Artículos de revistas: "Innung"

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Idler, Roland. "Geschichte der Backnanger Fleischer-Innung". Backnanger Jahrbuch 14 (22 de diciembre de 2023): 104–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.53458/bjb.v14i.9267.

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2

Richardson, Gary. "A Tale of Two Theories: Monopolies and Craft Guilds in Medieval England and Modern Imagination". Journal of the History of Economic Thought 23, n.º 2 (junio de 2001): 217–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10427710120049237.

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Popular texts typically assert that guilds of craftsmen “monopolized” markets in medieval England. Norman Cantor's Medieval Reader declares “craft guilds' … main purpose and activity was narrow regulation of industrial productivity in order to restrain competition” (Cantor 1994, p. 278). Douglass North's Structure and Change in Economic History asserts “… guilds organized to protect local artisans … [and their strength] in preserving local monopolies against encroachment from outside competition was frequently reinforced by the coercive power of kings and great lords” (North 1981, p. 134). Henry Pirenne's Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe proclaims:craft guilds, under a diversity of names, officium or ministerium in Latin, metier or jurande in French, arte in Italian, ambacht or neering in the Netherlands, amt, innung, aunft, or handwerk, in German, craft-gild or mistery in English, … fulfilled the need of economic protection. The pressing necessity to stand by one another, so as to resist competition from newcomers (Pirenne 1937, pp. 177–79).

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3

Lacasse, Jean-Paul. "Le territoire dans l’univers innu d’aujourd’hui". Cahiers de géographie du Québec 40, n.º 110 (12 de abril de 2005): 185–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/022567ar.

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Ce texte porte sur le sens du territoire qu'ont les Innus selon leur vision traditionnelle du monde et sur les modifications que le contact avec la société maintenant majoritaire a pu y apporter. La nouvelle conscience territoriale innue comporte des dimensions géographiques et autres qui sont variables et qui font en sorte que certains s'identifient à un territoire innu plus vaste qui rappelle le sens traditionnel du territoire alors que d'autres s'identifient plus facilement à des aires géographiques plus localisées, en l'occurrence les réserves ou les communautés innues elles-mêmes.

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4

Whiteside, David, Douglas N. Martini, Ronald F. Zernicke y Grant C. Goulet. "Changes in a Starting Pitcher’s Performance Characteristics Across the Duration of a Major League Baseball Game". International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 11, n.º 2 (marzo de 2016): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0121.

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Purpose:With a view to informing in-game decision making as it relates to strategy and pitcher health, this study examined changes in pitching-performance characteristics across 9 innings of Major League Baseball (MLB) games.Methods:129 starting MLB pitchers met the inclusion criteria for this study. Pitch type, speed, ball movement, release location, and strike-zone data—collected using the MLB’s ball-tracking system, PITCHf/x—were obtained for 1,514,304 pitches thrown from 2008 to 2014.Results:Compared with the 1st inning, the proportion of hard pitches thrown decreased significantly until the 7th inning, while the proportions of breaking and off-speed pitches increased. Significant decreases in pitch speed, increases in vertical movement, and decreases in release height emerged no later than the 5th inning, and the largest differences in all variables were generally recorded between the 1st inning and the late innings (7–9). Pitchers were most effective during the 2nd inning and significantly worse in innings 4 and 6.Conclusion:These data revealed that several aspects of a starting pitcher’s pitching characteristics exhibited changes from baseline as early as the 2nd or 3rd inning of an MLB game, but this pattern did not reflect the changes in his effectiveness. Therefore, these alterations do not appear to provide reasonable justification for relieving a starting pitcher, although future work must address their relevance to injury. From an offensive standpoint, batters in the MLB should anticipate significantly more hard pitches during the early innings but more breaking and off-speed pitches, with decreasing speed, as the game progresses.

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5

Dufour, David. "L' atelier des étudiants. L’innovation sociale en milieu autochtone : le cas de l’Institut Tshakapesh, vecteur de territorialités plurielles". Revue Organisations & territoires 29, n.º 2 (1 de julio de 2020): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1522/revueot.v29n2.1151.

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L’Institut Tshakapesh à Sept-Îles est un organisme régional innu qui valorise la langue, la culture et la réussite scolaire dans les communautés membres depuis plus de 40 ans. Il est surtout connu chez les Innus pour la production d’outils pédagogiques et linguistiques utilisés dans leurs écoles. L’Institut Tshakapesh est aussi présent ailleurs au Québec à travers le programme Sous le shaputuan, qui fait rayonner la culture innue dans les institutions scolaires allochtones et autochtones depuis 25 ans. Conséquemment, les Innus mettent de l’avant des territorialités plurielles, lesquelles sont explorées dans cet article.

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Beaulieu1, Alain. "« L’on n’a point d’ennemis plus grands que ces sauvages. »". Dossier Québec 61, n.º 3-4 (17 de octubre de 2008): 365–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/019124ar.

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Résumé Parlant des Innus avec qui les Français de l’Habitation de Québec sont en contact depuis le début du xviie siècle, Champlain constate en 1624 : « l’on n’a point d’ennemis plus grands que ces sauvages. » La formule, qui surprend de prime abord, reflète pourtant une réelle dégradation des rapports entre ces deux nations. Cette dimension conflictuelle des relations franco-innues reste encore peu explorée. Elle a surtout retenu l’attention dans une perspective juridique. Les meurtres de quelques Français par des Innus et les réactions que cela suscita à Québec offrent, en effet, un terrain idéal pour mesurer l’écart qui sépare les prétentions françaises en matière de justice et la réalité des rapports avec les Autochtones. Quels sens faut-il donner aux sursauts de violence qui ponctuent les relations franco-innues dans les années 1610, 1620 et 1630 ? Comment expliquer la « normalisation » subséquente de ces relations et quel sens faut-il lui donner ? Ces questions sont à la base de cet article, qui réexamine la première phase de l’alliance franco-innue à travers le processus de constitution d’un rapport de domination colonial sur les populations autochtones.

