van fungisiede berus, behoort die verbetering van verbouingspraktyke hierdie afhanklikheid van chemiese beheer te verminder. Sulke verbeteringe sal egter slegs moontlik wees indien voldoende kennis van die inokulumbronne en verspreiding van die patogeen beskikbaar is. Die doel van hierdie ondersoek was om die inokulum ekologie van B. cinerea in rooibos kwekerye te ondersoek sodat primêre inokulumbronne opgespoor en omgewingsvriendelike siektebestuurspraktyke verbeter kan word. Die ondersoek is in vier kwekerye oor twee produksie seisoene (Maart tot Julie 2003 en 2004) uitgevoer. Vlakke van luggedraagde inokulum van B. cinerea is op ’n maandelikse basis met behulp van spoorvangers binne en buite die kwekerye gemonitor. Monsters van plantmateriaal en organiese materiaal is in ooreenstemmende areas geneem om die voorkoms van B. cinerea geïnfekteerde plantmateriaal vas te stel en die voorkoms van vaalvrot in die kwekerye is aangeteken. Min B. cinerea kolonies is op die spoorvangers waargeneem. Soortgelyke vlakke van luggedraagde inokulum is binne en buite die kwekerye waargeneem. Die hoër voorkoms van B. cinerea geïnfekteerde plantmateriaal buite die kwekerye as binne, dui op die belang van sulke materiaal as potensiële inokulumbronne. Aangesien die patrone van luggedraagde inokulum, soos waargeneem in hierdie ondersoek, ander berigte van B. cinerea se beperkte verspreidingsvermoë bevestig, kan die verwydering van moontlike alternatiewe gashere buite die kwekerye die bestuur van die siekte binne die kwekerye verbeter. Weerstand teen dikarboksimied fungisiede is ’n geneties-stabiele kenmerk in B. cinerea en het daarom potensiaal om as ’n fenotipiese merker gebruik te word. Hierdie merker kan gebruik word om kennis aangaande die verspreiding van B. cinerea in en om rooibos kwekerye in te samel. Botrytis cinerea isolate in lug en op plantmateriaal in en om vier rooibos kwekerye is gedurende 2003 en 2004 versamel. Die isolate is vir weerstandbiedendheid teen iprodioon by konsentrasies van 1 en 3 μg/ml aktiewe bestandeel (a.b.) getoets. Isolate met weerstand teen 1 μg/ml a.b. iprodioon is waargeneem, maar nie teen 3 μg/ml nie. Die aanvanklike voorkoms van dikarboksimiedweerstand by die kwekerye was hoër as verwag. Hierdie vlak het egter gedaal met die verloop van die seisoen tot in Mei, waarna ’n toename tot in Julie waargeneem is. Die persentasie dikarboksimied-weerstandbiedende isolate buite die kwekerye was relatief hoog. In twee van die kwekerye was die voorkoms van weerstandbiedende isolate op plantmateriaal in die kwekerye betekenisvol hoër as op plantmateriaal buite die kwekerye. Daar was egter geen betekenisvolle verskille in die voorkoms van luggedraagde weerstandbiedende isolate nie, ongeag van die kwekery of posisie. Die data dui op die belang van organiese materiaal en saadgedraagde infeksies in die oorlewing en verspreiding van dikarboksimied-weerstandbiedende isolate van die patogeen. Met die huidige klem op organiese landbou bied die inligting wat in hierdie ondersoek versamel is moontlike praktyke wat geïmplementeer kan word om die beheer van vaalvrot in kwekerye met behulp van verbouingspraktyke te verbeter.
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Williamson, Taryn Lori. "Evaluating Fungal Pathogen Inoculum Loads in Field Seed Banks". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2019. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8277.
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Quantification of soilborne pathogen inoculum loads is important in both agricultural and wildland settings. Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) methods using SYBR Green chemistry have been shown to be useful for quantifying fungal inoculum loads in environmental samples. The purpose of this study was to develop a method to quantify fungal pathogen inoculum loads in soil seed banks using a qPCR method with SYBR Green chemistry. The invasive annual grass Bromus tectorum was chosen for this seed bank study. There were three objectives: 1) to design target-specific primers for three fungal pathogens known to be important in Bromus tectorum seed banks, 2) to develop a procedure for measuring inoculum loads in field samples, including optimization of qPCR standard curves and protocols, for these pathogens, and 3) to perform qPCR using this methodology on a representative set of field samples to quantify pathogen DNA in seed bank soil and surface litter. The three pathogens were chosen for quantification based on their hypothesized roles in Bromus tectorum stand failure: the seed pathogen Pyrenophora semeniperda, an undescribed species of Fusarium seed rot pathogen belonging to the F. tricinctum species group (FTSG), and the newly-described causal agent of bleach blonde syndrome (Clarireedia capillus-albis). Primers designed for each pathogen were shown to be target-specific in tests against each other and 12 other fungal species cultured from B. tectorum seed banks. Subsequently developed standard curves for each pathogen had R2 values > 0.98, efficiencies between 90 and 110 percent, and generally optimal dissociation curves. Inoculum loads were expressed for each pathogen as picograms of DNA per microliter of extracted soil or surface litter. Significant differences in measured inoculum loads were found between the targeted pathogens and between soil and litter samples for each pathogen. The data provided reinforces that the SYBR Green qPCR method provides a potentially useful tool for the study of field seed and seedling diseases across a wide spectrum of both wildland and agronomic applications.
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Baroon, Z., A. Yateem y T. Al-Surrayai. "Enhancement of Nitraria retusa Growth by Rhizospheric Microbial Inoculum". University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/556557.
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Native desert vegetation in Kuwait has been severely depleted due to both natural and anthropogenic factors and are facing the danger of extinction. Symbiotic rhizospheric microflora influences the growth of plant communities in different ecosystems. The objective of this study is to emphasize the enhancing effect of rhizospheric microbial inoculum on the growth of native desert plants. A shed house experiment was conducted using Nitraria retusa which was selected on the basis of its importance and potential for the revegetation of desert flora. The plant was propagated in three different soil treatments: soil with added rhizospheric inoculum (SI), soil with added amendment (SP) and soil with added rhizospheric inoculum and amendment (SIP). The growth performance of N. retusa in terms of shoot height and number of leaves was monitored on a monthly basis during 120 d experimental duration and compared with control soil treatment (SC) which was soil without any additions. The results clearly demonstrated the enhancing effect of rhizospheric microbial inoculum when combined with fertilizers in soil amended treatment (SIP) on the growth of N. retusa. Additionally, N. retusa in the inoculated treatment (SI) maintained a high survival rate during the experiment compared to other treatments.
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com, Yinglongchen@hotmail y Yinglong Chen. "Optimization of Scleroderma spore inoculum for Eucalyptus nurseries in China". Murdoch University, 2006. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20060809.93928.
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Scleroderma, a genus of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, is often associated with
trees in disturbed habitats and is therefore considered to be suitable for use in
plantation forestry. This study investigated aspects of Scleroderma and its
mycorrhizas with the view to its future use in plantation forestry in south China.
Spores were chosen as inoculum as they are preferred by nursery managers in south
China, due to the lack of on-site fermentation and storage facilities.
To determine the need for inoculation, Eucalyptus plantations in south China
were sampled for sporocarps and mycorrhizas over two years. This study revealed a
low diversity of ECM fungi consisting of 15 taxa fruiting beneath Eucalyptus
plantations. The most common genera were Scleroderma and Pisolithus, but they
were infrequent and the extent of root colonization was poor. Bioassay trials with E.
urophylla as a bait host, using soils collected from 8 eucalypt plantations, confirmed
low levels of inoculum in field soil. It was concluded that introduction of suitable
ECM symbionts into eucalypt nurseries in south China is desirable in the future.
As the Scleroderma genus has not been well studied in Australasia or SE Asia,
over 140 collections gathered mainly from eucalypt plantations in south China and
south-western Australia were described using sporocarp and spore morphology.
Twelve Scleroderma taxa were recognized from collections made from under
eucalypt plantations in south-western Australia and 6 of these were collected from
under eucalypt plantations in south China. In conjunction with classical taxonomy,
30 collections, including those used in inoculation trials, were further characterized
by phylogenetic analyses of ITS or LSU rDNA sequences. These studies supported classical delineation of some Scleroderma species but not all. Although a limited
number of collections were amplified, phylogenetic results showed that most
collections in this study were distinct from the European and Malaysian taxa
extracted from GenBank (89% bootstrap support for both LSU and ITS regions).
In order to optimise spore germination and root colonization, two glasshouse
trials were established to examine suitable spore density and spore storage conditions
on E. globulus and E. urophylla. A spore density of 105 spores seedling-1 was
identified as a suitable dose for promoting root colonization. Spores stored for 5
years at low temperate (4 0C) were almost as effective as freshly collected spores in
forming mycorrhizas.
As the compatibility of Scleroderma fungi with plantation trees is unknown, a
glasshouse experiment examined the ability of 15 collections of Scleroderma to form
mycorrhizas with seedlings of six plantation trees (Acacia mangium, A. mearnsii, E.
globulus, E. urophylla, Pinus elliottii and P. radiata) in a nursery potting mix. Most
collections were able to aggressively colonize eucalypts and pines, while roots of
acacias were poorly colonized. As the Australian collections were more effective in
colonizing short roots on eucalypts than the Chinese collections, it was concluded
Scleroderma should be sourced from outside China for inoculating eucalypts in
Chinese nurseries.
To optimize nursery practices to meet the demand for high quality seedlings and
clonal lines of E. urophylla and hybrids, for outplanting in south China, effects of
rooting medium and inoculation with 6 Scleroderma collections on the growth of E.
urophylla were examined in a nursery in south China. Four types of soil taken from
eucalypt plantations in south China were compared to a potting mix composed of
vermiculite, peat and sand. The inoculant Scleroderma fungi were able to out-compete indigenous mycorrhizal fungi in the rooting media. However, the
potting mix was superior to soils both for plant growth and ECM development under
nursery conditions.
This research should facilitate the use of Scleroderma spores in eucalypt
nurseries in south China. Spore orchards could be set up in China using Australian
Scleroderma spp. from under eucalypts. Spores could be stored dry at 4 0C until they
are required for inoculation in potting mixes in containerized nurseries. However,
before commercial application, further work on persistence of Scleroderma in the
nursery and field, and responses of trees in the field to inoculation, needs to be
undertaken.
7
Lamprecht, Corne. "UASB granulation enhancement by microbial inoculum selection and process induction". Thesis, Stellenbosch: University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1477.