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7

Makhni, Eric C., Jason E. Meldau, Jeff Stephens, Kelechi Okoroha, Vincent A. Lizzio, Fabien Meta, Christopher S. Ahmad y Vasilios Moutzouros. "Relationship Between Pitcher Fatigue and Medial Elbow Torque in Baseball Pitchers: A Simulated Game Analysis". Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 6, n.º 7_suppl4 (1 de julio de 2018): 2325967118S0007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967118s00073.

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Objectives: The incidence of overuse injury to the elbow in baseball pitchers continues to rise, despite exhaustive efforts at pitch count regulations and emphasis on proper throwing mechanics. The goal of this study was to determine if the medial elbow experiences increased torque levels as the pitcher fatigues through the course of a simulated game. Methods: Competitive baseball pitchers were recruited for this simulated game study. Medial elbow torque was assessed using a validated mobile sensor that recorded medial elbow torque during the throwing motion. A radar gun was used to capture pitch velocity for each recorded pitch. Each pitcher completed a simulated game consisting of 6 innings and a standardized pitching scheme of fastballs, curveballs, and change-ups. Visual analog scores (VAS) measuring fatigue were recorded in between each inning. In total, each pitcher threw 90 pitches. Data was recorded every pitch to include ball velocity, medial elbow torque, arm speed, arm rotation, and arm slot. Results: A total of 11 pitchers (average age 17.6 years; range 15-20 years) completed the study. No adverse outcomes were noted with use of the mobile sensor. VAS scores increased 0.716 points per inning pitched (p<0.001). Medial elbow torque also was found to increase with successive innings, with an increase of 0.836 Nm each inning (p<0.001), while average pitch velocity was found to decrease as the game progressed (0.28 mile per hour decrease per inning; p<0.001). Fastballs generated the highest amount of medial elbow torque. There were no differences found in arm rotation or arm speed as the game progressed. However, the arm slot was found to decrease with each successive inning (0.731 degree decrease per inning; p<0.001). Conclusion: In this simulated game analysis, pitchers were noted to experience increase fatigue after each successive inning. While the average fastball velocity decreased from inning-to-inning, the medial elbow torque was found to increase, signifying a possible risk factor for overuse injury to the medial elbow.

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8

Roy, Bernard, Jenni Labarthe y Judith Petitpas. "Transformations de l’acte alimentaire chez les Innus et rapports identitaires". Anthropologie et Sociétés 37, n.º 2 (15 de agosto de 2013): 233–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017914ar.

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La haute prévalence du diabète de type 2 (DT2) chez les Innus est indissociable des transformations de l’acte alimentaire émergées dans leurs communautés depuis le milieu du XXe siècle. Dans cet article, nous proposons que ces transformations s’inscrivent dans une trame identitaire collective, façonnée dans le contexte de la globalisation et de l’exclusion au travers de rapports sociaux prévalant au sein des communautés innues. Ces transformations ont permis l’inclusion dans la trame identitaire de nouveaux aliments originalement associés à la culture dominante mais qui, rapidement, sont devenus des éléments de la culture locale. Dans cet article nous situons d’abord l’émergence des transformations de l’alimentation des Innus dans des rapports politiques et socioéconomiques du milieu du XXe siècle pour mieux saisir certaines règles d’inclusion et d’exclusion qui caractérisent leur acte alimentaire contemporain. L’évolution de leurs codes alimentaires comme marqueurs de l’« identité innue » est ensuite discutée. Pour conclure, nous suggérons que les transformations de l’acte alimentaire des Innus reflètent, au niveau microsociétal, l’évolution plus globale des dynamiques sociopolitiques entre Autochtones et non-Autochtones et le durcissement des discours identitaires en réaction à l’exclusion sociale.

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9

Duchesne, Émile. "« Le territoire c’est la valeur »". Recherches amérindiennes au Québec 48, n.º 1-2 (5 de noviembre de 2018): 225–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1053720ar.

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Cet article propose une analyse des changements économiques chez les Innus d’Unamen Shipu (La Romaine) à partir des concepts de valeur, de mode de production et de personne tels que formulés par David Graeber et Terence Turner. Cette position théorique amène à reconsidérer le mode de production traditionnel innu en termes de production de personne. L’émergence des relations capitalistes chez les Innus a amené son lot de contradictions et d’adaptations dans l’univers innu. La continuité de la production de la personne innue dépendant de l’intégrité du territoire, l’auteur démontre comment a émergé un régime de valeur basé sur le territoire qui s’oppose au régime de la valeur-travail. L’article se termine sur une analyse des modalités d’échange des produits du territoire et montre comment les règles traditionnelles qui dictaient la circulation de ces produits se recomposent dans un contexte de généralisation des transactions monétaires.

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10

Lavoie, Kathia, Julie Mollen, Agathe Napess, Georgette Mestokosho y Priscilla Mestokosho. "Innu-Natukuna". Recherches amérindiennes au Québec 45, n.º 2-3 (15 de noviembre de 2016): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1038040ar.

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Fruit de la collaboration entre Hydro-Québec et Innu-Natukuna, la mesure d’atténuation présentée s’inscrit dans le suivi environnemental du complexe de la Romaine. L’objectif : organiser la cueillette de plantes médicinales dans les aires d’ennoiement des réservoirs de la Romaine-1 et de la Romaine-4 en collaboration avec la communauté innue d’Ekuanitshit. De 2011 à 2014, une équipe de cueilleuses innues, accompagnées d’une conseillère en environnement d’Hydro-Québec, a récolté des plantes médicinales sur le site des réservoirs projetés. Les séjours ont été entièrement organisés par les membres de l’équipe innue : choix du site pour le campement, installation, planification de la cueillette, etc. Au total, seize espèces de plantes médicinales ont été cueillies dans le cadre de cette mesure d’atténuation. Les plantes récoltées ont été transformées puis déposées dans la pharmacie communautaire de la communauté d’Ekuanitshit.