Texto completoResumen
Thesis (PhD (Food Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.In the absence of anaerobic granules, anaerobically digested sewage sludge is frequently used to seed industrial upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors. Because of its flocculent nature, start-up with digested sludge instead of granular sludge proceeds much slower and presents various operational problems. Any manner in which the granulation of digested sludge can be enhanced would benefit UASB reactor start-up and application in developing countries such as South Africa. The main objective of this dissertation was to improve granulation and reduce UASB reactor start-up by using pre-treated digested sludge as seed. The sludge was pre-treated based on the batch granulation-enhancement model of Britz et al. (2002). The main aim of the model was to improve extracellular polymer (ECP) production of lactate-utilising populations by applying short-term controlled organic overloading in a mechanically agitated environment. The batch granulation-enhancement (pre-treatment) process was applied to an ECP-producing digester strain, Propionibacterium jensenii S1. Non-methanogenic aggregates were formed when batch units were incubated on a roller-table instead of a linear-shake platform. Larger, more stable aggregates were obtained in the presence of apricot effluent medium. Preliminary batch granulation-enhancement studies confirmed that using the roller-table as mixing system had a positive influence on batch granulation-enhancement. The roller-table showed the most potential for handling larger volumes in comparison to a linear-shake waterbath and linear-shake platform. The addition of 450 mg.L-1 Fe2+ at the start of the study also influenced aggregate numbers positively. These studies revealed that pre-treatment results varied depending on the seed sludge source. A denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) method was applied for the detection of Archaea in digested sludges and UASB granules. In addition, a methanogenic marker containing methanogens important to the granulation process was constructed to aid identification. The positive influence of DMSO and “touchdown” PCR on the elimination of artifactual double bands in DGGE fingerprints were also demonstrated. Results revealed that only one of the four digested sludges tested contained Methanosaeta concilii (critical to granular nuclei formation) while it was present in all the UASB granules regardless of substrate type. Four digested sludges were obtained from stable secondary digesters. DGGE indicated the presence of M. concilii in all sludges. The Athlone 4Sb-sludge was the only sludge which exhibited measurable methanogenic activity during substrate dependent activity testing. The ST-sludge showed the highest increase in volatile suspended solids (VSS) particles ≥0.25 mm2. Laboratory-scale UASB reactor start-up was done with both sludges and start-up proceeded better in the Athlone 4Sb-reactor. Athlone 4Sb-sludge batches were pre-treated in a rolling-batch reactor in the presence of either lactate or sucrose and used to seed lab-scale UASB reactors B (sucrose seed) and C (lactate seed). Start-up efficiencies were compared to a control (Reactor A). Overall Reactor B was more efficient that the control. At the end of the study the Reactor B sludge had a higher methanogenic activity than the control reactor. It also had the highest increase in VSS ≥1.0 mm2. Pre-treatment of digested sludge in the presence of sucrose, therefore, aided granulation and reduced UASB reactor start-up time.
8
Chen, Yinglong. "Optimization of Scleroderma spore inoculum for Eucalyptus nurseries in China". Thesis, Chen, Yinglong (2006) Optimization of Scleroderma spore inoculum for Eucalyptus nurseries in China. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2006. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/665/.
Texto completoResumen
Scleroderma, a genus of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, is often associated with trees in disturbed habitats and is therefore considered to be suitable for use in plantation forestry. This study investigated aspects of Scleroderma and its mycorrhizas with the view to its future use in plantation forestry in south China. Spores were chosen as inoculum as they are preferred by nursery managers in south China, due to the lack of on-site fermentation and storage facilities.
To determine the need for inoculation, Eucalyptus plantations in south China were sampled for sporocarps and mycorrhizas over two years. This study revealed a low diversity of ECM fungi consisting of 15 taxa fruiting beneath Eucalyptus plantations. The most common genera were Scleroderma and Pisolithus, but they were infrequent and the extent of root colonization was poor. Bioassay trials with E. urophylla as a bait host, using soils collected from 8 eucalypt plantations, confirmed low levels of inoculum in field soil. It was concluded that introduction of suitable ECM symbionts into eucalypt nurseries in south China is desirable in the future. As the Scleroderma genus has not been well studied in Australasia or SE Asia, over 140 collections gathered mainly from eucalypt plantations in south China and south-western Australia were described using sporocarp and spore morphology.
Twelve Scleroderma taxa were recognized from collections made from under eucalypt plantations in south-western Australia and 6 of these were collected from under eucalypt plantations in south China. In conjunction with classical taxonomy, 30 collections, including those used in inoculation trials, were further characterized by phylogenetic analyses of ITS or LSU rDNA sequences. These studies supported classical delineation of some Scleroderma species but not all. Although a limited number of collections were amplified, phylogenetic results showed that most collections in this study were distinct from the European and Malaysian taxa extracted from GenBank (89% bootstrap support for both LSU and ITS regions). In order to optimise spore germination and root colonization, two glasshouse trials were established to examine suitable spore density and spore storage conditions on E. globulus and E. urophylla. A spore density of 105 spores seedling-1 was identified as a suitable dose for promoting root colonization. Spores stored for 5 years at low temperate (4 0C) were almost as effective as freshly collected spores in forming mycorrhizas.
As the compatibility of Scleroderma fungi with plantation trees is unknown, a glasshouse experiment examined the ability of 15 collections of Scleroderma to form mycorrhizas with seedlings of six plantation trees (Acacia mangium, A. mearnsii, E. globulus, E. urophylla, Pinus elliottii and P. radiata) in a nursery potting mix. Most collections were able to aggressively colonize eucalypts and pines, while roots of acacias were poorly colonized. As the Australian collections were more effective in colonizing short roots on eucalypts than the Chinese collections, it was concluded Scleroderma should be sourced from outside China for inoculating eucalypts in Chinese nurseries.
To optimize nursery practices to meet the demand for high quality seedlings and clonal lines of E. urophylla and hybrids, for outplanting in south China, effects of rooting medium and inoculation with 6 Scleroderma collections on the growth of E. urophylla were examined in a nursery in south China. Four types of soil taken from eucalypt plantations in south China were compared to a potting mix composed of vermiculite, peat and sand. The inoculant Scleroderma fungi were able to out-compete indigenous mycorrhizal fungi in the rooting media. However, the potting mix was superior to soils both for plant growth and ECM development under nursery conditions.
This research should facilitate the use of Scleroderma spores in eucalypt nurseries in south China. Spore orchards could be set up in China using Australian Scleroderma spp. from under eucalypts. Spores could be stored dry at 4 0C until they are required for inoculation in potting mixes in containerized nurseries. However, before commercial application, further work on persistence of Scleroderma in the nursery and field, and responses of trees in the field to inoculation, needs to be undertaken.