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11

Premat, Christophe. "Penser une ontologie décoloniale à partir du Manifeste Assi de Natasha Kanapé Fontaine". British Journal of Canadian Studies 35, n.º 2 (septiembre de 2023): 189–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/bjcs.2023.11.

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Dans son recueil poétique Manifeste Assi , l’écrivaine innue Natasha Kanapé Fontaine adresse un cri semblable à celui de la négritude pour évoquer le mode d’être des Innus et leur relation à la Terre. Cet article entrevoit ce recueil comme un exercice d’ontologie décoloniale où il faut réapprendre à être Innu en retrouvant une continuité avec les éléments et la Terre. En décrivant un sujet animique solidaire avec son environnement et les ancêtres, cette pensée explore les manières de réparer le lien des êtres humains à la Terre. L’ontologie décoloniale signifie ici une relativisation de la rationalité occidentale au profit d’une pensée qui est longtemps demeurée invisible.

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12

Okoroha, Kelechi R., Jason E. Meldau, Vincent A. Lizzio, Fabien Meta, Jeffrey P. Stephens, Vasilious Moutzouros y Eric C. Makhni. "Effect of Fatigue on Medial Elbow Torque in Baseball Pitchers: A Simulated Game Analysis". American Journal of Sports Medicine 46, n.º 10 (28 de junio de 2018): 2509–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363546518782451.

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Background: The incidence of overuse injury to the elbow among baseball pitchers continues to rise, despite extensive efforts at pitch count regulations and emphasis on proper throwing mechanics. Purpose: To determine if the medial elbow experiences increased torque levels as a baseball pitcher fatigues through the course of a simulated game. Study Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Methods: High school and collegiate baseball pitchers were recruited for this simulated game study. Each pitcher completed a simulated game consisting of 6 innings and a standardized pitching scheme of fastballs, curveballs, and changeups. In total, each pitcher threw 90 pitches. Fatigue was reported per inning with a visual analog scale, and pitch velocity was captured per pitch with a radar gun. Outcome measures were assessed with a validated mobile sensor and included medial elbow torque, arm speed, arm rotation, and arm slot. Linear and quadratic regression modeling was used to evaluate the relationship between pitcher fatigue and pitching kinematics. Results: A total of 11 pitchers (mean age, 17.6 years; range, 15-20 years) completed the study. Visual analog scale fatigue scores increased 0.72 points per inning pitched ( P < .01, effect size = 0.64). Medial elbow torque also increased beyond inning 3, with an increase of 0.84 N·m each inning ( P < .01, effect size = 0.08), while pitch velocity decreased (0.28 mph per inning, P < .01, effect size = 0.27). Fastballs generated the greatest amount of medial elbow torque (49.3 ± 1.4 N·m, P < .01, effect size = 0.24). There were no differences in arm rotation ( P = .42) or arm speed ( P = .80) as the game progressed. However, arm slot decreased with each successive inning (0.73° on average per inning, P = .03, effect size = 0.12). No adverse outcomes were noted with use of the mobile sensor. Conclusion: In this simulated game analysis, pitchers experienced increased fatigue after each successive inning. While the average pitch velocity declined with each successive inning, the torque on the medial elbow increased after inning 3. These findings signify a possible relationship between fatigue and injury risk.

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13

D’Orsi, Annalisa. "Conservation et innovation". Recherches amérindiennes au Québec 43, n.º 1 (10 de abril de 2014): 69–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1024475ar.

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Les Innus qui souhaitent encore apprendre et transmettre la culture traditionnelle ont aujourd’hui recours à de nouvelles stratégies : écriture, documentaires, stages en forêt, cours scolaires, musées et centres culturels, sites Web et outils multimédias. Il s’agit d’arriver à composer avec les profondes transformations produites par la colonisation et par le mode de vie contemporain : la sédentarisation en réserve, les nouvelles pratiques économiques, la scolarisation des jeunes. Un rôle dramatique semble avoir été joué notamment par l’institution des écoles résidentielles catholiques, dans les années 1950. Selon plusieurs Innus, elles auraient coupé les racines culturelles des nouvelles générations. Dans la situation de crise qui en résulte, la tradition se perpétue à travers des actions novatrices, créatives et conscientes. Basé sur une recherche de terrain de plus de deux ans (2003-2006) dans la communauté innue de Uashat mak Maniutenam (Côte-Nord du Québec), cet article analyse les transformations du processus de transmission du « savoir innu » à partir d’une conception dynamique de la « tradition ».

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14

Matsuura, Tetsuya, Yuki Takata, Toshiyuki Iwame, Jyoji Iwase, Kenji Yokoyama, Shoichiro Takao, Susumu Nishio, Kokichi Arisawa y Koichi Sairyo. "Limiting the Pitch Count in Youth Baseball Pitchers Decreases Elbow Pain". Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 2021): 232596712198910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121989108.

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Background: Reducing the number of pitches thrown is regarded as the most effective way to prevent throwing injuries in youth baseball pitchers. However, few studies have compared the effectiveness of limiting the pitch count versus the limiting the number of innings pitched in terms of elbow injuries. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that, compared with inning limits, pitch count limits would lead to greater decreases in elbow pain, range of motion deficits, positive moving valgus stress test results, and the risk of capitellar osteochondritis dissecans (OCD). Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: This study retrospectively reviewed baseball pitchers aged 8 to 12 years in 2017 and 2018. Inning and pitch count limits in games were set to a daily maximum of 7 innings in 2017 and 70 pitches in 2018. Elbow pain, range of motion, and moving valgus stress test results were evaluated. The presence of capitellar OCD was assessed on ultrasonographic and radiographic images. Results: A total of 352 pitchers in 2017 and 367 pitchers in 2018 participated. The mean pitch count per game was lower in the pitch count limit (CL) group (52.5 ± 16.0) than in the inning limit (IL) group (98.2 ± 19.5) ( P < .001). Compared with the IL group, the CL group had significantly lower rates of elbow pain (40.9% vs 31.9%, respectively; P = .01) and reduced flexion (19.0% vs 10.6%, respectively; P = .001). Multivariate analysis revealed a significant association between elbow pain and age in both the IL and the CL groups ( P < .0001 and P = .02, respectively) and between OCD and elbow pain in the CL group ( P = .04). Conclusion: A pitch count limit of ≤70 pitches per day for baseball pitchers ≤12 years could be more protective against elbow pain and reduced flexion than a limit of ≤7 innings per day, but it may not be effective for reducing the risk of capitellar OCD.