9
Chen, Yinglong. "Optimization of Scleroderma spore inoculum for Eucalyptus nurseries in China". Chen, Yinglong (2006) Optimization of Scleroderma spore inoculum for Eucalyptus nurseries in China. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2006. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/665/.
Texto completoResumen
Scleroderma, a genus of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, is often associated with trees in disturbed habitats and is therefore considered to be suitable for use in plantation forestry. This study investigated aspects of Scleroderma and its mycorrhizas with the view to its future use in plantation forestry in south China. Spores were chosen as inoculum as they are preferred by nursery managers in south China, due to the lack of on-site fermentation and storage facilities.
To determine the need for inoculation, Eucalyptus plantations in south China were sampled for sporocarps and mycorrhizas over two years. This study revealed a low diversity of ECM fungi consisting of 15 taxa fruiting beneath Eucalyptus plantations. The most common genera were Scleroderma and Pisolithus, but they were infrequent and the extent of root colonization was poor. Bioassay trials with E. urophylla as a bait host, using soils collected from 8 eucalypt plantations, confirmed low levels of inoculum in field soil. It was concluded that introduction of suitable ECM symbionts into eucalypt nurseries in south China is desirable in the future. As the Scleroderma genus has not been well studied in Australasia or SE Asia, over 140 collections gathered mainly from eucalypt plantations in south China and south-western Australia were described using sporocarp and spore morphology.
Twelve Scleroderma taxa were recognized from collections made from under eucalypt plantations in south-western Australia and 6 of these were collected from under eucalypt plantations in south China. In conjunction with classical taxonomy, 30 collections, including those used in inoculation trials, were further characterized by phylogenetic analyses of ITS or LSU rDNA sequences. These studies supported classical delineation of some Scleroderma species but not all. Although a limited number of collections were amplified, phylogenetic results showed that most collections in this study were distinct from the European and Malaysian taxa extracted from GenBank (89% bootstrap support for both LSU and ITS regions). In order to optimise spore germination and root colonization, two glasshouse trials were established to examine suitable spore density and spore storage conditions on E. globulus and E. urophylla. A spore density of 105 spores seedling-1 was identified as a suitable dose for promoting root colonization. Spores stored for 5 years at low temperate (4 0C) were almost as effective as freshly collected spores in forming mycorrhizas.
As the compatibility of Scleroderma fungi with plantation trees is unknown, a glasshouse experiment examined the ability of 15 collections of Scleroderma to form mycorrhizas with seedlings of six plantation trees (Acacia mangium, A. mearnsii, E. globulus, E. urophylla, Pinus elliottii and P. radiata) in a nursery potting mix. Most collections were able to aggressively colonize eucalypts and pines, while roots of acacias were poorly colonized. As the Australian collections were more effective in colonizing short roots on eucalypts than the Chinese collections, it was concluded Scleroderma should be sourced from outside China for inoculating eucalypts in Chinese nurseries.
To optimize nursery practices to meet the demand for high quality seedlings and clonal lines of E. urophylla and hybrids, for outplanting in south China, effects of rooting medium and inoculation with 6 Scleroderma collections on the growth of E. urophylla were examined in a nursery in south China. Four types of soil taken from eucalypt plantations in south China were compared to a potting mix composed of vermiculite, peat and sand. The inoculant Scleroderma fungi were able to out-compete indigenous mycorrhizal fungi in the rooting media. However, the potting mix was superior to soils both for plant growth and ECM development under nursery conditions.
This research should facilitate the use of Scleroderma spores in eucalypt nurseries in south China. Spore orchards could be set up in China using Australian Scleroderma spp. from under eucalypts. Spores could be stored dry at 4 0C until they are required for inoculation in potting mixes in containerized nurseries. However, before commercial application, further work on persistence of Scleroderma in the nursery and field, and responses of trees in the field to inoculation, needs to be undertaken.
10
Balko, Tamara. "Characterization of the inoculum effect with Haemophilus influenzae and ß-lactams". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq23211.pdf.
Texto completoLibros sobre el tema "Inoculum"
1
Habte, M. Arbuscular mycorrhizas: Producing and applying arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum. [Honolulu?]: CTAHR, 2001.
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2
Helm, D. J. Use of on-site mycorrhizal inoculum for plant establishment on abandoned mined lands. [Minneapolis, Minn.]: Bureau of Mines, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1990.
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3
Helm, D. J. Use of on-site mycorrhizal inoculum for plant establishment on abandoned mined lands. [Minneapolis, Minn.]: Bureau of Mines, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1990.
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4
Helm, D. J. Use of on-site mycorrhizal inoculum for plant establishment on abandoned mined lands. [Minneapolis, Minn.]: Bureau of Mines, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1990.
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5
Helm, D. J. Use of on-site mycorrhizal inoculum for plant establishment on abandoned mined lands. [Minneapolis, Minn.]: Bureau of Mines, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1990.
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6
Helm, D. J. Use of on-site mycorrhizal inoculum for plant establishment on abandoned mined lands. [Minneapolis, Minn.]: Bureau of Mines, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1990.
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7
O'Neill, Cathy. An evaluation of in vitro methods for the production of ectomycorrhizal fungus inoculum. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1995.
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8
Helm, D. J. Use of on-site mycorrhizal inoculum for plant establishment on abandoned mined lands. [Minneapolis, Minn.]: Bureau of Mines, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1990.
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9
Marx, Donald H. Formation of Pisolithus Ectomycorrhizae on loblolly pine seedlings with spore pellet inoculum applied at different times. Asheville, N.C: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, 1985.