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15

Chalmers, Peter, Kathryn Mcelheny, John Dangelo, Kevin Ma, Dana Rowe y Brandon Erickson. "Is Workload Associated with Internal Impingement in Professional Baseball Players? An Analysis of Days of Rest, Innings Pitched and Batters Faced (221)". Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, n.º 10_suppl5 (1 de octubre de 2021): 2325967121S0032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00329.

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Objectives: Determine if workload; as measured by number of days rest between outings, innings pitched, batters faced, and being a starting pitcher; associates with risk for internal impingement in professional baseball pitchers. Methods: All professional baseball pitchers who were diagnosed with internal impingement between 2011-2017 were identified using the major league baseball (MLB) Health and Injury Tracking System (HITS). A separate player usage dataset was used to determine workload. We then compared workload variables between pitcher-games 2, 6, 12, and >12 weeks prior to documented internal impingement and pitcher games from a control group who were never diagnosed with internal impingement. In a paired analysis, we compared the acute workload (2, 6, 12 weeks) prior to injury and the injured pitcher’s workload >12 weeks prior to injury. Results: There were 624 pitchers who suffered from internal impingement in professional baseball. Across all time points, players with more innings pitched per game, more batters faced per game, and fewer days rest in between games were associated with a subsequent internal impingement compared to controls. Pitchers who threw four or more innings per game had a 1.3-fold increase in percent of players with subsequent internal impingement compared to pitchers who threw only one inning per game. Significantly more starting pitchers were diagnosed with internal impingement over multiple time points compared to controls. Conclusions: Greater pitcher workload was associated with increased risk for internal impingement in professional baseball players. Throwing four or more innings per game increase a pitcher’s risk for internal impingement 1.3-fold compared to pitchers who threw one inning per game. Starting pitchers are more likely to sustain a LD/TM tear than control pitchers.

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Chung, Jigyu, Young Hoon Lee y Joon-Ho Kang. "Ex Ante and Ex Post Expectations of Outcome Uncertainty and Baseball Television Viewership". Journal of Sports Economics 17, n.º 8 (3 de agosto de 2016): 790–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1527002514551002.

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Sporting event attendance is determined by ex ante expectations about the quality of the game, but because changing television channels costs nothing, sporting event viewership is influenced by actual game progression. This implies that demand determinants for televised baseball may change as games progress. This study examined the dynamic relationship between demand for televised baseball games and the uncertainty of outcome hypothesis (UOH). In particular, we analyzed inning-varying coefficients in a television rating regression equation. According to our empirical study, there are large dynamics in TV viewership demand for sports events and the marginal effects of factors on viewership changes significantly as innings progress. The estimation results can be summarized as (1) the UOH was shown to be significant not only statistically but also economically; (2) although ex ante variables were more effective in earlier innings and ex post variables were more effective in later innings, we found that ex ante expectations of outcome uncertainty remain significantly influential in later innings; and (3) after the matchup, the ex ante game quality is the second most significant factor among the examined effects on ratings.

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DORSEY, J. KEVIN y RON BENTON. "Saving Young Arms and Batters' Heads". Pediatrics 91, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 1993): 679–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.91.3.679a.

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To the Editor.— The local baseball commission of the boys' 8- to 10-year-old league recently implemented several changes in an attempt to increase safety and improve instruction. One of these was the use of a pitching machine for the first three innings of every six-inning game. A neutral adult served as a "pitching coach" for both teams and adjusted the height of the pitched ball to correspond to the strike zone of the batter. Pitch speed was regulated to approximate the speed of a ball thrown by an average to good pitcher in that age group.

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18

LaPrade, Christopher M., Mark E. Cinque, Marc R. Safran, Michael T. Freehill, Corey A. Wulf y Robert F. LaPrade. "Using Advanced Data to Analyze the Impact of Injury on Performance of Major League Baseball Pitchers: A Narrative Review". Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 10, n.º 7 (1 de julio de 2022): 232596712211111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671221111169.

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Major league baseball (MLB) pitchers are at risk of numerous injuries during play, and there is an increasing focus on evaluating their performance in the context of injury. Historically, performance after return to play (RTP) from injury has focused on general descriptive statistics, such as innings or games played, or rate statistics with inherent variability (eg, earned run average, walks and hits per inning pitched, strikeouts per 9 innings, or walks per 9 innings). However, in recent years, MLB has incorporated advanced technology and tracking systems in every stadium, allowing for more in-depth analysis of pitcher-specific data that are captured with every pitch of every game. This technology allows for the ability to delve into the pitching performance on a basis that is more specific to each pitcher and allows for more in-depth analysis of different aspects of pitching performance. The purpose of this narrative review was to illustrate the current state of injury recording for professional baseball pitchers, highlight recent technological advances in MLB, and describe the advanced data available for analysis. We used advanced data in the literature to review the current state of performance analysis after RTP in MLB pitchers after injury. Finally, we strived to provide a framework for future studies to more meticulously assess RTP performance given the current available resources for analysis.

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Chalmers, Peter, Kathryn Mcelheny, John Dangelo, Kevin Ma, Dana Rowe y Brandon Erickson. "Is Workload Associated with Ulnar Collateral Ligament Tears in Professional Baseball Players? An Analysis of Days of Rest, Innings Pitched and Batters Faced (126)". Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, n.º 10_suppl5 (1 de octubre de 2021): 2325967121S0026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00269.