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Brown, Michael R. W. 1931- y Gilbert Peter, eds. Microbiological quality assurance: A guide towards relevance and reproducibility of inocula. Boca Raton, Fl: CRC Press, 1995.
Buscar texto completoCapítulos de libros sobre el tema "Inoculum"
1
Heppner, John B., D. G. Boucias, J. C. Pendland, Andrei Sourakov, Timothy Ebert, Roger Downer, Kun Yan Zhu et al. "Inoculum". En Encyclopedia of Entomology, 1955. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_1531.
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2
Benson, D. M. "Inoculum". En Epidemiology and Management of Root Diseases, 1–33. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-85063-9_1.
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3
Gooch, Jan W. "Inoculum". En Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 390. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_6344.
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4
Singh, Shivom, Kajal Srivastava, Suvigya Sharma y A. K. Sharma. "Mycorrhizal Inoculum Production". En Soil Biology, 67–79. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45370-4_5.
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5
Liu, Fei, Guoxin Huang, Howard Fallowfield, Huade Guan, Lingling Zhu y Hongyan Hu. "Bacterial Community in the Inoculum". En Study on Heterotrophic-Autotrophic Denitrification Permeable Reactive Barriers (HAD PRBs) for In Situ Groundwater Remediation, 93–103. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38154-6_4.
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Khan, Abdul G. "Producing Mycorrhizal Inoculum for Phytoremediation". En Phytoremediation, 89–97. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59745-098-0_7.
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Repáč, Ivan. "Ectomycorrhizal Inoculum and Inoculation Techniques". En Diversity and Biotechnology of Ectomycorrhizae, 43–63. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15196-5_3.
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Somasegaran, Padma y Heinz J. Hoben. "Producing Inoculum in a Steel Fermentor". En Handbook for Rhizobia, 232–39. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8375-8_26.
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9
Brito, Isabel, Mário de Carvalho y Michael J. Goss. "Techniques for Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Inoculum Reduction". En Soil Biology, 307–18. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-95894-9_19.
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Singh, Geeta y K. V. B. R. Tilak. "Techniques of AM Fungus Inoculum Production". En Techniques in Mycorrhizal Studies, 273–83. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3209-3_14.
Texto completoActas de conferencias sobre el tema "Inoculum"
1
Ayuningtyas, Widya D., Roni Ridwan, I. M. Joni, E. T. Marlina y Ellin Harlia. "Activation of inoculum microorganism from dairy cattle feces". En THE 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND EXHIBITION ON POWDER TECHNOLOGY INDONESIA (ICePTi) 2017. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5021207.
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2
Suharto, Ign, A. Prima K y YIP Arry Miryanti. "Technology Transfer to Industry of Biotechnology on Rhizopus sp Inoculum". En 2011 3rd International Conference on Computational Intelligence, Communication Systems and Networks (CICSyN 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cicsyn.2011.81.
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Tucta-Huillca, Franz, Evelyn Quispe-Rivera, Vasco Cadavez, Ursula Gonzales-Barron, Marcial Silva-Jaimes y Juan Juscamaita Morales. "Inoculum Production of Monascus purpureus with Chenopodium quinoa in Submerged Culture". En Foods 2022. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods2022-12995.
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Setty, Yelamarthi Pydi y Katuri Srivani. "Effect of Inoculum Age and Volume on Microbial Production of Xylitol". En 14th Asia Pacific Confederation of Chemical Engineering Congress. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-1445-1_230.
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5
Savoskina, O. A., S. I. Chebanenko y Z. K. Kurbanova. "Micoherbicides and growth regulators in the cultivation of flax". En Растениеводство и луговодство. Тимирязевская сельскохозяйственная академия, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1762-4-2020-149.
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Develop a biological preparation (a mixture of inoculum Urocystis agropyri /guack Agropyrum repens/ and Puccinia suaveollens /fragrant rust Cirsium setosum/) reduces the contamination of crops named weeds/. Growth regulators - Artafit and Lostor - effective against bacterial blight, Colletotrichum lini, Ozonium vinogradovi. It was shown that the and boost yields of flax.
6
Rai, U., Y. Bharath, V. Shetty, J. H. Patil y M. A. Raj. "Kinetics of anaerobic digestion of water hyacinth using primary sludge as inoculum". En 2011 International Conference on Green Technology and Environmental Conservation (GTEC 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gtec.2011.6167658.
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Goswami, G., S. Chaudhuri y D. Dutta. "Effect of pH and inoculum percentage on canthaxanthin production by Dietzia maris". En Proceedings of the III International Conference on Environmental, Industrial and Applied Microbiology (BioMicroWorld2009). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814322119_0069.
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Patrucco, Sara Glorio, Riccardo Fortina, Flavia Dela Pierre, Elio Dinuccio y Sonia Tassone. "The efficiency of digestate as inoculum for in vitro digestibility of feeds". En 2022 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Agriculture and Forestry (MetroAgriFor). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/metroagrifor55389.2022.9964627.
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"USING CULTURES OF "EFFECTIVE MICROORGANISMS" (EM) AS INOCULUM IN SUBSTRATES FOR ANAEROBIC DIGESTION". En 2014 ASABE Annual International Meeting. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/aim.20141913519.
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Khan, Mohamed F. R., Somwattie P. Desouza, Jacob L. Wildman y Aaron L. Carlson. "Effect of depth of inoculum placement on development of Rhizoctonia solani on sugar beet." En American Society of Sugarbeet Technologist. ASSBT, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5274/assbt.2011.109.
Texto completoInformes sobre el tema "Inoculum"
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Freeman, Stanley y Daniel Legard. Epidemiology and Etiology of Colletotrichum Species Causing Strawberry Diseases. United States Department of Agriculture, septiembre de 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7695845.bard.