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Objectives: To determine if workload; as measured by number of days rest between outings, innings pitched, batters faced, and being a starting pitcher; associates with risk for sustaining a subsequent UCL tear in professional baseball players. Methods: All professional baseball pitchers who sustained a UCL tear between 2011-2017 were identified using the major league baseball (MLB) Health and Injury Tracking System (HITS). A separate player usage was used to determine workload . We then compared these variables between player-games 2, 6, 12, and >12 weeks prior to a documented UCL tear and player games from a non-UCL tear control group. In a paired analysis, we compared the acute workload (2, 6, 12 weeks) prior to injury and the injured player’s workload >12 weeks prior to injury. Results: There were 2,204 elbow injuries within MLB, 369 of which were unique UCL tears in pitchers. In all time periods, player-games with more days rest, more innings pitched, and more batters faced associated with a subsequent UCL tear. Players who pitched 4 of more innings per outing had a 1.78-fold increase in percent of players with a subsequent UCL tear as compared to players with one inning pitched. Being a starting pitcher carried a relative risk of 1.51 (p<0.001) of subsequent UCL injury. In a paired analysis there were significantly more innings pitched and batters faced in the player-games 2 weeks prior to UCL injury than in the player-games >12 weeks prior to UCL injury (p=0.028 and p=0.017). Conclusions: Being a starting pitcher, pitching more innings per game, and facing more batters per game increased the risk of a UCL tear. An increase in workload in the 2 weeks prior to injury over that player’s baseline also significantly increased the risk for injury.

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20

Davidson, M. B. "7th Inning Stretch". Diabetes Care 28, n.º 1 (22 de diciembre de 2004): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/diacare.28.1.1.

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21

Nathan, D. A. "The Tenth Inning". Journal of American History 98, n.º 1 (1 de junio de 2011): 287–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jar152.

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22

Charest, Paul. "Discours innu sur la maison". Recherches amérindiennes au Québec 47, n.º 1 (15 de enero de 2018): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1042895ar.

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Cet article analyse le discours sur la maison d’hommes et de femmes innues de trois catégories d’âge (18-35 ans, 35-60 ans, aîné-e-s) de quatre communautés innues du Québec : Mashteuiatsh, Uashat (Sept-Îles), Maliotenam (Mani-Utenam) et Nutashkuan. Six thèmes y sont abordés : le rôle des Innus, du ministère des Affaires indiennes et des conseils de bande dans la construction des maisons ; la pénurie de maisons et leur surpeuplement ; la qualité de construction des maisons ; les modèles de maisons ; les avantages et les désavantages de vivre dans une maison ; la maison comme symbole d’acculturation, voire d’assimilation. Cette partie est précédée d’une partie plus brève traçant dans ses grandes lignes l’histoire des réserves innues de la province à partir du milieu du xixe siècle et d’une introduction présentant le corpus de données provenant d’une soixantaine d’entrevues réalisées entre 2010 et 2012 dans ces quatre communautés, ainsi que la méthodologie d’analyse de contenu du discours utilisée. Les résultats de ces analyses du discours indiquent une ambivalence culturelle envers la maison comparativement à la tente : la vie d’aujourd’hui dans une maison est comme un pis-aller par rapport à la vie d’autrefois sous la tente.

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Beaudoin, Jean-Michel, Gitane St-Georges y Stephen Wyatt. "Valeurs autochtones et modèles forestiers". Territoires et autochtones des Amériques 42, n.º 2-3 (2 de abril de 2014): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1024105ar.

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Au Québec, la foresterie s’effectue majoritairement en territoires traditionnels autochtones. Il est de plus en plus reconnu qu’une gestion durable des forêts doit tenir compte des valeurs autochtones. Par contre, respecter ces valeurs dans les processus de gestion est difficile à mettre en pratique. Les auteurs de cet article s’attaquent à ce problème en expliquant comment six modèles de gestion reflètent les valeurs des Innus d’Essipit associées au territoire. En utilisant des groupes de discussion, quatre valeurs principales sont identifiées, soit : le maintien de l’identité innue, le développement de la communauté, le respect du Nitassinan et la gouvernance innue. En examinant six différents modèles forestiers, on peut voir qu’aucun ne répond à l’ensemble des valeurs identifiées. Cela suggère qu’une « foresterie innue » devra s’inspirer d’une diversité de modèles en les adaptant et en les intégrant, afin de développer une foresterie sur mesure qui soit culturellement appropriée.

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24

Hudon, Solanges. "Conjoncture démographique des Innus du Québec, 1973 à 1993". Cahiers québécois de démographie 28, n.º 1-2 (25 de marzo de 2004): 237–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/010266ar.

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RÉSUMÉ Les Innus sont l'un des onze peuples autochtones qui vivent au Québec. Leur territoire ancestral couvre les régions actuelles du Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean et de la Basse et de la Haute Côte-Nord jusqu'aux limites des territoires inuit et cri, dans le nord du Québec. Comment la population innue inscrite au Registre des Indiens et vivant dans les réserves de ce territoire a-t-elle évolué entre 1973 et 1993? Comparativement à la population québécoise, quel profil global présente-t-elle? À partir des données corrigées du Registre et des données des services médicaux de Santé et Bien-être social Canada, l'auteure calcule les principaux indices démographiques de la nation innue.

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Guay, Christiane, Sébastien Grammond y Catherine Delisle-L'Heureux. "La famille élargie, incontournable chez les Innus". Service social 64, n.º 1 (4 de febrero de 2019): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1055893ar.

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La famille est au coeur du tissu social des communautés autochtones. Or, contrairement aux sociétés occidentales, les Autochtones ont une conception élargie de la famille. En se fondant sur des récits biographiques de membres de la communauté innue d’Uashat mak Mani-Utenam, le présent texte explore plusieurs facettes du concept de famille élargie. Pour les Innus, la famille élargie donne lieu à un ensemble de devoirs et d’obligations. La cohabitation et la garde coutumière constituent des exemples de formes spécifiques de relations qui découlent du concept de famille élargie. On peut concevoir celle-ci comme un ensemble de cercles concentriques, avec l’enfant au centre, qui définissent des rôles spécifiques. Les allochtones qui interviennent auprès des Innus doivent nécessairement tenir compte de ces spécificités de la famille élargie.