Texto completoResumen
Diseases caused by Colletotrichum spp. are one of the most important limitations on international strawberry production, affecting all vegetative and fruiting parts of the plant. From 1995 to 1997, C. acutatum infections reached epidemic levels in Israeli strawberry nurseries, causing extensive loss of transplants in fruit-bearing fields and additional reductions in yield. Although C. acutatum also occurs on strawberry in Florida, recent crown rot epidemics have been primarily caused by C. gloeosporioides. Little is known about the basic epidemiology of these important diseases on strawberry. The source of initial inoculum for epidemics in Israel, Florida (other US states including California) and the rest of the world is not well understood. Subspecies relationships between Colletotrichum isolates that cause the different diseases on strawberry (i.e. attack different tissues) are also not well understood. Objectives of this proposal were to detennine the potential of infested soil, strawberry debris and other hosts as sources of primary inoculum for strawberry diseases caused by Colletotrichum spp. in Israel and Florida. In addition, traditional (ie. morphological characteristics, benomyl sensitivity, vegetative compatibility grouping) and DNA based methods were used to investigate the etiology of these diseases in order to resolve epidemiologically important subspecies variation. In Israel it was found that C. gloeosporioides and C. acutatum infecting strawberry could remain viable in sterilized soil for up to one year and in methyl-bromide fumigated soil for up to 4 months; inoculum in mummified fruit remained viable for at least 5 months under field conditions whereas that in infected crowns was not recovered. Therefore, the contribution of these inocula to disease epidemics should be considered. The host range and specificity of C. acutatum from strawberry was examined on pepper, eggplant, tomato, bean and strawberry under greenhouse conditions. The fungus was recovered from all plant species over a three-month period but caused disease symptoms only on strawberry. C. acutatum was also isolated from healthy looking, asymptomatic plants of the weed species, Vicia and Conyza, growing in infected strawberry fruiting fields. Isolates of C. acutatum originating from strawberry and anemone infected both plant species in artificial inoculations. The habitation of a large number of plant species including weeds by C. acutatum suggests that although it causes disease only on strawberry and anemone in Israel, these plants may serve as a potential inoculum source for strawberry infection and pennit survival of the pathogen between seasons. In Florida, isolates of Colletotrichum spp. from diseased strawberry fruit and crowns were evaluated to detennine their etiology and the genetic diversity of the pathogens. Only C. acutatum was recovered from fruit and C. gloeosporioides were the main species recovered from crowns. These isolates were evaluated at 40 putative genetic loci using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Genetic analysis of RAPD markers revealed that the level of linkage disequilibrium among polymorphic loci in C. gloeosporioides suggested that they were a sexually reproducing population. Under field conditions in Florida, it was detennined that C. gloeosporioides in buried crowns survived
2
Kistler, Harold Corby y Talma Katan. Identification of DNA Unique to the Tomato Fusarium Wilt and Crown Rot Pathogens. United States Department of Agriculture, septiembre de 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7571359.bard.
Texto completoResumen
Wilt and crown rot are two important diseases of tomato caused by different strains ("formae speciales") of the fungus, Fusarium oxysporum. While both pathogens are members of the same fungal species, each differs genetically and resistance to the diseases is controlled by different genes in the plant. Additionally, the formae speciales differ in their ecology (e.g. optimal temperature of disease development) and epidemiology. Nevertheless, the distinction between these diseases based on symptoms alone may be unclear due to overlapping symptomatology. We have found in our research that the ambiguity of the pathogens is further confounded because strains causing tomato wilt or crown rot each may belong to several genetically and phylogenetically distinct lineages of F. oxysporum. Furthermore, individual lineages of the pathogen causing wilt or crown rot may themselves be very closely related. The diseases share the characteristic that the pathogen's inoculum may be aerially dispersed. This work has revealed a complex evolutionary relationship among lineages of the pathogens that makes development of molecular diagnostic methods more difficult than originally anticipated. However, the degree of diversity found in these soil-borne pathogens has allowed study of their population genetics and patterns of dispersal in agricultural settings.
3
MacDonald, James D., Aharon Abeliovich, Manuel C. Lagunas-Solar, David Faiman y John Kabshima. Treatment of Irrigation Effluent Water to Reduce Nitrogenous Contaminants and Plant Pathogens. United States Department of Agriculture, julio de 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568092.bard.
Texto completoResumen
The contamination of surface and subterranean drinking water supplies with nitrogen-laden agricultural wastewater is a problem of increasing concern in the U.S. and Israel. Through this research, we found that bacteria could utilize common organic wastes (e.g. paper, straw, cotton) as carbon sources under anaerobic conditions, and reduce nitrate concentrations in wastewater to safe levels. Two species of bacteria, Cellulomonas uda and a Comamonas sp., were required for dentitrification. Celulomonas uda degraded cellulose and reduced nitrate to nitrite. In addition, it excreted soluble organic carbon needed as a food source by the Comamonas sp. for completion of denitrification. We also found that recirculated irrigation water contains substantial amounts of fungal inoculum, and that irrigating healthy plants with such water leads to significant levels of root infection. Water can be disinfected with UV, but our experiments showed that Hg-vapor lamps do not possess sufficient energy to kill spores in wastewater containing dissolved organics. Excimer lasers and Xenon flashlamps do possess the needed power levels, but only the laser had a high enough repetition rate to reliably treat large volumes of water. Ozone was highly efficacious, but it's use as a water treatment is probably best suited to moderate or low volume irrigation systems. This research provides critical data needed for the design of effective water denitrification and/or pathogen disinfection systems for different growing operations.
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Phillips, Donald y Yoram Kapulnik. Using Flavonoids to Control in vitro Development of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi. United States Department of Agriculture, enero de 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613012.bard.
Texto completoResumen
Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and other beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms, such as Rhizobium bacteria, must locate and infect a host plant before either symbiont profits. Although benefits of the VAM association for increased phosphorous uptake have been widely documented, attempts to improve the fungus and to produce agronomically useful amounts of inoculum have failed due to a lack of in vitro production methods. This project was designed to extend our prior observation that the alfalfa flavonoid quercetin promoted spore germination and hyphal growth of VAM fungi in the absence of a host plant. On the Israeli side of the project, a detailed examination of changes in flavonoids and flavonoid-biosynthetic enzymes during the early stages of VAM development in alfalfa found that VAM fungi elicited and then suppressed transcription of a plant gene coding for chalcone isomerase, which normally is associated with pathogenic infections. US workers collaborated in the identification of flavonoid compounds that appeared during VAM development. On the US side, an in vitro system for testing the effects of plant compounds on fungal spore germination and hyphal growth was developed for use, and intensive analyses of natural products released from alfalfa seedlings grown in the presence and absence of microorganisms were conducted. Two betaines, trigonelline and stachydrine, were identified as being released from alfalfa seeds in much higher concentrations than flavonoids, and these compounds functioned as transcriptional signals to another alfalfa microsymbiont, Rhizobium meliloti. However, these betaines had no effect on VAM spore germination or hyphal growth i vitro. Experiments showed that symbiotic bacteria elicited exudation of the isoflavonoids medicarpin and coumestrol from legume roots, but neither compound promoted growth or germination of VAM fungi in vitro. Attempts to look directly in alfalfa rhizosphere soil for microbiologically active plant products measured a gradient of nod-gene-inducing activity in R. meliloti, but no novel compounds were identified for testing in the VAM fungal system in vitro. Israeli field experiments on agricultural applications of VAM were very successful and developed methods for using VAM to overcome stunting in peanuts and garlic grown in Israel. In addition, deleterious effects of soil solarization on growth of onion, carrot and wheat were linked to effects on VAM fungi. A collaborative combination of basic and applied approaches toward enhancing the agronomic benefits of VAM asociations produced new knowledge on symbiotic biology and successful methods for using VAM inocula under field conditions
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Katan, Jaacov y Michael E. Stanghellini. Clinical (Major) and Subclinical (Minor) Root-Infecting Pathogens in Plant Growth Substrates, and Integrated Strategies for their Control. United States Department of Agriculture, octubre de 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568089.bard.
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In intensive agriculture, harmful soilborne biotic agents, cause severe damage. These include both typical soilborne (clinical) major pathogens which destroy plants (e.g. Fusarium and Phytophthora pathogens), and subclinical ("minor") pathogens (e.g. Olpidium and Pythium). The latter cause growth retardation and yield decline. The objectives of this study were: (1) To study the behavior of clinical (major) and subclinical (minor) pathogens in plant growth substrate, with emphasis on zoosporic fungi, such as Pythium, Olipidium and Polymyxa. (2) To study the interaction between subclinical pathogens and plants, and those aspects of Pythium biology which are relevant to these systems. (3) To adopt a holistic-integrated approach for control that includes both eradicative and protective measures, based on a knowledge of the pathogens' biology. Zoospores were demonstrated as the primary, if not the sole propagule, responsible for pathogen spread in a recirculating hydroponic cultural system, as verified with P. aphanidermatum and Phytophthora capsici. P. aphanidermatum, in contrast to Phytophthora capsici, can also spread by hyphae from plant-to-plant. Synthetic surfactants, when added to the recirculating nutrient solutions provided 100% control of root rot of peppers by these fungi without any detrimental effects on plant growth or yield. A bacterium which produced a biosurfactant was proved as efficacious as synthetic surfactants in the control of zoosporic plant pathogens in the recirculating hydroponic cultural system. The biosurfactant was identified as a rhamnolipid. Olpidium and Polymyxa are widespread and were determined as subclinical pathogens since they cause growth retardation but no plant mortality. Pythium can induce both phenomena and is an occasional subclinical pathogen. Physiological and ultrastructural studies of the interaction between Olpidium and melon plants showed that this pathogen is not destructive but affects root hairs, respiration and plant nutrition. The infected roots constitute an amplified sink competing with the shoots and eventually leading to growth retardation. Space solarization, by solar heating of the greenhouse, is effective in the sanitation of the greenhouse from residual inoculum and should be used as a component in disease management, along with other strategies.
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Lichter, Amnon, Joseph L. Smilanick, Dennis A. Margosan y Susan Lurie. Ethanol for postharvest decay control of table grapes: application and mode of action. United States Department of Agriculture, julio de 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7587217.bard.