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26

Alcantara, Christopher. "Explaining Aboriginal Treaty Negotiation Outcomes in Canada: The Cases of the Inuit and the Innu in Labrador". Canadian Journal of Political Science 40, n.º 1 (marzo de 2007): 185–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423907070060.

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Abstract. In 1977, the Inuit and the Innu in Labrador each submitted statements of intent to begin treaty negotiations with the federal and provincial governments under the federal comprehensive land claims process. On 22 January 2005, the Inuit, the federal government, and the province of Newfoundland and Labrador signed the Labrador Inuit Land Claims Agreement. The Innu, on the other hand, are nowhere near to completing their agreement. This paper seeks to explain why the Inuit were able to complete their agreement, whereas the Innu were not. It challenges the conventional explanation that an economic development project is a necessary condition for completing a treaty by arguing that a number of internal and external factors need to be taken into account.Résumé. En 1977, les Inuits ainsi que les Innus du Labrador ont respectivement annoncé leur intention de lancer des négociations en vue de conclure un traité avec les gouvernements fédéral et provincial en vertu du processus des recendications territoriales globales. Le 22 janvier 2005, les Inuits, le gouvernement fédéral et la province de Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador ont conclu l'Accord sur les revendications territoriales des Inuit du Labrador. Les Innus, de leur côté, sont encore loin d'une entente. Cet article cherche à expliquer pourquoi les Inuits ont pu signer un accord alors que les Innus n'y sont pas parvenus. L'article remet en question l'explication souvent avancée voulant qu'un projet de développement économique soit une condition nécessaire à l'achèvement d'une entente et soutient plutôt qu'un ensemble de facteurs intérieurs et extérieurs doivent être pris en compte.

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27

Charest, Paul. "Les stratégies de chasse des Mamit Innuat". Anthropologie et Sociétés 20, n.º 3 (10 de septiembre de 2003): 107–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/015436ar.

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Résumé Les stratégies de chasse des Mamit Innuat Au nombre d'environ 2 000, les Mamit Innuat sont des Amérindiens du Québec appartenant à la nation montagnaise ou innu et occupant des terres ancestrales situées dans la partie orientale de la Côte-Nord du Golfe Saint-Laurent. Dans la première moitié des années 1980, de nombreuses données statistiques sur leurs activités traditionnelles de chasse, pêche et piégeage ont été recueillies avec leur collaboration. Une partie de ces données a été utilisée dans ce texte pour analyser leurs stratégies de chasse en fonction de six paramètres : les caratéristiques écologiques des territoires de chasse ; les saisons de chasse ; les sites de campement ; les itinéraires de chasse et de piégeage ; les espèces de gibier recherchées ; les espèces récoltées. L'analyse des données montre que les Mamit Innuat font des choix rationnels dans la pratique de leurs activités d'exploitation des ressources fauniques, c'est-à-dire qu'ils tiennent compte des rendements obtenus par rapport aux efforts investis. Ils ne se fient pas uniquement à leur « instinct de chasseur » et aux traditions ancestrales. Mots clés : Charest, écologie, Amérindiens, Montagnais, territoire, chasse

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28

Hegele, Robert A. "CETP Inhibitors — A New Inning?" New England Journal of Medicine 377, n.º 13 (28 de septiembre de 2017): 1284–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejme1711407.

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29

Hartman, T. A. "Meervoudige verpanding: rangwijziging, inning en verdeling". Maandblad voor Vermogensrecht 31, n.º 9 (septiembre de 2021): 306–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5553/mvv/157457672021031009003.

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30

Mendelsohn, Jack y Stanley A. Riveles. "A tenth inning for Star Wars". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 52, n.º 1 (enero de 1996): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00963402.1996.11456586.

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31

Luft, Friedrich C. "Endothelin and the “seventh inning stretch”". Journal of Molecular Medicine 78, n.º 7 (22 de agosto de 2000): 361–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001090000134.

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32

Thibault, Pierre. "Autre monde, autre réalité : les Innus et le territoire — Innu Tipenitamun. Jean-Paul Lacasse, Les Innus et le territoire — Innu Tipenitamun, Québec, Septentrion, 2004, 274 p., ISBN 2-89448-371-6". Revue générale de droit 35, n.º 4 (2005): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1027182ar.

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33

Mead, Tim P., Carmen D. Broussard, Gary T. Rosenthal, Dwight L. Boudreaux, Amanda M. Cooley y Walt W. Hammerli. "On-Task Distractors Associated with Totball Baseball Games: A Preliminary Study". Perceptual and Motor Skills 105, n.º 1 (agosto de 2007): 204–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.105.1.204-206.

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Two totball baseball leagues in southern Louisiana were monitored to judge what type of parental involvement yielded the highest on-task behaviors among participants. 39 children ages 3 to 5 years participated in 3- or 4-inning baseball games with parents on the field. In the Parent on Bases League, a parent stood on first, second, and third base only. In the Parent with Every Child League, a parent stood next to every child on the field. Children were observed on the field at three different dates at 1-min. intervals during the first two innings of one game in both leagues. On-task behaviors were defined as standing in the correct field position and watching the ball. Off-task behaviors consisted of sitting, rolling on the field, talking to a coach or parent, and not watching the ball. A statistically significant difference in the percent of time children spent on-task favored the Parents on Bases League (75.7) versus the other league (50.3). Having fewer parents on the field in these baseball games kept players on-task more effectively than having a parent with each child.

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34

Böðvarsson, Sigurður. "Hlutverk lækna í hagræðingu innan heilbrigðiskerfisins". Læknablaðið 2010, n.º 04 (1 de abril de 2010): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.17992/lbl.2010.04.282.