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Original objectives: Dipping of table grapes in ethanol was determined to be an effective measure to control postharvest gray mold infection caused by Botrytis cinerea. Our objectives were to study the effects of ethanol on B.cinerea and table grapes and to conduct research that will facilitate the implementation of this treatment. Background: Botrytis cinerea is known as the major pathogen of table grapes in cold storage. To date, the only commercial technology to control it relied on sulfur dioxide (SO₂) implemented by either fumigation of storage facilities or from slow release generator pads which are positioned directly over the fruits. This treatment is very effective but it has several drawbacks such as aftertaste, bleaching and hypersensitivity to humans which took it out of the GRAS list of compounds and warranted further seek for alternatives. Prior to this research ethanol was shown to control several pathogens in different commodities including table grapes and B. cinerea. Hence it seemed to be a simple and promising technology which could offer a true alternative for storage of table grapes. Further research was however required to answer some practical and theoretical questions which remained unanswered. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: In this research project we have shown convincingly that 30% ethanol is sufficient to prevent germination of B. cinerea and kill the spores. In a comparative study it was shown that Alternaria alternata is also rather sensitive but Rhizopus stolonifer and Aspergillus niger are less sensitive to ethanol. Consequently, ethanol protected the grapes from decay but did not have a significant effect on occurrence of mycotoxigenic Aspergillus species which are present on the surface of the berry. B. cinerea responded to ethanol or heat treatments by inducing sporulation and transient expression of the heat shock protein HSP104. Similar responses were not detected in grape berries. It was also shown that application of ethanol to berries did not induce subsequent resistance and actually the berries were slightly more susceptible to infection. The heat dose required to kill the spores was determined and it was proven that a combination of heat and ethanol allowed reduction of both the ethanol and heat dose. Ethanol and heat did not reduce the amount or appearance of the wax layers which are an essential component of the external protection of the berry. The ethanol and acetaldehyde content increased after treatment and during storage but the content was much lower than the natural ethanol content in other fruits. The efficacy of ethanol applied before harvest was similar to that of the biological control agent, Metschnikowia fructicola, Finally, the performance of ethanol could be improved synergistically by packaging the bunches in modified atmosphere films which prevent the accumulation of free water. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: It was shown that the major mode of action of ethanol is mediated by its lethal effect on fungal inoculum. Because ethanol acts mainly on the cell membranes, it was possible to enhance its effect by lowering the concentration and elevating the temperature of the treatment. Another important development was the continuous protection of the treated bunches by modified atmosphere that can solve the problem of secondary or internal infection. From the practical standpoint, a variety of means were offered to enhance the effect of the treatment and to offer a viable alternative to SO2 which could be instantly adopted by the industry with a special benefit to growers of organic grapes.
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Dolja, Valerian V., Amit Gal-On y Victor Gaba. Suppression of Potyvirus Infection by a Closterovirus Protein. United States Department of Agriculture, marzo de 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580682.bard.
Texto completoResumen
The plant virus family Polyviridae is the largest and most destructive of all plant viruses. Despite the continuous effort to develop resistant plant varieties, there is a desperate need for novel approaches conferring wide-range potyvirus resistance. Based on experiments with the tobacco etch potyvirus (TEV)-derived gene expression vector, we suggested approach for screening of the candidate resistance genes. This approach relies on insertion of the genes into a virus vector and evaluation of the phenotypes of the resulting recombinant viruses. The genes which suppress infection by the recombinant virus are selected as candidates for engineering transgenic resistance. Our analysis of the TEV variants expressing proteins of the beet yellows closterovirus (BYV) revealed that one of those, the leader proteinase (L-Pro), strongly and specifically interfered with the hybrid TEV infection. Since closterovirus L-Pro is evolutionary related to potyviral helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro), we suggested that the L-Pro interfered with HC-Pro function via a trans-dominant inhibitory effect. Based on these findings, we proposed to test two major hypotheses. First, we suggested that L-Pro-mediated suppression of potyvirus infection is a general phenomenon effective against a range of potyviruses. The second hypothesis stated that the suppression effect can be reproduced in transgenic plants expressing L-Pro, and can be utilized for generation of resistance to potyviruses. In accord with these hypotheses, we developed two original objectives of our proposal: A) to determine the range of the closterovirus-derived suppression of potyviral infection, and B) to try and utilize the L-Pro-mediated suppression for the development of transgenic resistance to potyviruses. In the first phase of the project, we have developed all major tools and technologies required for successful completion of the proposed research. These included TEV and ZYMV vectors engineered to express several closteroviral L-Pro variants, and generation of the large collection of transgenic plants. To our satisfaction, characterization of the infection phenotypes exhibited by chimeric TEV and ZYMV variants confirmed our first hypothesis. For instance, similar to TEV-L- Pro(BYV) chimera, ZYMV-L-Pro(LIYV) chimera was debilitated in its systemic spread. In contrast, ZYMV-GUS chimera (positive control) was competent in establishing vigorous systemic infection. These and other results with chimeric viruses indicated that several closteroviral proteinases inhibit long-distance movement of the potyviruses upon co-expression in infected plants. In order to complete the second objective, we have generated ~90 tobacco lines transformed with closteroviral L-Pro variants, as well as ~100 lines transformed with BYV Hsp70-homolog (Hsp70h; a negative control). The presence and expression of the trans gene in each line was initially confirmed using RT-PCR and RNA preparations isolated from plants. However, since detection of the trans gene-specific RNA can not guarantee production of the corresponding protein, we have also generated L-Pro- and Hsp70h-specific antisera using corresponding synthetic peptides. These antisera allowed us to confirm that the transgenic plant lines produced detectable, although highly variable levels of the closterovirus antigens. In a final phase of the project, we tested susceptibility of the transgenic lines to TEV infection. To this end, we determined that the minimal dilution of the TEV inoculum that is still capable of infecting 100% of nontransgenic plants was 1:20, and used 10 plants per line (in total, ~2,000 plants). Unfortunately, none of the lines exhibited statistically significant reduction in susceptibility. Although discouraging, this outcome prompted us to expand our experimental plan and conduct additional experiments. Our aim was to test if closteroviral proteinases are capable of functioning in trans. We have developed agroinfection protocol for BYV, and tested if co- expression of the L-Pro is capable of rescuing corresponding null-mutant. The clear-cut, negative results of these experiments demonstrated that L-Pro acts only in cis, thus explaining the lack of resistance in our transgenic plants. We have also characterized a collection of the L-Pro alanine- scanning mutants and found direct genetic evidence of the requirement for L-Pro in virus systemic spread. To conclude, our research supported by BARD confirmed one but not another of our original hypotheses. Moreover, it provided an important insight into functional specialization of the viral proteinases and generated set of tools and data with which we will be able to address the molecular mechanisms by which these proteins provide a variety of critical functions during virus life cycle.