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35

Grammond, Sébastien y Christiane Guay. "Comprendre la normativité innue en matière d’« adoption » et de garde coutumière". McGill Law Journal 61, n.º 4 (22 de diciembre de 2016): 885–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1038491ar.

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Le présent article rend compte des résultats préliminaires d’un projet de recherche qui porte sur la garde et l’« adoption » coutumière au sein de la communauté innue d’Uashat mak Mani-Utenam, dans le nord-est du Québec. Dans une perspective de pluralisme juridique, les auteurs ont employé une méthode biographique pour comprendre le fonctionnement de l’institution juridique innue du ne kupaniem/ne kupanishkuem, que l’on peut comparer, à certains égards, à l’adoption des systèmes de droit occidentaux. Les auteurs présentent ici certaines caractéristiques de cette institution, afin de faire apparaître les limites des projets de loi qui visent à reconnaître l’« adoption coutumière autochtone » en droit québécois. L’« adoption » innue découle d’une entente entre les personnes concernées, qui peut se cristalliser graduellement, qui ne brise jamais le lien de filiation d’origine et qui n’entraîne pas immédiatement la création d’une nouvelle filiation. En principe, cette forme d’adoption n’est pas permanente. Or, une loi québécoise qui ne reconnaîtrait que des adoptions autochtones qui créent un nouveau lien de filiation risquerait soit d’être inefficace, soit de déformer l’ordre juridique innu.

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36

Folkvord, Erling. "Fløteskummernes inntog". Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening 131, n.º 9-10 (2011): 939–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4045/tidsskr.11.0492.

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37

Manohar, Balaji. "Second innings!!!!" Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology 17, n.º 6 (2013): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0972-124x.124462.

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38

Bognar, Greg. "Fair Innings". Bioethics 29, n.º 4 (9 de junio de 2014): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bioe.12101.

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39

Best, Paul. "Second Innings". AQ: Australian Quarterly 70, n.º 1 (1998): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20637707.

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40

Starkweather, Todd. "Extra Innings". American Book Review 29, n.º 4 (2008): 24–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/abr.2008.0002.

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41

Struycken, Huib. "Wet inning verkeersboetes in strijd met onschuldbeginsel". Advocatenblad 96, n.º 8 (diciembre de 2016): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5553/ab/01651331016096008017.

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42

Glass, Darren y Philip J. Lowry. "Quasigeometric Distributions and Extra Inning Baseball Games". Mathematics Magazine 81, n.º 2 (abril de 2008): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0025570x.2008.11953539.

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43

Agrawal, Deepak. "Indian Journal of Neurotrauma—A New Inning". Indian Journal of Neurotrauma 16, n.º 01 (abril de 2019): 01. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1698849.

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44

Ardolino, Frank. "Baseball: The Tenth Inning (review)". NINE: A Journal of Baseball History and Culture 20, n.º 1 (2011): 166–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/nin.2011.0050.

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45

Winegardner, Jill. "Stress in Different Cultures: The First Inning". Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 42, n.º 11 (noviembre de 1997): 1030–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/001412.

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46

Mair, Hailey, Nicholas A. Kenney, Timothy L. Uhl, L. Robert Ullery y Robert G. Hosey. "Effect of Pitching Restrictions and Mound Distance on Youth Baseball Pitch Counts". Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 10, n.º 7 (1 de julio de 2022): 232596712211105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671221110547.

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Background: Studies have shown that higher pitch counts are directly related to a greater incidence of elbow and shoulder pain among youth baseball pitchers. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of different pitching restriction rules on the number of pitches thrown in youth baseball leagues. We hypothesized that more pitches would be thrown in leagues with inning restrictions versus leagues with pitch count restrictions as well as in leagues with a longer mound distance (from pitching mound to home plate). Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Pitch count data were collected for 2 consecutive years over a 10-week season from 3 different leagues of 9- to 12-year-old baseball players in a single city. The Eastern league had a pitch count restriction and 46-ft (14.02-m) mound distance. The Southeastern and South leagues’ pitching restrictions were based on innings per week. The Southeastern league had a 50-ft (15.24-m) mound distance, while the South league had a 46-ft mound distance. Comparisons of total seasonal pitches thrown were made of the 3 highest-volume pitchers on each team. League averages for each value were then compared utilizing analysis of variance with Bonferroni post hoc analysis. The number of pitchers in each league who threw >600 pitches per season was compared using the chi-square test. Results: No significant difference in seasonal pitch counts or innings pitched was noted between the Eastern and South leagues, which differed only in their pitching restrictions. The Southeastern league, with a longer mound distance, was found to have higher seasonal pitch counts per thrower (598 ± 195 pitches) than the South league (463 ± 198 pitches) for the 3 highest-volume throwers for each team ( P = .004). The Southeastern league also had a significantly larger number of pitchers who threw >600 pitches per season (33 vs 20 for Eastern and 13 for South; P = .009). Conclusion: There was no significant difference in seasonal pitch counts when the leagues in this study differed based on pitching restrictions. However, the league with a greater mound distance (Southeastern) had higher seasonal pitch counts for the highest-volume throwers. Pitching restrictions based on pitch counts, as opposed to innings, may be advisable.

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47

Cotter, Daniel, Emily Lau, Muhammad Abbas, Ali Kadouh, Ziad Fehmi, Toufic Jildeh, Vasilios Moutzouros y Joshua Castle. "Poster 154: MLB Player Workload and Performance Following Arthroscopic Shoulder Labral Repair". Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 10, n.º 7_suppl5 (1 de julio de 2022): 2325967121S0071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00715.

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Objectives: To investigate the impact of arthroscopic shoulder labral repair on return to play (RTP), career longevity, workload, and performance of Major League Baseball (MLB) athletes Methods: A retrospective review of MLB players after arthroscopic shoulder labral repair from 2004-2018 was performed. A 2:1 control group matched by demographic information was used. Demographics, workload, and performance metrics were collected. Statistical analysis examined workload/performance at one and three-years after injury compared to one-year before. Workload/performance percentage relative to baseline was also compared. Results: 26/ 39 (66%) pitchers and 18/25 (72%) positional players RTP and were matched with 54 and 34 controls, respectively. Following surgery, players experienced shorter careers (2.3 ± 2.6 vs 5.8 ± 2.8, p<0.001, pitchers), (2.9 ± 2.5 vs 5.3 ± 2.3, p=0.002, positional players). One-year post-index, pitchers had reduced games played (GP) (22.0 ± 21.3 vs 32.1 ± 21.0, p=0.002), started (15.0 ± 14.1 vs 6.1 ± 6.5, p =0.0038), and innings (109.5 ± 73.2 vs 44.7 ± 29.3, p =0.0004), and increased walks/hits-per-inning-pitched (WHIP) (1.3 ± 0.2 vs 1.5 ± 0.3, p =0.0035). One-year post-index, positional players had reduced GP (98.0 ± 50.7 vs 75.7 ± 47.1, p =0.0399), innings (778.9 ± 431.6 vs 528.6 ± 429.9, p =0.0263), on-base-percentage (OBP) (0.3 ± 0.1 vs 0.3 ± 0.1, p =0.0116), and on-base-plus-slugging-percentage (OPS) (0.7 ± 0.2 vs 0.6 ± 0.2, p =0.0281). Both pitchers and positional players experienced no reduction in any metric at three-years post-index. Compared to controls, pitchers had decreased GP (50 ± 40 vs 150 ± 180, p <0.001) and innings (40 ± 30 vs 150 ± 190, p <0.001), with increased WHIP when calculated as a percentage from baseline (120 ± 20 vs 100 ± 20, p =0.027) one-year post-index. Positional players had decreased OBP (80 ± 30 vs 110 ± 40, p =0.017) and OPS (80 ± 30 vs 100 ± 20, p =0.019) from baseline one-year post-index and decreased OBP three-years post-index (90 ± 20 vs 100 ± 20, p =0.017). Conclusions: Following RTP after arthroscopic shoulder labral repair, MLB players had reduced career longevity and workload/performance one-year post-index, but these stats returned towards baseline at three-years post-index. [Figure: see text][Figure: see text][Table: see text][Table: see text]

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48

Gould, Heath P., Robert Daniel Winkelman, Joseph Tanenbaum, Emily Hu, Colin M. Haines, Wellington Hsu, Iain H. Kalfas, Jason W. Savage, Mark S. Schickendantz y Thomas E. Mroz. "Performance-Based Outcomes Following Symptomatic Pars Injuries in American Professional Baseball Players". Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 7, n.º 7_suppl5 (julio de 2019): 2325967119S0040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967119s00406.

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Objectives: Previous studies in the evidence-based literature suggest that lumbar spine injuries can lead to a significant decrease in athletic performance. This phenomenon is particularly evident in sports that require repetitive truncal rotation, such as baseball. Although we have previously characterized the natural history of symptomatic spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis in professional baseball players, no prior study has investigated the impact of pars injuries on player performance in this patient population. The purpose of this study was to report performance-based outcomes following symptomatic pars injuries in elite-level baseball athletes. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted among all professional baseball players who presented with a symptomatic pars defect between 2011 and 2016. Both Major League and Minor League players were enrolled using a de-identified injury surveillance database maintained by the MLB. Lumbar spine imaging reports were reviewed to confirm the radiologic diagnosis of spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis. Players were stratified according to baseball position (pitcher vs. position player). Primary outcome measures for pitchers were earned run average (ERA) and walks plus hits per inning pitched (WHIP), while primary outcomes for position players were batting average (AVG) and on-base plus slugging (OPS). Paired t tests were used to compare pre-injury statistical performance to post-injury performance, with p < 0.05 treated as statistically significant. Results: During the defined study period, 75 players presented with low-back pain in the setting of a pars defect. 47 players were diagnosed with spondylolysis (62.7%), while 28 were diagnosed with spondylolisthesis (37.3%). Of those individuals, 19 players were excluded due to incomplete statistical data in the MLB injury surveillance system. Pre-injury vs. post-injury statistical comparisons are presented in Table 1. Pitching performance after the pars injury did not significantly differ with regard to the primary outcome measures, ERA (3.45 vs. 4.73; p = 0.25) and WHIP (1.28 vs. 1.47; p = 0.26). There was also no significant difference in any of the secondary outcomes - runs per 9 innings (R/9), hits per 9 innings (H/9), walks per 9 innings (BB/9), strikeouts per 9 innings (K/9), home runs per 9 innings (HR/9), and strikeout-to-walk ratio (K/BB). Similarly, batting performance among position players did not significantly differ from pre-injury to post-injury with regard to the primary outcomes, AVG (.261 vs. .256; p = 0.59) and OPS (.672 vs. .667; p = 0.87), or any of the secondary outcomes - on-base percentage (OBP), slugging percentage (SLG), runs per plate appearance (R/PA), hits per plate appearance (H/PA), runs batted in per plate appearance (RBI/PA), extra-base hits per plate appearance (XBH/PA), home runs per plate appearance (HR/PA), and walk-to-strikeout ratio (BB/K). Conclusion: This study represents the most comprehensive analysis of the impact of symptomatic pars injuries on MLB player performance. While previous studies suggest that lumbar injuries lead to shorter careers in both pitchers and position players, our current data demonstrate that pars defects do not cause a significant decrease in performance when MLB athletes return to play following these injury episodes. Given the limitations of our study design, larger prospective investigations are needed to validate these conclusions. [Table: see text]

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49

Kovács, Sándor Zsolt. "PRESENCE OF FINANCIAL SERVICERS ALONG RIVER DRAVA". DETUROPE - The Central European Journal of Tourism and Regional Development 6, n.º 1 (31 de marzo de 2014): 79–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.32725/det.2014.006.

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50

La Mendola, Diego. "Nerve growth factor catches copper in neuronal inning". Neural Regeneration Research 15, n.º 4 (2020): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.266912.

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